Academic literature on the topic 'SANDY SOIL MIXED'
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Journal articles on the topic "SANDY SOIL MIXED"
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Kim, Ungjin, and Dae Sang Kim. "Field studies on low and fast compressibility of cement-mixed gravel in railway embankment construction." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 18, 2023): e0288884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288884.
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The cement-mixed gravel, which is used in the construction of railway embankment, is a relatively more expensive material compared to sandy soil. Having said that, it is used where small residual settlement is required for example, abutment transition zone, due to characteristic of higher strength than sandy soil. In this paper, the time-dependent settlement were evaluated using field data measured over a long period of time at two RSR (Reinforced Subgrade for Railways) construction sites using two different backfill materials (sandy soil and cement-mixed gravel). The embankment settlement with cement-mixed gravel as a backfill material was reduced by 78% compared to that with sandy soil. Further, the period for stabilizing the embankment before installation of the railway track was significantly reduced with cement-mixed gravel as a backfill material.
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Willingham, S. D., N. R. Falkenberg, G. N. McCauley, and J. M. Chandler. "Early Postemergence Clomazone Tank Mixes on Coarse-Textured Soils in Rice." Weed Technology 22, no. 4 (December 2008): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-051.1.
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Clomazone was labeled for rice in 2001; however, that label excluded its use on coarse- (light) textured soils, including sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam with less than 1% organic matter due to rice injury. Field studies conducted in 2005, 2006, and 2007 evaluated weed control and tolerance of rice to early postemergence (EPOST) applications of clomazone alone and tank mixed with other herbicides on sandy loam and clay loam soils. At 42 d after treatment (DAT), broadleaf signalgrass (BRAPP) and barnyardgrass (ECHCG) control was > 86%. At 14 DAT, rice injury was greatest (13%) from clomazone applied preemergence (PRE) at 0.44 kg ai/ha on sandy soil. Annual sedge (CYPCP) control was > 78% on sandy loam soils at 14 DAT, but increased to > 90% by 42 DAT. On clay loam soils, CYPCP control at 42 DAT ranged from 60 to 76% from clomazone alone or tank mixed with cyhalofop or fenoxaprop. All other tank mixes provided > 80% control. Hemp sesbania (SEBEX) control was > 80% from all tank mixes. Clomazone alone provided < 77% control. Data suggest that clomazone can be used EPOST in combination with other herbicides without causing significant rice injury on sandy loam soils in Texas.
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Nurhayati, Dewi Ratna, Prapto Yudono, Taryono Taryono, and Eko Hanudin. "Pengaruh Waktu Pemupukan pada Dua Musim Tanam terhadap Karakter Wijen Sbr-1 dan Sbr-3 di Lahan Pasir Pantai." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 33, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v33i1.19442.
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Sesame is recognized as healthy potential oil crops because can be used to control several diseases. Sesame can grow properly in light soil structure such as sandy coastal soil, however sandy soil is considered as unfertile one and therefore environmental friendly fertilizer application based on dung manure must be studied. The research toinvestigate the influence of application times of mixed fertilizer on the growth sesame in quality growth in coastal sandy soil both at rainy and dry seasons, therefore the experiment directly to the sandy field at the sandy coastal area of Keburuhan, Purworejo, Central Java. From the first stage, it could be said that the application of mixed fertilizer between chicken manure and inorganic fertilizer increasing tochlorophyll content, net assimilation rate, root volume sesame both in rainy and dry seasons.
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Masood, Tareq K., and Nooruldeen S. Ali. "Effect of Different Soil Organic Carbon Content in Different Soils on Water Holding Capacity and Soil Health." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 022035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/2/022035.
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Abstract An experiment was carried out to study the effect of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil texture on the distance of the wetting front, cumulative water infiltration (I), infiltration rate (IR), saturated water conductivity (Ks), and water holding capacity (WHC). Three levels ( 0, 10, 20, and 30 g OC kg-1 ) from organic carbon (OC) were mixed with different soil materials sandy, loam, and clay texture soils. Field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) were estimated. Soil materials were placed in transparent plastic columns(12 cm soil column ), and water infiltration(I) was measured as a function of time, the distance of the wetting front and Ks. Results showed that advance wetting front as a function of time for soil column was 6 minutes and with no differences between OC levels for sandy soils, while it ranged between 90 minutes (0% OC) - 130 minutes (3% OC) for loam soils, and between 470 minutes (0 %OC) and 590 minutes (1%OC) for clay soils, at the same time cumulative water infiltration(I) increases at the beginning of infiltration and decreases with time and levels of OC. The highest infiltration values were in sandy soils, giving data of 0.05 and 0.12 cm min-1, with no significant differences with OC rates. IR values decreased when OC increased in loam soils, and IR increased exponentially in clay soils with increasing OC levels. The values of Ks decrease with increasing OC for sandy and loam soils, and increase when OC increases above 3% for clay soils. FC and WP values were increased for sandy, loam and clay soils when OC was increased. The AW values decreased for both sandy and clay soils compared to loam soils. It can be concluded that AW can be estimated from FC values regardless of texture and OC by the linear function: AW=0.51(FC)+0.005.
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Ridwan, Muhammad, Ade Indra, Annisa Febiana Yunera, and Rudy Kurniawan. "Physical changes of low quality of clay bricks due to sandy-soil mixture under combustion performance." E3S Web of Conferences 331 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202133103010.
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This research studies the physical properties of the low quality of bricks mixed with sandy -soil in home industries located in Gunung Sarik of Padang City. The ratio mixture of the brick making material in the home industries was not measured with the proper measurement; as a result the quality of the brick was poor. The research used 5 x 5 x 5 cm and 180 cubes of bricks to see the physical changes. The ratio of mixed materials between sandy soil and clay are 0.11.025, 0.43,0.67,1.0, and 1.50. The procedure for making bricks was the same as a factory without changing the factory method. The process of burning bricks for three days and two nights using wood. From the test results, the density of the bricks did not change significantly between direct and indirect fire exposure but decreased in proportion to the addition of sandy soil. The addition of sandy soil reduces the percentage of damage and physical changes. The acceptable ratio of sandy -soil mixture is a range of 0.43.-0.6.
