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Journal articles on the topic 'Sanitation Thailand'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Muttamara, S., and H. P Ricarte. "Sanitation Program Development for Rural Thailand in Relation to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0273.

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The sanitation level in the villages of Thailand is still generally low despite the past efforts of the Sanitation Division of the Department of Health. Consequently, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) is embarking on a national sanitation program with a view to minimizing the occurrence of excreta-related diseases in the rural communities, which will be implemented together with the rural water supply program, so as to produce the optimum effects on health. This dual program, otherwise known as the “Thailand Decade Plan,” will be initiated in 1985 and will continue until the end of 1991. The realization of this plan will serve as Thailand's commitment to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD). With only 2.8 million pour-flush (PF) latrines installed up to the end of 1983, accounting for 44.3% of the total number of households, the plan calls for the provision of an additional 2.5 million PF latrines in order to achieve the target, which is to provide 75% of households with PF latrines by the end of 1991. Considering the attitudes and economic status of the Thai rural people, the proposed strategies for the implementation of the sanitation program will be the provision of material subsidies and/or “revolving funds,” with strong support from such activities as health education, especially for women and children, and the necessary training of personnel. Implementation of the plan will require an investment of approximately Baht 1,792.6 million (roughly U.S.$ 66.4 million).
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2

Koottatep, Thammarat, Achara Taweesan, Thongchai Kanabkaew, and Chongrak Polprasert. "Inconvenient truth: unsafely managed fecal sludge after achieving MDG for decades in Thailand." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 6 (October 7, 2021): 1062–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.118.

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Abstract In most low- and middle-income countries, due to financial constraints and improper management practices, the expansion of conventional centralized systems to enhance wastewater management services is not practical. Despite the fact that the majority of the world population has met the Millennium Development Goals 7c (MDG7c) targets, more than 2.5 billion are still using unimproved sanitation facilities and affecting the safety of drinking water and public health. Because of this problem, a novel approach on ‘Non-Sewered Sanitation’ with decentralized treatment systems is being recognized as a promising alternative to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 (SDG6) targets on ‘Safe Water and Sanitation’ and bringing health benefits to the people. This study aimed to investigate the current status of access to improved sanitation facilities in relation to the MDG7c and SDG6 in Thailand and comparing with other countries, including the effects of unsafely managed fecal sludge (FS) on the prevalence of diarrhea and liver fluke infections. The prevailing constraints and weaknesses were identified, and effective sanitation management measures to accomplish SDG6 targets were recommended. Based on data collected from 20 cities located in the north and northeastern regions of Thailand during the period of 2015–2020, the sanitation facilities data on conventional centralized systems and FS management facilities that affect the prevalence of diarrhea and liver infections were analyzed and interpreted using statistical and response surface methodology techniques. The findings showed that most of the surveyed cities have achieved the MDG7c targets, but 70% of the FS generated from on-site sanitation systems are still unsafely managed, caused by limited expansion of sewage systems for wastewater collection and conveyance (with inadequate operation and maintenance) as well as the financial constraints, especially in areas outside of urban neighborhoods. The effective sanitation management practices to accomplish the SDG6 targets were proposed such as increasing the capacity of sanitation facilities to be 55,000 m3/day/30,000 households, designing appropriate FS collection program and treatment technology, and providing more awareness programs for safe sanitation management and health risk protection.
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3

Polprasert, Chongrak, Thammarat Koottatep, and Tatchai Pussayanavin. "Solar septic tanks: A new sanitation paradigm for Thailand 4.0." ScienceAsia 44S, no. 1 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2018.44s.039.

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4

Charerntanyarak, Lertchai, Uraiwan Inmuong, Jamnien Moontep, Supaporn Bualeang, Boontaun Kaewpinta, Wilaiwan Koeythong, and Theechat Boonyakarnkul. "Environmental Burden of Diarrhea for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Thailand." Epidemiology 22 (January 2011): S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392137.41471.a6.

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5

Prakobsil, J., W. Benjabong, A. Nitithamyong, R. Tavichatwitayakul, W. Karnpanit, N. Moungsrichan, and K. Singsoong. "Assessment of sanitation of traditional coconut sugar in Samut Songkram Province, Thailand." Toxicology Letters 196 (July 2010): S341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1078.

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6

Koottatep, Thammarat, Rawintra Eamrat, Tatchai Pussayanavin, and Chongrak Polprasert. "Hydraulic Evaluation and Performance of On-Site Sanitation Systems in Central Thailand." Environmental Engineering Research 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2014.s1.004.

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7

Islam, Md Shafiqul, Han Antonius Heijnen, Deepthi Sumanasekera, Vivien Walden, Michel Roulet, and Abdul Sattar Yoosuf. "Panel 2.8: Water, Sanitation, Food Safety, and Environmental Health." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 6 (December 2005): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003034.

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AbstractThis is a summary of the presentations and discussion by the panel that addressed issues with Water, Sanitation, Food Safety, and Environmental Health during the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to water, sanitation, food safety, and environmental health as pertain to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) needs assessments; (2) institutional capacity and coordination; (3) what was done wel well, and what could have been done better?; and (4) capacity building and preparedness. Topics discussed in the needs assessment section included: (1) water supply; (2) hygiene; and (3) lessons learned. Topics discussed realated to capacity building and preparedness included: (1) waste and vector-bor borne diseases; (2) food safety; (3) nutrition; and (4) environmental health.
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8

Tunyavanich, Nongluk, and Kevin Hewison. "Rural water supply, sanitation and health education in Thailand: can success follow success?" Waterlines 8, no. 3 (January 1990): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1990.002.

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9

Koottatep, Thammarat, Krisakorn Sukavejworakit, and Thanaphol Virasa. "Roadmap for Innovators in the Process of Innovation for Development." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010084.

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This study aims to provide valuable insights into the process of innovation for development. We selected the “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge”, an initiative of the Gates Foundation, with the objective of creating sustainable sanitation solutions for the 2.5 billion people across the globe who lack access to safe and affordable sanitation. The Naturally Acceptable and Technologically Sustainable (NATS) team at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand was appointed by the Gates Foundation to serve as an innovative fecal sludge management (FSM) hub in Southeast Asia and collaborate with other researchers in the region, as well as with other teams from around the world to develop innovative FSM techniques that can help to solve the world sanitation problem. By gaining insights into how innovators interact with key stakeholders, we can understand the process of innovation for development and the role of innovation brokers in the innovation process, and then suggest a roadmap from the perspective of responsible research and innovation (RRI) to guide innovators, project leaders, industry partners, local government, and policy makers in the process of innovation for development.
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10

Waldman, Ronald. "What Have We Learned? Filling Gaps in Available Services." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 6 (December 2005): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003162.

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AbstractThis is a synthesis of the presentations and discussions of the Conference in Phuket, Thailand relative to filling the gaps in available services. The topics discussed in this section include: (1) gaps in the early phases of relief, including food, water and sanitation, shelter, health services, field hospitals, mental health, and women's health; (2) what can be done better including the armed forces, the private commercial sector, and coordination; (4) the development of standards; and (5) conclusions and recommendations.
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11

Chandanachulaka, Siriwan. "Thailand: country report on children’s environmental health." Reviews on Environmental Health 35, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0082.

