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Academic literature on the topic 'SANITATION STATUS'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "SANITATION STATUS"

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Hasan, AHM, Fakir Sameul Alam, Md Tufael Hossain, and Maksuda Begum. "Sanitation status of a rural area of Mymensingh." Community Based Medical Journal 7, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v7i2.55453.

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In Bangladesh majority of people live in rural area. Sanitation is important for health promotion, and disease prevention. To know sanitary condition of rural people of Mymensingh, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and the sampling technique was purposive. Data were collected on a pre-designed questionnaire by direct interviewing the respondents. Sanitation status was assessed by scoring on selected components of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. A total of 514 villagers (202 male, 312 female) participated in the study. Age of respondents ranged from 10 years to 75 years; mean age was 36.23 years with a standard deviation of ±13.736 years. Females were mostly housewives (92%), males were mostly farmers (37%). Among respondents 96% had own house, 58% had cultivable land and 26% were poor. Sanitation in this study included personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Scoring was done based on correct response on selected items of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation (80% and more: excellent, 60 to 79 percent: good, below 60 percent: bad). Personal hygiene practices included were daily bathing, hand washing with soap and water in relevant occasions, washing vegetables, fruits, covering cooked and served food. About 95% had excellent score on personal hygiene. This excellent score was more observed among respondents with increasing age, female sex, service holders, housewives and better socioeconomic condition. Environmental sanitation included safe water supply, sanitary latrine, good house, no animal in house and if present kept in cattle shed in safe distance, hygienic disposal of animal excreta and refuse. 95% had safe water supply, 75% had water seal latrine, 44% had good house and 26% had no animals. Those who kept animals only 23% kept them in cattle shed in safe distance. Hygienic disposal of animal excreta and refuse were 25% and 43.4% respectively. Environmental sanitation based on safe water supply and water seal latrine was excellent and good respectively but based on other 4 components the status was not satisfactory. Despite hardship,sanitary conditions were better thanthe results of other studies in Bangladesh and in other developing countries. Hygiene practices were praiseworthy. Improvement of socioeconomic condition and continuous health education will further improve the situation. CBMJ 2018 July: Vol. 07 No. 02 P: 34-41
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Chen, Ran, Ming Chen, and Jian-hua Lyu. "Innovation Design and Empirical Research Based on Presentation of Lumbar Muscle Strain and Sanitation Products." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823703012.

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This article takes the lumbar muscles of degeneration status of Chinese sanitation workers as the starting point, analyzed the waist health status of sanitation workers in China. The design conception of sanitation products for the lumbar muscles of degeneration of sanitation workers was obtained by analysis, and the design of today's sanitation products are rethought, use relevant research results to demonstrate that. With sanitation products as the design center, it integrates many research contents such as ergonomics, appearance, function, process and cost. To this article has designed tools that sanitation workers can use to protect their waists while working, It also provides a new idea for the wide design of sanitation products. It is conducive to maintaining the basic rights and interests of sanitation workers and promoting the urbanization process and the harmonious development of society.
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Daramola, Oluwole, Oluwaseun Olowoporoku, and David Mobolaji. "BITING THE BULLET: THE CASE OF HOUSEHOLDS’ RESILIENCE TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEFICIT IN NIGERIA." Environmental Problems 8, no. 1 (2023): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2023.01.037.

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This study conceptually assesssed household resilience to water supply and sanitation deficit in Nigeria. It expressed water supply and sanitation situation in Nigeria in terms of historical background and organisation structure of water supply and sanitation and highlighted cases of water supply and sanitation across states and geopolitical zones to reflect the precarious water supply and sanitation condition in Nigeria. Coping strategies that households have adopted in addressing water supply and sanitation deficit were categorised into four: enhancing or supplementing available quantity of water and quality of sanitation facilities; accommodating unreliable water supply supplies and lack of sanitation facilities; improving water and sanitation quality; and collective action and voice. These coping strategies are determined by household socioeconomic status and location (urban or rural) and the extent of unreliability of supply service and their adoption places serious health, financial and social implications on the households. The study concluded that inadequate water supply and sanitation impose significant coping burdens on households, making the household resilience a case of biting the bullet and proffered recommendations that aimed at mitigating water supply and sanitation deficit in Nigeria and other countries with similar background.
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Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen, Sirak Robele Gari, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, Martin R. Evans, and Azage Gebreyohannes Gebremariam. "Determinants of Sanitation and Hygiene Status Among Food Establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022091568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220915689.

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Introduction: Despite advancements in food science and technology, foodborne disease remains one of the major public health problems. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions of food establishments are the major causes for the occurrence of foodborne disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate core determinants of sanitation and hygiene status among food establishments. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Addis Ababa city. A stratified random sampling technique was deployed to select 413 study participants. Data were collected through interview and using observational checklist. Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. To analyze the data, binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. In all analysis, P-value less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study revealed that 57.4% of the food establishments were under poor sanitation status. In the multivariable analysis, presence of trained managers on hygiene and sanitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.10 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-15.45), presence of renewed licenses (AOR = 3.07 with 95% CI: 1.18-7.99), absence of bureaucratic function to obtain permission to renew the food establishment buildings (AOR = 2.43 with 95% CI: 1.25-4.70), and presence of at least 10-m distance between toilet and kitchen (AOR = 9.19, at 95% CI: 5.63-15.02) were associated significantly with sanitation and hygiene status. Conclusions: Above average of the food establishments were found to be in poor sanitation and hygiene state. Many core determinant factors that influence sanitation and hygienic status of food establishments were identified. The researchers suggest that formal training on sanitation and hygiene for managers of food establishments should be provided to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. Moreover, strong food and water safety policy and strategy should be promulgated to improve sanitation and hygiene status of food establishments.
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Thapa, Aashish. "Sustainable Development Goal – 6 (clean water and sanitation) Status and Challenges in Nepal." Journey for Sustainable Development and Peace Journal 1, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsdpj.v1i1.52596.

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The paper explores access to clean water, proper sanitation and hygiene scenario, and major challenges in the context of Nepal through a review of literature and observation. Clean water and sanitation also fall under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)- 6. Despite improvements in the past few decades, 3.8 million population has no access to basic water services, and more than 10 million population is still deprived of improved sanitation facilities in Nepal. Poor socio-economic conditions and lack of education have the biggest impact on the current water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) scenario across the country. At the same time, the poor functionality status of existing water supply systems, and the impacts of climate-induced disasters such as floods and landslides cannot be underestimated in the light of water, and sanitation.
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., Manjit, and Rakesh . "GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE IN HARYANA: A CASE STUDY OF JIND DISTRICT, HARYANA." Journal of Global Resources 9, no. 02 (July 25, 2023): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46587/jgr.2023.v09i02.015.

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Having the quality of sanitation makes man a social animal. Clean habitat, clean living habits save man from various diseases. Sanitation is the main part of the culture in India. Mahatma Gandhi has been given special importance on sanitation. At present, the Prime Minister of India has given a special intention to the Ganga cleaning campaign and swachh Bharat mission. Many programs are run for the sanitation of India. Many campaigns have been started in Haryana for the purpose of sanitation and to make the Swachh Bharat mission successful. In this study an attempt has been made to know the importance of sanitation and the status of sanitation in the context of Jind district. Through this research, the sanitation related habits of the people of rural areas of Jind have been ascertained, and it represented through simple tables. In this research, primary data has been collected and information has been taken from each respondent by simple random sampling. By the help of this data status of sanitation and personal hygiene of Jind district has been shown.
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Ezeudu, Obiora B. "Urban sanitation in Nigeria: the past, current and future status of access, policies and institutions." Reviews on Environmental Health 35, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0025.

