Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sap flow

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sap flow'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sap flow"

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Burns, Edgar A. "Climate Sadness: The Fragile Beauty of Tonlé Sap." Qualitative Inquiry 28, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2021): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778004211065804.

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Tonlé Sap is the large fresh water lake-river near the geographic center of Cambodia. Visiting Tonlé Sap, following an academic conference in Phnom Penh, demanded a response at a personal and more visceral human level. Writing this poem attempted to express disquiet beyond academic examination of the biophysical dimensions of Tonlé Sap. The poem is sad for Tonlé Sap, for Cambodia, and implicitly for all of us on this planet. For thousands of years people have lived around Tonlé Sap, adapting to weather, the flow of water from mountain to sea, and the changing ebb and flow of civilizations. Anthropogenic sea level rise challenges all of this human history, unnecessarily.
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Angadi, S. V., H. W. Cutforth, and B. G. McConkey. "Determination of the water use and water use response of canola to solar radiation and temperature by using heat balance stem flow gauges." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-022.

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Sap flow gauges using a heat balance have been reliable for measuring real-time transpiration in a number of crops. However, information on the accuracy of sap flow gauges in canola is lacking. Therefore, a study was conducted to validate the sap flow system in canola and to observe sap flow response to variations in temperature and solar radiation. There were strong relationships between sap flow measured with sap flow gauges and actual transpiration measured by the gravimetric method over short periods of 1 h (r2 = 0.93 and RMSE = 2.34 g h-1), and over longer periods of 1 d (r2 = 0.83 and RMSE = 48 g d-1), although sap flow slightly overestimated transpiration. In both cases the slope was not significantly different from 1. Water use in canola, estimated with sap flow gauges or from actual transpiration measurement, was dependent upon temperature (r2 = 0.94 to 0.96). Water use increased until daytime temperatures reached 36°C, after which water use decreased. Sap flow followed solar radiation trends in the field. Heat is lost or dissipated from the gauges convectively as the sap flows through the stem, conductively through the solid stem material, and radially into the surrounding air. As the convective proportion of the heat loss from the gauge increased, the accuracy of the water use estimation using the sap flow gauges increased. For sunny days, convective heat loss through sap flow accounted for a major portion of the total heat input to the gauges, while on cloudy days radial heat loss from the gauges accounted for a major portion of the heat input. Thus, at low sap flow rates during cloudy days, the possibility of error in the sap flow system was high. Overall, sap flow in canola was strongly related to daily solar radiation (r2 = 0.92). The sensitive response to weather variations and the possibility of improving the accuracy at high flow rates in the field makes the use of sap flow gauges a viable option for measuring real-time transpiration in canola. Key words: Brassica napus, canola, heat balance, sap flow, transpiration, temperature, solar radiation
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Terada, Yasuhiko, Yusuke Horikawa, Akiyoshi Nagata, Katsumi Kose, and Kenji Fukuda. "Dynamics of xylem and phloem sap flow in an outdoor zelkova tree visualized by magnetic resonance imaging." Tree Physiology 40, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz120.

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Abstract Xylem and phloem sap flows in an intact, young Japanese zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino) growing outdoors were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two propagator-based sequences were developed for q-space imaging: pulse field gradient (PFG) with spin echo (PFG-SE) and stimulated echo (PFG-STE), which were used for xylem and phloem flow measurements, respectively. The data evaluation methods were improved to image fast xylem flow and slow phloem flow. Measurements were taken every 2–3 h for several consecutive days in August 2016, and diurnal changes in xylem and phloem sap flows in a cross-section of the trunk were quantified at a resolution of 1 mm2. During the day, apparent xylem flow volume exhibited a typical diurnal pattern following a vapor pressure deficit. The velocity mapping of xylem sap flow across the trunk cross section revealed that the greatest flow volume was found in current-year earlywood that had differentiated in April–May. The combined xylem flow in the 1- and 2-year-old annual rings also contributed to one-third of total sap flow. In the phloem, downward sap flow did not exhibit diurnal changes. This novel application of MRI in visualization of xylem and phloem sap flow by MRI is a promising tool for in vivo study of water transport in mature trees.
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T. WATHAM, N.R. PATEL, S.P.S. KUSHWAHA, and V. K. DADHWAL. "A study on sap flow rate of Mallotusphilippensis and its relationship with environmental factors." Journal of Agrometeorology 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v19i2.680.