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AbstractThailand is the home of 66.4 million people of which 17.21% are children aged 0–14 years. The total population of children has decreased from 20.23% in 2009 to 17.21% in 2018. The mortality ratio of infants and children under 5 years of age has also steadily decreased between 2008 and 2017. Urbanization, globalization, and industrialization appear to be the main contributors to the transition from infectious to chronic non-communicable diseases. The main types of environmental exposure to children are water, sanitation and hygiene, air pollution from traffic in inner cities, chemical hazards from pesticides which result from agricultural activities in countryside areas, heavy metal contaminants such as lead and arsenic from anthropogenic activities, e.g. from industrial zones, mining, electronic appliance waste, and ongoing climate change. It is concluded that economic development and rapid urbanization in Thailand have resulted in environmental degradation and pose a risk to children’s health. Future development and implementation of measures to improve children’s environmental health (CEH) in the country are needed. Some examples include research specific to environmental threats to children’s health; international environmental health networks to share experience and expertise; and solutions to solve the problems.
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12

Friel, S., A. J. McMichael, T. Kjellstrom, and T. Prapamontol. "Housing and Health Transition in Thailand." Reviews on Environmental Health 19, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2004): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2004-19-3-409.

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Abstract Over the past half-century, Thailand's health profile has been undergoiog an epidemiologic transition in association with various fundamental societal changes, shifting from one with a predominant burden of communicable disease to one in which noncommunicable diseases and accidents now predominate. The primary question is why have the disease rates in the Thai population changed? Answering this question requires an examination of the underlying transitions in social and contextual factors. This paper explores, using published data, how housing conditions, as one set of environmental health risks, have undergone transition in recent years and how this change maps on the health-transition process. A combination of economic development, urbanization, modernization, and increased health literacy resulted in a range of health-protecting changes in housing design and materials. Pre-eminent among such changes are improvements in household sanitation and in equipment, ventilation, and fuel pertaining to indoor cooking and heating. In tropical countries like Thailand, gains have been made in mosquito-proofing houses and in minimizing open pools of water to combat the risks of malaria, dengue fever, and other mosquito-borne infections. Meanwhile, the growth in shantytown and slum housing around the urban fringe, often in precarious environmental settings, introduced a negative dimension to the evolving profile of housing-related health risks, whereas the urban sprawl of modern residences creates health risks that are due to traffic crashes and the lack of walking in daily transport.
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13

Taweesan, Achara, Thammarat Koottatep, and Chongrak Polprasert. "Effective faecal sludge management measures for on-site sanitation systems." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.010.

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Most cities of developing countries in Asia and Africa still employ on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks or cesspools to treat toilet wastewaters. The septic tank sludge or faecal sludge (FS) which is highly polluted needs to be periodically removed for further treatment and disposal/reuse. However, due to lack of capital, appropriate technologies and management policies, faecal sludge management (FSM) in several cities has been found to be unsatisfactory, causing environmental pollution and health problems. This study aimed to evaluate existing FSM practices, their strengths and weaknesses, and develop FSM indicators responsible for FSM practices which were: collection efficiency, treatment efficiency, benefit/cost ratio and social satisfaction. Based on data collected from 50 cities in Thailand, factors influencing the efficiency of the FSM indicators were identified and simulated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). An FSM effectiveness diagram was developed and tested with actual data of four cities in Asia having different FSM efficiencies. The findings identified the influencing factors affecting the FSM efficiencies of these tested cities and proposed effective measures for improving FSM practices. The effective FSM measures, as proposed, are recommended for implementation by various cities to minimize environmental pollution and protect public health.
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14

Khudamrongsawat, Jenjit, Dhanyaporn Meetan, and Nantarika Chansue. "Turtles in Temple Ponds in Thailand: Species, Abundance, and Health Issues." Society & Animals 28, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341532.

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Abstract The traditional practice of releasing turtles into temple ponds in Thailand, believed to benefit releasers, likely affects turtles’ welfare and impacts wild populations. We examined the species, abundance, and health of turtles in six temple ponds. Seven native turtle species and two exotic species were recorded. Most common were the yellow-headed temple turtle (Heosemys annandalii), a legally protected species, and the exotic red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Almost all examined turtles showed signs of illness, the most common being shell lesions and excessive algal growth on shells. Poor sanitation and food quality, and limited space to bask, observed in all ponds, contributed to turtles’ poor health. We recommend using better-managed temple ponds as temporary rehabilitation centers and returning healthy native turtles to natural areas, while encouraging people to provide funds to support the turtles and discouraging the release of new turtles.
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15

Panyanak, Lalitphan, Pichanika Masuk, and Nattapong Chaisaengpratheep. "Wellness and Health Tourism in Thailand: a Chinese Visitors' Perceptions of Transcultural Nursing." Rajabhat Chiang Mai Research Journal 23, no. 3 (December 12, 2022): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.57260/rcmrj.2022.259832.

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The researchers conducted a quantitative study in Thailand with 520 Chinese visitors who had used Thailand's health and medical services. The precise number is unknown, but there are numerous. The effect size f = 0.25, error probability = 0.01, and power of test (1 -) = 0.99 were calculated using G*Power (Faul et al., 2013). To investigate transcultural nursing perceptions during health and medical tourism. A five-point Likert scale was used to score 32 observed variables in an accidental sampling. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to analyse the data and determine how visitors perceived transcultural nursing. The outcomes demonstrated that the factors influencing visitors’ perception, which consisted of five factors and 31 observed variables, had a cumulative variance of 73.892%. Visitors' impressions of people who use wellness and healthcare services were influenced by factor 1, sanitation issues, and Thai medical standards, which had the highest percentage of variance. The remaining four criteria included psychological skills (10.444%), ancillary services (14.934%), nursing and biological variation (13.552%), and communication and privacy (16.634%), respectively. These factors can be credited to the benefits of research in identifying marketing tactics that increase awareness and offer top-notch service, enhancing competitive advantages by luring new customers and satisfying the wants of returning ones.
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16

Graham, David, Myra Giesen, and Joshua Bunce. "Strategic Approach for Prioritising Local and Regional Sanitation Interventions for Reducing Global Antibiotic Resistance." Water 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010027.

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Globally increasing antibiotic resistance (AR) will only be reversed through a suite of multidisciplinary actions (One Health), including more prudent antibiotic use and improved sanitation on international scales. Relative to sanitation, advanced technologies exist that reduce AR in waste releases, but such technologies are expensive, and a strategic approach is needed to prioritize more affordable mitigation options, especially for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Such an approach is proposed here, which overlays the incremental cost of different sanitation options and their relative benefit in reducing AR, ultimately suggesting the “next-most-economic” options for different locations. When considering AR gene fate versus intervention costs, reducing open defecation (OD) and increasing decentralized secondary wastewater treatment, with condominial sewers, will probably have the greatest impact on reducing AR, for the least expense. However, the best option for a given country depends on the existing sewerage infrastructure. Using Southeast Asia as a case study and World Bank/WHO/UNICEF data, the approach suggests that Cambodia and East Timor should target reducing OD as a national priority. In contrast, increasing decentralized secondary treatment is well suited to Thailand, Vietnam and rural Malaysia. Our approach provides a science-informed starting point for decision-makers, for prioritising AR mitigation interventions; an approach that will evolve and refine as more data become available.
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17

Ali, H. Mohammed, and K. C. Udaiyakumar. "TREATMENT PLANT FOR DOMESTIC EFFLUENT DISCHARGE – (HOUSING AREA)." Engineering Heritage Journal 5, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2021.45.48.