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AbstractThough rated among the largest economies in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria is currently grappling with enormous socio-economic challenges such as high poverty rate, power and water supply shortages, large-scale unemployment ratio, economic recession and underperforming agricultural sector. Judging by the scale of urgent political and economic importance, urban sanitation definitely ranks low among the government’s priorities. No wonder political slogans and manifestos of political parties feature provision of water supply while sanitation is conspicuously usually omitted. This is suggestive of the opinion that having not critically understood the status, challenges and opportunities associated with sanitation in the country’s urban areas might be partly responsible for this. Thus, the current work presents a detailed review of the past, current and future status of urban sanitation in Nigeria in terms of access coverage, policies, institutions and future challenges and opportunities. The past status was difficult to evaluate because of the absence of data and unclear definitions of the term ‘sanitation’. The current status shows among other findings that water supply issues receive domineering attention than sanitation, mainly due to merging together of discussions, policies and implementation of the two issues together. In cases where sanitation crops up in the agenda, rural areas are favored more than the urban areas. This pattern is also common in the literature. But the future of urban sanitation in Nigeria is double-edged depending on actions or inactions of the government and other stakeholders. The study further makes recommendations for – balanced and sustainable urban development planning, restructuring of land and housing policies and creation of enabling market environment that could trigger a viable sanitation industry – as the way forward.
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Donacho, Dereje Oljira, Gudina Terefe Tucho, Wuhib Zeine Ousman, Thanyang Koang Both, and Abebe Beyene Hailu. "Evidence-Based User Interface Sanitation Technology Selection for Urban Slums: A Multi-Criteria Analysis; The Case of Jimma Town, Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022211272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221127270.

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Slums are urban areas with insufficient public services and access to sanitation. Evidence-based selection of sustainable sanitation options is critical for addressing the sanitation crisis in slums. This mixed methods study was conducted in Jimma Town, southwest Ethiopia, to assess sanitation status and prioritize sustainable sanitation options for slums. The study was done in 2 phases: quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative cross-sectional household survey aimed to assess sanitation status and the qualitative exploratory method to explore alternative sanitation options and prioritize sustainable alternatives. A total of 310 households were chosen using systematic random sampling methods, of which 302 participated. Data was gathered through interviews, which were supplemented with questionnaires and observation checklists, and 2 focus group discussions (FGD) were held. First, FGD was with expertise in the sanitation sector, and the second was with community members. The state of sanitation was summarized, and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was used to prioritize sustainable sanitation options. According to our findings, 68% of households had access to improved facilities, and 22.5% didn’t have any form of toilet facility. About 7 off-site and on-site user interface sanitation technology options were considered in the selection of alternative sanitation technologies, and each option was evaluated against 17 health, economic, social, technical, and environmental criteria. In the final analysis, the options with the highest scores for the setting were flush to septic tanks, compost toilets, and biogas toilets. Mobilizing such a promising sanitation option is recommended for future interventions.
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Hirai, Mitsuaki, Jay P. Graham, and John Sandberg. "Understanding women's decision making power and its link to improved household sanitation: the case of Kenya." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.128.

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Women experience many motivational drivers for improving sanitation, but it is unclear how women's role in household decision making affects whether a household opts for better sanitation. We analyzed the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008/2009 with a representative sample of 4,556 married and cohabiting women to examine the association between women's decision making power in relation to that of partners and the type of sanitation facilities used by household members. The independent effects of respondents’ education, employment status, and socioeconomic status on the type of sanitation facilities were also explored. The direct measurement of women's ability to influence sanitation practice was not available. To address this problem, this study used proxy measures of women's decision making power in the household. The results of this study revealed that women's decision making power for major household purchases was positively associated with households having better sanitation (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that increased gender equity could potentially have spillover effects that result in more households opting to improve their sanitation conditions.
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Afriani, Afriani, and Patmawati Patmawati. "POLA KONSUMSI DAN SANITASI LINGKUNGAN BALITA STUNTING DI POLEWALI MANDAR." Bina Generasi : Jurnal Kesehatan 12, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35907/bgjk.v12i2.168.

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This study aims to analyze the pattern of consumption and environmental sanitation in stunting children in the Wonomulyo Polewali Mandar district. Method The study design used was analytic observational. The total sample was 101 toddlers aged 6-36 months, using simple random sampling method. The determination of nutritional status was processed using the WHO AntroPlus 2010 including the Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and an environmental sanitation questionnaire. Results: The frequency of frequent consumption of carbohydrates 79.21%, the frequency of animal protein (48.52%), vegetable protein (41.58%), fruit (46.58%), and beverages (43.6%). ), snacks (47.52%), and rare frequency of vegetables (44.54%). The average intake of energy (773.87 kcal), protein (18.19 gr), calcium (471.61 mg), and iron (8.15 mg). There was no significant relationship with the adequacy of nutrients for energy (p = 0.422), protein (p = 0.428), calcium (p = 0.075) and iron parameters had a significant relationship (p = 0.049). The results of environmental quality measurement obtained data on toddlers with short and very short nutritional status in the healthy environmental sanitation category as much as 18 (17.8%) and toddlers with short and very short nutritional status in the category of unhealthy environmental sanitation by 83 (82.2%). So that the results of the sig value test (2-sided) of 0.951> 0.05, it can be concluded that there is no relationship between nutritional status and unhealthy sanitary conditions. Conclusion: Iron adequacy is related to stunting status, while environmental sanitation quality is not related to stunting status.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SANITATION STATUS"

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Clark, John. "Assessment of nutritional status, physical activity, social support at the Northern Kentucky Sanitation District." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1562842559108558.

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Nahalamba, Sarah Birungi. "Socioeconomic Status, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Economic Cost of Childhood Diarrheal Diseases in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7317.