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Understating of the water availability and its corresponding use by Mallotusphilippensis and its control by climatic factors can give an idea about the ecosystem interaction. The sap flow measurement taken in M. philippensis during 2014 in Barkot forest showed that,the sap flow rate varied with time of day and season and also with radial depth of the tree trunk. The average daily sap flow rate was found to be 11.5 ± 1.7 cm h-1. Month-wise daily sap flow rate ranged between 4.4 to 10.6 cm h-1in outer portion of the trunk and 12.7 to 17.7cm h-1 in the inner portion of the trunk. Night-time sap flow contributed about 44 per cent of the total annual sap flow. Relative humidity was found to have slightly higher effect on diurnal sap flow rate than air temperature. Monthly sap flow was found to be a function of air temperature. The sap flow rate obtained during this study will be used in augmenting carbon flux studies being carried out in Barkot Flux site (BFS) and can be used in development of canopy conductance and stand transpiration models and validations.
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Zhou, Qing Yun, Yang Ren Wang, and Shu Hong Sun. "Characteristic of Sap Flow of Poplar and Response to Meteorological Factors in Coastal Region." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1055.

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Thermal dissipation sap flow rate probe was used to measure trunk sap flow dynamic of Poplar during the growing season from September 2011 to May 2012 in coastal region of China. The relationship of trunk sap flow rate and meteorological factors was analyzed. The results showed that the process of sap flow rate of Poplar presented an obvious day and night alternate phenomenon. The diurnal variation of sap flow was a single-peak curve in sunny day and a multi-peak curve in rainy day. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the diurnal sap flow rate of Poplar was positively correlated with solar radiation and atmospheric temperature, and negatively correlated with air relative humidity. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between multi-day sap flow rate and solar radiation, and the determination coefficient was 0.287 and 0.778 in summer and autumn, respectively. The linear regression model of multi-day sap flow with meteorological multi-factor was remarkable correlation, and the determination coefficient was 0.577 and 0.791 in summer and autumn, respectively. The regression model of multi-day sap flow with meteorological multi-factor was better than with single meteorological factor.
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Dugas, William A. "Sap flow in stems." Remote Sensing Reviews 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757259009532131.

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Battey, N. H. "April-watching sap flow." Journal of Experimental Botany 54, no. 385 (April 4, 2003): 1121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg137.

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Gordon, R., D. M. Brown, A. Madani, and M. A. Dixon. "An assessment of potato sap flow as affected by soil water status, solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-079.

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Water-use of three field-grown potato cultivars (Atlantic, Monona and Norchip) was examined using a commercially available sap flow monitoring system over three consecutive growing seasons. The objectives of the investigation were to utilize the sap flow system to assess the water use of three field-grown potato cultivars. This included an assessment of the relationship between environmental conditions, water status and measured sap flow including the plant-to-plant variation in sap flow and an evaluation of relative transpiration in relation to the soil water status.Each cultivar maintained daily sap flow close to the atmospheric potential transpiration until approximately 70% of the available water was depleted. Under conditions where the soil was drier (>70% depleted), Monona potato plants exhibited a more rapid decline in transpiration than Norchip and Atlantic.Hourly sap flow rates were closely related to solar irradiance, especially under well-watered conditions, with no apparent light saturation point. Vapour pressure deficit effects on sap flow were less pronounced, although maximum vapour pressure deficits encountered were only 2 kPa. Key words: Water use, sap flow, transpiration, potato
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Kim, Y. T., and R. H. Leech. "Effects of Climatic Conditions on Sap Flow in Sugar Maple." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61303-4.

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Temperature, sunlight and precipitation were studied to examine their influence on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) sap flow over a five-year period. Temperature was the most important climatic factor influencing the amount of sap flow. Sunlight also increased the sap flow, but rain one day before the sap collection reduced it.
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Yin, Li He, Guan Ccai Hou, Jin Ting Huang, Jia Qiu Dong, Jing Zhang, Hong Bo Li, and Ying Li. "Time Lag between Sap Flow and Climatic Factors in Arid Environments." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1647.

