Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Santé cérébrale'
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Coursan, Adeline. "Impact de la consommation de fructose sur la microglie et la santé cérébrale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0131.
Full textFructose, a monosaccharide naturally occurring in fruits and honey, has seen its consumption increase tenfold in recent decades, with today a daily intake around 55g. While numerous studies have demonstrated the deleterious effects of fructose consumption on metabolic disorders, the effects of this sugar on brain health have been neglected. The brain is fully equipped to absorb and metabolize fructose. Indeed, the fructose-specific transporter, GLUT5, is expressed almost exclusively in microglia. Defects in the control of neuroinflammation, a process controlled by these cells, are associated with emotional and memory disorders. Moreover, fructose consumption leads to intestinal dysbiosis. This dysbiosis can also induce mood and memory disorders. Thus, the hypothesis of this project is that fructose consumption can disrupt brain health directly through alterations in microglia and/or indirectly through dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. To address this hypothesis, we used several complementary approaches. Our in vitro results reveal that fructose disrupts the inflammatory response of microglia. In vivo, our results show that a fructose-enriched diet induces anxiodepressive-like behaviors, as well as spatial memory impairment. They also reveal the key role of microglial cells in the establishment of these disorders. In parallel, our in vivo results and clinical study highlight the involvement of the intestinal microbiota in the establishment of pseudo-depressive behaviors or anxious traits induced by fructose malabsorption. This data could contribute to improving current dietary recommendations
Labrecque, Lawrence. "Influence du sexe sur l'autorégulation cérébrale dynamique chez des individus actifs et en santé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32549.
Full textAccumulating evidence supports the notion that there are sexual differences in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), notably for resting CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Plus, very few studies have attempted to assess sexual differences in cerebral autoregulation (CA), a crucial determinant relating mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CBF [evaluated via mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery [MCAv)]. All the studies examining sex influence on CA during either sit-to-stand (StS) or squat-stand maneuvers were done in older populations or by examining static CA (i.e. comparison of steady-state variables). Plus, most metrics quantifying the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory response have a limited ability to characterize each other and comparisons between studies using diverse analytical techniques can produce variable physiological interpretations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of sex on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in a young and healthy population using a multiple assessment strategy and hemodynamic stressors (StS, transfer function analysis of spontaneous and forced MAP and MCAv oscillations). We also examined the degree to which dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity was related to the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension, in order to appreciate whether the potential impact of sex on dynamic cerebral autoregulatory denotes a functional outcome. Our results indicate a reduced ability of women’s cerebrovasculature to react to large and rapid changes in MAP. However, these subtle impairments did not appear sufficient enough to represent a functional impairment of the female cerebrovasculature.
Petit, Olivia. "Le plaisir et la santé dans la consommation alimentaire : activité cérébrale, motivation et simulation sensorielle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1036/document.
Full textSelf-regulation is an essential resource for not succumbing to (junk) food. It requires willpower and control of emotions and sensations. However, individuals operate in an environment enhancing food pleasure where health informations are few and poorly considered, causing difficulties in self-regulation. These difficulties are found especially in overweight people and/or dieter. We hypothesized that value the taste of healthy foods could help people to self-regulate and we conducted two experiments to test it. In the first study, messages highlighting the pleasure of eating fruits and vegetables are more persuasive to subjects taking risks to health. Similarly, in the second study in decision making, focusing on the tatste of these foods increases more healthy food choices for these subjects. By using neuroimaging, we have shown brain activity distinctions between these subjects when choosing healthy food in this condition. Choosing healthy food is more impulsive for the most sensitive to reward subjects, approaching the choice of junk foods. Instead, it appears more reflective for subjects with a high BMI and choosing more junk foods, facilitating self-regulation. At the theoretical level this research highlights the positive role of emotions and sensations related to pleasure in self-regulation. At the managerial level, it suggests the importance of adapting strategies to the target audience in order to efficiently healthy food consumption
Petit, Olivia. "Le plaisir et la santé dans la consommation alimentaire : activité cérébrale, motivation et simulation sensorielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1036.
Full textSelf-regulation is an essential resource for not succumbing to (junk) food. It requires willpower and control of emotions and sensations. However, individuals operate in an environment enhancing food pleasure where health informations are few and poorly considered, causing difficulties in self-regulation. These difficulties are found especially in overweight people and/or dieter. We hypothesized that value the taste of healthy foods could help people to self-regulate and we conducted two experiments to test it. In the first study, messages highlighting the pleasure of eating fruits and vegetables are more persuasive to subjects taking risks to health. Similarly, in the second study in decision making, focusing on the tatste of these foods increases more healthy food choices for these subjects. By using neuroimaging, we have shown brain activity distinctions between these subjects when choosing healthy food in this condition. Choosing healthy food is more impulsive for the most sensitive to reward subjects, approaching the choice of junk foods. Instead, it appears more reflective for subjects with a high BMI and choosing more junk foods, facilitating self-regulation. At the theoretical level this research highlights the positive role of emotions and sensations related to pleasure in self-regulation. At the managerial level, it suggests the importance of adapting strategies to the target audience in order to efficiently healthy food consumption
Viehweger, Heide Elke. "Optimisation de l'évaluation globale de l'enfant atteint de paralysie cérébrale à potentiel de marche : intégration de la qualité de vie liée à la santé et des capacités et performances dans le domaine de la vie quotidienne." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20704.
Full textTreatment in cerebral palsy (CP) children is now multidisciplinary. Outcome objectives for orthopaedic surgeons changed and are now to improve the patient’s functional status. But how to evaluate the outcome ? Was patient’s daily life improved ? In a first theoretical part the components of a global outcome assessment in CP patients were reviewed, existing methods identified and detected tools and knowledge were supplemented. In a second part two projects were presented based on the principles of global assessment : - the first project to apply the acquired knowledge in terms of conceptualisation, realisation and analysis of a multicenter project, - the second to create and study preliminarily a new tool to evaluate daily life capacities and performances in CP patients
Dahan, Olivier. "Étude de la détérioration neuropsychologique de l'adulte après irradiation cérébrale : analyse du risque par un modèle mathématique, à partir d'une série rétrospective de 100 patients." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR23026.
Full textChaney, Rémi. "Électromyostimulation et cognition." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCK056.
Full textNumerous pieces of evidence confirm the benefits of physical exercise (EX) on brain health, notably manifested by improvements in cognition and emotional state. Preclinical investigations have highlighted the central role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the cerebral benefits brought about by EX. The increase in BDNF levels in the brain in response to EX results from heightened neuronal activity, cerebral blood flow, as well as the secretion of exerkines such as irisin and lactate by skeletal muscles. Nonetheless, despite this robust evidence demonstrating the cerebral benefits of EX, numerous individuals are unable to engage in an active EX program due to various constraints. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate whether Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS), i.e., the induction of involuntary muscle contractions through an exogenous current source, could represent an effective alternative to EX for improving brain health. The results of this thesis have revealed that stimulating a large muscle mass, leading to substantial muscle lesions, had a detrimental effect on BDNF-dependent neuroplasticity in rats hippocampus. In contrast, a stimulation protocol applied to the quadriceps muscle, generating rare muscle lesions, allowed for the induction of BDNF-dependent neuroplasticity in rats, as well as improvements in cognition and mood in humans. Although none of the stimulation protocols had an impact on circulating levels of irisin or on neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow in brain regions associated with cognition, it is worth noting that the beneficial effects on the brain were positively correlated with lactate production in response to EMS, both in humans and rats. In conclusion, EMS as an alternative method to EX can exert positive effects on brain health, but the choice of the protocol proves to be crucial in achieving optimal cognitive and neuroplastic benefits
Guyard, Audrey. "Retentissement du handicap de l'enfant sur la vie familiale." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798912.
Full textKersante, Flavie. "Régulation de l'activité opioïde par les récepteurs du Neuropeptide FF : approches cellulaire et neurochimique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/304/.