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Fadhil, Roaa M., and Haifaa A. Ali. "Effect of Soaking and Non-soaking Condition on Shear Strength Parameters of Sandy Soil Treated with Additives." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091319.
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The present paper aims to improve shear strength parameters: cohesion (c), and angle of internal friction (∅) for sandy soil treated by additives before and after soaking. The samples of sandy soil were obtained from Karbala city and then classified as poorly graded sand (SP) with relative density Dr (30%) according to the system of (USCS). The experiment has three stages. In the first stage ,the soil was treated with three different percentages of cement (3 ,5 and 7%) of dry weight for the soil with three different percentages of water content (2, 4 and 8%) in each above percentage of cement, while the second stage includes (2%) of lime from soil weight mixed with each different percentage of cement . In the third stage, (50%) of polymer of cement weight was mixed with each different percentage of cement. An analysis of behavior sandy soils treated by additives was carried out with the Direct Shear Tests. All the samples were cured (3) days before and after soaking. The results of the experiment showed that increase in shear strength parameters of sandy soil; especially the angle of internal friction with the rate value (16.6 %) of cement only, (21.88 %) of cement with lime , (20.3%) of cement with the polymer before soaked condition. After soaking condition, it was increased with the rate value (14.3%) with cement only, (23.57%) of cement with lime, and (15.38%) of cement with the polymer as compared with soil in the natural state.
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L. Tsai, K., C. M. Chan, and P. C. Tan. "Compaction and CBR Characteristics of Sandy Clay Stabilised with Fibre-Mixed Binder." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27671.
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Soil chemical stabilization is an effective yet comparatively economical ground improvement method which involves injecting or blending a binder into the existing soil to enhance the geotechnical properties (e.g. strength and stiffness) for load-bearing purposes. The technique is especially beneficial for road construction works on clayey soil of limited load-bearing capacity such as rural roads. It required thick road base is critical to ensure long-term stability and performance. An endeavour is therefore undertaken to examine the effectiveness of a proprietary fibre-mixed binder in stabilizing soils (sandy clay) nature to serve as road base material. Kaolin was mixed with sand as the base soil at ratios of 0, 25 and 50% sand addition. The fibre-mixed binder was added at dosages of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5% as recommended by the proprietor. Standard compaction test was first carried out to determine the optimum water content for each kaolin-sand mix. Then left to cure for 1, 3, 7 and 28 days before subjected to the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. From the test results, it was found that 2.5% binder addition was sufficient to attain the minimum CBR requirement of 30% for supporting a conventional flexible pavement, as per JKR standard. However, the 100% clay sample required higher binder dosages. Clearly sand particles in the soil contributed to the formation of skeletal scaffolding of the soil matrix, bound and supported by the fibre-mixed binder for enhanced strength properties. This was evident in the compaction test where 50% sand addition reduced the optimum water content by almost half compared to the 100% clay. Moreover 3-day curing could adequately strengthen all samples to attain the minimum CBR requirement (JKR standard), irrespective of the binder dosage used. In conclusion, it could effectively strengthen sandy clay soils within 3 days with dosages as low as 2.5%.
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Hussain, Zahid, Tang Cheng, Muhammad Irshad, Riaz Ahmed Khattak, Chen Yao, Di Song, and Muhammad Mohiuddin. "Bentonite clay with different nitrogen sources can effectively reduce nitrate leaching from sandy soil." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 22, 2022): e0278824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278824.
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Nitrate (NO3-1) leaching from soils results in the lower soil fertility, reduced crop productivity and increased water pollution. The effects of bentonite clay mixed with various nitrogen (N) fertilizers on NO3-1 leaching from sandy soils haven’t been extensively studied. Therefore, the present lysimetric study determined NO3-1 leaching from bentonite [0, 2 and 4% (m/m)] treated sandy soil under three N sources (calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2], ammonium chloride [NH4Cl], and urea [CO(NH2)2] at the rate of 300 kg N ha-1). Results showed that bentonite markedly reduced NO3-1 release in the leachate, while 4% bentonite retained higher NO3 in the soil. The NO3-1 leaching from sandy soil varied with N sources as Ca(NO3)2 > NH4Cl > (CO(NH2)2. At early stages of leaching, higher concentrations of NO3-1 were detected in leachate with both NH4Cl and Ca(NO3)2, but leaching of NO3-1 increased with urea at later leaching stages. The amount of total NO3-1 retained in soil was conversely related to the amount of NO3-1 in the leachate. This study indicated that soil amendment with bentonite could efficiently mitigate NO3-1 leaching from sandy soil and hence prevent N fertilizer losses and groundwater pollution.
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Liu, Yijian, Mengying Yan, Kyungsu Na, Jiho Hwang, Sooan Shin, Lina Yin, Xiping Deng, and Shiwen Wang. "The New Soil Conditioner DewEco Could Improve Sandy Soil’s Properties for Efficient Maize Growth." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051124.
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Sandy soil, one of the most abundant soil types in the world, often has lower crop productivity because of poor water and fertilizer retention capacity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the new soil conditioner DewEco (fermented organic material consisted mainly of salt of L-lysine and citric acid) on sandy soil quality and plant growth. Serial dosages of DewEco and nitrogen (N) fertilizer were mixed into sandy soils and planted maize in a greenhouse. DewEco application increased large soil particle composition and decreased small soil particle composition. Soil porosity and the liquid phase increased as the DewEco dosage increased. DewEco also decreased soil pH and increased soil electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, total nitrogen and available potassium. DewEco significantly enhanced the soil water-holding capacity and soil effective water content although it also increased the wilting coefficient. Finally, DewEco markedly promoted maize growth while improving water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). In addition, there was an interaction effect between DewEco and nitrogen fertilizer, such that the combined effects of DewEco and N exceeded the sum of their respective effects promoting plant growth. Thus, DewEco application can significantly enhance soil water content and nutrient levels by alleviating sandy soil’s physical and chemical properties, thereby promoting plant growth, WUE and NUE. This study indicates that DewEco is a useful eco-friendly sandy soil conditioner for arid and semi-arid regions.