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Sap flow of trees was controlled by climatic variables and a time lag presents between them. In this study, Time lag between sap flow and climatic factors was analyzed for willow in the Ordos Plateau. The result shows that sap flow velocity lags behind net radiation about 110 minutes and there is almost no time lag between net radiation and sap flow velocity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sap flow"

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Solum, James R. "Estimating Evapotranspiration of a Riparian Forest Using Sap Flow Measurements." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2170.

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To close the water use budget of irrigated agricultural fields in floodplains with substantial riparian corridors, it is necessary to understand groundwater usage by dominant phreatophytic vegetation, particularly when the primary source of water for irrigation comes from groundwater abstraction. We report here results of estimated evapotranspiration (ET) of a riparian forest, which were based on measurements of sap flow in phreatophytic vegetation within a riparian corridor. The riparian corridor was within a study area 75 to 140 meters wide in the lower portion of the Scotts Creek watershed, which is bounded to the west by the Pacific Ocean in Santa Cruz County, California. Canopy coverage in the study area often approaches 100% during the growing season, with dominant trees being red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis Benth.), and pacific willow (Salix lasiandra Benth. var. lasiandra). Other trees include boxelder (Acer negundo L.), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh.), California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.), and coastal redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.). Common understory vegetation includes California blackberry (Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schlecht.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis L.), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.), Cape ivy (Delairea odorata Lem.), Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. pycnocephalus), and western poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene). We hypothesized that the ET of a riparian forest could be estimated by measuring the sap flow of riparian phreatophytic trees. For the study reported here, only the two most dominant phreatophytic species, namely red alders and arroyo willows, were instrumented with thermal dissipation probes. In addition to diurnal fluctuations, sap flow data collected hitherto also showed expected seasonal variation with summer maxima and winter minima, with transition fall and spring periods. Sap flow measurements from the study area were used to estimate riparian forest ET by projecting them across the canopy areal extent of the riparian forest using sampled tree sapwood areas from six sample plots. The sap flow-based ET results were then compared to ET results reported by two other methods. Additional research, including increased number of trees with thermal dissipation probes, further analysis of sap flow behavior, and continued long-term measurement of sap flow, is needed to further improve the method of using long-term sap flow measurements to estimate the ET of a riparian forest.
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Chavarro-Rincón, Diana. "Tree transpiration mapping from upscaled sap flow in the Botswana Kalahari." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2009. http://doc.utwente.nl/60696.

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Sevanto, Sanna. "Tree stem diameter change measurements and sap flow in Scots pine." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysik/vk/sevanto/.

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Sam, Mpaballeng Catherine. "Calibration of sap flow techniques in citrus using the stem perfusion method." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60855.

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The aim of this study was to calibrate and decide on the most appropriate sap flow technique for citrus species in the laboratory by pushing water through cut branches. Various sap flux density techniques, including heat pulse techniques (heat ratio and compensation heat pulse methods) and the heat dissipation technique were calibrated in four citrus species, namely Citrus sinensis (Oranges), Citrus reticulata (Soft citrus), Citrus paradise (Grapefruit) and Citrus limon (Lemons). Sap flux density, determined by these three techniques, was compared to that determined gravimetrically, which was calculated as the rate of change in the mass of water passing through the stem segment divided by the area of conducting wood. Results showed that the sap flux density was consistently underestimated by all techniques and across all citrus species/varieties. However, fairly good correlations (R2>0.7) between sap flux densities determined by a sap flow technique and gravimetric determinations were found for all techniques in some stems. Despite the good correlations found in the study, a single calibration factor for each technique could not be found for citrus using the stem perfusion method. Calibration factors were determined as the inverse of the slope of the linear relationship between sap flux density determined with a sap flow technique and that determined gravimetrically. These correction factors varied between citrus species and even within stems of the same species. Vessel dimensions (lumen diameter) and distance between groups of xylem vessels in citrus species was determined in order to try and explain the underestimation of sap flux density and the large variations in the calibration factors obtained during the calibration of the various sap flow techniques. The results revealed that the variation and underestimation were caused by contact of the probes with inactive xylem and due to differences in the nature of sapwood. The xylem vessels were unevenly distributed throughout the sapwood with large distance between the vessels, meaning that the sapwood of the studied species was considered inhomogeneous and therefore departed from the idealised theory of heat pulse measurements. The theory needs to be adapted to account for such sapwood and because of the large variation in the sapwood properties between different citrus species, calibration of these techniques is probably necessary for each new species and orchard in which measurements are to be made. Our analysis of the performance of sap flow techniques showed that the HR method should perhaps be considered before the CHP and TD methods.
Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Plant Production and Soil Science
MSc (Agric)
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Folkerts, Shaun Hajo 1972. "Water use by Emory oak in southeastern Arizona: Estimation by sap-flow measurements." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278683.