Full textNeuropeptide FF is a neuromodulator of opioid system. In rodents, it displays pro- or anti-opioid activities depending on the injection sites. Recently, two NPFF receptors have been cloned in mammals and in human, NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors belonging to the GPCR family. NPFF1 or NPFF2 receptors activation in rat dissociated neurons inhibits opioid induced regulation of N-type voltage gated calcium channels. In order to identify the mechanisms responsible for this cellular anti-opioid activity, I have constructed a cellular model of NPFF1 receptor expression in SH-SY5Y cells that naturally express opioid receptors and present neuronal characteristics, adapted to biochemical analysis. In NPFF1 expressing SH-SY5Y cells, NPVF (NPFF1 receptor agonist) displayed anti-opioid activity on DAMGO (MOP receptor agonist) induced inhibition of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels conductance but also on deltorphin-I (DOP receptor agonist) induced Phospholipase C\beta reactivation. Therefore, this cell line is a suitable model to investigate the interactions between NPFF and opioid receptors. As NPFF and MOP receptors have been recently found to heterodimerize in SH-SY5Y cells, I have investigated if this heterodimerization could impair opioid receptors coupling to G-protein, the modulation of MOP receptors coupling to G proteins by NPFF receptors activation was monitored by using the [35S]GTP\gamma\S binding assay. In SH-SY5Y cells that express NPFF1 or NPFF2 receptors, NPFF does not modify MOP receptors activation induced [35S]GTP\gamma\S binding. Furthermore, even if MOP and NPFF receptors share a G-protein common pool, they did not compete for this pool when receptors were not overexpressed. .
Courchesne-Loyer, Alexandre. "Étude de la stimulation cétogénique chez l’adulte en bonne santé : impact sur le métabolisme énergétique cérébral." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10569.
Full textAbstract : The human brain is the most metabolically active organ of the body. This high need for energy exposes it to an increase risk in case of hypometabolism. Such a glucose hypometabolism is seen during the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. This factor is believed to be one of the cause of the disease. Ketones are the main alternate substrate for the human brain. Ketones are particularly important since, unlike other organs, the brain can not use fatty acids as alternative fuel. Ketones are mainly produce through β-oxidation of fatty acid by the liver. This happens mainly during fasting when circulating levels of glucose and insulin are low. Studies have shown that ketones can have a therapeutic effect in a variety of neurological diseases, mainly epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Nevertheless, apart from ketogenic diet and prolonged fasting, there is currently no effective ways to induce and maintain moderate ketosis in adults. Brain energy metabolism under moderate ketosis remains also misunderstood in this population. This thesis aimed look at the effect of a combination of a pharmacological treatment and a nutritional supplementation to induce moderate sustain ketosis in adults. It also studied the effect of a moderate ketosis on brain energy metabolism in adults. The aim of the first study was to study the effect of a pharmacological treatment, bezafibrate, on the potentiation of the ketogenic effect induced by a medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. The results of this study that bezafibrate had little effect on the ketosis induced by a MCT supplementation and, therefore, that the limiting factor in human ketosis was not the liver cells capacity to produce ketones but the availability of substrates for ketogenesis. The aim of the second study was to study the impact of a nutritional moderate ketosis on brain glucose and ketone uptake. The results of this study showed a direct correlation between brain ketone uptake and plasma ketone concentrations. This study also showed that brain ketone uptake is regulated by blood ketone concentration whereas brain glucose uptake is regulated by the brain energy needs. Further studies should then look if such a moderate ketosis induced in cognitively impaired patients could re-equilibrate the energy balance in the brain and then slow the apparition of clinical symptoms in this population.
Denis, Annabelle. "Fonctionnement cérébral et cognitif chez de jeunes adultes nés prématurément." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28122.
Full textThe advent of technology in neonatal care units has increased the survival rate of premature infants. However, there is still room to better understand the deleterious impacts of prematurity on the brain and cognition over lifespan, including the early adulthood that has poorly been studied to date. This thesis tested the mechanism of interhemispheric inhibition by the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) (reflecting the integrity of callosal function) and intracortical inhibition (ICI reflecting synaptic organization for planning the action) along with the cognitive function in young adults born prematurely (PT). A group of young adults born prematurely (PT, ≤ 33 weeks gestation) were compared to a group of young adults born at term (Term> 37 weeks of gestation, matched for age and education). iSP and ICI were tested with transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex of hand. As compared to the term group, the study 1 showed that PT had fewer occurrences of iSP (p < 0.0001), longer iSP latency (interhemispheric transfer, p=0.004) and shorter iSP duration (p < 0.0001). In study 2, less excitability in the nondominant hemisphere (p=0.001), and less ICI (37.5% in PT group vs. 100% in terms) was observed. This suboptimal regulation between hemispheres and intracortical motor function was parallelled by difficulties to sustain attention in PT as assessed by neuropsychological testing in the 3rd study. This thesis suggests that brain function known to be impaired in PT children and adolescents remained suboptimal at early adulthood and may explain some minor cognitive impairments detected. These brain indicators of a long-term influence of prematurity should be used earlier to test the efficacity of rehab programs on modules recognized to be specifically impaired in adulthood.
Ngoungou, Edgard Brice. "Approche épidémiologique de la relation paludisme cérébral et épilepsie séquellaire en zone tropicale." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/241456cd-07d3-444f-91a0-dc75a0a3ed19/blobholder:0/2006LIMO100B.pdf.
Full textCerebral Malaria (CM) is a potential cause of epilepsy occurrence in tropical area. We have carried out two complementary epidemiological approaches in sub-Saharan Africa, in Mali and in Gabon and aimed at quantifying the relationship between these two affections. The first one, an exposed/non-exposed study, was performed in Malian children followed-up after clinical malaria. Among them, 101 with a CM history were compared with 222 with non cerebral malaria (NCM) history. The risk of developing epilepsy was higher after CM than after NCM: aRR= 14. 3 [95%CI: 1. 6-132. 0]; p=0. 01. The second approach, a matched case-control study, was performed in a Gabonese population aged of 6 months to 25 years, at 3 different hospitals in Libreville, with 15 years retrospectively. 296 people with epilepsy were compared with 296 people not suffering from epilepsy. The risk of developing epilepsy was higher after a CM in cases than in controls: aOR= 3. 9 [95%CI: 1. 7-8. 9], p<0. 001. This work confirms the role of CM in the occurrence of sequelar epilepsy. However, the implication of seizures during CM and physiopathological mechanisms remains obscure and needs to be confirmed
Ossola, Laurence. "Une sexualité cérébralement handicapée ? : représentations sociales de la sexualité des adultes handicapés cérébraux vivant en institution, pour une éducation pour la santé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0147.
Full textMentally-handicapped adults, like any other human beings, develop amorous sentiments and therefore, are entitled to an emotional, intimate and sexual life.In institution (living space), brain-damaged adults are often dependent on social representations which built them, of those of caregivers who cared them, or still of those of caregivers-loving-accompanying and families which accompanying them.This research tried to target the central cores and peripheral elements of all these social representations, by means of the “free association” and the “emotional cards”, to estimate for all actors, the possible progress regarding acceptance, and consequently accompaniment of intimacy and sexuality about institutionalized mentally-handicapped adults.Brain-damaged adults (acquired handicap) and people with mental disabilities (congenital handicap) were the main protagonists of this research.The results show that according to the type of handicap (acquired or congenital), the caregivers’ posture is almost the same; that of the resident differ themselves slightly; as for that some caregivers-loving-accompanying and families are radically different: people with congenital disabilities do not create an intimate imagination and/or sexual from them, to their mentally-handicapped adult.What perspectives for the implementation of an education for the sexual health for these cerebral disabled people? What sort of companying for privacy and sexual life in institution?
Ossard, Gérard. "Effets hémodynamiques cérébraux des accélérations +Gz chez l'homme : intérêt de la vélocimétrie Doppler transcrânienne." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066649.
Full textLenoir, dit caron Rita. "Le yoga dans la rééducation des patients atteints de pathologies du système nerveux central et plus particulièrement d'accident vasculaire cérébral." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMR120.