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Worldwide, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children aged under 5, yet it is both preventable and treatable. Several studies have established the effects of exposure to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on diarrhea prevalence, but little was known on how the interactions of socioeconomic status and WASH influence the economic cost of treatment of diarrhea. This retrospective cross-sectional survey study was focused on assessing the correlation between socioeconomic status, WASH, and household cost of treatment of diarrhea among children aged under 5 in Uganda using the multiple exposure-multiple effect model. Secondary data from the 2015/16 Uganda National Panel Survey were used. At bivariate level of analysis, 5 of 6 independent variables (education level of mother, household expenditure, residence type, source of drinking water, and type of toilet facility) had statistically significant associations with household cost of treatment of diarrhea (p value < .05). The multivariate-hierarchical multiple linear regression indicated that only 3 of the 6 variables significantly predicated household cost of treatment of diarrhea. These were highest education level of mother (p = 0.001), source of drinking water (p = 0.022), and type of toilet facility (p = 0.012). At p value < .05, about 67% of the variation in the cost of treatment was explained by the independent variables. Households with a higher socioeconomic status incurred higher costs of treatment, although those with a lower status experienced the highest prevalence rates. Therefore, policy makers and practitioners could use these findings to employ multiple interventions to address the disease burden and cause behavior change.
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Govender, Thashlin. "The health and sanitation status of specific low-cost housing communities as contrasted with those occupying backyard dwellings in the city of Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17992.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa embarked on an ambitious program to rehouse the informally housed poor. These initiatives were formerly called the RDP and later the BNG programmes. This was aimed at improving the living conditions of the urban poor and consequently their health and poverty status. These low-cost houses were quickly augmented by backyard shacks in almost all settlements. The present study is an epidemiological assessment of the health and sanitation status of inhabitants of specific low cost housing communities in the City of Cape Town as contrasted with those occupying ‘backyard dwellings’ on the same premises. The study was undertaken in four low-cost housing communities identified within the City. A health and housing evaluation, together with dwelling inspections were carried out in 336 randomly selected dwellings accommodating 1080 inhabitants from Tafelsig, Masipumelela, Driftsands and Greenfields. In addition, the microbiological pollution of surface run-off water encountered in these settlements was assessed by means of Escherichia coli levels (as found by ColilertTM Defined Substrate Technology) as an indication of environmental health hazards. The study population was classified as ‘young’ - 43% of the study population was aged 20 years or younger. Almost a third of households were headed by a single-parent female. In all four communities combined, 47.3% of households received one or other form of social grant. At the time of inspection 58% of the toilets on the premises were non-operational, while all the houses showed major structural damage - 99% of homeowners reported not being able to afford repairs to their homes. In 32% of dwellings one or more cases of diarrhoea were reported during the two weeks preceding the survey. Five percent of the participants willingly disclosed that they were HIV positive, while 11% reported being TB positive (one of them Multiple Drug Resistant TB). None of the HIV positive or TB positive persons was on any treatment. The E. coli levels of the water on the premises or sidewalks varied from 750 to 1 580 000 000 organisms per 100 ml of water - thus confirming gross faecal pollution of the environment. Improvements in health intended by the re-housing process did not materialise for the recipients of low-cost housing in this study. The health vulnerability of individuals in these communities has considerable implications for the health services. Sanitation failures, infectious disease pressure and environmental pollution in these communities represent a serious public health risk. The densification caused by backyard shacks also has municipal service implications and needs to be better managed. Policies on low-cost housing for the poor need realignment to cope with the realities of backyard densification so that state-funded housing schemes can deliver the improved health that was envisaged at its inception. This is in fact a national problem affecting almost all of the state funded housing communities in South Africa. Public health and urban planning need to bridge the divide between these two disciplines in order to improve the health inequalities facing the urban poor.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is besig met 'n ambisieuse program om diegene wat in informele behuising woon te hervestig. Hierdie inisiatiewe is voorheen die HOP en tans die “BNG” programme genoem. Hierdie hervestigingsprogramme is gemik daarop om die lewensomstandighede van die stedelike armes en dus hulle gesondheid- en armoedestatus te verbeter. Hierdie laekoste huise is algou in byna alle nedersettings aangevul deur krotwonings in die agterplase. Die huidige studie is 'n epidemiologiese beoordeling van die gesondheid en sanitasiestatus van inwoners van spesifieke laekoste behuisingsgemeenskappe in die Stad Kaapstad in vergelyking met diegene wat krotwonings op dieselfde erwe bewoon. Die studie is onderneem in vier laekoste-behuising gemeenskappe geselekteer in die stadsgebied. 'n Gesondheid- en behuisingevaluasie tesame met 'n inspeksie van elke woning is uitgevoer in 336 ewekansig geselekteerde wonings wat 1080 inwoners gehuisves het. Die woonbuurte was Tafelsig, Masipumelela, Driftsands en Greenfields. Mikrobiologiese besoedelingsvlakke van oppervlak-afloopwater in hierdie gemeenskappe is bepaal deur middel van die bepaling van Escherichia coli vlakke (met behulp van ColilertTM Gedefinieerde Substraat Tegnologie) as aanduiding van gesondheidsgevare in die omgewing. Die studiepopulasie is as ‘jonk’ geklassifiseer - 43% was 20 jaar of jonger. Amper een-derde van die huishoudings het 'n enkelouer-vrou aan die hoof gehad. In al vier gemeenskappe gesamentlik het 47.3% van die huishoudings die een of ander vorm van maatskaplike toelae ontvang. Tydens inspeksie is 58% van die toilette op die erwe as "nie-funksioneel" bevind, terwyl al die huise substansiële strukturele skade getoon het - 99% van die huiseienaars het gerapporteer dat hulle nie herstelwerk aan hulle huise kan bekostig nie. In 32% van die wonings is daar een of meer gevalle van diarree gedurende die voorafgaande twee weke voor die opname gerapporteer. Vyf persent van die deelnemers het vrywillig gerapporteer dat hulle HIV positief was terwyl 11% gerapporteer het dat hulle TB positief was (een was Veelvuldige Middelweerstandige TB). Nie een van die HIV positiewe of TB positiewe persone was op enige behandeling nie. Die E. coli vlakke van die water op die erwe of sypaadjies het gewissel vanaf 750 to 1 580 000 000 organismes per 100 ml water - wat erge fekale besoedeling van die omgewing bevestig het. Die verbetering in gesondheid wat deur die hervestigingsproses voorsien is, het nie gematerialiseer vir die ontvangers van die laekoste-behuising in hierdie studie nie. Die kwesbaarheid van die gesondheid van die individue in hierdie gemeenskappe hou groot implikasies vir gesondheidsdienste in. Sanitasiefalings, infektiewe siektedruk en omgewingsbesoedeling hou groot openbare gesondheidsrisiko in. Die verdigting wat deur agterplaaskrotte meegebring word asook die gevolge vir munisipale dienste benodig beter bestuur. Beleide oor laekoste-behuising vir armes kort herbeplanning om die realiteite wat saamgaan met verdigting deur agterplaaskrotte te kan hanteer sodat die verwagte verbetering in gesondheid kan materialiseer. Hierdie is inderwaarheid 'n nasionale probleem wat omtrent alle staatsbefondste laekoste-behuising gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika affekteer. Openbare gesondheid en stadsbeplanning behoort die skeiding tussen hierdie twee dissiplines te oorbrug om sodoende die ongelyke gesondheidstatus van die stedelike armes aan te spreek.
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Habulembe, Raider. "Evaluation of the effect of poor water, sanitation and hygiene practices on growth and the incidence of infectious diseases in infants and young children aged 6-23 months in a selected rural district, Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6430.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (School of Public Health)
Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and practices in communities are known to be responsible for most of the infections occurring among infants and young children in developing countries. A combined effect of disease, poor diet, care practices and other factors among infants/children are known to lead to undernutrition reported in most developing countries. Apart from the reduced growth and productivity potential that malnutrition exhibits on the affected population, it is also an underlying cause to 50% of child mortality in poor communities. In light of this, the primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of poor WASH practices on growth and infectious disease incidence in infants and young children aged 6-23 months in the rural district of Monze in Zambia.
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Denmon, Jacqueline Colleen. "Privies and Privilege: Health and Sanitation in 19th-Century Buffalo, New York." W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626160.