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Water use by mature and sprout (coppice) forms of Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) was estimated by the sap-flow method. Five standards and five coppice trees were sampled in an area that had been harvested for fuelwood and five mature trees were sampled in an uncut area. Differences were recognized between coppice and standards in the cut area and between coppice trees and mature trees from the uncut area. Regression equations were derived relating estimated annual water use to tree diameter, height, and crown measurements for both cut- and uncut-area trees. Seasonal water use by each tree form showed relationship to precipitation, but little relationship to temperature and relative humidity. Woodland density and tree size measurements facilitate extrapolation of water use from the 15 sampled trees to a per area basis. Water use was approximately 1900 cubic meters per hectare per year, based upon drc measurements, for the uncut area and 3168 cubic meters for the cut area. Estimated water use on a per unit area was approximately 1.67 times greater for the cut area than the uncut area.
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O'Keefe, Kimberly. "Patterns and ecological consequences of water uptake, redistribution, and loss in tallgrass prairie." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34514.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Division of Biology
Jesse B. Nippert
Water availability is a key driver of many plant and ecosystem processes in tallgrass prairies, yet we have a limited understanding of how grassland plants utilize water through space and time. Considering that tallgrass prairies experience tremendous heterogeneity in soil resources, identifying spatiotemporal variation in plant ecohydrology is critical for understanding current drivers of plant responses to water and for predicting ecosystem responses to future changes in climate. Here, I investigated the patterns, drivers, and ecological consequences of plant water use (e.g., water uptake, water redistribution, and water loss) in a native tallgrass prairie located in northeastern Kansas, USA. Using a combination of leaf gas exchange, sap flow, and isotopic techniques, I addressed four main questions: 1) How does fire and grazing by bison impact use of water from different sources and niche overlap for common grasses, forbs, and shrubs? 2) Does hydraulic lift occur in grazed and ungrazed tallgrass prairie, and does this impact facilitation for water within grassland communities? 3) What are the patterns and drivers of nocturnal transpiration in common grassland species? 4) How does diel stem sap flow and canopy transpiration vary among common grassland species? I found that bison grazing increased the depth of water uptake by Andropogon gerardii and Rhus glabra, reducing niche overlap with co-occurring species. Conversely, grazing did not affect hydraulic lift, which was generally uncommon and likely limited by nocturnal transpiration. Further, leaf gas exchange measurements indicated that nocturnal transpiration occurred commonly in tallgrass prairie plants and was greatest among grasses and early in the growing season. Nocturnal transpiration was not driven by vapor pressure deficit or soil moisture, as commonly observed in other systems, but was regulated by nocturnal stomatal conductance in most species. Finally, I found that daytime sap flow rates were variable among species and functional types, with larger flux rates among woody species. Nocturnal sap flow rates were more consistent across species, which caused nighttime sap flow and transpiration to account for a larger proportion of daily flux rates in grasses than in forbs or shrubs. These results show that water uptake, water redistribution, and water loss are all influenced by different biotic and abiotic drivers and have varying ecological impacts across a heterogeneous landscape. Additionally, extensive differences in water flux exist among co-occurring species and plant functional groups, which likely reflect varying strategies to tolerate water limitation. These results suggest that shifts in the abundance of these species with future climate changes, or with ecosystem state changes, will likely impact ecosystem-level water balance.
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Renz, Jennifer Theresa. "Assessing evapotranspiration rates of a Mid-Atlantic red maple riparian wetland using sap flow sensors." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2400.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Carvalho, Tomás Viana. "A importância da monitorização do clima, solo e planta para a gestão da rega na vinha (Vitis vinifera L.)." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11211.