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El Naggar, Hany, and Ali Iranikhah. "Evaluation of the Shear Strength Behavior of TDA Mixed with Fine and Coarse Aggregates for Backfilling around Buried Structures." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 5087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095087.
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Although some discarded tires are reused in various applications, a considerable number end up in landfills, where they pose diverse environmental problems. Waste tires that are shredded to produce tire-derived aggregates (TDA) can be reused in geotechnical engineering applications. Many studies have already been conducted to examine the behavior of pure TDA and soil-TDA mixtures. However, few studies have investigated the behavior of larger TDA particles, 20 to 75 mm in size, mixed with various types of soil at percentages ranging from 0% to 100%. In this study, TDA was mixed with gravelly, sandy, and clayey soils to determine the optimum soil-TDA mixtures for each soil type. A large-scale direct shear box (305 mm × 305 mm × 220 mm) was used, and the mixtures were examined with a series of direct shear tests at confining pressures of 50.1, 98.8, and 196.4 kPa. The test results indicated that the addition of TDA to the considered soils significantly reduces the dry unit weight, making the mixtures attractive for applications requiring lightweight fill materials. It was found that adding TDA to gravel decreases the shear resistance for all considered TDA contents. On the contrary, adding up to 10% TDA by weight to the sandy or clayey soils was found to increase the shear resistance of the mixtures. Adding up to 10% TDA by weight to the clayey soil also sharply increased the angle of internal friction from 18.8° to 32.3°. Moreover, it was also found that the addition of 25% TDA by weight to the gravelly or sandy soils can reduce the lateral earth pressure on buried structures by up to 20%. In comparison, adding 10% TDA to clay resulted in a 36% reduction in the lateral earth pressure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SANDY SOIL MIXED"
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Gathuka, Lincoln Waweru. "Performance of sandy soil mixed with calcium-magnesium composite as attenuation layer for geogenic contaminants." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253455.
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Garcia, Martinez Maria Fernanda <1986>. "Geotechnical characterization of mixed sandy and silty soils using piezocone tests: Analysis of partial drainage phenomena and rate effects on the experimental soil response." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6622/1/Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez_Mar%C3%ADa_Fernanda_tesi.pdf.
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The cone penetration test (CPT), together with its recent variation (CPTU), has become the most widely used in-situ testing technique for soil profiling and geotechnical characterization. The knowledge gained over the last decades on the interpretation procedures in sands and clays is certainly wide, whilst very few contributions can be found as regards the analysis of CPT(u) data in intermediate soils.
Indeed, it is widely accepted that at the standard rate of penetration (v = 20 mm/s), drained penetration occurs in sands while undrained penetration occurs in clays. However, a problem arise when the available interpretation approaches are applied to cone measurements in silts, sandy silts, silty or clayey sands, since such intermediate geomaterials are often characterized by permeability values within the range in which partial drainage is very likely to occur. Hence, the application of the available and well-established interpretation procedures, developed for ‘standard’ clays and sands, may result in invalid estimates of soil parameters.
This study aims at providing a better understanding on the interpretation of CPTU data in natural sand and silt mixtures, by taking into account two main aspects, as specified below:
1)Investigating the effect of penetration rate on piezocone measurements, with the aim of identifying drainage conditions when cone penetration is performed at a standard rate. This part of the thesis has been carried out with reference to a specific CPTU database recently collected in a liquefaction-prone area (Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy).
2)Providing a better insight into the interpretation of piezocone tests in the widely studied silty sediments of the Venetian lagoon (Italy). Research has focused on the calibration and verification of some site-specific correlations, with special reference to the estimate of compressibility parameters for the assessment of long-term settlements of the Venetian coastal defences.
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Garcia, Martinez Maria Fernanda <1986>. "Geotechnical characterization of mixed sandy and silty soils using piezocone tests: Analysis of partial drainage phenomena and rate effects on the experimental soil response." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6622/.
Full textAbstract:
The cone penetration test (CPT), together with its recent variation (CPTU), has become the most widely used in-situ testing technique for soil profiling and geotechnical characterization. The knowledge gained over the last decades on the interpretation procedures in sands and clays is certainly wide, whilst very few contributions can be found as regards the analysis of CPT(u) data in intermediate soils.
Indeed, it is widely accepted that at the standard rate of penetration (v = 20 mm/s), drained penetration occurs in sands while undrained penetration occurs in clays. However, a problem arise when the available interpretation approaches are applied to cone measurements in silts, sandy silts, silty or clayey sands, since such intermediate geomaterials are often characterized by permeability values within the range in which partial drainage is very likely to occur. Hence, the application of the available and well-established interpretation procedures, developed for ‘standard’ clays and sands, may result in invalid estimates of soil parameters.
This study aims at providing a better understanding on the interpretation of CPTU data in natural sand and silt mixtures, by taking into account two main aspects, as specified below:
1)Investigating the effect of penetration rate on piezocone measurements, with the aim of identifying drainage conditions when cone penetration is performed at a standard rate. This part of the thesis has been carried out with reference to a specific CPTU database recently collected in a liquefaction-prone area (Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy).
2)Providing a better insight into the interpretation of piezocone tests in the widely studied silty sediments of the Venetian lagoon (Italy). Research has focused on the calibration and verification of some site-specific correlations, with special reference to the estimate of compressibility parameters for the assessment of long-term settlements of the Venetian coastal defences.
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Erdem, Ziya. "Bioremediation potential of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) from a sandy-loam soil using aerobic bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus A5, Corynebacterium sp. and a mixed culture." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1468933721.
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Burra, Sandeep Goud. "Effect of Salt and NAPL on Electrical Resistivity of Local Soil and Kaolinite mixed with Sand." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1302.