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People in developing nations, like INDIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, BANGLADESH, SRILANKA, AFRICA, THAILAND and Developing Countries etc., face a great deal of issues as far as sewage the executives. This is on the grounds that sanitation arrangement is horribly insufficient. A great many people don’t approach clean toilets, and a lot of fecal waste are released to the earth without satisfactory treatment. In perspective on this, an investigation was done with the point of surveying information, practices, observations, and encounters of family unit on sanitation and sewage the executives in Chennai. The aim of this project is to treat the waste water and reuse the waste water for domestic purpose such as flushing and gardening with minimum cost. The family unit overview results demonstrate that the sewage system stays immature, and there is no reasonable vision to improve the framework created in the family unit isn’t re- utilized, it is for the most part discharged outside. In the tempest water seepage framework legitimately. Sewage treatment from the treatment plants is depleted into surface water bodies, for example, waterways and the sea.
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18

Thongkaow, Pattida, Amornrat Kummuda, Sofiya Sawee, and Prasert Makkaew. "BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF ICE AND ASSOCIATED SANITARY CONDITIONS IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE PREMISES IN THASALA, NAKHON SI THAMMARAT, THAILAND." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 21, no. 2 (August 28, 2021): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.2/art.972.

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Ice is widely used in food and drink establishments for refreshing drinks and food preservation. Therefore, the contamination of ice, especially microbial contamination, could be the vehicle for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to consumers. This study aimed to determine of bacteriological quality of ice sold at food and beverage premises. The sanitary conditions of the premises were also investigated. Edible ice samples from 12 premises were collected and analyzed coliform bacteria using the multiple-tube fermentation technique. Modified food sanitation inspection form from the Bureau of Food and Water Sanitation, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, was used for inspection of food and beverage premises. It was found that all samples were positive for coliform bacteria, ranging from 140 - > 24,000 MPN/ 100 mL, which is inconsistent with the standard permission level in terms of total coliform bacteria of the Thailand office of Food and Drug Administration. Ice storage and the handwashing behaviour of food handlers were the main sanitary issues found from the sanitary conditions survey. The finding of this study urges the regulatory guidelines for monitoring ice quality and the sanitary conditions of food and beverage premises to protect the consumers’ health from the consumption of unsafe ice.
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19

Kiwfo, Kanokwan, Chonnipa Yeerum, Piyanat Issarangkura Na Ayutthaya, Kullapon Kesonkan, Siripat Suteerapataranon, Piyatida Panitsupakamol, Dujrudee Chinwong, et al. "Sustainable Education with Local-Wisdom Based Natural Reagent for Green Chemical Analysis with a Smart Device: Experiences in Thailand." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 11147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011147.

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To minimize chemical waste and protect the environment, our team has used green analysis with natural reagents. In this work, we designed a natural-reagent assay kit for iron determination and implemented it in chemistry education in Thailand. The iron assay method was adapted from Thai local wisdom of testing water quality using guava leaves. The guava leaf powder served as a natural reagent in the assay. The kit included equipment, standard and buffer solutions and a manual. A smart device with a built-in camera was used as a detector. Educators in six universities in Thailand implemented the kit in laboratories with modifications depending on their learning outcomes. The kit implementation was evaluated using a survey with questions in four aspects: usability, learning achievement, green chemistry and portability. The high average scores for all questions (> 4.00 of 5.00 points), with the average overall score of 4.53 ± 0.60, indicated satisfaction regarding in all aspects. Using a locally available bio-resource as a natural reagent for green analysis in chemistry education supported sustainable education in Thailand, in terms of quality education (SDG 4) and reduced inequalities (SDG 10) and environmental sustainability (SDG 6—Clean water and sanitation, 12—Responsible consumption and production and 14—Life be-low water).
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20

Chuah, C. Joon, and Alan D. Ziegler. "Temporal Variability of Faecal Contamination from On-Site Sanitation Systems in the Groundwater of Northern Thailand." Environmental Management 61, no. 6 (March 5, 2018): 939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1016-7.

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21

Et al., Phramaha Wattana Khamken. "Sufficiency Economy Philosophy Towards Poverty Eradication in Thailand." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 1406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.921.

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As of 2015, about 736 million people around the world still lived on poverty. Many of them lack of food, clean drinking water and sanitation. Due to economies shrink around the world and the coronavirus pandemic, millions of Thai people have been left in poverty. The purpose of this article is to examine the causes of increasing global poverty and the rising poverty in Thailand, to study the SDGs Goal 1 and its targets in eradicating poverty around the world, to explore the principles of Sufficiency Economy for poverty eradication and sustainable development in Thailand. Documentary study and literature review were used for data collection. The problems of economy shrink caused interruption in household incomes and consumption growth, and the coronavirus spread made unemployment rate and household debt rise which exacerbated the poverty situation. Results showed that Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP) is an approach for sustainable development which espouses moderation, reasonableness and prudence as development framework based on knowledge and virtue. SEP principles are aligned with the principles and objectives of SDGs, seeking to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality as a means to achieve sustainable development. Applications of Sufficiency Economy Philosophy have proved for poverty eradication and food security which is able to lead to sustainable economic growth and sustainable consumption and production. The philosophy greatly attaches to human development at all levels and emphasizes to strengthen community’s capacity to ensure a balanced way of life and resilience.
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22

Koottatep, Thammarat, Achara Taweesan, Thongchai Kanabkaew, and Chongrak Polprasert. "Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Fecal Pathogen Infections: Approaches for Health Risk Protection." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 19, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2020243.

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Septic tank sludge or fecal sludge (FS) is often discharged on public areas without any treatment, causing environmental and adverse public health effects. Millennium Development Goal 7c (MDG 7c) targets improved access to water and sanitation because 85% of the world’s total FS is often discharged on public areas. Like other countries, Thailand faces fecal slugde management (FSM) problems leading to significant fecal pathogen infections, especially in the north and northeastern regions. This study assessed the effects of unsafely-managed FS on human health risks in two cities, Natan City and Tham Lod City in Thailand, that have relatively high liver fluke and diarrhea infections, and identified the factors relating to FSM practices that affect the prevalence of liver fluke and diarrhea infections due to FS. Specific measures were proposed in delivering integrated FSM solutions and health risk protection toward the Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 (SDG6) targets of safely managed sanitation and hygiene services. Based on data collected from these cities from February to May 2019, factors relating to FSM practices that affect the prevalence of liver fluke and diarrhea infections were identified and analysed using multiple regression analysis. Based on the findings, specific measures in delivering integrated FSM solutions and health risk protection toward the Sustainable Development Goals 6 (SDG 6) are proposed. Because no FS treatment facilities operate in Natan City and Tham Lod City, almost 100% of FS is discharged directly into open drains, resulting in diarrhea and liver fluke infections among local people. The findings identified the factors relating to FSM practices that affect the prevalence of liver fluke and diarrhea infections and proposed specific measures in delivering integrated FSM solutions and health risk protection, such as promoting education programmes, avoiding direct FS discharges into open drains and nearby streams, and providing innovative FSM technologies to eradicate fecal pathogen infections.
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23

Surinkul, Narong, and Thammarat Koottatep. "Advanced Sanitation Planning Tool with Health Risk Assessment: Case Study of a Peri-Urban Community in Thailand." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 15, no. 5 (October 2009): 1064–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807030903153469.