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Mestrado em Viticultura e Enologia - Instituto Superior de Agronomia / Faculdade de Ciências - Universidade do Porto
The following thesis is included in the European project Innovine (granted agreement nº FT7-311775), which include the collaboration of several institutions with a long range of scientific areas, with the purpose of presenting results of an essay in an Alentejo sub-region – Reguengos. In this essay several sensors were installed for the use of phytomonitorization as a tool to monitor two types of deficit irrigation, RDI – Regulated Deficit Irrigation; SDI – Sustainable Deficit Irrigation. This phytomonitorization will be important in order to understand some determining physiological parameters of a vineyard in response to water stress, using the variety “Touriga Nacional”. For both types of deficit irrigation a representative grapevine was selected, on which the following phytomonitoring sensors were installed - sap flow, leaf and berry temperature and trunk diameter, canopy humidity). Leaf temperatures ranged from 6,1ºC to 48,7ºC in RDI and from 9,2ºC to 47,3ºC in SDI. For the berry temperatures the temperature ranged from 6,1ºC to 49ºC in both modalities. As possible estimators for physiological parameters, when analyzing a single irrigation period, we obtained high determination coefficients for the leaf temperature (R2=0,90 and R2=0,76) when related with the ψb. As possible estimators of ψfd parameters we obtained high determination coefficients for air temperature (R2=0,0,81 and R2=0,78). For the sap flow the determination coefficients were R2=0,63 and R2=0,60 after irrigation and R2=0,80 and R2=0,76 before irrigation. Also for the leaf temperature vs leaf water potential we obtained R2=0,67 and R2=0,67 after irrigation and R2=0,52 and R2=0,59 before irrigation
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Witmer, Robert K. "Water Use of Landscape Trees During Pot-In-Pot Production and During Establishment in the Landscape." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30199.

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Water conservation and pollution concerns from nutrient runoff will very likely dictate precise irrigation regimes for nursery managers in Virginia. Maximum plant growth with minimum input of water and fertilizer is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, water use and growth of red and sugar maple (Acer rubrum L. 'Franksred' and Acer saccharum Marsh.) were studied during two years of pot-in-pot (P+P) production and during three years after transplanting to field soil. Three major experiments were completed. The first experiment studied the effect of frequent irrigation (three-times-a-day) versus standard once-a-day irrigation and found that frequent irrigation increased trunk diameter growth of sugar maples in the second production cycle and for red maples in both production cycles. Height growth of neither species was affected by frequent irrigation. A study of sap flow pattern indicated that late day water stress of red maples was partially alleviated by frequent irrigation. In the second experiment, red and sugar maples were transplanted to field soil after one (1-yr) or two (2-yr) years of P+P production. Irrigation frequency requirement decreased as the trees grew and depended on environmental conditions, size at planting, source of water (rainfall versus irrigation) and species. Height and trunk diameter of 1-yr red maple was equal to that of 2-yr trees after only one year. Height and trunk diameter differences between 1-yr and 2-yr sugar maple trees persisted three years after transplanting. In the third experiment water use of 1-yr and 2-yr red and sugar maple while in P+P production was investigated. Four models of daily water-use were developed. A simple model that is suitable for growers includes species, trunk cross-sectional area (BA) and air temperature (TA) observations. An environmental model was developed using the Penman-van Bavel estimate of evapotranspiration (ET). ET required modifications based on tree characteristics, air temperature, windspeed and relative humidity to be an effective predictor of water-use. A complex model was based on a sine-cosine function of day-of-the-year. This model fits water-use data well for each species and production cycle and includes BA, ET and TA. An alternate simpler model requires only day-of-the-year, TA and BA, offering growers a relatively simple and accurate model of water use.
Ph. D.
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Gebauer, Tobias. "Water turnover in species-rich and species-poor deciduous forests xylem sap flow and canopy transpiration /." Göttingen : Georg-August-Universität, 2010. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2010/gebauer/gebauer.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Sap flow"

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Hölzlwimmer, Andrea. Optimizing value flows with SAP ERP. Bonn: Galileo Press, 2010.