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Thermal properties mainly electrical and thermal resistivity of soils are very important for various engineering projects such as subsurface transmission of either heated fluids or high voltage buried power cables, and storage & contamination of radioactive waste. Fine grained soils, especially clay, pose a serious problem for conduction of heat due to high electrical and thermal resistivity. These properties mainly depend on the type of soil and its water content. The soil electrical resistivity has been used to predict various soil parameters; various phenomenon occurring in soils such as for obtaining soil water content, degree of compaction, estimating liquefaction potential of soil, detecting and locating geomembrane failures, investigating the effect of soil freezing etc. The efficiency of the electrical resistivity method in various fields led several researchers to work on soil resistivity for over a decade. The present study was designed by taking locally available Illinois soil and commercially available clay (i.e., kaolinite) and mixing it with various percentages of sand ranging from 10-50% forming 12 different soil and clay mixes. To these soil and kaolinite clay mixes laboratory tests were conducted to determine the basic soil properties such as Atterberg limits, specific gravity, particle size distribution, compaction etc. Furthermore these mixes ii were mixed with various percentages ranging from 10-50% of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and a Light Non Aqueous Liquid (LNAPL) called dodecane to determine the electrical resistivity for each mix. The results indicated that the liquid limit and plastic limit decreases with the increase in sand content for both the mixes. Also the standard Proctor OMC (Optimum Moisture Content) shifted to the left side of the optimum with the increase in sand content from 10-50%. The electrical resistivity for both local soil (i.e., silty clay) and kaolinite clay mixes had a similar trend of decrease in resistivity values with an increase in water and sand content. Interestingly the values of electrical resistivity for local soil and kaolinite clay mixes mixed with sodium and potassium salts had a lower resistivity value when compared to the silty clay and kaolinite mixes added with dodecane.
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Yadak, Reza. "Comparing CPT Results and Numerical Method Investigations to Assess the Behaviour of Pile and Sand and Mixed Soil Using ABAQUS." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/84165.
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The cone penetration test (CPT) is a method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and delineating soil stratigraphy. This study demonstrates the expansion of numerical models using ABAQUS software, which are purposed to be used to predict the load-settlement and the ultimate bearing capacity behavior of pile foundations embedded in sand and mixed soil. This achieved by validating numerical results, using ABAQUS, and CPT site investigations.
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Elmore, Whitney. "Field and Laboratory Studies on the Development and Control of Soil Water Repellency of Sand Root Zone Mixes." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/655.
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Localized dry spots (LDS) associated with water repellent (i.e., hydrophobic) soils have detrimental effects on the survival, playability, and aesthetic value of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) used for golf course putting greens. The development of water-repellent soils, using molarity of ethanol water droplet tests to determine soil hydrophobicity, wetting agent evaluations, and water retention based on percent organic matter were investigated. Greenhouse, field, and laboratory studies were conducted at Western Kentucky University beginning in 2000 and ending in 2001. The greenhouse study was initiated to investigate the type of soil most capable of producing a hydrophobic condition. Using hydrophilic sand as a base, excised bentgrass roots, organic matter, and humate materials were incorporated into containers with live bentgrass turf. The field study, originally developed in 2000 to evaluate rates of Naiad wetting agent applied to established LDS due to hydrophobic soil, was modified to include Primer wetting agent in 2001. This study also compared the efficiency of MED testing based on soil sample size. Soil samples taken using a .63 cm in diameter soil probe were found not to differ from those measuring 1.27 cm in diameter. The laboratory study was designed to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic soil treatments, which were harvested from an experimental green. Both soils had differing amounts of organic matter, a Michigan peat moss, mixed in based on volumetric and weight calculations. Primer wetting agent was applied to half of the replicates from each soil type and weighed daily. Upon averaging the daily weights of the replicates within each treatment mix, those replicated receiving Primer wetting agent did not hold significantly more moisture when compared to those that did not receive applications. Furthermore, the hydrophobic soil did not differ in moisture retention whether receiving the wetting agent or not. There were significant differences in the amount of moisture held in the differing amounts of organic matter; however, this did not occur across soil type. The treatments containing 20% organic matter by weight held significantly more water in comparison to the other treatments. The same was true in both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic soils. The results of this particular study suggest that wetting agents do not cause construction mixes to retain excess water when containing differing amounts of organic matter.
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Alkroosh, Iyad Salim Jabor. "Modelling pile capacity and load-settlement behaviour of piles embedded in sand & mixed soils using artificial intelligence." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/351.