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Chang, Amanda T. "What a Waste: Segregation and Sanitation in Brooklyn, New York in the post-WWII Era." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/69.

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Through studying the intersections of sanitation and segregation in Brooklyn, New York in the post-WWII era, this thesis reveals a web of willful white negligence that constructed a narrative that supports continued environmental injustices towards black Americans. As a result of housing discrimination, the lack of sanitation, and the political and social climate of the 1950s, black neighborhoods in Brooklyn became dirtier with abandoned garbage. Institutional anti-black racism not only permitted and supported the degradation of black neighborhoods, but also created an association between black Americans and trash. In the present day, this narrative not only leads to the increased segregation of black Americans into dirty neighborhoods, but also justifies more environmental injustice in these vulnerable communities. Based on a case study of Brooklyn in the 1950s, this thesis asserts that environmental injustices are more than just siting landfills and toxic sites proximate to vulnerable neighborhoods, but rather they are dependent on the creation and preservation of narratives that claim minority communities are naturally predisposed to or deserving of living in dirty and unclean places.
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Brijwani, Monika. "Effect of sanitation on responses of Tribolium castaneum (herbst) (Coleoptera: tenebrionidae) life stages to structural heat treatments." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8439.

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Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Subramanyam Bhadriraju
Heat treatment involves raising the ambient temperature of food-processing facilities such as flour mills to 50-60oC for killing stored-product insects. However, very little is known about the influence of sanitation on responses of stored-product insects to structural heat treatments. The impact of sanitation on responses of life stages of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, an economically important pest in flour mills, were investigated during three 24 h structural heat treatments of the Kansas State University pilot flour mill. Two sanitation levels, dusting of wheat flour (~0.5 g) and 2-cm deep flour (~43 g), were created in 25 plastic bioassay boxes each holding 50 eggs, 50 young larvae, 50 old larvae, 50 pupae, and 50 adults of T. castaneum in separate compartments. Five boxes were placed on each of five floors of the pilot mill during 13-14 May 2009, 25-26 August 2009, and 7-8 May 2010 heat treatments using forced air gas heaters. During the August 2009 and May 2010 heat treatments, 100 eggs or 100 adults of T. castaneum were exposed inside each 20 cm diameter by 15 cm high PVC ring placed only on first and third floors and holding 0.1 (15 g), 0.2 (38 g), 1 (109 g), 3 (388 g), 6 (937 g), or 10 (1645 g) cm deep wheat flour. Among the mill floors, first floor had lower maximum temperature. The first floor rests on a thick concrete foundation, did not get heated from both sides unlike other floors, and had poor air movement resulting in cold pockets (temperatures <50oC). Mortality of life stages was lower on first floor than other floors and adults were less susceptible than other life stages especially on first floor. In general, both these tests have shown that the mortality of T. castaneum life stages were influenced by how quickly temperatures reached 50oC, how long temperatures were held above 50oC, and the maximum temperature. Protective effects of sanitation were evident only if temperatures did not reach 50oC. However, removal of flour accumulations is essential to improve heat treatment effectiveness against all T. castaneum life stages during a 24 h treatment.
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Seager, Michael Allen. "Placing civilization progressive colonialism in health & education from America to the Philippines, 1899-1920 /." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3&did=1957340901&SrchMode=5&Fmt=2&retrieveGroup=0&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1269450997&clientId=48051.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 24, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 440-461). Also issued in print.
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Ormerod, Kerri Jean. "Governing Risk, Reuse, and Reclamation: Water Pollution Control and New Water Resources in the Southwestern United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556485.

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The potential to supplement the potable water supply with highly treated municipal wastewater, or sewage, is of increasing interest to water managers and planners in many parts of the world. Seen as an option of last resort as recently as the late 1990s, today engineers commonly consider potable water reuse projects to be as safe as, if not safer than, conventionally sourced drinking water supplies. Nevertheless, only a few cities across the world intentionally augment drinking water supplies with highly treated wastewater. The objective of my dissertation is to examine the governance of potable recycled water planning to better understand how potable recycling projects emerge as a water management strategy. Political aspects of planned potable reuse are often recognized, and even lamented by water planners and industry experts. However, there is a paucity of research that empirically analyzes the political aspects that influence public decisions on potable water projects. This study asks: how are potable water projects made, shaped, and frustrated? To examine the governance arrangements of this emerging water management strategy this research project considers three critical issues: (1) public values and social pressure, (2) the political, legal, and institutional contexts, and (3) the role of subjectivity in defining facts, themes, and solutions. As part of this study I use Q Methodology to explore shared attitudes regarding the principles that should govern the future of planned potable reuse. The overall analyses support the notion that there is more than one way to understand and approach potable water recycling, and that socially-held viewpoints are informed by social-spatial practices. The results reveal two distinct "common sense" shared ways of thinking that pivot on ideas about the appropriate technology and reflect contested visions of ideal society. My dissertation is the first to apply Q Methodology to water recycling in the United States, and I use it to examine the subjective preferences of people who participate in water recycling operations or planning. Results indicate that there are at least two commonly held viewpoints concerning the future of planned potable water recycling, which I have labeled "neosanitarian" and "ecosanitarian." Drawing upon tenets established in the Progressive Era, neosanitarians strongly believe that potable water recycling is a safe, feasible, and appropriate way to expand urban water supplies. Drawing upon tenets established in ecology, ecosanitarians are not opposed to potable water recycling, however they are also interested in radical alternatives to the sanitary status quo. Both neosanitarians and ecosanitarians want to see a more sustainable approach to water planning, yet they disagree on what a more sustainable approach actually looks like in practice. For example, neosanitarians favor microfiltration and advanced wastewater treatment, while ecosanitarians prefer composting toilets and preventative actions. Both neosanitarians and ecosanitarians accept potable reuse as a workable solution, yet there are deep divisions between the two regarding the appropriate scale of technology, the proper level of public participation, and the root cause of water scarcity. While there is wide-spread agreement on certain ends (e.g., sustainability, potable reuse), there is serious disagreement about the appropriate the means to getting there (e.g., appropriate technology, level of public participation). The results illustrate how different "ways of seeing the world" contribute to the technological choices that define appropriate behavior, which, in turn, produces different kinds of communities and environments, and conditions the range of political possibilities.
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Gentili, Davide. "O acesso à água e ao saneamento nos países em desenvolvimento : a União Europeia, as ONGDS e o caso de Bafatá na Guiné-Bissau." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7597.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Com esta dissertação procura-se compreender de que forma as boas práticas para o acesso à água e ao saneamento, acordadas pelos doadores internacionais, influenciam o trabalho das Organizações Não-Governamentais para o Desenvolvimento (ONGDs) que atuam neste sector. A dissertação analisa como a União Europeia (UE), o mais importante doador internacional no sector da água e do saneamento, tem influenciado o trabalho da ONGD portuguesa "TESE" Associação Para o Desenvolvimento neste sector. Entre 2010 e 2012, a TESE implementou um projeto para a expansão do acesso à água em Bafatá, na Guiné-Bissau, com o apoio financeiro da UE. Este estudo de caso permitiu observar de que forma a TESE interpretou as orientações da UE no sector da água e do saneamento: se procurou seguir cegamente as linhas orientadoras europeias de forma a captar os fundos, ou respeitar antes a sua própria visão para o sector independentemente da disponibilidade dos financiamentos. A dissertação analisa ainda os objetivos e boas práticas que movem a cooperação neste sector bem como as dificuldades encontradas na execução dos projetos.
With this dissertation we seek to understand in which ways the best practices on water access and sanitation, agreed by international donors, influence the work of non-governmental development organisations (NGDOs) operating in this sector. We analyse how the European Union, the most important international donor for the water and sanitation sector, influenced the activities of the NGDO "TESE" Associação para o Desenvolvimento in this sector. Between 2010 and 2012, TESE implemented a EU-funded project aimed at extending access to water for the inhabitants of Bafatá, in Guinea-Bissau. Based on this case study, we observed how TESE interpreted the European Union's guidelines for the water and sanitation sector to understand whether there was a blind adaptation to the guidelines to access the finance or instead TESE sought to respect its own vision for the sector independently of finance availability. Additionally, the dissertation also analysed the goals and best practices that drive international cooperation in the sector and the challenges during the implementation of the projects.
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Books on the topic "SANITATION STATUS"