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Hölzlwimmer, Andrea. Optimizing value flows with SAP ERP. Bonn: Galileo Press, 2010.

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Cienciala, Emil. Sap flow, transpiration, and water use efficiency of spruce and willow in relation to climatic factors. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, 1994.

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Mayans, Pablo. Zempoala y su acueducto: Raíz, fortaleza, savia, caudal = Zempoala and its aqueduct : root, fortress, sap, flow. Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, México: Consejo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes de Hidalgo, 2016.

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Flor de sal. Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 1986.

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Simões, Aleixo. Flor-de-sal. Lisboa: Colibri, 2009.

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A flor do sal. Porto, Portugal: ASA Editores, 2005.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Dept. of Parking and Traffic. Traffic Engineering Division. Traffic calming in San Francisco. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Dept. of Parking and Traffic, 1997.

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National Heat Transfer Conference (28th 1992 San Diego, Calif.). Heat transfer: San Diego, 1992. Edited by Volintine Brian G. 1951- and American Institute of Chemical Engineers. New York, N.Y: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1992.

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Mandle, Richard J. Directions and rates of ground-water movement in the vicinity of Kesterson Reservoir, San Joaquin Valley, California. Sacramento, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sap flow"

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Köstner, Barbara, Eva Falge, and Martina Alsheimer. "Sap Flow Measurements." In Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem, 99–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_5.

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Horna, Viviana, Reiner Zimmermann, Ewald Müller, and Pia Parolin. "Sap Flow and Stem Respiration." In Ecological Studies, 223–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8725-6_11.

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Cohen, Y. "Thermoelectric Methods for Measurement of Sap Flow in Plants." In Advances in Bioclimatology, 63–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57966-0_3.

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Nadezhdina, Nadezhda, Teresa S. David, Jorge S. David, Valeriy Nadezhdin, Jan Cermak, Roman Gebauer, and Alexia Stokes. "Root Structure: In Situ Studies Through Sap Flow Research." In Measuring Roots, 247–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22067-8_13.

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Nadezhdina, Nadezhda, Teresa S. David, Jorge S. David, Valeriy Nadezhdin, Jan Cermak, Roman Gebauer, Maria Isabel Ferreira, et al. "Root Function: In Situ Studies Through Sap Flow Research." In Measuring Roots, 267–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22067-8_14.

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Nakamura, Takashi, Hideto Fujii, Ly Sarann, Lun Sambo, Heng Sokchhay, Yoichi Fujihara, and Keisuke Hoshikawa. "Flow Regime of a Floating Village Using a Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Model." In Water and Life in Tonle Sap Lake, 145–54. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6632-2_16.

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Biron, P., A. Granier, and P. Lu. "Evaluation of Spruce Stand Transpiration By Sap Flow Measurements in the Vosges Mountains (Strengbach Catchment-France)." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 617–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_84.

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Nadezhdina, N., and J. Cermak. "Responses of sap flow rate along tree stem and coarse root radii to changes of water supply." In The Supporting Roots of Trees and Woody Plants: Form, Function and Physiology, 227–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3469-1_22.

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Rafi, Zoubair, Olivier Merlin, Valérie Le Dantec, Saïd Khabba, Salah Er-Raki, and Patrick Mordelet. "Inter-comparison Between Different Techniques for Evapotranspiration Partitioning: Eddy Covariance-, Sap Flow-, Lysimeter- and FAO-Based Methods." In Advances in Smart Technologies Applications and Case Studies, 431–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53187-4_47.

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Else, M. A., W. J. Davies, K. C. Hall, and M. B. Jackson. "Knowledge of Xylem Sap Flow Rate is a Pre-Requisite for Accurate Estimates of Hormone Transport from Roots to Shoots." In Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, 373–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1003-9_85.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sap flow"

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Tomelleri, Enrico, and Giustino Tonon. "Linking Sap Flow Measurements with Earth Observations." In IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554204.