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This thesis presents the development of numerical models which are intended to be used to predict the bearing capacity and the load-settlement behaviour of pile foundations embedded in sand and mixed soils. Two artificial intelligence techniques, the gene expression programming (GEP) and the artificial neural networks (ANNs), are used to develop the models. The GEP is a developed version of genetic programming (GP). Initially, the GEP is utilized to model the bearing capacity of the bored piles, concrete driven piles and steel driven piles. The use of the GEP is extended to model the load-settlement behaviour of the piles but achieved limited success. Alternatively, the ANNs have been employed to model the load-settlement behaviour of the piles.The GEP and the ANNs are numerical modelling techniques that depend on input data to determine the structure of the model and its unknown parameters. The GEP tries to mimic the natural evolution of organisms and the ANNs tries to imitate the functions of human brain and nerve system. The two techniques have been applied in the field of geotechnical engineering and found successful in solving many problems.The data used for developing the GEP and ANN models are collected from the literature and comprise a total of 50 bored pile load tests and 58 driven pile load tests (28 concrete pile load tests and 30 steel pile load tests) as well as CPT data. The bored piles have different sizes and round shapes, with diameters ranging from 320 to 1800 mm and lengths from 6 to 27 m. The driven piles also have different sizes and shapes (i.e. circular, square and hexagonal), with diameters ranging from 250 to 660 mm and lengths from 8 to 36 m. All the information of case records in the data source is reviewed to ensure the reliability of used data.The variables that are believed to have significant effect on the bearing capacity of pile foundations are considered. They include pile diameter, embedded length, weighted average cone point resistance within tip influence zone and weighted average cone point resistance and weighted average sleeve friction along shaft.The sleeve friction values are not available in the bored piles data, so the weighted average sleeve friction along shaft is excluded from bored piles models. The models output is the pile capacity (interpreted failure load).Additional input variables are included for modelling the load-settlement behaviour of piles. They include settlement, settlement increment and current state of loadsettlement. The output is the next state of load-settlement.The data are randomly divided into two statistically consistent sets, training set for model calibration and an independent validation set for model performance verification.The predictive ability of the developed GEP model is examined via comparing the performance of the model in training and validation sets. Two performance measures are used: the mean and the coefficient of correlation. The performance of the model was also verified through conducting sensitivity analysis which aimed to determine the response of the model to the variations in the values of each input variables providing the other input variables are constant. The accuracy of the GEP model was evaluated further by comparing its performance with number of currently adopted traditional CPT-based methods. For this purpose, several ranking criteria are used and whichever method scores best is given rank 1. The GEP models, for bored and driven piles, have shown good performance in training and validation sets with high coefficient of correlation between measured and predicted values and low mean values. The results of sensitivity analysis have revealed an incremental relationship between each of the input variables and the output, pile capacity. This agrees with what is available in the geotechnical knowledge and experimental data. The results of comparison with CPT-based methods have shown that the GEP models perform well.The GEP technique is also utilized to simulate the load-settlement behaviour of the piles. Several attempts have been carried out using different input settings. The results of the favoured attempt have shown that the GEP have achieved limited success in predicting the load-settlement behaviour of the piles. Alternatively, the ANN is considered and the sequential neural network is used for modelling the load-settlement behaviour of the piles.This type of network can account for the load-settlement interdependency and has the option to feedback internally the predicted output of the current state of loadsettlement to be used as input for the next state of load-settlement.Three ANN models are developed: a model for bored piles and two models for driven piles (a model for steel and a model for concrete piles). The predictive ability of the models is verified by comparing their predictions in training and validation sets with experimental data. Statistical measures including the coefficient of correlation and the mean are used to assess the performance of the ANN models in training and validation sets. The results have revealed that the predicted load-settlement curves by ANN models are in agreement with experimental data for both of training and validation sets. The results also indicate that the ANN models have achieved high coefficient of correlation and low mean values. This indicates that the ANN models can predict the load-settlement of the piles accurately.To examine the performance of the developed ANN models further, the prediction of the models in the validation set are compared with number of load-transfer methods. The comparison is carried out first visually by comparing the load-settlement curve obtained by the ANN models and the load transfer methods with experimental curves. Secondly, is numerically by calculating the coefficient of correlation and the mean absolute percentage error between the experimental data and the compared methods for each case record. The visual comparison has shown that the ANN models are in better agreement with the experimental data than the load transfer methods. The numerical comparison also has shown that the ANN models scored the highest coefficient of correlation and lowest mean absolute percentage error for all compared case records.The developed ANN models are coded into a simple and easily executable computer program.The output of this study is very useful for designers and also for researchers who wish to apply this methodology on other problems in Geotechnical Engineering. Moreover, the result of this study can be considered applicable worldwide because its input data is collected from different regions.
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Anderson, Jonathan D. "Impacts of amending bauxite residue sands with residue fines for the establishment of vegetation on residue disposal areas /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090831.155453.
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JAIN, PRIYANKA. "LOAD SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOUR OF CIRCULAR PLATE IN SANDY SOIL MIXED WITH FINE GRAVELS AND ITS NUMERICAL MODELLING IN ABAQUS 6.10." Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15865.
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This project work evaluates the load settlement response to investigate the influence of density of coarse sand and addition of gravel in sand. For this, modeled plate load test has been conducted on small and large scale setup. In this work to conduct small scale modeled plate load test a mild steel box of 0.4m X 0.7m X 0.5m and plates of 100 mm, 150 mm and 200mm diameter have been used .The influence of density of sand can be investigated by performing plate load test at various densities i.e. 17.8, 19.28, 21.24 and 25 KN/m3 respectively and effect of fine gravels by adding 8%, 16% and 24% respectively. Large scale model testing has also been conducted on a box of 1.5m X 1.5m X0.8m and plate load test results of large scale and small scale are compared. The experimental results are also compared with numerical simulation done in Abaqus 6.10.
The outcomes of experimental investigation shows that as the soil get densified, the settlement of modeled footing goes on decreasing and the bearing capability of sand can be improved by adding fine gravels. From the outcomes it can also be stated that with increment in plate size the settlement under footing also increases. From the comparison of experimental results with elastic analysis in software it has been found that the settlement at a particular load is more in case of elastic one than that in experimental results that may be the case of elasto- plastic / plastic behavior.
Books on the topic "SANDY SOIL MIXED"
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Schreuder, Peter J. Pilot project to test natural water treatment capacity of wetland and tailing sand filtration on mined phosphate lands: Final report. Bartow, Fla: Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "SANDY SOIL MIXED"
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Bi, Yuzhang, Yanjun Du, Xingyuan You, Kaixuan Yuan, and Jin Ni. "Numerical Modeling of Leakage, Transport and Remediation of Mixed DNAPL and LNAPL in the Unsaturated Clayey Soil Underlain by Saturated Sandy Soil." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 1256–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97115-5_80.
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Reang, RaiBahadur, and Sujit Kumar Pal. "Strength Behaviours of the Clayey-Silt Soil Mixed with Fly Ash and Sand." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 105–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0559-7_12.
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Kuwano, Jiro, and Tay Wee Boon. "Effects of Curing Time and Stress on the Shear Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Cement-Mixed Sand." In Soil Stress-Strain Behavior: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis, 413–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6146-2_23.
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Reang, Rai Bahadur, and Sujit Kumar Pal. "Time-Dependent CBR Values of the Silty-Clay Soil Mixed with Fly Ash as Well as Sand." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 623–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6086-6_51.