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24

Biran, Adam, Wolf-Peter Schmidt, Lemlem Zeleke, Haron Emukule, Hla Khay, Julian Parker, and Dorothy Peprah. "Hygiene and sanitation practices amongst residents of three long-term refugee camps in Thailand, Ethiopia and Kenya." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 9 (July 29, 2012): 1133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03045.x.

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25

Biellik, Robin, Peggy Henderson, Everett Ressler, and Ian Tlmm. "Lessons learned from the use of aquaprivy sanitation units in Khmer holding centres in Thailand, 1979-1982*." Disasters 6, no. 3 (September 20, 2010): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1982.tb00539.x.

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26

Saowakontha, S., V. Pipitgool, S. Pariyanonda, S. Tesana, K. Rojsathaporn, and C. Intarakhao. "Field trials in the control of Opisthorchis viverrini with an integrated programme in endemic areas of northeast Thailand." Parasitology 106, no. 3 (April 1993): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075107.

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SUMMARYA control programme of opisthorchiasis was carried out for three years in three villages of northeast Thailand in order to compare the effectiveness of two intervention measures. The intervention measures employed were to give praziquantel treatment to all infected people either once (village I) or twice (village II) per year with the integration of regular health education and sanitation improvement. A control village (village III) received no intervention during the study. Sampling of the population in these villages to estimate prevalence, intensity, reinfection and incidence of infection as well as knowledge of opisthorchiasis and number of latrines was performed at 6 monthly intervals throughout the duration of the study. At the initial assessment, there were no significant differences in the prevalence and intensity of infection of villages I and II. Both values were greatly reduced when assessed 6 months after the initiation of treatment, and the decrease in prevalence and intensity of infection did not differ between villages I and II. The control village (village III), during the first 2 years, exhibited slight variation in the prevalence and intensity, and these decreased considerably in the third year of the study. The reinfection rate per 6 months in villages I and II was nearly equal. The incidence rate per 6 months in the two treated villages was lower than that of the control village. Marked improvement in knowledge of opisthorchiasis, behavioural changes of eating raw fish and increased numbers of latrines was evident in all of the villages during this study. The study showed that the effectiveness of annual drug treatment is similar to that of 6 monthly treatments when combined with regular health education and sanitation improvement.
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Kaewnoi, Domechai, Ratchakul Wiriyaprom, Saowakon Indoung, and Ruttayaporn Ngasaman. "Gastrointestinal parasite infections in fighting bulls in South Thailand." August-2020 13, no. 8 (2020): 1544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1544-1548.

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Background and Aim: Bullfighting is booming in South Thailand, attracting tourists, and stimulating local economies. The bulls are well raised and practiced, but in many cases, the owners lack knowledge and understanding of the prevention of animal diseases, including parasitic infections. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infection in fighting bulls. Materials and Methods: A total of 1501 fecal samples were collected from bulls aged 2-5 years visiting the animal hospital of Prince of Songkla University during 2016-2019. The formalin ethylether concentration method was used to detect GI parasites in feces. Results: The overall rate of GI parasite infection was 94.27%. Rumen fluke eggs were detected in 97.17% of all infected animals, followed in prevalence by strongyles (26.29%), Eurytrema spp. (2.83%), Fasciola spp. (2.47%), Trichuris spp. (0.35%), and Moniezia spp. (0.14%). Two protozoan genera were identified, Balantidium coli (6.64%) and Eimeria spp. (3.53%). Coinfection was observed in 33.99%. The five most common coinfections were rumen fluke with strongyles (20.85%), B. coli (4.66%), Eimeria spp. (1.55%), Eurytrema spp. (1.34%), and Fasciola spp. (1.06%). Conclusion: In addition to high GI parasite infection rates, zoonotic parasites were observed. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers should follow good sanitation and prevention practices to control parasitic infections in bulls, and proper hygienic precautions should be taken by the owners. Implementation of deworming programs using appropriate anthelmintic drugs as well as rotation of anthelmintic drug that have different chemical agent to prevent further drug resistance should be considered. The promotion of bull health management is highly recommended to protect humans from zoonotic diseases.
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Raza, Tabassam, Frederika C. Rentoy, Nisar Ahmed, Andrea Valentine L. Andres Thess Khas S. Raza, Karl Michael E. Marasigan, and Ramon Iñigo M. Espinosa. "Water challenges and Urban Sustainable Development in Changing Climate: Economic Growth Agenda for Global South." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n4p421.

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Access to safe clean water and sanitation were pressing concerns for survivors after super Typhoon Haiyan devastated central Philippines in November 2013. Essentially, water problems in the cities of Global South especially in Southeast Asian Archipelagos (Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia) plus Myanmar and Thailand are viewed as the consequence of uncontrolled rapid urban development and Climate Change (CC) variations. These facts emphasized the link between water insecurity and its negative economic impact. Thus, an equal and inclusive agenda is developed without which universal access to drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is not possible. It comprises of conducting gender-sensitive strategic planning workshops and strategic spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems. It was implemented to Quezon City (QC), Philippines as pilot. The output is an action plan defining 15 Programs, Projects and Activities (PPAs) as solutions for water challenges across five development sectors (Social, Economic, Environmental, Land Use/Infrastructure, and Institutional) in the Philippines context. The appropriate implementation of these PPAs will ensure QC‟s sustainable development, CC-resiliency, and its contribution to the country‟s economic growth. The framework used is flexible and can be fashioned for the other cities in Global South countries and other regions.Keywords: Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Inclusive, Economic, Action Plan
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Lowatanatrakul, Wanchai. "The Provincial Water Supply in Thailand and the Water Decade." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0419.

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In order to comply with the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Plan (1981-1990), the Thai Government has set up a target that by the year 1990 not less than 95 percent of the Thai population, or more than 50 million persons, will be served with clean water, compared with 40 percent at the outset of the Decade. However, in 1985, due to several constraints, the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA) revised its own target to cover only about 70% by the end of 1990. In 1988 it was estimated that about 2.883 million people in PWA's service areas or about 58.0 percent can be served by PWA's systems. If the number of population in service areas increases by 2.5% per year, PWA has to increase the number of connections at the rate of 12.62% per year for the remaining two years of the Decade in order to meet the 7 0% coverage target in 1990. A budget of about 7,485 million baht (US $299 million) was allocated in FY 1980-89 for the expansion of water supply systems and services. It was estimated that the budget in 1990 should not be less than 1,950 million baht if the same target is to be accomplished. At any rate, there are still many constraints that could hamper the achievement, such as:–inadequate water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality due, to a great extent, to deforestation and pollution from factories and farming activities, etc.–inadequate manpower and equipment,–inadequate budget.–inadequate tariff, since the present tariff only covers operating expenditure but not future capital investments.
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Wibuloutai, Jindawan, Pornpilai Thanomsangad, Kannika Benjawanit, and Udomsak Mahaweerawat. "Microbial risk assessment of drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) in Mahasarakham province of Thailand." Water Supply 19, no. 5 (January 23, 2019): 1438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.016.