Full textCentral nervous system disorders can result in sensory and motor sequelae as well as cognitive and psychological impairments, which limit the ability to perform functional activities such as transferring or walking. They thus restrict patients' involvement in everyday life. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the value of a new therapeutic approach through yoga. This discipline, which focuses on the reciprocal interaction between body and mind, has been increasingly studied in the scientific literature. However, research investigating the benefits of yoga in the rehabilitation of central nervous system disorders is relatively recent. Hence, the aim of this thesis was to identify the quality of available evidence on the subject and to contribute to its development.First, a systematic review of the literature was carried out to identify whether yoga could improve the health-related quality of life of individuals suffering from central nervous system disorders. This work identified that the quality of evidence was low and that further experimental research was needed, especially with regard to stroke. A randomised controlled trial was therefore conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a yoga programme adapted to chronic post-stroke motor sequelae compared with a conventional exercise programme. The results confirmed our main hypothesis that yoga was no less effective than a conventional rehabilitation approach in improving balance, functional mobility, and quadriceps muscle strength. Our secondary hypothesis concerned the potential superiority of yoga in improving patients' mental health, however this could not be confirmed. Yet, both approaches appear to be effective in improving this outcome and deserve to be reconsidered in further research. Finally, a pilot randomised controlled trial was conducted, focusing on the feasibility and safety of tele-yoga as well as on participant satisfaction. The results showed that despite some difficulties in using the computer tools and the need to modify some of the postures in the yoga programme, the intervention was feasible, safe, and judged by the majority to be very satisfactory. These experimental studies have demonstrated the clinical value of yoga in the rehabilitation of motor and psychological sequelae in the chronic post-stroke phase, whether delivered face-to-face or remotely
Honado, Sedonoude Aristide. "Adaptation et validation du questionnaire international de l'activité physique (IPAQ) chez les personnes saines et les survivants d'un accident vasculaire cérébral au Bénin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36964.
Full textThe practice of physical activity significantly reduces the risk of stroke. It is also used as a therapeutic strategy to maximize functional recovery during the rehabilitation of stroke survivors. Therefore, it is important to monitor the level of physical activity of healthy people and stroke survivors. Tracking the level of physical activity depends on the availability of valid and reliable tools for measuring and assessing physical activity. Unfortunately, the lack of such tools is observed in Benin, a French-speaking country in Africa. Also, in the circumstances of countries with limited financial resources such as Benin, questionnaires, subjective methods of measuring physical activity, are the most used methods because of their low cost and ease of implementation. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a frequently tool used for measuring the level of physical activity of healthy subjects and different groups of patients. However, this questionnaire, to our knowledge, is not validated in the context of French-speaking African countries as in the context of Benin. The goal of this Master thesis was to adapt and validate IPAQ in healthy people and stroke survivors in Benin. Consequently, following well-established methods, we adapted the IPAQ according to the culture and specific linguistic aspects of French as spoken in Benin. Then, the convergent validity and test-retest reliability of the Beninese experimental version of the questionnaire were examined from a sample of 60 healthy subjects and 60 post-stroke subjects recruited in Benin. The results of the study show excellent convergent validity and excellent test-retest reliability of the Benin version of IPAQ for measuring the physical activity of healthy people and stroke survivors.
Elbaz, Alexis. "Les interactions gène-environnement : leur mesure et leurs conséquences pour l'étude des facteurs de risque des maladies multifactorielles liées à l'âge." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T053.
Full textMany frequent diseases are considered as being multifactorial, that is resulting from the effect - and maybe the interaction - of several environmental and genetic risk factors. Due to growing interest in gene-environment interactions, a number of epidemiology methods have been developed. They will be reviewed, and their respective advantages and limitations discussed. As an illustration, we will present two examples of gene-environment interaction obtained in the GÉNIC study, concerning cerebral infarction and the genes coding for factor XIII and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme ; this will help us to discuss difficulties in detecting and interpreting gene-environment interactions. Because we are particularly interested in age-related diseases, we will present a model that allows to study the consequences of gene-environment interactions in the presence of competing risks of death for association studies of these diseases. According to this model, these phenomenon can bias the relation between a candidate gene and a disease, if the disease and the competing risks share an environmental risk factor, and if the latter is not taken into account in the analysis. It is a class of confounding bias, that results from an association between the genetic and the environmental risk factors. This model will allow us to put forward an explanation for findings reported by ourselves or others, and to underline the need to take environmental risk factors into account in studies investigating the role of genetic susceptibility in age-related multifactorial diseases
Gravel, Kristina. "Dépression à la suite d'un traumatisme crânio-cérébral : associations avec la qualité de vie liée à la santé, la participation sociale et les stratégies d'adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66336.
Full textThe aim of this study was to determine how major depression following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to health-related quality of life, social participation, and coping strategies. In order to strengthen the findings, the effect of the presence or the absence of another diagnosis was also examined. A sample of 237 adults, aged between 18 and 65 years, was evaluated two years after the injury with a clinical structured interview based on the DSM-IV and validated questionnaires. Results showed significant differences between participants having experienced a major depressive episode in the second year post-TBI and participants who did not suffer such an episode. Depressed participants showed lower healthrelated quality of life, lower social participation and higher use of dysfunctional coping strategies. An interaction with the presence or absence of another psychiatric diagnosis was found only for the use of dysfunctional coping strategies: participants with both depression and another diagnosis (either post-traumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and/or substance use disorder) showed higher use of dysfunctional coping strategies. These results highlight the important social cost associated with depression in the second year post-TBI. Moreover, the results suggest that there is an association between coping strategies and the presence of depression post-TBI, which could be an interesting clinical target to prevent or treat post-TBI depression.
Labow, Melissa Amber. "Perceived social support and psychopathology in patients following a traumatic brain injury." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67449.
Full textTraumatic brain injuries (TBI) are one of the leading causes of death and disability in adults. Following a TBI, it is common for individuals to experiences various sequelae, including mental health challenges and changes in social support, amongst others. The goals of this study were to describe the evolution of perceived social support over time and across injury severity levels, to explore socio-demographic variables and clinical variables associated with lower levels of social support at 24 months post-TBI and to verify whether social support measured at four months following TBI contributed to predict the presence of mental health disorders one to two years post-injury. A sample of 255 participants with mild to severe TBIs were included in the study. The results indicate that the total social support score does not change significantly over time or according to injury severity, however instrumental social support decreased from 4 to 24 months. TBI survivors with lower social support were more often unemployed or living alone. Finally, the total social support score evaluated four months after the injury contributed to predict the presence of mental health challenges at a two-year follow-up assessment. These results indicate the importance of including social support interventions in the recovery process of TBI patients.
Lopes, Julie. "Analyse du risque radio-induit de décès chez les professionnels de santé exposés aux rayonnements ionisants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASR020.
Full textAbstract: Studies of workers exposed to ionizing radiation enable the characterization of health effects resulting from chronic low-dose exposure. Although extensive research has been carried out on the subject, there are still uncertainties surrounding the quantification of these effects. To date, medical workers represents the largest group of workers occupationally exposed to artificial sources of ionizing radiation. Their subsequent risk of various pathologies is therefore an important subject of study. Nevertheless, the conclusions of these studies are uncertain and debated, particularly regarding the risk of developing tumors of the central nervous system (CNS).Based on literature reviews supported by meta-analyses and on statistical analyses of data collected as part of the epidemiological follow-up of the ORICAMs (Occupational Radiation Induced Cancer in Medical staff) cohort, this thesis aims to improve knowledge of the effects of ionizing radiation on health in the context of low-dose exposure.A mortality analysis was carried out on the ORICAMs cohort, including 164 015 medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation in France, presenting at least one dosimetric record between 2002 and 2012. Mortality was significantly lower in the ORICAMs cohort than in the general population. However, these results based on a comparative analysis with national rates may be influenced by the healthy worker effect, and do not allow to conclude on the existence or not of a potential relationship between occupational exposure and the risk of death. To address this issue, a case-control study nested within the ORICAMs cohort was set up, including 33 cases and 160 controls. However, conditional logistic regression analyses showed no dose-response relationship between occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and death from CNS tumors. An extension of the cohort follow-up and the inclusion of the case-control study in the international BECOME project will increase the statistical power of the analyses, allowing the assessment of the long-term effects of chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation
Hyenne, Anaïs. "Apport de l'information géographique à la planification sanitaire : la prise en charge des accidents vasculaires cérébraux en Bourgogne." Marne-la-Vallée, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MARN0331.
Full textNew French policies of health care planning recommend to take into account the territorial dimension and to conduct better evaluations of health needs. Consequently methods used by health planner to evaluate and organised adequacy between health needs and care offer should also evolve. We assumed that geographical information’s methods are essential to the implementation of new health care policies. We sought to evaluate contributions and limits of geographical information tools and methods, while taking as an example, stroke in Burgundy (France). Stroke is a very current and serious pathology, which deserves a very fast and specialised health care delivery. Thus, it is necessary that stroke centers are located in an optimal way. We used various data sources : an hospital database called PMSI (medicalized program of information system), a population database, a stroke registry and a road network database ; this allowed us to implement different methods resulting from epidemiology or spatial analysis. At first we studied and compared different sources of data in order to get an overall picture of stroke and stroke care in France. Then we evaluated adequacy between care needs and care offers (location of population at risk, modelisation of physical accessibility by gravitary model), then we proposed methods to optimize care offers location. We highlighted inequalities of access to computed tomography (CT) scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and proposed an optimal configuration of CT scan and MRI that maximised the coverage of the population by adding 5 CT scan or MRI to the existing configuration. Thus, while taking stroke as an example, we could demonstrate that tools and methods resulting from geographical information are essential to the implementation of health care policy, becoming genuine tools of decision making for health planner
Freyssenge, Julie. "Approche géographique de l’Accident Vasculaire Cérébral, accessibilité et analyse spatiale : application à la région Rhône-Alpes." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1247/document.