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Mishra, Ashis. An assessment of livelihood and educational status of sanitation workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, 2012.

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Programme, WaterAid (Organization) India Country. Drinking water and sanitation status in India: Coverage, financing, and emerging concerns. New Delhi: WaterAid India, 2005.

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N.I.U.A. (Organization : India), ed. Status of water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management in urban areas. New Delhi: National Institute of Urban Affairs, 2005.

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United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia., ed. Sustainable water supply and sanitation for all: Regional assessment report on the status and achievements of ESCWA countries towards improved water supply and sanitation. New York: United Nations, 2009.

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(Indonesia), Natural Resources Management Project. Water supply and sanitation program in Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya, Kalimantan: Status report no. 2. Jakarta: Associates in Rural Development for Office of Agro-Enterprise and Environment, USAID, 1993.

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Mittal, Ashish. Hole to hell: A study on health & safety status of sewage workers in Delhi. New Delhi: Centre for Education and Communication, 2006.

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Natural Resources Management Project (Indonesia). Water supply and sanitation (WS&S) program in Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya, Kalimantan: Program status report. Jakarta: Associates in Rural Development for Office of Agro-Enterprise and Environment, USAID, 1993.

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Ngada, BAPPEDA Tingkat II. Environmental sanitation planning directory: Reports on environmental sanitation system status, the us of latrine system, and future priority sites : kampung level : survey data collected May, June, and July 1998. Maumere]: Bappeda Tingkat II Kabupaten Ngada dan Flows, Flores Water Supply Project, 1998.

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Section, North Carolina Environmental Health. Rules governing the sanitation and safety of migrant housing, section .2100 of the North Carolina Administrative Code, title 10, Department of Human Resources, chapter 10, health services, environmental health, subchapter 10A, sanitation. [Raleigh, NC]: The Section, 1987.

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Roy, Dunu, and Jayanta Kumar Medhi. Safe worker? or safer workplace?: A study on occupational health and safety status of sewerage workers in Delhi. New Delhi: Hazards Centre, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "SANITATION STATUS"

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Siegel, Frederic R. "Sanitation, Waste Generation/Capture/Disposal Status 2020." In The Earth’s Human Carrying Capacity, 49–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73476-3_5.

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Chakravarty, Indira. "Impact of Water Contamination and Lack of Sanitation and Hygiene on the Nutritional Status of the Communities." In Water and Sanitation in the New Millennium, 235–46. New Delhi: Springer India, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3745-7_19.

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Yamauchi, Taro, Yumiko Otsuka, and Lina Agestika. "Influence of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) on Children’s Health in an Urban Slum in Indonesia." In Global Environmental Studies, 101–27. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7711-3_7.

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AbstractUnsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene are key contributors to deteriorating child health in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter focuses on (1) evaluating child health and nutritional status; (2) clarifying the factors contributing to undernutrition and diarrhea prevalence by focusing on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and (3) evaluating fecal contamination and children’s hand hygiene. The study was conducted at a preschool and two elementary schools in densely populated Bandung, Indonesia, targeting children and their caretakers, using anthropometric measurements, handwashing observation, hand bacteria testing, and questionnaires. The results showed that not using a towel after handwashing was significantly associated with increased risk of stunting. Children from households using tap water instead of tank water as drinking water suffered from increased risk of stunting and thinness. Moreover, children from households using open containers for water storage were associated with increased risk of diarrhea. Most children (98.7%) had hand fecal contamination, with girls having significantly less Escherichia coli (E. coli) than boys. E. coli counts were negatively correlated with handwashing technique, handwashing with soap, and a developed WASH index. The findings suggest that successful home drinking water management and proper personal hygiene practices are important for attaining better child health.
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Ridwansyah, Muhammad, Christopher Bennett, Franky M. S. Telupere, Philiphi de Rozari, Fadwa R. Asfahani, Utari N. Qalbi, and Achmad F. Kanzil. "Strategy for Sustainable Urban Climate Mitigation: Kupang City Climate Risk Assessment." In Environment & Policy, 405–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_21.

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AbstractKupang City is one of the cities in Indonesia that is vulnerable to disasters caused by climate change, mainly prolonged dry season, strong winds, and increasing GHG emissions. These disasters will significantly affect all aspects of life, such as ecosystems, property, and infrastructure. This vulnerability is worsened by increasing urbanization, which creates additional risks for many people. This also can be explained by the growing number of motorized vehicles, which caused an increase in NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide). Data shows that a higher concentration of NO2 was found on roadsides, amounting to 22,16 μg/m3. Therefore, in this study, the geographical, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of Kupang City were analyzed to find the shortcomings and the challenges faced by Kupang City in order to implement policies related to climate risk reduction. This study aims to investigate the status of the current phenomenon by using descriptive design. Based on the literature analysis, it was found seven priority sectors, which considered able to resolve the disasters and challenges caused by climate change. The seven sectors are climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, water and sanitation, energy and transportation, solid waste management/municipal waste, sustainable use of resources, GHG emission inventory, and financing.
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Ernst, Waltraud, Biswamoy Pati, and T. V. Sekher. "Addressing public health and sanitation in Mysore, 1881–1921." In Health and Medicine in the Indian Princely States, 26–41. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge studies in South Asian history ; 19: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315165875-3.

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Banerjee, Anuradha, and Bidisha Chattopadhyay. "Inequalities in Access to Water and Sanitation: A Case of Slums in Selected States of India." In Urban Health Risk and Resilience in Asian Cities, 57–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1205-6_3.

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Oksiutycz, Anna, and Caroline Muyaluka Azionya. "Informal Settlements: A Manifestation of Internal and Cross-Border Migration." In IMISCOE Research Series, 109–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_8.