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Abstract This investigation aimed to assess the microbial quality of drinking water produced by drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) to assess the health risk of DFTM water. A total of 210 samples were randomly collected of 70 DFTMs within a radial distance of 500 metres around Mahasarakham University. The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the DFTM water was 54.17% and 16.67% with an average concentration of 1.04 log cfu/ml and 0.26 log cfu/ml, respectively. The risk calculation (using the @Risk program based on drinking water consumption of 2 L/day) indicated that the probability of exposure was 1.67 E-01, while the probability of illness due to E. coli and S. aureus was 2.08 E-03 and 1.58 E-05 and the risk of illness was 1.13 E-03 and 2.64 E-06, respectively. The sanitation status and drinking water quality related to health would be influenced by other pathogens due to the poor hygienic conditions of DFTMs and improper environments.
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Chaiwong, Tarinee, Thanyakarn Srivoramas, Kom Sukontason, Michelle R. Sanford, Kittikhun Moophayak, and Kabkaew L. Sukontason. "Survey of the Synanthropic Flies Associated with Human Habitations in Ubon Ratchathani Province of Northeast Thailand." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/613132.

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Synanthropic fly surveys were performed to determine the species composition and abundance in Ubon Ratchathani province in Northeast Thailand. Adult fly collections were conducted in various human habitations from two districts—Muang Ubon Ratchathani and Warinchamrap, at fresh-food markets, garbage piles, restaurants, school cafeterias, and rice paddy fields. Customized reconstructable funnel fly traps baited with 250 g of 1-day tainted beef were used for fly collections from September 2010–February 2011. A total of 3,262 flies were captured, primarily consisting of three families including: Calliphoridae (6 species), Muscidae (3 species), and Sarcophagidae (11 species). The blow fly,Chrysomya megacephala, and the house fly,Musca domestica, were the dominant species collected from both districts at all collection sites.C. megacephalawas predominant in paddy fields, restaurants and garbage piles, whileM. domesticawas numerically dominant in fresh-food markets and school cafeterias. The current survey identified various species of synanthropic flies with close associations to humans and with the ability to transmit human pathogens in Ubon Ratchathani province; providing crucial information that may be used for developing control and sanitation management plans in this particular area.
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Popruk, Noppon, Satakamol Prasongwattana, Aongart Mahittikorn, Attakorn Palasuwan, Supaluk Popruk, and Duangdao Palasuwan. "Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Infection in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 8877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238877.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global public health problem with an increasing prevalence. DM increases the risk of infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. We examined the prevalence, subtypes, and risk factors of Blastocystis infection in patients with and without DM in central Thailand. Stool samples and questionnaires were obtained from 130 people in the DM group and 100 people in the non-DM group. Blastocystis infection was identified via a nested polymerase chain reaction and subtyped via sequencing of the partial small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Analysis of potential risk factors was conducted via binary logistic regression. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 10.8%, including rates of 9% and 12.3% in the non-DM and DM groups, respectively. The most prevalent subtype was ST3, followed by ST1, and ST4. Factors that potentially increased the risk of Blastocystis infection include patients being >65 years old, the presence of DM, a DM duration of ≥10 years, a low level of education, and animal ownership. In conclusion, this is the first study of Blastocystis infection in DM, and a high prevalence was found among this population. Therefore, health education promoting sanitation and hygiene is necessary to reduce and prevent infection in the community.
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Rosiyati, Eka, Erlina A. D. Pratiwi, Ina Poristinawati, Erna Rahmawati, Resita Nurbayani, Sri Lestari, Putri Sari Wardani, and Muhammad Ridho Nugroho. "Determinants of Stunting Children (0-59 Months) in Some Countries in Southeast Asia." Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas 4, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol4.iss3.262.

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Stunting is one of the main nutritional problems caused by malnutrition in children under 5 years old. Risk factors of stunting influenced by socio-economic, Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF), child illnesses, Water Sanitaon and Hygiene (WASH). These factors vary considerably accros the nation in southeast asia. The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting in stunting of children (0-59 months) in Southeast Asia. It is needed to identified the right intervention. This systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles were searched by using pubMed database. The literature search outline in the methods indentified 14.790 arcles discuss stunting. We identified 60 articles potentially met all criteria using PubMed advanced search strategy. A total of 60 articles were retrieved from one database (PubMed), 11 articles met the inclusion criteria for stunting in Southeast Asia countries. In our review socio-economic status was reported as one of consistent factors associated with stunting in Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Malaysia. Low household income and lack education of mother influenced inappropriate IYCF practice, poor hygiene and sanitation, and care of child illnesses. Improving like income and maternal exposure to nutrition and health information especially for the topics of growth and development, appropriated IYCF, hygiene, sanitation, and child illnesses are required for continuous improvement in a specific strategy that involves many factors.
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Sampantamit, Tiptiwa, Long Ho, Wout Van Echelpoel, Carl Lachat, and Peter Goethals. "Links and Trade-Offs between Fisheries and Environmental Protection in Relation to the Sustainable Development Goals in Thailand." Water 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020399.

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The fisheries sector significantly contributes to global food security, nutrition, and livelihood of people. Its importance for economic benefits, healthy diets, and nutrition, and achieving sustainable food systems is highlighted by several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), i.e., SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), and SDG 14 (Life Below Water). However, due to unprecedented population levels, the contribution of the fisheries sector to fulfills these roles is challenging, particularly given additional concerns regarding environmental well-being and sustainability. From this perspective, this study aims to identify the links and trade-offs between the development of this sector and the environmental sustainability in Thailand via a critical analysis of their trends, current ecological impacts, and more importantly, their contributions to several individual SDGs. A time-series of Thailand’s fisheries production from 1995 to 2015 indicates a recent reduction from around 3.0 million tons in 1995 to 1.5 million tons in 2015 of wild fish and shellfish from marine and freshwater habitats. The maximum sustainable yield of these species has been exceeded. Conversely, Thailand’s aquaculture production has continued to grow over the last decade, resulting in a reduction of mangrove forest area, wild fish stocks, and water quality. While capture fisheries and aquaculture production significantly contribute to several SDG targets, there are potential trade-offs between their development and the achievement of SDGs within the planet dimension, i.e., SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14, and SDG 15 (Life on Land). On the one hand, the mitigation of overfishing will be beneficial for the targets of SDG 14, leading to more sustainable resource management. On the other hand, it might cause a decrease in the volume of marine catches and economic and social profits. We conclude that the SDGs can serve as a framework for both policymakers and industrial workers to monitor and compromise on regulations that will optimize productivity in the context of sustainable development.
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Srikullabutr, Suttiporn, Panpicha Sattasathuchana, Anusak Kerdsin, and Naris Thengchaisri. "Prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination in cat drinking water in households in Thailand." March-2021 14, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.721-726.