Full textStroke is a sudden and brutal pathology that can lead to serious sequelae. The damage to major neurological functions caused by stroke explains these severe sequelae. In the long term, a disability of very varied nature and severity most often persists, often accompanied by significant depressive syndromes and emotional and sometimes behavioural disorders. In France, stroke is the third leading cause of death among men (13,003 deaths) and the first among women (18,343 deaths) in 2013. The management of stroke patients consists of several sequences: the pre-hospital phase, with an urgent need for transfer to a stroke unit (UNV), then acute hospitalization, with emergency therapeutic management and, finally, direct return home. During the pre-hospital phase, the notion of urgency is essential: the sooner the patient is treated, the more likely he is to reduce the risk of serious sequelae. Indeed, a victim loses 2 million neurons every minute during the acute phase of stroke. Two treatments, which may be complementary, exist: thrombolysis and thrombectomy. They are carried out in the treatment reference structures, the stroke unit (UNV). Areas are not equal in terms of stroke management, either in terms of accessibility or in terms of the spatial distribution of stroke occurrences. The geography of health is thus an essential discipline to address these issues. Geographic tools allow to target populations at risk of delay, but also at higher risk of occurrence. This research work thus pursues different complementary objectives. First, this work aims to describe the patient's accessibility to treatment, regardless of where he is treated, from the moment he calls the SAMU centre 15, depending on the type of vectors of care (SAMU, fire brigade), traffic conditions and therapeutic strategy. In this way, populations at risk of delayed care, and possibly lack of access to treatment, can be identified. In addition, the second objective is to describe the spatial distribution of stroke occurrences and characterize models of spatial distribution of stroke. This distribution is then analyzed using different territorial variables (socio-economic, facilities, environmental) to understand the causes of the over-representation of stroke in some areas. In order to conduct a global characterization of the explanatory causes of stroke occurrence, time series analyses were also conducted to determine, among other things, whether a type of time at risk of stroke exists. The analyses conducted throughout this work were based on data from the thrombolytic stroke registry of a French emergency network called Réseau des Urgences de la Vallée du Rhône (RESUVal), as well as data from the STROKE 69 cohort in the Rhone. In addition, the evaluation of accessibility in the department was able to benefit from the use of the SDMIS database.This work is intended to be very operational, making it possible to propose ways to improve stroke management in the region: in terms of the organization and distribution of structures that can treat patients, but also in terms of public policies to raise awareness among populations at risk of having a stroke
Woods, Jamie. "Le trouble stress post-traumatique en contexte de traumatisme crânio-cérébral : caractéristiques pré- et péri-traumatiques associées et effet à long terme sur la qualité de vie liée à la santé et la participation sociale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69377.
Full textRodier, Marion. "Impact du t-PA sur les taux cérébraux de BDNF en conditions physiologiques et sur les taux circulants en conditions ischémiques : études chez l' Homme et chez l'animal." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS054/document.
Full textOur objective was to test the hypothesis that the beneficial effect of the administration of the recombinant form of tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in ischemic stroke patient not only results from its fibrinolytic activity but also from its ability to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain. To this end, we conducted an initial study to evaluate the effect of rt-PA on brain BDNF levels in healthy animals. In a second study, we investigated the effect of rt-PA on serum BDNF levels in ischemic stroke patients and in animals subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Blood samples were obtained from patient on admission (D0), D1, D7 and D90 after stroke and in rats before and after (1h, 4h and 24h) ischemia. BDNF was measured in the brain by Western blot and in the blood by ELISA. In both studies, the rt-PA (Actilyse®) was administered as a bolus followed by an infusion of one hour. The first study evidences that 1) rt-PA increases the BDNF levels in the hippocampus, 2) treatment with MK801 (a NMDA receptor antagonist) but not with tranexamic acid (a plasmin inhibitor) canceled the effect of rt-PA on BDNF levels. The second study exhibits that 1) neurological recovery was higher in the patients receiving rt-PA, 2) treatment with rt-PA increases serum BDNF at D1 and D7 in patients, but does not change the blood BDNF levels in animals, 3) BDNF levels are not correlated with neurological recovery but are inversely correlated to the patient cardiovascular score. In conclusion, our results suggest that rt-PA may have a protective extra-fibrinolytic effect by increasing in BDNF levels through a potentiation of glutamatergic pathway. Although rt-PA induces a better neurological recovery and increases circulating BDNF levels in stroke patients, the lack of correlation between these two parameters is not in favor of using circulating BDNF as a predictive marker of neurological recovery, but could be a reflect of the endothelium ability to synthesize BDNF
Petitdant, Nicolas. "Exploration des effets neuro-toxicologiques des ondes radiofréquences du téléphone portable au cours du développement sain et pathologique chez le rat." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0014.
Full textThe widespread use of mobile phones raises the question of the possible health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF, GSM 900 MHz) on the brain. Acquisition of the first cell phone occurs predominantly before adolescence. Scientific literature reports effects of high levels of RF EMF exposure on the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The GFAP is the principal intermediate filament of the astrocytes. These cells play a role in the synaptic transmission and brain damages repair. In this context, we hypothesized a disturbance of the astrocytes and brain functions by the exposure of high RF EMF levels carried out during foetal or adolescent cerebral maturation. A second assumption is made that the organisms under development sensitised by an inflammatory episode would be more vulnerable to the environmental exposures and lead the expression of the neuro-biological effects of RF EMF. To test these hypotheses, we mimicked the foetotoxic effects of a pathological state of the mother. We used a gestational inflammation model of rat obtained with intra-peritoneal injections of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This model was exposed to RF EMF, either during all gestation (co-exposure with LPS), or during the adolescent stage. In another experimental group, we mimicked a reactive astrogliosis consecutive to an infection or a neuro-pathological state at the adolescent stage by micro-perfusion of LPS in the cerebral ventricle. In this model, adolescent rats were co-exposed to LPS and RF EMF. The different endpoints were measured in the young adult. In gestational co-exposure, endpoints were measured during juvenile and adolescent stages. Behavioural paradigms were used to examine the emotional states, the perception and the adaptation to novelty. The GFAP levels were quantified in the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, striatum and amygdala. Our results indicate effects on behavioural endpoints (particularly in novelty perception) in the young adult previously exposed to RF EMF during gestation (and not during adolescence). Only one interaction between the LPS and RF EMF was shown in co-exposure during adolescence. A weaker increase of the GFAP levels was shown after a 1,5W/kg exposure. These results were obtained with levels of RF EMF exposure which were much higher (10 to 50 times) than those induced by the mobile phone held near the foetus by the pregnant woman or near the ear during a phone call. It will be important to reproduce these effects before considering mechanistic interactions of RF EMF on the foetal development and the neuro-inflammatory process at the adolescent stage. In addition, it will be necessary to identify if these effects are induced at environmental RF EMF levels in order to contribute to the neuro-toxicological risk evaluation of RF EMF
Rochemont, Rita Devi Surya. "Insuffisance rénale terminale et maladies cardiovasculaires : le poids des maladies chroniques en Guyane The epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes in French Guiana The epidemiology and emergency care of stroke in French Guiana : a multicenter cohort study A prospective study of Health inequalities and the epidemiology of stroke in French Guiana End stage renal disease in French Guiana (data from R.E.I.N registry) : South American or French ? End stage renal disease as a symptom of health inequalities in French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0012.