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Klinsky, Luis Miguel Gutiérrez, Glauco Tulio Pessa Fabbri, and Vivian Silveira dos Santos Bardini. "Reuse of Waste Foundry Sand Mixed with Lateritic Clayey Soils in Pavement Bases and Sub-bases Courses." In RILEM Bookseries, 569–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7342-3_46.
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Kumar, Amit. "Red Mud (RM) and Soil Amelioration." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 151–67. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7940-3.ch009.
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Rapid growth in industrialization, which is necessary and inevitable for society progress, has also created negative encroachment. Red mud produced during alumina production has strong alkanity in a pH range of 10-13% because of the sodium hydroxide solution used in the refining process. The base is strong enough to kill plant and animal life, and due to finer particle and trace metal content, it creates soil contamination, ground water pollution, and suspension in ocean; hence, we need precautions while we use this waste to add with soil. Red mud occupies a large area or its deposition in it. Red mud has properties similar to sandy clay. Red mud has property similar to clay and sand, even if it does not contain quartz or clay mineral. Bauxite residue/red mud can be mixed with variant type of saline soils, acid soils organic rich material, and silicate soil suitable pH conditions were achieved to promote vegetation growth.
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Lu, Shaopeng, Yuedong Wu, Jian Liu, and Huiguo Wu. "Preliminary Study on Rainfall Infiltration of a Homogeneous SAP-Enhanced Cover." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220877.
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In order to improve the anti-seepage performance of the cover, this paper proposed to use super absorbent polymer (SAP) particles to improve the water storage capacity of the soil, and mixed them into the soil to build an SAP composite soil cover, but the law of water movement in which is not clear. In this paper, a series of soil column model tests were carried out to measure the changes of pore water pressure and volume water content in SAP composite soil cover at different depths. The results showed that under the extreme rainfall condition of once-in-a-century in Nanjing, the infiltration amount of SAP was only 12.7 ml, while that of homogeneous sandy soil cover is 2510 ml, indicating that the anti-seepage performance is good.
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White, Robert E. "The Vine Root Habitat." In Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.003.0005.
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In the deep gravelly soils of the Bordeaux region, Seguin (1972) found vine roots at a depth of 6 m. Woody “framework roots” tend to be at least 30–35 cm below the surface and do not increase in number after the third year from planting (Richards 1983). Nevertheless, smaller diameter “extension roots” continue to grow horizontally and vertically from the main framework. They may extend laterally several meters from the trunk. These roots and finer lateral roots in the zone 10–60 cm deep provide the main absorbing surfaces for the vine. But in soils with a subsoil impediment to root growth, such as many of the duplex soils in southeast Australia (section 1.3.2.1), less than 5% of vine roots may penetrate below 60 cm (Pudney et al. 2001). Nor do vines root deeply in vineyards where irrigation supplies much of the vine’s water in summer. Plant roots and associated mycorrhizae (section 4.7.3.2) help to create soil structure. A desirable soil structure for vines provides optimal water and oxygen availability, which are fundamental for the growth of roots and soil organisms. The structure should be porous and not hard for roots to penetrate, allow ready exchange of gases and the flow of water, resist erosion, be workable over a range of soil water contents, allowing the seedlings of cover crops in vineyards to emerge, and be able to bear the weight of tractors and harvesting machinery with a minimum of compaction. The quality of soil structure and its maintenance in vineyards are discussed further in chapter 7. We might expect the soil particles described in chapter 2 simply to pack down, as happens in a heap of unconsolidated sand at a building site. However, if the sand is mixed with cement and water, and used with bricks, we can construct a building—a solid framework of floors, walls, and ceilings. This structure has internal spaces of different sizes that permit all kinds of human activities. So it is with soil. Vital forces associated with the growth of plants, animals, and microorganisms, and physical forces associated with the change in state of water and its movement act on loose soil particles.
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Selvaraj, Bagampriyal, and Sadhana Balasubramanian. "Formulations of BGA for Paddy Crop." In Agroecosystems – Very Complex Environmental Systems. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92821.
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Blue green algae (BGA) are prokaryotic phototrophic organisms that can fix the atmospheric nitrogen biologically, and were directly applied as a biofertilizers in agricultural fields specifically Paddy field. Since they are having the ability to fix nitrogen, they are formulated with various adsorbents for the purpose of enhancing the crop growth along with maintaining the soil fertility and other soil factors responsible for productivity. The present study revealed that the formulations of blue green algae isolated from paddy fields of southern districts with different adsorbents like alluvial soil, sand, charcoal, and powdered paddy straw. All the adsorbents mixed with blue green algae showed significant growth when compared to the control plant. This determined that the adsorbent formulated mixed blue green algae enhanced the paddy plant growth under greenhouse condition.
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Balla, Vivek, and Pradeep Kumar Garg. "Emerging Trends in the Mapping of Contaminated Snow Using Hyperspectral Images and Field Spectra." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies, 220–43. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7319-1.ch011.
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In this study, glaciers of the Patsio of Himachal Pradesh, India, are selected. The field spectra were collected for pure snow, contaminated snow, and adjacency factors using a Spectro-radiometer. Contaminants, like ash, coal, salt, sand, soil, wood, and metals are mixed with snow in the field in varying amounts (2.5g and 5g). Similarly, the spectra of green vegetation, vegetation covered with snow, wet grass, etc., were acquired. The authors also demonstrated the utility of AVRIS-NG hyperspectral data in linear spectral analysis to classify spectrally similar objects. The preliminary results from the linear unmixing technique for pure snow and its respective mixed components, like snow with debris, and frozen lakes are synchronized with the Google Earth imagery and are acclaimed for their validity. Contaminated snow analysis was done using the normalized difference snow index and S3-based snow indexes. Snow under vegetation and areas with snow cover could be mapped using both snow indexes.
Conference papers on the topic "SANDY SOIL MIXED"
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Isakov, A. N., and M. I. Savin. "Seed and feed productivity of mixed grops of winter vetch with winter triticale in the conditions of the Kaluga region." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-185.