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Background and Aim: Bacterial contamination of drinking water is a leading cause of gastrointestinal infections. Cats may be at risk of water contamination from feces due to poor sanitation and hygiene. The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate the prevalence of coliform bacteria in cat drinking water and (2) identify possible risk factors leading to contamination. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five drinking water samples were collected from water containers used by cats (median age [range]: 5 years [8 months-15 years]) at their home. Using a sterile syringe, 50 mL water was collected directly from water containers. The water samples were stored in coliform enhancement media for 24 h and then submitted for bacterial culture. Results: The prevalence of fecal coliform contamination of cat drinking water was 67.27% (37/55; 95% confidence interval: 53.29-79.32%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination of drinking water by age or gender of the cat or by water container type. However, bacterial contamination differed significantly between shorthaired cats and longhaired cats when comparing Escherichia coli (9/44 [20.45%] vs. 8/11 [72.72%], p<0.001) and Enterobacter spp. (16/44 [36.36%] vs. 9/11 [81.82%], p=0.007). For water that had been in a container longer than 12 h, there were significantly more contaminated tap water samples (16/19 [84.21%]) than contaminated processed water samples (9/17 [52.94%], p=0.047). Conclusion: Coliform contamination in cat drinking water is common and occurs more often in households with longhaired cats. Drinking water for cats should be changed every 12 h, especially for households using tap water.
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Tsuzuki, Y., T. Koottatep, S. Jiawkok, and S. Saengpeng. "Municipal wastewater characteristics in Thailand and effects of soft intervention measures in households on pollutant discharge reduction." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.164.

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In developing countries with large Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) sanitation indicator, pollutant discharge reduction function of wastewater treatment systems should be considered. In this paper, pollutant generations per capita (PGCs) and pollutant discharges per capita (PDCs) are estimated as a base dataset for wastewater management in Thailand. PDCs of black water, i.e. toilet wastewater, are found to be much smaller than PGCs of black water. However, PDCs of gray water, i.e. municipal wastewater other than toilet wastewater are large. Gray water is often discharged without treatment and contributes much to ambient water deterioration. Moreover, possible 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) discharge reductions with “soft interventions”, i.e. measurements in households to reduce wastewater pollutant discharge such as using a paper filter or a plastic net in kitchen sinks and so on, are estimated as 39, 21 and 34% for BOD5, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and phosphate (PO4-P), respectively. For the estimation, environmental accounting housekeeping (EAH) books of domestic wastewater, spreadsheets with pollutant discharges by water usages and possible effects of “soft interventions” are applied. The framework of this study with “soft intervention” effects on pollutant discharge reductions should enhance wastewater management especially in the areas under development of wastewater treatment systems.
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Shinsugi, Chisa, and Ann Mizumoto. "Associations of Nutritional Status with Full Immunization Coverage and Safe Hygiene Practices among Thai Children Aged 12–59 Months." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010034.

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Prevailing prevention measures against morbidity, such as vaccination and safe hygiene practices, vary among local cultural contexts, and little is known about the extent to which these behaviors mitigate poor nutritional status in young children in Southeast Asia. We examined the associations between nutrition status with full immunization coverage, and water, sanitation and hygiene status among children aged 12–59 months in the 2015–2016 Thailand Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (n = 9060). When adjusted for confounding factors, children with incomplete immunization status were more likely to be stunted (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24–1.75, p < 0.001), wasted (aOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.31–2.12, p < 0.001), and overweight (aOR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.51, p < 0.05), whereas children who used unimproved water sources were more likely to be overweight (aOR 2.43, 95% CI: 1.27–4.64, p < 0.01). The further implementation of simple and cost-effective health promotion activities and practices at the household level may be important interventions for healthy child growth and development, particularly under restricted living conditions due to COVID-19.
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Bredenoord, Jan, Wutinai Kokkamhaeng, Pichit Janbunjong, Ongarj Nualplod, Suwatchai Thongnoy, Wasana Khongwong, Piyalak Ngernchuklin, and Aparat Mahakhant. "Interlocking Block Masonry (ISSB) for Sustainable Housing Purposes in Thailand, With Additional Examples From Cambodia and Nepal." Engineering Management Research 8, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v8n2p42.

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This paper is about Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) as developed in Thailand. ISSB are seen as an eco-friendly building material for home building and structures such as water tanks and sanitation facilities. For several decades the Thai R&amp;D Institute TISTR has worked on developing and testing ISSB, which in other countries are called compressed stabilized earth blocks or CSEB. The composition of building blocks and the quality of building structures determine together the structural quality of the house or building. If there is a need for earthquake- and storm resistance, the building blocks and the structures must have specific features. Building stacked houses is an important issue given the growing scarcity of land for housing and the increasing land prices. ISSB is not only applied in Thailand, but also in Cambodia for low-cost housing and in Nepal for home reconstruction after the 2015 earthquake. ISSB or CSEB is also applied in other countries as an alternative building material and technology to replace the use of fired bricks and concrete building blocks for housing. Reducing the use of cement in the materials and structures is important for environmental reasons, but in ISSB/CSEB the use of cement as a stabilizer cannot always be avoided. This is surely the case in areas where earthquakes, heavy storms and floods can occur. Although this paper focuses mainly on technical aspects of sustainable housing and construction, there is also a focus on social sustainability, meaning a strong involvement of local communities in the production of sustainable building materials for walls, newly developed construction technologies, and mutual house and facility construction.
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Abu, Amanee, Chantira Sutthikornchai, Aongart Mahittikorn, Khuanchai Koompapong, Rachatawan Chiabchalard, Dumrongkiet Arthan, Ngamphol Soonthornworasiri, and Supaluk Popruk. "Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Isolated from School-Aged Children in the Thai-Myanmar Border, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010204.

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Blastocystis is one of the most common enteric protozoa that inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and different animals. Moreover, it has a worldwide geographic distribution. Its main mode of transmission is via the fecal-oral route. At present, 26 subtypes are widely distributed across both humans and animals. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis among school-aged children living on the Thai-Myanmar border, Ratchaburi province, Thailand. In total, 508 samples were collected from children at six schools. The prevalence of Blastocystis infection was amplified and sequenced in the 600 bp barcode region of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 3.35% (17/508). ST3 (11/17) was the most predominant subtype, followed by ST1 (5/17) and ST2 (1/17). A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the Tamura92+G+I model using the maximum-likelihood algorithm. Surprisingly, all sequences of the ST3-positive samples were closely correlated with the cattle-derived sequence. Meanwhile, all sequences of the Blastocystis ST1-positive samples were closely correlated with the human-derived sequence. Nevertheless, further studies should be conducted to validate the zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis. Based on our findings, personal hygiene and sanitation should be improved to promote better health in children in this area.
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Khositharattanakool, Pathamet, and Puckavadee Somwang. "Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Genotypic Distribution with Risk Factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in HIV Patients of Maesai Hospital, Thailand." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 6259. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.6259.