Full textNon communicable chronic diseases, notably cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death. Numerous studies have studied risk factors throughout the world. In French Guiana, most research themes focus on tropical infectious diseases. However, the epidemiologic transition is well underway, and cardiovascular diseases represent a major public health problem. Hence strokes and coronary syndrome are the main cause of premature death after accidents. As elsewhere, chronic renal failure also represents a rising problem in French Guiana. French Guiana is an overseas French Territory with a large Afro-caribbean population profile in terms of cultural and socioeconomic aspects with a French health system. Despite the universal healthcare system, there are frequent health inequalities. Diabetes and high blood pressure are 2 major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and for end stage renal failure. In order to alleviate the lack of epidemiologic data, the present work aims to describe the epidemiology of these diseases in French Guiana using different data sources: the hospital’s « programme médicalisé des systems d’information (PMSI) », the data from the INDIA prospective cohort a collaboration between the clinical investigation center in Cayenne and Dijon hospital, and data from the end stage renal disease registry. These results will hopefully help improve access to care, and reduce mortality.The present thesis thus shows the particularities of the epidemiology of these highly incident and fatal diseases. It also shows the importance of health inequalities in French Guiana, as for other diseases, the more vulnerable populations become sick younger, with more severe diseases, and more deaths. Hypertension and diabetes are prime targets for preventive interventions, with special efforts to reach the most vulnerable social groups
Castor, Naomie. "Les déterminants de la récupération chez des patients traumatisés crâniens." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080139/document.
Full textNeurological pathologies are frequently considered as serious and generate cognitive disabilities irreversible. However some diseases as traumatic brain injury and stroke have a recovery potential. These pathologies are different concerning etiology and people who are suffer but similar about medical care and sequelae. The different researches related to the recovery of language disorders and prognostic variables exposure, led us to realize a longitudinal study on recovery variables on traumatic brain injury. Considering the potential recovery of stroke, we have effected a comparative research between both pathologies. Correlational analyses between depression, anxiety, self-esteem, resilience, coping, abilities cognitive, medical care and anosognosia have exposed the determinants of recovery in traumatic brain injury and stroke. The results of this study show identical cognitive performances between patients and also a recovery for both disease. Recovery was similar for patients, which means regardless pathologies, patients recover in same way
Coly, Pierre-Michaël. "Régulation de l'activité autophagique par les récepteurs chimiotactiques couplés aux protéines G : rôle essentiel dans la migration directionnelle." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR004/document.
Full textAutophagy is a catabolic process by which certain cytosolic proteins are directed to thelysosomal compartment to be degraded. This process begins with the sequestration ofcytoplasmic components, by a multimembrane structure called the phagophore. The closure ofthe phagophore gives rise to a double membrane vesicle called autophagosome, which thenmerges with lysosomes in order to degrade its luminal content. Autophagy modulation allowsa dynamic remodeling of the cellular proteome. Although recent evidence has demonstratedautophagic degradation of key proteins involved in cell migration, such as integrins, RhoAand the Src kinase, the functional impact of autophagy on cell migration remainscontroversial. While autophagy is described as a pro-migratory and pro-invasive process insome studies, others indicate that the inactivation of pro-autophagic proteins stimulates thecancer cell invasion. In addition, the functional effect of chemotactic GPCR on autophagicactivity remains unexplored. On the basis of these data, the objectives of my thesis were i) toevaluate the effects of the chemotactic GPCRs for SDF-1 (CXCR4) and for the vasoactivepeptide urotensin II (UT), on the autophagic process and ii) to study the impact of thismodulation on cell migration. In order to do this, we used HEK-293 cells, transfected with constructs allowing the expression of CXCR4 and UT, as well as the human glioblastomaline, U87, which endogenously expresses these two receptors. Previous studies have demonstrated a direct interaction of Atg5 with membranes,suggesting that recruitment of Atg16L1 to the plasma membrane may depend on Atg5. This prompted us to evaluate the formation of Atg16L1-positive pre-autophagic endosomes,following depletion of Atg5 levels. Several interfering RNAs, targeting the transcriptencoding Atg5, have been tested and, as expected, these interfering RNAs completely blockedthe recruitment of Atg16L1 to forming pre-autophagic endosomes. We then tested the effectsof chemotactic GPCRs on the subcellular localization of the Atg5 protein. By confocalmicroscopy, we found that a significant fraction of Atg5 localized to the plasma membraneunder basal conditions. The activation of CXCR4 or UT is accompanied by a marked decreaseof the Atg5 pool localized at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we have demonstrated thatthe anti-autophagic effects of chemotactic GPCRs are completely abrogated byoverexpression of a recombinant Atg5 protein, suggesting that chemotactic GPCRs exert theiranti-autophagic effects by reducing the membrane pool of Atg5, necessary for the productionof pre-autophagic endosomes, and the expansion of the phagophore
Larivière-Bastien, Danaë. "Enjeux éthiques et sociaux dans les soins de santé pour les jeunes adultes atteints de paralysie cérébrale." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9787.
Full textCerebral palsy is the most frequent cause of physical disability in children. More than 50,000 Canadians are currently affected by cerebral palsy, and for the moment, no cure exists. Even so, the available therapies along with the associated comorbidities of cerebral palsy create significant needs for these patients in terms of health services. Given the high demand for health services, decisions related to care are likely to raise important ethical issues such as respect for patient autonomy and equitable access to healthcare. To date very few studies have explored the scope of ethical issues experienced by this patient population. This master’s thesis presents a brief overview of the characteristics and main medical aspects of cerebral palsy. It is followed by the description of the research methods used; including a questionnaire and semi-structured interview, and by the literature review, where issues found in the literature are presented, including confidentiality and transition from pediatric to adult healthcare system. A qualitative study has been conducted with young adults with cerebral palsy and the results, presented in this thesis, include the participants’ perspectives on attitudes of healthcare professionals towards them and feelings of injustice and inequality sometimes experienced when using healthcare services. Finally a general discussion is offered, focusing on issues such as justice, respect for the person and respect for autonomy, as well as some recommendations for improvement of healthcare experience.
Charbonneau, Yves. "L'impact de la commotion cérébrale d'origine sportive sur la capacité d'imagerie mentale visuelle d'athlètes." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11543.
Full textThe research is mitigated on the cognitive after-effects of a concussion. Some studies suggest the effects disappear rapidly whereas others observe a continuation in their manifestation. However, no research has been done to indicate whether a cognitive task like mental imagery brings out these effects following a concussion. This study will evaluate the effects of sport-related concussions on object and spatial visual mental imagery of athletes. To achieve this goal, we compare the mental imagery capacity between two groups of male football athletes of University level. The first group (n=15) with no history of concussions and the second group (n=15) with one or more concussions. We hypothesize that the non-concussed athletes visualize better than the concussed athletes. Our results invalidate our hypothesis. Both groups have similar results on the three following measures: Paper Folding Test (PFT), Visual Object Identification Task (VOIT) and Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). Furthermore, the quantity of concussions and the time past since the last concussion seems to have no impact on the visual mental imagery performance of concussed athletes.
Jimenez, Jose A. "Les différences sexuelles dans l’activation cérébrale durant l’accomplissement de la tâche de rotation mentale chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3760.
Full textSex differences in visuo-spatial abilities have been well documented in the general population, but there are only a few reports in schizophrenia. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential sex differences in performance and pattern of brain activations during mental rotation in schizophrenia patients relative to control participants. First study: ¬Reports mainly the results of mental rotation behavioural data, collected from 17 men and 13 women with schizophrenia and the same number of healthy subjects matched for age and sex. The findings revealed the expected sex difference in the control participants (men faster and more accurate than women) and the unexpected reversal of normal sexual dimorphism in patients (women more accurate and faster than men). Second Study: Reports mainly fMRI results investigating the neural correlates of mental rotation in men and women with schizophrenia relative to healthy controls. Thirty three schizophrenia patients (17 women and 16 men) were compared to thirty five healthy control participants (17 women and 18 men), while performing a classic mental rotation of 3-D figures. BOLD echo planar images were acquired on a 3Tesla Siemens TRIO system. Analyses were performed using SPM5 (UK Welcome Institute). Behavior data revealed a diagnosis-by-sex interaction with healthy men (HM) performing significantly better than schizophrenia men (SZ-M), and no significant difference between healthy women (HW) and schizophrenia women (SZ-W). fMRI results revealed that overall similar pattern of extensive cerebral activations (in the parietal and the prefrontal cortices) in HM and SZ-W, and deactivation during performance of the mental rotation task versus control task. In contrast, both HW and SZ-M showed much more restricted activations and deactivations in these regions. The whole of these results suggests that sex differences in the cerebral activations during mental rotation in schizophrenia patients deviates from what we and others have observed in the general population and thus supports and extends existing evidence of a disturbed cerebral sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia. Moreover, the results emphasize the importance of including sex as a variable in neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia.