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Kiss, Vladimir. "EFFECT OF SAP FLOW AT OPTIMIZATION IRRIGATION." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.1/s12.021.

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Kiss, Vladimir. "OPTIMALIZATION OF IRRIGATION BASED ON SAP FLOW MEASUREMENT." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.1/s12.071.

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Barek, Viliam. "SAP FLOW AS A POSSIBLE INDICATOR OF WATER STRESS." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.1/s12.063.

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Belrose, Guillaume, Klaus Brand, Nigel Edwards, Sven Graupner, Jerry Rolia, and Lawrence Wilcock. "Business-driven IT for SAP The Model Information Flow." In 2007 2nd IEEE/IFIP International Workshop on Business-Driven IT Management. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bdim.2007.375011.

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Engeda, Abraham. "A Regenerative Flow Compressor as a Secondary Air Pump for Engine Emission Control." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22087.

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The automotive engine requires a relatively rich mixture of fuel and air for smooth operation on cold start. Exhaust gases contain high levels of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons after cold starts. The unburned hydrocarbons could be further oxidized, except there is no oxygen left after combustion. Using a Secondary Air Pump (SAP), air is fed into the exhaust manifold (secondary air), the CO and HC are oxidized through afterburning at temperatures over 600°C to form water and carbon dioxide. An activated secondary air injection system leads to an increase in oxygen content in the exhaust system. This paper discuses the performance of a Regenerative Flow Compressor (RFC) for SAP application and shows the RFC to be the best choice for satisfying the required specification of the SAP.
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Kojima, Kazuyuki. "Faster Measurement Method of Heat-Pulse Based Sap Flow Sensor." In 2021 IEEE 10th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce53005.2021.9621975.

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Morton, David, H. Ghayvat, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, and Steve Green. "Sensors and instrumentation to measure Sap flow in small stem plants." In 2016 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2016.7520519.

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Takeuchi, S., and T. Yano. "Application of Sap Flow Measurement in Real Time Soil Moisture Management." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40737(2004)487.

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Лупаков, С. Ю., Т. С. Губарева, В. В. Шамов, А. В. Рубцов, Б. И. Гарцман, А. Н. Бугаец, А. М. Омелько, and Н. К. Кожевникова. "CATCHMENT RUNOFF MODELING APPLYING SAP FLOW DATA (CASE OF THE UPPER USSURI RIVER)." In Геосистемы Северо-Восточной Азии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2021.46.35.020.

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Представлены результаты использования данных полевых наблюдений для моделирования речного стока малого водосбора в верховьях р.Уссури. В качестве входного потока данных в гидрологическую модель HBV об эвапотранспирации применены оригинальные данные о стволовом сокодвижении, пересчитанные в объем влаги, транспирируемого древостоем. Показано, что расчетные методы определения эвапотранспирации (Пенмана-Монтейса и Л.Одина) завышают оценки испарения: разница с данными стволового сокодвижения достигает 100 мм слоя за теплый период. Надежной связи между расчетными значениями суточного испарения и измерениями не обнаружено. Выявлено повышение качества расчетов стока при использовании данных стволового сокодвижения в качестве входного потока в гидрологическую модель. The results of applying the field observation data for hydrological modeling in the Upper Ussuri river are presented. The original data of sap flow measurements (recalculated to the evapotranspiration volume of forest stand) was used as input to the HBV model. It is shown that the calculation methods for determining evapotranspiration (Penman-Monteith and L.Oudin) overestimate the daily evaporation volume. In comparison with sap flow data difference reach 100 mm during the warm period. No reliable relationship was found between the calculated values of daily evaporation and measurements. An increase in the quality of runoff calculations is reported while using data from stem sap flow as an input to a hydrological model.
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Reports on the topic "Sap flow"