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Co-infections of HIV and intestinal parasites including Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) are a common cause of gastrointestinal syndrome in HIV-infected people. Our study was designed to detect infection rates of intestinal parasites and the genotypic distribution of E. bieneusi, as well as probable risk factors for infection in HIV patients at Maesai hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Two hundred and twenty-four stool samples from enrolled HIV-infected participants were collected and examined for parasitic infections, using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction techniques. CD4 status as well as the demographic data of HIV-infected participants was also collected and analyzed. Intestinal parasites including E. bieneusi were detected in 4.02 % of all participants. The highest intestinal parasitic infection rate was E. bieneusi (2.23 %) followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (1.34 %), Opisthorchis viverrini (0.89 %) and Giardia intestinalis (0.45 %). Intestinal parasitic infection rate of participants with CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 was significantly higher than that of participants with CD4 counts > 200 cells/mm3 (12.50 % vs 2.63 %, p = 0.027). Correspondingly, the infection rate of E. bieneusi was significantly higher in participants with CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 than in participants with CD4 count > 200 cells/mm3 (9.38 % vs 1.05 %, p = 0.022). Two genotypes of E. bieneusi, including D (n = 3) and SH8 (n = 2), were identified from 5 participants. Both of the identified genotypes were likely a zoonotic transmission. Human infection by E. bieneusi genotype SH8 was a discovery for the first time in Thailand. However, no intestinal coccidian infections were diagnosed. The low numbers of intestinal parasitic infections of this study were probably due to wide availability of antiretroviral therapy, improved health sanitation, as well as ease of access to antiparasitic medication in HIV-infected people. HIGHLIGHTS We discovered that HIV patients at Maesai Hospital had a low prevalence of both opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections, which was probably due to health improvement and treatment availability We discovered Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes D and SH8 in HIV patients. Human infected with genotype SH8 was the first to be reported in Thailand Low levels of CD4 cells and contact with animals were considered to be risk factors for infection with bieneusi genotypes D and SH8 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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VADHANASIN, SUMONTHA, AROON BANGTRAKULNONTH, and THANED CHIDKRAU. "Critical Control Points for Monitoring Salmonellae Reduction in Thai Commercial Frozen Broiler Processing." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.7.1480.

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Since 1998, pathogen reduction regulations for poultry have been enforced through the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and through hazard analysis critical control point evaluation. This enforcement has focused attention on pathogen control and sanitation in the United States and in other countries, including Thailand. The objective of this study was to evaluate reduction in salmonellae achieved by Thai commercial exporters of frozen broiler chickens. A total of 188 broiler samples and 56 water overflows from two chillers were collected from nine processing lines of frozen broiler exporters at four identified critical control points (CCPs): CCP1, washing; CCP2, chilling; CCP3, deboning; and CCP4, packing. Samples were screened for salmonellae by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and bacterial identification was confirmed through biochemical and serological patterns. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 24.6% (60 of 244 samples), with 12 serovars identified. Salmonella Albany was predominant (33.3%, 20 of 60 samples). Salmonella prevalence was 20.0% (6 of 30 samples) prior to CCP1 and was 12.5% (4 of 32), 22.7% (15 of 66), 33.3% (10 of 30), and 23.3% (7 of 30) after CCP1, CCP2, CCP3, and CCP4, respectively. The critical limit was 20% positive samples, and three CCPs failed to meet standards. Three corrective interventions were used at CCP2: 30 mg/liter hydrogen peroxide, 0.5% peracetic acid, and 125 mg/liter ozone. After these interventions, 65 broiler samples were collected for analysis of Salmonella prevalence. Results were compared with those obtained after chlorine was applied individually as a control. The Salmonella prevalences after intervention treatments were 16.0% (4 of 25), 5.0% (1 of 20), and 15.0% (3 of 20) after hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and ozone treatments, respectively. All values were below the 20% critical limit, and the application of 0.5% peracetic acid produced significantly lower prevalences (P &lt; 0.05). Repeated sampling after 1 to 4 months indicated that sanitation at these three plants was inconsistent (P &lt; 0.05).
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Majeed, Muhammad Mansoor, and Asfa Munir. "Pakistan: country report on children’s environmental health." Reviews on Environmental Health 35, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0087.

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AbstractPakistan is a developing country with an estimated population of 220 million, and among them 34% are children. Due to the lack of a proper health care system, particularly in rural areas, children are prone to many environmental hazards. This paper reports about the different environmental health issues faced by children in Pakistan and was presented at the Regional Meeting on Children’s Environmental Health at the Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand in May 2019. Pakistan is among those countries where polio is still present due to misconceptions, hard-to-reach areas, war zones, political uncertainty, etc. Extensively drug-resistant typhoid is broadly spreading in Pakistan, and this is a very serious concern over antibiotic failure around the world. Pakistan was long considered a region with a low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, but now the disease is spreading at an alarming rate. Globally, Pakistan has the third highest burden of maternal, fetal and child mortality. In the last 10 years or so, around 10,000 cases of dengue have been reported with around 800 deaths, including children. Other issues related to children’s environmental health in Pakistan include cholera because of poor sanitation and hygiene, respiratory disease due to pollution, exposure to pesticides, diarrhea, occupational hazards as a result of child labor, etc.
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Scobie, Heather M., Christina R. Phares, Kathleen A. Wannemuehler, Edith Nyangoma, Eboni M. Taylor, Anna Fulton, Nuttapong Wongjindanon, Naw Rody Aung, Phillipe Travers, and Kashmira Date. "Use of Oral Cholera Vaccine and Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in a Long-Standing Refugee Camp, Thailand, 2012-2014." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2016): e0005210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005210.

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Sankomkai, Wanwisa, Wongwarut Boonyanugomol, Kairin Kraisriwattana, Julalak Nutchanon, Kraisorn Boonsam, Sasalux Kaewbutra, and Warawan Wongboot. "Characterisation of classical enterotoxins, virulence activity, and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Thai fermented pork sausages, clinical samples, and healthy carriers in northeastern Thailand." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0036.

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AbstractIntroductionContamination by Staphylococcus aureus of food produced from animal sources may have diverse and multifactorial causes that depend on geographical distribution. The goal of this study was to isolate and characterise S. aureus strains from contaminated fermented pork sausage, which is a local food of northeastern Thailand.Material and MethodsS. aureus strains were isolated from local pork sausage, and the presence of classical enterotoxins was determined by PCR and reversed passive latex agglutination. These results were compared with strains derived from hospitalised patients and healthy carriers. Additionally, production of extracellular enzymes and haemolysin, biofilm formation, and antibiotic susceptibility were assessed.ResultsS. aureus was identified in 36 sausage isolates (60%). The strains positive for staphylococcal enterotoxin A were more frequently found in isolates from sausage and healthy carriers than in those from patients. All tested S. aureus strains were positive for DNase, lipase, proteinase, haemolysin, and biofilm formation; notably, strains isolated from food and healthy carriers displayed similar values. Most isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, while none were to methicillin.ConclusionsThai fermented pork sausages are associated with a high risk of staphylococcal food poisoning, which may be linked to contamination caused by carriers. Dissemination of knowledge regarding best practices in sanitation and hygiene is important in local communities.
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Scobie, Heather M., Christina R. Phares, Kathleen A. Wannemuehler, Edith Nyangoma, Eboni M. Taylor, Anna Fulton, Nuttapong Wongjindanon, Naw Rody Aung, Philippe Travers, and Kashmira Date. "Correction: Use of Oral Cholera Vaccine and Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in a Long-Standing Refugee Camp, Thailand, 2012-2014." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, no. 7 (July 28, 2017): e0005810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005810.