Sadekova, Nataliya. "La rigidité artérielle, induite par une calcification des carotides, altère l’homéostasie cérébrale chez la souris." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10290.
Full textArterial stiffness is considered as an important risk factor for the development of cognitive decline in the elderly population. However, its precise effects on the brain are unknown and, to date, no animal model allows to study the precise outcome of arterial stiffness on the brain homeostasis. In this study, we developed a new animal model of arterial stiffness based on the calcification of the carotid artery in mice. On the arterial level, this model shows a fragmentation of elastin, increased collagen distribution and intima-media thickness as well as decreased arterial compliance and distensibility, thus fulfilling the major arterial stiffness properties. In addition, this model does not a show an increase in blood pressure or change in arterial lumen radius indicating a lack of global hypoperfusion and aneurysm. Regarding the brain, the results show that arterial stiffness induces an increase in cerebral blood flow pulsatility leading to increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induces brain inflammation, detected by the activation of microglia and astrocytes, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. These effects are particularly observed in the hippocampus, a crucial area for memory and cognition. Thus, this study shows that arterial stiffness alters brain homeostasis and therefore should be considered as a potential therapeutical target for the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly.
Daoust, Ariane. "Les représentations médiatiques de la mort cérébrale : perspectives publiques, débats d’experts et enjeux éthiques." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9675.
Full textDespite being widely accepted by the medical community, the concept of brain death is still misunderstood by healthcare providers and the general public. It is central to several debates and remains a source of controversy. In spite of documented practice variations and conceptual confusion surrounding brain death, the upstream sources of variability and uncertainty have not been extensively investigated. This confusion is likely to influence debates and decisions about end-of-life and organ donation, and thus raises serious medical and ethical considerations. This thesis first proposes a review of the literature discussing the origins, the evolution and the debates related to the concept of brain death, as well as the ethical issues associated with brain death. The methodological approaches used for the realization of this research are then described. The results obtained from the qualitative content analysis of Canadian and American media about the different depictions of brain death follow. These results describe the use of the term “brain death” in contexts of organ donation, definitions of brain death, determination of death, end-of-life issues, legal issues and also colloquial uses of the term. Finally, a general discussion about the role of the terminology used to discuss the concept and that of healthcare professionals involved in its determination and organ donation practices, as well as recommendations for the future will conclude this thesis.
Domaine de recherche: Bioéthique
Demers, Catrine. "Influence du vieillissement sur la réorganisation cérébrale dans la compréhension du discours : apport de l’imagerie optique." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3976.
Full textDuring aging, changes in discourse comprehension have been reported, attributed in part by cognitive changes that occur during aging. Moreover, various studies suggest a cerebral reorganization with aging. This study aims to evaluate the influence of aging on cerebral reorganization during discourse comprehension using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The first hypothesis is that younger adults will have better accuracy on micropropositions and macropropositions, but will have equivalent performance for the situation model. The second hypothesis is that the neural networks used for discourse comprehension will be reorganized during aging. Thirty-two participants took part in this study: 16 young adults and 16 older adults. While undergoing NIRS recording on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the participants read short stories each followed by a sentence deciding if it was in agreement or not with the previous story. Results didn’t show any differences for accuracy between the group, in opposition with the literature. The PFC was more activated by the older adults compared to the younger adults showing a cerebral reorganization.
Verner, Marie-Pier V. "Le rôle de la méthylation de l’ADN dans les fonctions cérébrales fronto-limbiques et la réactivité au stress quotidien." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13879.
Full textSerotonin (5-HT) plays a crucial role in mental disorders etiology such as major depression, conduct disorders and anxiety disorders. Studies have shown that early alterations in the 5-HT system can potentially influence frontal-limbic brain development and functioning, with consequences for emotional regulation. There is also evidence that early stress can affect DNA methylation resulting in an alteration in gene expression; however the link between DNA methylation and behavioural reactivity to current daily life stressors is not known. DNA methylation in the 5-HT transporter (SLC6A4) is of particular interest, given the role of SLC6A4 in brain development, mental disorders and stress regulation. The aim of the present thesis is to study the association between (1) peripheral levels of DNA methylation inthe SLC6A4 gene and the neural responses to emotional stimuli in the frontal-limbic brain circuitry (2) peripheral SLC6A4 methylation and behavioural reactivity to daily life stress. We also explore the association between frontal-limbic neural responses to emotional stimuli and behavioural reactivity to daily life stress (3). To this end, twenty-two individuals (11 females) with mean age of 34.0 years old (SD: 1.5) with various levels of SLC6A4 methylation gene were recruited from two longitudinal studies. Participants underwent an fMRI scan that included an emotional processing task. An online questionnaire on daily life stress reactivity was performed during 5 consecutive days. Correlations and regressions analyses were performed to investigate the associations among the primary variables. Results of this pilot study showed that DNA methylation is associated with the significant deactivation of the precentral gyrus and fusiform gyrus when respectively facing fearful and sad stimuli. No significant association was observed between levels of methylation and amygdala activation. Also, obtained scores todaily life stress variables such as chronic distress were associated with the deactivation of the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex when facing sadness. Those results suggest the potential implication of epigenetic processes in specific brain activation and daily life stress sensitivity.
Kazan, Roy. "La désaturation cérébrale lors d’une chirurgie thoracique : son incidence et sa corrélation avec les complications post opératoires." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4064.
Full textSingle lung ventilation (SLV) during thoracic surgery causes important cardiopulmonary disturbances and numerous hemodynamic changes. The objective of this research project was to study the impact of the SLV on the cerebral oximetry values SctO2 and its relationship with postoperative complications. Twenty patients were included in the first study undergoing thoracic surgeries with SLV. SctO2 was measured using the FORE-SIGHT™ (CASMED, USA) oximeter in order to study SctO2 changes along the surgery. SctO2 values as well as the standard monitoring parameters (BIS, SpO2, BP, HR) were recorded every 5 min starting from the induction until the awake of the patient. A blood gas analysis (paO2, paCO2, Hb) was performed every 15 min during the SLV. The second study consisted of studying the relationship between minimal SctO2 values reached during SLV and the post-operative complications. For this, SOFA and Clavien scores were established for each patient, measuring the severity of early postoperative complications. Data are presented as mean and median [1st quartile, 3rd quartile; min – max]. Twenty patients from the first study showed a mean SctO2 baseline value of 80% before induction. During SLV, this value dropped to 63% and recovered to 71% directly after extubation. All the patients showed cerebral oxygen desaturations of more than 15% from baseline value and 70% of patients had SctO2 desaturations of more than 20%. Those désaturations did not correlate with any of the standard clinical monitoring parameters such as blood pressure, blood gas analysis, peripheral saturation or PaO2. The second study, including thirty additional patients added to the previous twenty, came to confirm the results previously obtained. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was performed between minimal absolute SctO2 values obtained during SLV and postoperative complications. The fifty patients had a mean SctO2 baseline value of 80%, dropped to 64% during SLV and recovered to 71% before the end of the surgery. 82% of the patients had a decrease of SctO2 of more than 15% from baseline values and 10% of patients reached minimal saturation values between 45 and 55%. Minimal absolute values during SLV correlated with non-respiratory SOFA (R2=0.090, p=0.0287) as well as the Clavien score (R2=0.098, p=0.0201), but did not correlate with any of the standard clinical monitoring parameters (SpO2, PaO2, PaCO2, Hb). By defining a threshold value of SctO2=65%, the Odds ratio of having a non-respiratory organ failure is 2.37 (95% CI=1.18 – 4.39, p=0.043) and a complication classified as a Clavien score higher that 0 is 3.19 (95% CI=1.60 – 6.34, p=0.0272). Thoracic surgery necessitating a SLV is associated with a significant decrease of SctO2 and minimal SctO2 values seem to positively correlate with postoperative complications.
Gris, Typhaine. "Étude du rôle de l'inflammation dans l’insulte cérébrale précoce associée à l'hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25287.