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AbstractInformal settlements are perceptible material expressions of internal and cross-border migration in South Africa. New arrivals, drawn to urban centres in search of economic opportunities, find a residence in one of the high-density informal settlements dotted around the economic hub of South Africa, the Gauteng province. It is projected that an estimated 1.6 million migrants, including 48% of all immigrants in South Africa, will make Gauteng province their home by 2021 (Stats SA, 2018a). However, instead of better conditions, rural-urban and urban-urban migrants as well as undocumented and documented immigrants experience a lack of service delivery in health, education, road infrastructure, security, electricity, water and sanitation (Marutlulle, 2017). The lack of provision of basic services and resources from the government at such sites often results in community protests and translates into attacks against immigrants residing in those communities.
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Whalen, Christian. "Article 24: The Right to Health." In Monitoring State Compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 205–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84647-3_22.

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AbstractArticle 24 reflects the perspective of the drafters that the right to health cannot be understood in narrow bio-medical terms or limited to the delivery of health services. Rather, in its reference, for example, to food, water, sanitation, and environmental dangers, it recognises the wider social and economic factors that influence and impact on the child’s state of health. Thus, the text of Article 24 sets out: a broad right to health for all children combined with a right of access to health services a priority focus on measures to address infant and child mortality, the provision of primary health care, nutritious food and clean drinking water, pre-natal and post-natal care, and preventive health care, including family planning the need for effective measures to abolish traditional practices harmful to children’s health a specific obligation on States Parties to cooperate internationally towards the realisation of the child’s right to health everywhere, having particular regard to the needs of developing countries. The right to health is a prime example of the interelatedness of child rights as it is contingent upon and informed by the realization of so many other rights guaranteed to children under the convention. This chapter analyses the child’s right to health in relation to four essential attributes. The first attribute of the child’s right to the highest attainable standard of health emphasizes what an exacting standard this human rights norm contains. Taking a social determinants of health perspective the right entails not just access to health services but programmatic supports in sanitation, transportation, education and other fields to guarantee the enjoyment of health. The second attribute focuses on the Basic minimum criteria of the right to health as reflected in Article 24(2). A third attribute is the insistence upon child health accountability mechanisms using the Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality Accountability Framework. Finally, given the wide discrepancies in enjoyment of children’s right to health across the globe, a fourth attribute focuses upon international cooperation to ensure equal access to the right to health.
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Dhang, Partho, Philip Koehler, Roberto Pereira, and Daniel D. Dye, II. "Ants." In Key questions in urban pest management: a study and revision guide, 77–84. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620179.0010.

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Abstract This book chapter discusses ants. Because ants live in large nests that can house many thousands to millions of individuals, their collective effect is certainly what causes greatest concern as a force that may destroy or consume large quantities of food or other materials important to humans. In nature, ants perform beneficial functions, preying on pests, aerating soils, moving soil nutrients, and decomposing organic matter, but in urban environments, they can be considered as one of the most destructive urban pests. Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera which also includes bees and wasps, and, like many other hymenopterans, they are social insects with colony duties divided among different castes. Although most ants can bite with their jaws, the ones that cause greater concern are the ones that sting, using a modified ovipositor to inflict pain. Emphasis should be on excluding ants from buildings and eliminating food and water sources. Ants undergo complete metamorphosis, having egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Ant management requires diligent effort and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, sanitation, and chemical methods of control.
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Sara, Lewnida. "CHAPTER 13: Certification of open defecation free status: emerging lessons from Kenya." In Sustainable Sanitation for All, 211–22. Practical Action Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780449272.013.

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Conference papers on the topic "SANITATION STATUS"

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AHMADI, DAVOD, KATE SINCLAIR, HUGO MELGAR-QUINONEZ, and PATRICK CORTBAOUI. "WATER ACCESS, WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT, SANITATION AND CHILDREN’S ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS: A STUDY OF ETHIOPIAN MOTHERS WITH CHILDREN UNDER FIVE." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm170161.

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Indita, Wiwen, Harsono Salimo, and Endang Sutisna Sulaeman. "EFFECT OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OLD IN NGANJUK DISTRICT." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Masters Program in Public Health, Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University Jl. Ir Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126. Telp/Fax: (0271) 632 450 ext.208 First website:http//: pasca.uns.ac.id/s2ikm Second website: www.theicph.com. Email: theicph2017@gmail.com, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2017.005.

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Saputri, Dyah Ayu, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi, and Bhisma Murti. "Biological, Social, and Economic Risk Factors of Child Tuberculosis in Surakarta Central Java: A Multiple Logistic Regression." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.45.

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ABSTRACT Background: Tuberculosis (TB) disease in children under 15 years (pediatric TB) is a public health problem of special significance because it is a marker for recent transmission of TB. This study aimed to analyze biological, social, and economic risk factors of child TB. Subjects and Method: A case control study was carried out at 25 villages in Surakarta, from August to September 2019. A sample of 200 chilren aged 0-18 years was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was TB. The independent variables were birthweight, BCG immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status, family income, smoke exposure, family history of TB. Data on TB cases were obtained from medical record. The other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of TB increased with poor house sanitation (OR= 4.50; 95% CI= 1.18 to 17.12; p= 0.027), smoke exposure (OR= 4.13; 95% CI= 1.05 to 16.22; p= 0.042), and had history of TB (OR= 5.54; 95% CI= 1.49 to 20.61; p= 0.011). The risk of TB decreased with normal birthweight ≥2,500 g (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.05 to 0.57; p= 0.003), BCG immunization (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.58 p= 0.004), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 0.11; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.55; p= 0.006), good nutritional status (OR= 0.10; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.48; p= 0.004), and family income ≥Rp1,802,700 (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.36; p= 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of TB increases with poor house sanitation, smoke exposure, and had history of TB. The risk of TB decreases with normal birthweight ≥2,500 g, BCG immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, good nutritional status, and high family income. Keywords: Tuberkulosis, biological, sosial dan ekonomi. Correspondence: Dyah Ayu Saputri. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: ayusaputridyah7@gmail.com. Mobile: 081353236388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.45
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Purba, Imelda Gernauli, Elvi Sunarsih, and Inoy Trisnainy. "The Relationship Between Personal Hygiene, Environmental Sanitation, and the Nutritional Status of Toddlers Age 12–59 Months in the Settlements Wetlands." In 2nd Sriwijaya International Conference of Public Health (SICPH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200612.018.

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Mycoo, Michelle. "OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRANSFORMING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/bhck8814.

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Informal settlements are quite complex because they consist of economically disadvantaged, often landless households located on steep hillsides, floodplains and swamps, which contribute to their exclusion from accessing infrastructure. These challenges need not be constraints; rather they offer opportunities for transformation. Such communities are generally characterised by inadequate access to safe water; inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure; poor structural quality of housing; overcrowding and insecure residential status. This paper uses primary and secondary data to determine the drivers which impact on the burgeoning of informal settlements in the Caribbean and analyses their implications for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 which focuses on achieving safer, sustainable and resilient human settlements. The main findings of the paper are that housing shortages, delays in obtaining planning approvals, inflated land values and poverty contribute to the growth of informal settlements. However, such settlements occupy vulnerable sites where infrastructure is sometimes lacking and they help trigger environmental hazards which may be further exacerbated by climate change. Based on the key findings of the empirical evidence, the paper raises what is the critical role of engineering and engineering education in improving access by informal settlements to basic services that are fundamental in achieving sustainable, resilient human settlements and human well-being? These questions are answered within the Caribbean Small Island Developing States context and draws from a cross-section of case studies within the region.
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Strehler, Jennifer, Scott Vandenburgh, Dave Parry, and Tim Rynders. "Colorado Community Benefits From Installing Waste Heat Recovery System." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90479.