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46

Ingallinella, A. M., G. Sanguinetti, T. Koottatep, A. Montangero, and M. Strauss. "The challenge of faecal sludge management in urban areas - strategies, regulations and treatment options." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0355.

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In urban centres of industrialising countries, the majority of houses are served by on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks and unsewered toilets. The faecal sludges (FS) collected from these systems are usually discharged untreated into the urban and peri-urban environment, posing great risks to water resources and to public health. Contrary to wastewater management, the development of strategies to cope with faecal sludges, adapted to the conditions prevailing in developing countries, have long been neglected. The authors describe the current situation and discuss selected issues of FS management. A proposal is made for a rational setting of sludge quality or treatment standards in economically emerging countries. The authors stipulate that regulatory setting should take into account local economic, institutional and technical conditions. Defining suitable treatment options as critical control points in securing adequate sludge quality is better than setting and relying on numerical sludge quality standards. A separate section is devoted to the practice and to regulatory aspects of (faecal) sludge use in Argentina. An overview of treatment options, which may prove sustainable in less industrialized countries is provided. Planted sludge drying beds are one of these options. It has been piloted in Thailand for four years and details on its performance and operation are presented along with data on the hygienic quality of treated biosolids.
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47

Boonkusol, Duangjai, Suporn Thongyuan, Nantana Jangsuwan, and Pornchai Sanyathitiseree. "Antimicrobial resistance profiles in bacterial species isolated from fecal samples of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) living in Lopburi Old Town, Thailand." July-2020 13, no. 7 (2020): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1397-1403.

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Background and Aim: At present, increasing in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) population in Lopburi old town caused several problems in its community, in particular with sanitation problem. The present study aimed to explore species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from feces of the free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Lopburi Old Town, Thailand. Materials and Methods: Fresh fecal samples were collected from October 2018 to July 2019 from seven troops of macaques. Bacterial colonies were identified based on Gram stain and standard biochemical techniques. Sensitivity toward eight different antibiotics, including amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalexin, clindamycin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamicin, was analyzed using the disk diffusion method. Results: A total of 1050 fecal samples were collected. Five unique bacterial species were identified, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella Group B, and Citrobacter spp. in 100%, 25.71%, 18%, 1.71%, and 0.57% of the fecal specimens, respectively. Among 70 distinct isolates of E. coli, 63 (93%) were resistant to multiple drugs, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, clindamycin, and erythromycin; one isolate (6%) was resistant to clindamycin only. Furthermore, 17 isolates (94%) of Salmonella Group B were resistant to both clindamycin and erythromycin. Five of the six Citrobacter spp. isolates (83%) were also multidrug-resistant (to cephalexin, clindamycin, and erythromycin); the one remaining Citrobacter spp. isolate (6%) was resistant to both clindamycin and erythromycin. However, a high percentage of E. coli, Salmonella Group B and Citrobacter spp. remained susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, enrofloxacin, and doxycycline. Conclusion: Our findings provide the basic information for the selection of empirical therapy and for the evaluation of the scale of antibiotic resistance associated with macaques living in Lopburi Old Town.
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Pinfold, J. V. "Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. I. A case study in rural north-east Thailand." Epidemiology and Infection 105, no. 2 (October 1990): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047956.

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SUMMARYMost villagers in north-east Thailand carry water to their homes and store it in separate containers depending on its subsequent use. In one village, information on water use was collated with the bacteriological quality of stored water, water sources and fingertip-rinses. Stored water quality was a function of water-related activities rather than quality at source (P<0·0001). Specifically water used for toilet, washing dishes and cooking-related activities was much more contaminated with faecal bacteria than that used for drinking and cooking.Salmonellaspp. was significantly more common in water used for washing dishes than drinking (P<0·05).Escherichia colicontamination of fingertip-rinses was strongly associated with the individual's activity prior to testing (P<0·0001); child care, food and water-related activities produced much higher levels of fingertip contamination than others. Dirty utensils used for cooking and eating were usually left to soak and faecal bacterial growth occurred in this grossly contaminated soak-water. Cross-contamination via water handling was the main mechanism of stored water pollution. These results were used to develop a hygiene intervention study presented in a companion paper.
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Pinfold, J. V. "Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. II. A hygiene intervention study in rural north-east Thailand." Epidemiology and Infection 105, no. 2 (October 1990): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047968.

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SUMMARYAn intervention study was developed from risk-factors associated with faecooral transmission, based on the levels of contamination in stored water and fingertip-rinses from households in rural north-east Thailand. This was designed to improve: (a) handwashing, particularly before cooking/eating and after defecation; (b) washing dishes immediately after use. Verbal messages were administered to two intervention groups, one also received a plastic container with a tap to assist these activities. Indicators of compliance were the direct observation of soaking dishes and the presence of faecal streptococci from fingertip-rinses; the main outcome indicator was Escherichia coli contamination of stored water. The intervention group receiving the container was significantly better than the control for indicators of compliance (P < 0·001 and P < 0·01) and its stored water was significantly less contaminated (P < 0·001). There was no significant improvement to the other intervention group, although some features of the intervention had clearly been made available to the control group. Humidity was significantly correlated with fingertip contamination (r = 0·2; P < 0·001) and with the peak of reported diarrhoea around the beginning of the rainy season.
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Tirmazee, Zunia Saif, and Maryiam Haroon. "Growth in Pakistan: Inclusive or Not?" Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.335-350.

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Cross country evidences reveal that Asian countries have experienced rapid growth over the last two decades. The increase in growth is accompanied with reduction in poverty from 1990 to 2001 as the number of individuals living below the poverty line has decreased over the time period [ADB (2006)]. Growth is considered to be a necessary condition for reduction in poverty but growth does not necessarily imply that it will lead to improvement in living standards of every one. Growth does benefit and improve standards of living but it may lead to increase in inequality if it leads to increase in benefits for few section of the society only. This has been witnessed in China as economic growth benefited all segments of the society, it lead to improvement in living standards for all, but the improvement benefited the rich more as compared to the poor. The same situation persists in India as well. In contrast, countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Thailand have different scenario where there is increase in economic growth and this increase is also accompanied with improvement in equity [Anand, et al. (2013)]. Pakistan historically has seen episodes of high growth but those unfortunately were not coupled with such macroeconomic conditions as are required to achieve lower poverty levels. Therefore, Pakistan has always been facing the challenge of achieving rather more inclusive growth that could benefit all classes of society. The provision of basic services such as education, health, sanitation, and housing for all the segments of population, and social security schemes to ensure social protection are critical for long run reductions in poverty
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