Full textSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a redoubtable pathology resulting frequently from the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. It is associated to an important mortality and severe neurologic deficits. The bleeding leads to an increase in the intracranial pressure, to a decrease in cerebral blood flow, to the development of cerebral inflammation and to neuronal death. These events of early brain injury (first 72 hours) determine the patient’s prognosis. The vasospasm was first thought to be the main cause of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), but its pharmacological decrease was not being associated to any benefits for the patients. However, rapid leucocytic infiltration in the CNS secondary to the bleeding seems implicated in the development of DCI. Our hypothesis is that the early immune system activation in SAH is responsible for delayed neuronal death and for the onset of symptoms in SAH patients. Our goals were to characterize the contribution of leucocytes in cerebral inflammation and neuronal death in our SAH mice model, to modulate the inflammation by using MFG-E8 protein, an anti-inflammatory protein promoting the apoptotic clearance, and to confirm this similar immunologic signature in SAH patients. Our mouse model allows us to surgically induce SAH and to inject the MFG-E8 protein by intraperitoneal injection. The cellular composition of blood (human and mouse) and of mouse brains were analyzed by flow cytometry. The plasma (human and mouse) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed by cytokine assay. Some mice brains were paraffin-embedded for confocal microscopy imaging. Microglia cell lines allowed us to evaluate the modulation of phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production secondary to the exposition to SAH patients’ serum and CSF. In the first study, we have demonstrated the impact of early cerebral inflammation on neuronal death and the occurrence of symptoms in SAH mice. We also have characterized the presence of systemic inflammatory markers in SAH patients. In the second study, we have shown that MFG-E8 protein treatment in our SAH mice model is linked to a decrease in peripheric inflammation as well as to a decrease of M1 markers, astrocytic activation and neuronal death in the brain leading to a decrease of symptoms severity. iv The study of immune activation in SAH patients allowed us to observe an immune signature like in our mouse model. We have revealed that SAH patients have an increase in innate immune cells and in lymphocytic immunosuppression in comparison to healthy donors. We have also described the importance of gender and SAH grade by the characterization of a more severe inflammatory profile in high-grade and in male patients. To conclude, our results confirm the existence of a similar immune signature between SAH patients and our mouse model leading in both cases to an increase in systemic and cerebral inflammation. This immunologic signature depends on the patients’ gender and on the grade of SAH. The decrease of symptom severity with MFG-E8 protein treatment in our mice model confirms the unquestionable implication of inflammation in the occurrence of motor deficits secondary to neuronal death and the therapeutic potential of MFG-E8 for the development of new therapies.
Di, Sante Jessica. "Méthylation de gènes liés au stress à travers différents tissus périphériques humains, et la pertinence pour le fonctionnement cérébral." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19431.
Full textLéveillé, Cathy. "Étude de la connectivité cérébrale dans l’autisme adulte par l’analyse de la cohérence de l’EEG à l’éveil et en sommeil paradoxal." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18558.
Full textAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology. Converging neuroimaging data in the last years suggest that alteration in communication between regions within the autistic brain is governed by the cognitive functions associated with these regions rather than by their sheer physical distance. Some theoretical models were postulated to explain these observations, without unifying all of them. Results of the literature on this matter are often heterogeneous and several methodological disparities exist between the studies, moments and conditions of recording, and the heterogeneousness of the populations often presenting multiple comorbidity limit their interpretation. The objective of this thesis was to compare the brain connectivity of adult participants with autism (18-35 years old) without intellectual deficiency to neurotypical participants, by means of a measurement tool offering a complementary vision to the neuroimaging: the electroencephalography (EEG) coherence. The EEG coherence is a method which evaluates the synchronization in time between pairs of electrod signals recorded at different neocortical sites and constitutes essentially a measure of the functional connectivity between cortical regions. In this thesis, we exercised a rigorous control to make sure that our results are not influenced by staggering variables and we recorded our participants during REM sleep (first paper) and during two spontaneous moments of activation while the cortex is activated but not requested, waking resting state with closed eyes, during evening and morning (second paper). We also estimated the correlation between the significant EEG coherence results observed during waking state in the autism group, with their clinical symptoms on the behavioural questionnaires ADI-R and ADOS-G. Several of the significant results obtained in this research were common to all studied moments of brain activation. Indeed, the observation of a superior EEG coherence involving the left visual area during the waking states as well as during the REM sleep confirms a certain facilitation of the visual regions in the autistic group compared to the control group. The presence of a left frontal coherence decreased in the participants with autism compared to the neurotypicals supports anatomical and clinical observations suggesting a deficit of the cognitive functions involved in this region. The significantly decreased frontal inter-hemispheric coherence in the autistic group compared to the controls in the morning waking recording supports an alteration in the callosal fibers which could be modulated by developmental changes associated with age. Finally, significant correlations involving the number of clinical symptoms and the EEG coherence of autistic participants could suggest that alteration of connectivity has an impact on the diurnal behavior and the symptomatology. Thus the results of this thesis add to the scientific knowledge concerning the dynamics of cerebral connectivity in autism and support the hypothesis of an atypical brain organization, distinct from neurotypicals, both in the waking as in the sleep states.
Gareau, Marc-André D. "Association entre les mouvements périodiques des jambes au cours du sommeil et l’intégrité de la matière blanche cérébrale." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18907.
Full textLépine, Julien. "Les conséquences des commotions cérébrales sur la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque durant le développement." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18639.
Full textThis research project sought to evaluate long-term consequences of sport-related concussions (SRC) sustained during development on cardio-autonomic function. To do so, we compared the heart rate variability (HRV) of adolescents hockey players with a history of one or two sport-related concussion (HOC; n = 39) to the HRV of adolescents hockey players who never incurred a SRC (WHOC; n = 52). Athletes from the HOC group were 26 months (20) away from their last injury. Participants’ electrocardiogram was measured at rest, during and after an exercise session on ergocycle. The exercise session consisted of a 6 minutes incremental warm-up followed by 20 minutes between 60 and 70 % of maximal heart rate and finally a 2 minutes active cooldown. Then, a post-exercise rest of 10 minutes was completed. HRV linear and non-linear measures were calculated before, during and after the exercise session. Natural log of standard deviation of NN intervals (lnSDNN) and natural log of low frequencies (lnLF) were both higher for HOC group in the three conditions (rest, exercise, post-exercise) ( < 0.05). This difference was similar across all conditions. These results suggest that SRC might affect cardio-autonomic function differently during development than during adulthood thus reinforcing the need for specific post-concussion interventions for the developing population.
Chevrier, Martin. "Impacts à la tête au hockey sur glace : effets du jeu sécuritaire, de l’agressivité et de l’historique de commotions cérébrales chez les adolescents québécois." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21605.
Full textBellemare-Alford, Daphnée. "Les conséquences des commotions cérébrales sur le contrôle de la fréquence cardiaque par le système nerveux autonome durant une tâche cognitive." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25175.
Full textMost studies have focused on the consequences of concussions on the brain itself. However, the brain performs many functions, including regulating heart rate. Therefore, researchers have begun studying the consequences of these concussions on the brain’s heart rate regulation during physical exertion. Most athletes who sustain a concussion need to plan for their return to play as well as a return to work or school. The purpose of this research project was to study the consequences of concussions on the brain’s regulation of heart rate during cognitive effort. This study involved 11 university athletes who sustained a concussion, as well as 14 athletes with no history of concussion. Concussed athletes were assessed an average of 14.6 days (± 7.4 days) after their injury. The participants’ heart rate was recorded at rest and during cognitive effort, which consisted of a switch task. Short segments lasting two minutes at rest and during cognitive task were analyzed. The results show a significant increase in the approximate entropy in the control group during the cognitive task (ρ <0.05), while no difference was observed between the approximate entropy at rest and during the cognitive task in the concussed athletes. These results suggest that neurological deficits related to heart rate regulation may be observed during cognitive task in athletes who recently sustained a concussion.
Pierre, Wyston Chadwick. "Développement d’une nouvelle stratégie neuroprotectrice efficace et d’une méthode de quantification précoce non invasive des lésions de la matière blanche cérébrale immature sur un modèle animal." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25554.
Full textVery premature infants are particularly vulnerable to inflammatory white matter injury (WMI) which increases the risk of long-term cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders in this population. The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this population has allowed non-invasive assessment of the progression of WMI and a better understanding of the pathology. WMI is associated with activation of microglia and astrocytes and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin 1 (IL-1). Using a model of inflammatory WMI induced by intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we first evaluated the changes in DNA methylation during the acute phase (24 h) and the chronic phase (21 days) of inflammation. We then determined the ability of multimodal MRI to detect the lesion and the therapeutic response to an IL-1 receptor antagonist. Finally, using an antagonist and an allosteric modulator of the IL-1 receptor, we evaluated in vitro the contribution of IL-1 signaling during the acute phase of the modulation of microglia and astrocytes activation by LPS. We have shown the presence of persistent alteration DNA methylation profile in the brain that was associated with pathways involved in neurodevelopment and immune response. In addition, the application of multimodal MRI in our model made it possible to evaluate in vivo the lesion and the therapeutic response during the acute phase (24 h) of the inflammation. The changes at the MRI correlated to post-mortem evaluation by immunostaining. In vitro, LPS induce a mixed response of microglia and astrocytes which evolved over time toward a pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype. Although IL-1 is highly expressed by microglia and astrocytes, its inhibition has a limited effect on the modulation of glial activation due to the multitude of pathways activated by LPS during the acute phase of inflammation.