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The Town of Avon Colorado and the Eagle River Water and Sanitation District have partnered to design, construct, and operate a mechanical “Community Heat Recovery System” which extracts low-grade waste heat from treated wastewater and delivers this heat for beneficial use. Immediate uses include heating of the community swimming pool, melting snow and ice on high pedestrian areas in an urban redevelopment zone in order to improve pedestrian safety, and space heating for project buildings and an adjacent water plant pump station building. Points of use are located within one mile of the treatment plant. The initial system is sized to extract heat from 170 m3/hr (1.08 mgd) of wastewater plant effluent with a 298 kW (400 hp) heat pump. The heat pump will deliver 1,026 kW (3,500,000 BTU/hr) energy to the heat recovery system. A supplemental natural gas boiler provided to meet peak demands will provide an additional 1,026 kW (3,500,000 BTU/hr) energy. The system is expandable allowing the installation of a second heat pump in the future and roof-mounted solar thermal panels. Power for the waste heat recovery system is provided by wind-generated electricity purchased from the local electric utility. The use of wind power with an electric-powered heat pump enables the agencies to fulfill energy needs while also reducing the carbon footprint. The system will achieve a reduction in the temperature of the treated wastewater, which is currently discharged to the Eagle River during low river flow, fish-sensitive periods. The agencies expect to save tax payers and rate payers money as a result of this project as compared to other alternatives or the status quo because it results in a more sustainable long-term operation. At 2008 utility commodities pricing, delivery of heat generated from this system was estimated to cost about one-third less than that from a conventional natural gas boiler system. This facility is the first of its kind in the U.S. and received a “New Energy Community” grant from the State of Colorado. This project shows how local agencies can work cooperatively for mutual benefit to provide infrastructure which accommodates growth and urban renewal and simultaneously demonstrate strong environmental leadership. The potential application of this technology is broad and global. The installed system is expected to cost about $5,000,000; construction will be completed in 2010.
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Esenwein, Fred. "“Planetary Reconstruction”: Richard Neutra’s School Lessons from Puerto Rico." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.59.

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Puerto Rico, while a U.S. territory, lacked the education, health, and sanitation infrastructure found in the continental United States. Neutra’s task was to design facilities to improve the infrastructure. While the aesthetic of the buildings is considered Modernist architecture, Neutra was very sensitive to the structures of local communities. His school designs were didactic in the way people engaged the architecture by learning about fluid mechanics and sanitation through passive designs and planning. Gardens and agricultural practices were introduced to improve food and nutrition. Education and food reforms required local knowledge even though there is a broader scientific knowledge that understands how these conditions can thrive in a particular locality. Architecturally, Neutra adjusted the Modernist style to perform in tropical Puerto Rico. Having contributed to the development of Puerto Rico and anticipating the economic boom in the U.S., Neutra’s proposal for the American community is one that was developed from the global south meant to conserve local values, and yet it was conceived as a model plan that was independent of a particular location.
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Dpnnik, I. M., A. S. Krivonogova, A. G. Isaeva, and S. Yu Sokovnin. "The use of electro-physical methods in sanitation liquid media in livestock farming." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/09.09.2019.170.

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Ulaschik, E. A., and I. A. Rovenskaya. "MANAGEMENT OF WATER CONSUMPTION AND SANITATION OF FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-217-220.

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The object of the study is the management of water consumption and water disposal of the dairy industry enterprise of the Republic of Belarus. The regulatory framework for the development of technological standards, as well as the technology for the production of dairy products, was analyzed. All stages of milk processing and further production of dairy products are considered in detail. Based on the initial data, individual standards for water consumption and water disposal of water resources were calculated in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. A normative-design balance table of water consumption and water disposal volumes was compiled, taking into account the volumes of irretrievable water losses. The result of the work was the development of a balance diagram of water consumption and water disposal of a dairy industry enterprise with recommendations for reducing losses and using drinking water for industrial needs.
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Morcillo Pallares, Ana. "Times Square, Times Out! A Speculative Approach on Public Space Practice." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.31.

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480,000 tourists and locals walk through Times Square daily.1 A global destination oversaturated by millions of visitors around the world, a space of discrepancy between locals and administrators, shared by spectators and sanitation workers, entertainment and consumerism, filled by families, tourists, security cameras and performers; Times Square represents a case of study where public space is tested, produced and denied in everyday and extraordinary ways. The Square’s dense and diverse pedestrian activity offers a unique design challenge to explore more than ever public space practices addressing the pros and cons of the changing politics and city protocols, citizen’s demands and the principles of what makes spaces public, what it stands for, and how to provide an environment for interaction.
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Reports on the topic "SANITATION STATUS"

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Katwere Ssemwanga, David, Dominic Lomongin Aballa, Steven Amoko, and Sheila Nduhukire. A Holistic Approach to Accelerated Attainment of Open-Defecation Free Status in Moyo District. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.018.

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This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three subnational areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Moyo District and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Moyo District, Uganda.
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Mehrotra, Santosh. Monitoring India’s National Sanitation Campaign (2014–2020). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.011.

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In 2011, India had more phone users (around 54 per cent of households) and television access (33 per cent) in rural areas than people with access to tap water (31 per cent) and toilet facilities (31 per cent), according to Census 2011. This clearly indicates the failure of government programmes to change the centuries-old practice of defecation in the open. This neglect of safe sanitation has had catastrophic outcomes in terms of human well-being. This case study is an analysis of the latest central government Swachch Bharat Mission - Gramin (Clean India Mission - Rural) (or SBM-G), which has achieved much greater success than any hitherto government effort in providing access to and use of toilets, especially in rural areas where the need is greatest. However, any conception of achieving ODF status, or free of open defecation, in a village (or any limited geography) is more than merely building toilets. The Sanitation Learning Hub commissioned case studies of sanitation campaigns in both India and Nepal, drawing out the lessons learnt for other countries wishing to implement similar initiatives. Both case studies focus on how target setting and feedback and reporting mechanisms can be used to increase the quality of campaigns.
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Uandela, André, and Mimi Coultas. Learning from ODF Districts in Mozambique. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2023.006.

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ozambique has committed to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation by 2030. Much progress is still needed, with recent data indicating that 36 per cent of the population (11.6 million people) still use unimproved facilities which are not designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact. In addition, Mozambique has a high rate of open defecation at 23 per cent (7.1 million people). The prevalence of unsafe sanitation practices, regarded as the use of either unimproved sanitation facilities or open defecation, is particularly high in rural areas, with an alarming 75 per cent of the rural population lacking access to safe sanitation facilities. Based on these trends, it is projected that Mozambique will not achieve an open defecation free (ODF) status until 2068. To accelerate results, the Government of Mozambique (GoM) recently approved the Rural Sanitation Strategy (2021-2030) which aims at eliminating open defecation and achieving universal access to basic sanitation by 2030 using Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) as the core approach. As a key partner of the GoM in the rural sanitation subsector, UNICEF has been supporting large scale sanitation programmes in several provinces.
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Nuzhat, Samiha, Ruhil Iyer, Adnan Ibne Abdul Qader, and Saief Manzoor-Al-Islam. A Participatory Assessment for Climate-Induced WASH Vulnerabilities in Bangladesh. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2023.013.