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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Application of Turbulent Transport Techniques for Quantifying Whole Canopy Evapotranspiration in Large Agricultural Structures: Measurement and Theory. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592121.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives of this research, as stated in the approved proposal were: 1. To establish guidelines for the use of turbulent transport techniques as accurate and reliable tool for continuous measurements of whole canopy ET and other scalar fluxes (e.g. heat and CO2) in large agricultural structures. 2. To conduct a detailed experimental study of flow patterns and turbulence characteristics in agricultural structures. 3. To derive theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in agricultural structures that can guide the interpretation of TT measurements for a wide range of conditions. All the objectives have been successfully addressed within the project. The only modification was that the study focused on screenhouses only, while it was originally planned to study large greenhouses as well. This was decided due to the large amount of field and theoretical work required to meet the objectives within screenhouses. Background In agricultural structures such as screenhouses and greenhouses, evapotranspiration (ET) is currently measured using lysimeters or sap flow gauges. These measurements provide ET estimates at the single-plant scale that must then be extrapolated, often statistically or empirically, to the whole canopy for irrigation scheduling purposes. On the other hand, turbulent transport techniques, like the eddy covariance, have become the standard for measuring whole canopy evapotranspiration in the open, but their applicability to agricultural structures has not yet been established. The subject of this project is the application of turbulent transport techniques to estimate ET for irrigation scheduling within large agricultural structures. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions of this project are: (i) the eddy covariance technique is suitable for reliable measurements of scalar fluxes (e.g., evapotranspiration, sensible heat, CO2) in most types of large screenhouses under all climatic conditions tested. All studies resulted with fair energy balance closures; (ii) comparison between measurements and theory show that the model is capable in reliably predicting the turbulent flow characteristics and surface fluxes within screenhouses; (iii) flow characteristics within the screenhouse, like flux-variance similarity and turbulence intensity were valid for the application of the eddy covariance technique in screenhouses of relatively dilute screens used for moderate shading and wind breaking. In more dense screens, usually used for insect exclusions, development of turbulent conditions was marginal; (iv) installation of the sensors requires that the system’s footprint will be within the limits of the screenhouse under study, as is the case in the open. A footprint model available in the literature was found to be reliable in assessing the footprint under screenhouse conditions. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of the eddy covariance technique for flux measurements within agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable more accurate assessments of crop water use which may lead to improved crop water management and increased water use efficiency of screenhouse crops.
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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.
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Johnston, A., S. Donovan, R. Sparks, C. Cunningham, and K. Summers. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Basic Call Flow Examples. RFC Editor, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3665.

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Barnes, M., F. Audet, S. Schubert, H. van Elburg, and C. Holmberg. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) History-Info Header Call Flow Examples. RFC Editor, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7131.

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Ravindranath, R., P. Ravindran, and P. Kyzivat. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Recording Call Flows. RFC Editor, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8068.

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Chvala, W. D. Jr, K. L. McMordie, and R. F. Szydlowski. Flow meter evaluation for U.S. Navy Public Works Center, San Diego, California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95180.

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Wadman, Heidi, and Jesse McNinch. Spatial distribution and thickness of fine-grained sediment along the United States portion of the upper Niagara River, New York. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41666.

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Over 220 linear miles of geophysical data, including sidescan sonar and chirp sub-bottom profiles, were collected in 2016 and 2017 by the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Fish and Wildlife Service in the upper Niagara River. In addition, 36 sediment grab samples were collected to groundtruth the geophysical data. These data were used to map the spatial distribution of fine-grained sediment, including volume data in certain locations, along the shallow shorelines of the upper Niagara River. Overall, the most extensive deposits were spatially associated with either small tributaries or with man-made structures that modified the natural flow of the system. Extensive beds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) were also mapped. Although always associated with a fine-grained matrix, the SAV beds were patchy in distribution, which might reflect subtle differences in the grain size of the sediment matrix or could simply be a function of variations in species or growth. The maps generated from this effort can be used to guide sampling plans for future studies of contamination in fine-grained sediment regions.
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Jennings, C., K. Ono, and R. Sparks. Example Call Flows Using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Security Mechanisms. Edited by B. Hibbard. RFC Editor, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6216.

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Raj K. Rajamani and Jose Angel Delgadillo. Improving Energy Efficiency Via Optimized Charge Motion and Slurry Flow in Plant Scale Sag Mills. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901637.

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Raj K. Rajamani. Improving Energy Efficiency Via Optimized Charge Motion and Slurry Flow in Plant Scale Sag Mills. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922135.

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