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Musso Laespiga, Marcos, and Leonardo Behak Katz. "Performance of Low-Volume Roads with Wearing Course Layer of Silty Sandy Soil Modified with Rice Husk Ash and Lime." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3451.
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Rice husk ash (RHA) is a by-product of rice milling. Its use as soil stabilizer is a way to replace the final disposal with environmental benefit. However, RHA is not cementitious itself but when mixed with lime forms cements which improve the soil properties. A research of performance of a silty sandy soil modified with RHA and lime as wearing course layer of low-volume roads was conducted through two full-scale test sections with different pavements built in Artigas, northern Uruguay. The alkaline reactivity of RHA is low because the husk burning is not controlled. The soil-RHA-lime mix design was conducted according to the Thompson’s Method. The pavement test sections were monitored through deflection measures by Benkelman beam and observations of surface condition. The deflections decreased over time in both test sections due to the development of cementation of the study materials. After one year, the dust emission was reduced, the wet skid resistance of pavement surfaces improved and there was not rutting. The researched pavements have had a good performance under the existing traffic and environmental conditions, demonstrating that wearing course layer of silty sand modified with RHA and lime is an alternative to improve the condition of low-volume roads and to replace the final disposal of RHA, with environmental, social and economic benefits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3451
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Ortiz, Claudia, Uro Ledesma, and Darlyng Pontigo. "Inoculation of Soil Cyanobacteria Improves Fertility of a Soil Mixed With Copper Tailing Sands." In The 5th World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icepr19.179.
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Malikzada, Abdulmuner, Hasan Fırat Pulat, and İnci Develioğlu. "Effect of Fly Ash on Compaction Behavior of Alluvial Soil." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.016.
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Low plasticity, high bearing capacity, low settlement, etc. are the preferred properties for most engineering projects. Alluvial soils are problematic soils because of low bearing capacity, high organic matter content, and high void ratio so they do not meet the preferred condition for engineering projects. It has been necessary to improve unsuitable materials to make them acceptable for construction. Fly ash (FA) has earlier been used for stabilizing roads due to its high content of calcium and silicate oxides which give puzzolanic properties and thus high compression strength. In this research, fundamental engineering properties, compaction behaviors of three types of (fine, medium, and coarse) alluvial deposits, and the effect of fly ash on compaction behavior of these alluvial soils are presented. Alluvial soil is taken from Çiğli, Balatçık (Izmir, Turkey). To determine geotechnical index properties; wet sieve analysis, plastic limit, liquid limit, specific gravity, standard compaction tests were conducted. In order to determine the effect of fly ash on compaction behavior of alluvial deposits, three different samples (fine < 0.425mm, medium < 2mm, and coarse < 4.75 mm) are prepared and 10%, 15%, 20% fly ash by dry weight of soil is mixed and standard proctor test is performed. As a result of laboratory tests, the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index values obtained as 38.3%, 25.7%, and 12.6%, respectively. The specific gravities for fine, medium, and coarse samples are 2.68, 2.67, and 2.66, respectively. According to the results of wet sieve analysis and consistency limit tests, it was stated that the soil contains large amounts of sand and clay. The washed sieve analysis and consistency limit tests results were evaluated according to USCS. The conducted test results have shown that maximum dry unit weight for fine, medium, and coarse soils are 16.9, 19.35, and 19.55 (kN/m3), and optimum moisture content for fine, medium, and coarse samples are 17, 11, 10.5% respectively. Generally, by increasing the content of FA, maximum dry unit weight decreased and optimum moisture content increased for all three types of alluvial soil. By increasing FA to 20%, maximum dry unit weight of medium and coarse soils decreases 1.5% and 2%, respectively.
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Morrow, Damian R., and Andrew A. Small. "Protection of Pipelines and Cables With a Combination of Soil and Rock Cover." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95262.
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Abstract Soil cover, rock cover and a combination of soil and rock cover are common approaches to protecting pipelines, cables and umbilicals associated with offshore energy infrastructure. However, with the exception of a simplified rock cover case or a simplified sand cover case, there is limited published guidance with respect to this design consideration. Based on a bearing capacity approach, geotechnical numerical analysis techniques have been used to investigate the protection provided by a range uniform and mixed cover scenario. Effects related to rock placement in a slot-shaped trench have also been investigated. Relatively standard observations were noted with respect to the protection provided by uniform soil or rock cover cases, including noting the different behaviours associated with granular drained cover materials and cohesive undrained cover materials. Some significant observations were made concerning the mixed cover cases. Of particular note was the impact of very soft clay as a limitation on the protection provided by the rock material. The influence of adjacent soil conditions on the protection provided by a rock infilled slot-shaped trench was also noted from analysis results.
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Anglade, Elsa, Alain Sellier, Jean-Emmanuel Aubert, and Aurélie Papon. "An Experimental Study on Clay and Sand Mixes to Develop a Non-Linear Homogenized Model for Earth Construction Materials." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.293.
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Due to its ecological interest and large availability, a renewed attention is paid to earth as building material. Indeed, raw earth consumes CO2 only during its processing and transportation, and it provides a natural hygrothermal comfort. However, its mechanical properties are highly linked to its composition, which causes an important variability of performances. That is why any soil has to be characterized before being used as a building material. The aim of this study is to propose a model able to predict the hydromechanical behavior of a reconstituted soil according to its composition. As earth is a heterogeneous material, the model is based on homogenization procedures. The sand is considered as spherical inclusions inside a clay matrix. The particularity of the model stands to consider both positive and negative effects of volume variation and mechanical properties of clay under hydric variations. The model parameters are determined according to an original experimental campaign, which is conducted on various mixes of a single type of clay (kaolinite) and of sand, and water. The experimental study provides some mechanical properties of the mixes versus water content and sand content to test the ability of the homogenization model to assess the main properties of this material.