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This SLH Learning Brief presents work undertaken by WaterAid Bangladesh and Rupantar in collaboration with the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH), at the Institute of Development Studies, and the University of Technology Sydney - Institute for Sustainable Futures (UTS-ISF). A sanitation-focused climate lens was added to existing ward vulnerability assessment tools due to the increasing WASH-related climate impacts in the study site. The aim was to understand climate induced impacts on WASH and feed this into programmatic guidance through the preparation of locally-led comprehensive ward development plans. This SLH Learning Brief is intended to provide inspiration to practitioners and WASH experts on how to adapt existing vulnerability assessment tools to integrate climate considerations. This study engaged several stakeholders including climate vulnerable populations, development practitioners, researchers, and local government across Krishnanagar Union under Sathkhira subdistrict, to create evidence-based approaches to address climate induced WASH vulnerabilities in coastal Southwest Bangladesh. This research sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the current status of WASH facilities in nine wards across in rural southwest Bangladesh? 2. How are climatic conditions impacting water, sanitation and hygiene practices? 3. What actions can be undertaken by various stakeholders to address climate induced WASH problems?
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Pérez Urdiales, María, Analía Gómez Vidal, and Jesse Madden Libra. Pricing Determinants in the Water and Sanitation Sector: A Quick View of Heterogeneity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004796.

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The dual nature of water as a finite resource and as a basic human right creates a tension that presents important implications for water pricing. Water tariffs are a key tool used by policymakers to create incentive structures that promote efficient use; at the same time, they can create barriers to access and ignore waters socio-cultural value if not calibrated properly. This conflict between pricing as to reduce over-consumption and to guarantee accessibility exposes the difficulty of optimizing residential water pricing, and the importance of progressive tariff structures in building more resilient communities.Water policymakers view tariffs as an instrument to balance various objectives, such as efficiency, equity, cost recovery, and environmental preservation. However, these competing objectives mean that effective water tariff structures must be acutely customized to local contexts, a reality that is especially pertinent to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to its geographic and temporal heterogeneity in terms of water availability and demand. Prices can also be influenced by other factors. Four primary factor categories were identified as influential to water prices based on a comprehensive review of the price determination literature: (1) environmental factors, (2) urban factors, (3) political and ideological factors, and (4) management and institutional factors. The present brief examines how these factors theoretically impact pricing and what their status is throughout LAC, with the ultimate goal of providing a framework for future research.
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Macura, Biljana, Sarah Dickin, Hugh Sharma Waddington, Carla Liera, Adriana Soto, Arianna Orlando, Ella Foggit, et al. Gender and social outcomes of WASH interventions: synthesis of research evidence. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cswp7.

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Safely managed water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are fundamental for human health and wellbeing and are thought to contribute to a range of positive outcomes related to education, livelihoods, dignity, safety, and gender equality. However, gender and other social categories (e.g. age, ethnicity, caste, disability, marital status) can mediate who benefits from WASH services and in which ways. As progress in gaining access to safe WASH services has not occurred equally, there has been a focus on mainstreaming gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in interventions. Despite awareness in the sector of the importance of promoting gender and socially inclusive WASH services, evaluations of interventions focus largely on technical or health outcomes, while social outcomes are not included. This systematic evidence synthesis aimed to collate evidence on the impact of WASH interventions on GESI outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It also aimed to synthesise evidence on violence-related outcomes, and to advance understanding of barriers to, and facilitators of, change in violence-related outcomes in the context of WASH interventions.
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Hickling, Sophie. Tackling Slippage. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.004.

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This issue of Frontiers of CLTS explores current thinking and practice on the topic of tackling slippage of open defecation free (ODF) status. It looks at how slippage is defined and identified, and at different patterns of slippage that are seen after ODF is declared. Although a considerable amount has been written on how to establish strong Community-Led Total sanitation (CLTS) programmes that prevent slippage from happening, this issue looks at how to reverse slippage that has already taken place. Note however, that at a certain level, strategies used to reverse slippage and those used in advance to set a programme up for success to prevent slippage occurring overlap. From the literature, there is little documented evidence on how slippage can be reversed; evidence and guidance tend to focus on prevention. This review begins to address this gap. Implementers are encouraged to use the proposed patterns of slippage framework and slippage factors section to understand the type and extent of slippage experienced, then use the examples in the section on tackling slippage to identify potential slippage responses. In addition to a review of current literature,1 in depth interviews were carried out with key informants at global, regional and country level. Key informants were selected purposively to identify experiences and innovations in tackling slippage from across the sector.
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Barasa, Violet, and Linda Waldman. Exploring the Intersection of Sanitation, Hygiene, Water, and Health in Pastoralist Communities in Northern Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.004.

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This paper explores access to water, sanitation, and health in pastoral communities in northern Tanzania. It argues that the concept of gender, used on its own, is not enough to understand the complexities of sanitation, hygiene, water, and health. It explores pastoralists’ views and perspectives on what is ‘clean’, ‘safe’, and ‘healthy’, and their need to access water and create sanitary arrangements that work for them, given the absence of state provision of modern water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. Although Tanzania is committed to enhancing its citizens’ access to WASH services, pastoral sanitation and hygiene tend to be overlooked and little attention is paid to complex ways in which access to ‘clean’ water and ‘adequate sanitation’ is structured in these communities. This paper offers an intersectional analysis of water and sanitation needs, showing how structural discrimination in the form of a lack of appropriate infrastructure, a range of sociocultural norms and values, and individual stratifiers interact to influence the sanitation and health needs of pastoralist men, women, boys, and girls.
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Krishnamurthy, Ranjani, Gayathri Sarangan, Abhilaasha Nagarajan, Reeba Devaraj, Rajesh Ramamoorthy, Blessy Oviya, and Nandini Natarajan. Gender and Social Inclusion Across the Sanitation Chain in Tamil Nadu – Assessment and Strategy. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/gsiatnas10.2019.

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The Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) has prioritised the full sanitation chain, including the strengthening of septage management as an economical and sustainable complement to networkbased sewerage systems. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) is supporting the GoTN to achieve the Sanitation Mission of Tamil Nadu through the Tamil Nadu Urban Sanitation Support Programme (TNUSSP). TNUSSP Phase I (2015-2018) was designed to support GoTN and selected cities in making improvements along the entire urban sanitation chain. In the second phase (2018– 2020), TNUSSP seeks to go one step further and integrate a gender and social inclusion (GSI) perspective within its interventions at two sites – the city of Tiruchirappalli (Trichy), and the two town panchayats (TPs) of Periyanaicken-Palayam (PNP) and Narasimhanaicken-Palayam (NNP) in Coimbatore district – along the urban sanitation cycle and in its support provided at the State level.
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Nair, Krishna, Pulak Mishra, and Dil Rahut. How Can Public Expenditure Improve Households’ Sanitation Behavior? Experience of the Swachh Bharat Mission in the Indian States. Asian Development Bank Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/iktc7428.

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