Duerden, Emma G. "The roles of the somatosensory cortices in the perception of noxious and innocuous stimuli." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4287.
Full textAbstract Early anatomical and single-unit recording studies established a crucial role for the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI & SII) in processing somatosensory information. However, recent advances in brain imaging and analysis techniques have called into question their role in somatosensation. Findings from this recent research are relevant to the study of the reorganizational changes occurring in the somatosensory cortices that have been causally linked to the genesis of pain in amputee patients. These patients continue to perceive and experience pain in the absent limb, which is usually referred to as phantom-limb pain; but little research on this phenomenon has focused on other regions outside SI, and further study is needed. The present series of experiments involve an exploration of the roles of the somatosensory cortices in the perception of noxious and innocuous tactile stimuli in healthy volunteers and patients with phantom-limb pain. The first experimental study in Chapter 3 is a meta-analytic review of neuroimaging studies examining noxious stimuli evoked activation in healthy volunteers. In comparison to previous reviews that have merely reported the prevalence of pain-related activation, the present study yields quantitative probabilistic maps that permit localization of the likelihood of obtaining activation in response to noxious stimuli within any brain region. The role of the somatosensory cortices in the conscious perception of brief warm stimuli was explored in Chapter 4 using functional magnetic resonance imaging, where noxious and innocuous thermal stimuli were counterbalanced within the experimental protocol. This procedure allowed a gating of the somatosensory system in which the perception of warm stimuli was attenuated by painful stimuli, thus permitting the comparison of detected with undetected stimuli. Results showed that detected warm stimuli significantly activated SI and SII. It is also possible to draw insight regarding which cortical regions subserve somatosensory processing and its organization by clinical assessment of amputee patients, who demonstrate altered somatosensation. To date, few studies have explored the relationship between referred sensations to the phantom and cortical reorganization. In Chapter 5 we hypothesized that referred sensations to phantom limbs are a perceptual correlates of a somatotopic reorganization of sensory representations. Derangements in referred sensations can give clues to the regions involved in referred sensations genesis. Thus, a quantitative sensory testing protocol was administered to a group of phantom-limb pain patients. Results showed that, contrary to previous reports, referred sensations to the phantom differed greatly based on the type and intensity of the tactile stimuli applied to the body, with no evidence of a spatially localized pattern. Previous reports of referred sensations have solely focused on plastic changes in SI. However, the present results suggest that other cortical regions with bilateral receptive fields also undergo reorganizational changes in response to deafferentation. These studies present an emerging picture of the cortical regions involved in the perception of somatosensory stimuli, which include SI and SII, as well as the insula. Findings are relevant to our understanding of the neural correlates of conscious perception of somatosensation and the formation of the mental representation of stimuli applied to the body.
Mekary, Saïd. "Le rôle des réponses cardiovasculaires et respiratoires sur la cognition chez les jeunes et les ainés sains." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15900.
Full textIt is well established that increasing cardiovascular fitness through an appropriate physical exercise program is an effective way to limit ageing-induced cognitive decline. Precise mechanisms of this positive interaction are not clearly understood, but cerebral oxygenation is thought to play a major role. Notwithstanding its numerous theoretical and practical implications, acute response of cerebral oxygenation to physical exercise and its relationship with cognitive function is underemphasized and under-researched. This thesis is dedicated to this question. Recent NIRS studies in young adults have shown that the relationship between cerebral oxygenation and exercise intensity was an inverted U-shape. There exists a threshold beyond which cerebral oxygenation decreases proportionally to exercise intensity. Assuming that cognitive function is mainly determined by cerebral oxygen availability, this typical response should affect cognitive performance. Moreover, the oxygenation threshold should occur at higher exercise intensity in older adults possessing a high fitness level. Prior to clarifying the exact role of cerebral oxygenation in cognitive and physical performance, we first examined how cerebral oxygenation pattern changes during stable continuous exercise. Our findings underscore the existence of a decrease of cerebral oxygenation during steady state exercise in normal conditions and confirm the existence of an inverse relationship between the duration of the steady state cerebral oxygenation and exercise intensity. After checking these methodological points, it was interesting to test the possible relationship between cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation during exercise in healthy young and old adults. The results show that the decrease in cerebral oxygenation observed during high intensity exercise is linked to a decrease in cognitive performance. Clarifying the effect of exercise intensity on cerebral oxygenation and its relationship to executive performance in this exercise intensity domain might help further understand the basic mechanisms of the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition. This thesis does address the gap in the literature and does investigate the relationship between executive performance and cerebral oxygenation during the whole intensity spectrum. This thesis is also the first to report correlations between cerebral oxygenation and cognition during exercise.
Ismaylova, Elmira. "Frontal-limbic brain processes in healthy individuals : environmental, epigenetic and behavioral correlates." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21841.
Full textPlante, Suzanne. "Identification des enjeux éthiques dans le soulagement de la douleur des enfants polyhandicapés non-communicants." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6170.
Full textDespite advances in modern medicine and the advancement of knowledge, pain relief remains an area little studied and poorly understood. Children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and inabilities to communicate verbally are part of vulnerable populations at risk of not being understood. There is now evidence that these children may experience pain from various sources. The purpose of this exploratory study is a qualitative attempt to determine the ethical issues that are encountered by health care professional in a long term care setting, when we want to evaluate and relieve pain in this population of children. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with families, natural caregivers and health care professional. The data were then compared to what is found in the literature. According to parents and guardians, all regular staff from long term care and respite care demonstrates a greater understanding of their child's needs that they have met with health care providers in the acute care setting. However, even if they are more sensible, their evaluation of the degree of pain is still base on a subjective process that result in uneven intervention to relief the child. They also expressed that the main difficulty of working with these children is the uncertainty of having correctly interpreted the behavior and taking the appropriate action. In conclusion, despite the research and the possibility of using validated tools, clinical practice does not meet the standard of practice to which these children are entitled in all settings where they receive care.
Lévesque, Mélissa. "Early adversity, brain development and emotion processing in monozygotic twins." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12100.
Full textLortie, Jean-Christophe. "Les effets de la règle de la mise en échec sur les fonctions exécutives et l’état psychoaffectif de jeunes hockeyeurs au cours d’une saison." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23647.
Full textAthletes from contact sports are introduced to repetitive subconcussive impacts at a young age. Although concussions represent a major concern in public health as they can alter cognitive functions, little is known about subconcussive impacts and the role they might have in the hypothetical neurodegenerescence of the brain. Subconcussive impacts are registered at a smaller velocity than concussive impacts and therefore are not associated with concussion-related sign or symptoms. However, these impacts occur at a higher frequency as they are part of contact sports like hockey, American football and soccer. The brain receives multiple subconcussive impacts during a season or an entire career. Adolescent hockey players are introduced to body checking at the age of 13-14 years old and brain functions like executive functions are not completely developed until the end of adolescence. Also, executive functions are responsible for task planning, inhibition and working memory. Moreover, these functions seem to be afflicted in the long term after one or multiple concussions. The purpose of this project was to explore the effects of subconcussive impacts on executive functions and the psycho-affective state of adolescent hockey players competing with different types of body checking rules. Thirty-eight participants were recruited from the age of 12 to 17 years. They were grouped according to the type of body checking rules they played with during the season, which were physical contact (PC), restrictive body checking (RBC) and full body checking (FBC). Executive functions were assessed using a colour-shape paradigm of the switch task. Psycho-affective state was assessed with self-reported questionnaires. Participants completed this protocol at the beginning and the end of their hockey season. A 3 × 2 × 2 ANCOVA did not reveal any interaction, nor main effect of the type of body checking (PC; RBC; FBC), history of concussion (HOC; no HOC) and time of the season (Pre; Post) on the results of the switch task and the self-reported questionnaires. Therefore, this suggests that the rule of body checking is not sufficient to cause any alteration of executive functions or any change in the psycho-affective state of adolescent hockey players.