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AlKuroud, Deem Nuaman, Zeeshan Tariq, Amjad Bajes Khalil, Mohamed Mahmoud, Manar Alahmari, and Mohammad Bataweel. "Optimization of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation Process for Oil and Gas Sand Consolidation Applications." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31454-ms.
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Abstract Sand production from a poorly consolidated reservoir formation is always considered a challenging problem in the petroleum industry. Sand production can cause erosion and corrosion to downhole and surface equipment and loss of production. Over the past few decades, sand control techniques have attracted increased attention to improve and enhance the characteristics of weak sand formations. Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) is considered a relatively new sustainable technique studied for soil improvement. In-situ calcite precipitation in the sand can restrict the movement of the grains by forming bridges. This precipitation fills the pores and binds sand particles causing a reduction in the porosity which as a result improves sand shear strength. In this study, different mixes of EICP solution were studied and tested in the laboratory. To cure the samples at higher temperatures Xanthan Gum (XC-polymer) was used as a temperature stabilizer. EICP solution is primarily composed of urea, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, XC-polymer, and urease enzyme. Different concentrations and compositions of reagents were tested. The mixed solutions were left for different curing times at different curing temperatures to allow the reaction to happen. The properties of the produced precipitates were examined through different techniques such as pH, conductivity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD results showed the precipitation of calcite and dolomite. The combination that produced the highest amount of thermally stable calcite with a minimal amount of aragonite, highest precipitation efficiency was further selected for the sand consolidation experiment. A solution containing 1M Urea, 0.5M CaCl2, 0.5M MgCl2, 5g/L XC-polymer, and 2g/L urease was considered as an optimum combination for an EICP process. The novelty of this paper is that it not only describes the development of a unique formula for the EICP process used for sand control and water conformance but also provides a selection criterion for applying the EICP for these downhole applications.
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Chartier, Lauren, Ben K. Odhiambo, Matthew C. Ricker, and Josephine Antwi. "BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF RECLAIMED SAND-MINED SOILS IN THE ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN, CAROLINE COUNTY, VIRGINIA, USA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-337880.
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"Investigation of Eco – Friendly Interlocking Masonry Units." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-20.
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Abstract. This project reveals about the detailed investigation of eco-friendly interlocking masonry units. Interlocking between individual units is enabled by providing grooves, male and female joint on them. Hence less mortar is required for construction of masonry units while using these interlocking bricks. Various trails and tests will be conducted on these interlocking bricks by addition of various materials such as E-wastes, coir pith and saw dust in clay soil. Hence the cost of these masonry units will be reduced. All these various mixtures are mixed at different proportions and ideal mixture are to be found then the grooves are to be altered by male and female joints. Further in addition of clay and sand, wooden powder and coir pith are to be added so that while burning of these masonry units results in good colour and more strength (35% improved strength while comparing to an A-Class brick). Optimum ratio with minimal cost and max efficiency with sustainability to the environment is recommended to the market. In the past year there was a spread of pandemic COVID 19. Precautious measures are taken to avoid the spread of this pandemic. By considering this situation a chemical is to be added in this masonry unit which will be acting as an disinfectious agent which will avoid the entry of various common viruses and bacteria like rhino viruses, salmonella. This ability of the masonry unit will last more than 24 months and beyond. And this can also be replenished after specific period of time. These masonry units have less mortar consumption (70% less mortar consumption while comparing to an A-Class brick), more workability, disinfectious and accommodates waste materials. Hence it is considered to be eco-friendly and sustainable.
Reports on the topic "SANDY SOIL MIXED"
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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.
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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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Brossia. L52119 Comparative Consumption Rates of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Anodes. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010953.
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There is a variety of impressed current anode materials available for onshore applications, including High Silicon Cast Iron (HSCI), Mixed Metal Oxides (MMO), graphite, platinum (or platinum coated titanium), and conductive polymers. Many end users simply select the anode material that they have experience with. What is lacking is a clear, direct comparison of relative anode consumption rates conducted under identical conditions. The present study examined the behavior of the various anode types under different current loads and soil conditions in an effort to establish baseline consumption rates under controlled conditions. Variables that were examined included soil resistivity, the presence of coke backfill, current load, and soil type (sand or 50/50 clay/sand mix). The consumption rates of the anodes evaluated decreased in the order of: AnodeFlex, HSCI, Graphite, Pt, and MMO. A survey of field experiences yielded a slightly different order in terms of anode life with Graphite and HSCI lasting the longest. However, given the wide range of anode sizes used in the various field sites, it is difficult to directly link the field results to the consumption rates measured in the laboratory. Soil composition and resistivity were not observed to have a significant influence on anode consumption rates. The presence of coke, however, led to a decrease in consumption for all anodes in some cases by as much as a factor of nearly 70. Utilizing anode cost estimates and neglecting installation costs, the life-cycle material costs for MMO and Pt anodes are much lower than the other anode materials. Furthermore, AnodeFlex was noted to be the highest cost system from a materials perspective. This may be slightly misleading since installation and replacement costs are not factored in. Given that the installation of AnodeFlex is often much easier and less expensive than the other anode types, this may prove to be a viable financial decision when the other factors are considered. ����������� The primary implications of the present study are: Despite higher material costs, MMO and Pt anodes may offer significant long-term cost savings as compared to other anode types for many applications Use of coke backfill is critical to ensure lower anode consumption rates for AnodeFlex, Graphite, and to a lesser extent HSCI; coke does not appear necessary for MMO or Pt Soil composition (sand vs. clay/sand mix) and resistivity do not appear to significantly influence anode consumption rates, thus consideration of the soil environment (except groundwater chemistry) is not needed in selection of an appropriate anode Because the influence of groundwater chemistry (as part of the soil environment) was not examined, the effects of sulfate, chloride, and pH will need to be evaluated in detail to better aid in anode material selection Field use survey responses showed a wide range in observed anode lifespan, with graphite and HSCI experiencing the longest life and cable anodes the shortest The field survey also revealed that a significant cause of anode failures was connector and cable problems