Journal articles on the topic 'Sand mitigation measure'
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Krishna, A. Murali. "Mitigation of Liquefaction Hazard Using Granular Piles." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgee.2011010104.
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In this paper, ground improvement techniques are used to mitigate liquefaction hazards. Granular piles are the preferred alternative due to several advantages. Granular piles improve the ground by reinforcing and adding density to the surrounding soil apart from providing drainage. Different mechanisms operate in the function of stone columns/granular piles in liquefaction mitigation, including Drainage, Storage, Dilation, Densification, and Reinforcement. This paper presents an overview of the use of granular piles as a liquefaction remedial measure for sand deposits. A brief description on liquefaction and the associated features is presented. A short discussion on various ground improvement methods available for liquefaction mitigation is discussed in light of the importance of granular piles. Different installation methods and design concepts for granular piles are presented. Various mechanisms of granular piles in mitigating the liquefaction potential of loose sand deposits are discussed and quantified in detail proving their effectiveness in hazard mitigation.
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Abdul Kadir, A. I., N. M. Rais, and R. Mohd-Towel. "Micro Surfacing Asphalt Pavement as a Mitigation Measure at Accident’s Prone Area along East Coast Expressway Phase 2 (ECE 2)." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v4i3.31.
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The condition of pavement surface is an essential factor to be considered in mitigation of accidents in highways, as it is in direct contact with users' vehicles, especially in terms of quality of driving, skid resistance and friction. Lack of surface pavement maintenance may lead to accidents, and if taken for granted, it may witness high accident fatalities in the expressways. If the cause of the accidents happening on the roads is due to engineering factors, then adequate mitigation measures should be undertaken to avoid further tragedies from happening. One way of mitigating the accidents on highways is by conducting periodic maintenance of the roads and related highway infrastructure. Micro- surfacing is one of the potential measures, developed from a slurry seal technique. It is the process of applying a mixture of polymer modified bitumen emulsion with 8.0 mm chipping, quarry dust, cement, additives and water on an existing asphalt pavement surface. The current study was carried out to evaluate the performance of micro-surfacing as a mitigation measure, applied on the accident-prone pavement areas along the East Coast Expressway Phase 2 (ECE2). The Portable Pendulum Tester was used to evaluate the skid resistance performance while the texture depth of micro-surfacing was measured using the Sand Patch Test. The results showed tremendous improvement in the skid resistance and texture depth after the application of micro-surfacing. The number of accidents also reduced after the application of micro-surfacing asphalt pavement as a mitigation measure at the identified accident-prone areas along ECE2. Thus, the study confirmed that micro-surfacing asphalt pavement was effective in mitigating the accidents in accident-prone areas along ECE2.
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Kazemiroodsari, Hadi, Mishac K. Yegian, Akram N. Alshawabkeh, and Seda Gokyer. "Electric Conductivity Probes to Study Change in Degree of Saturation - Bench Top Laboratory Tests." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503016.
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Sand characteristics such as liquefaction susceptibility can be affected as a result of change in degree of saturation of sand. New liquefaction mitigation technique by inducing partial saturation in sands is introduced by Yegian et al in 2007[1]. This technique requires to monitor changes in degree of saturation of sand. By nature, changes in degree of saturation of sand can lead in changes in its electric conductivity. Electric conductivity is the property of a material that represents its ability to conduct electric current. Fully saturated sand can conduct electric current better than sand with lower degree of saturation. Therefore, the change in measured electric conductivity can be used to calculate the change in degree of saturation of sand. In 1942, Gus Archie [2] expressed that the electric conductivity of soil is a function of its porosity, degree of saturation, tortuosity and electric conductivity of pore fluid. Using Archie’s law electrical conductivity can be related to the degree of saturation in sands. Typically, electric conductivity probes and meters are instruments which are used to measure electric conductivity. Using electrical conductivity probes, sets of bench top tests were conducted on Ottawa sand to study the relation between degree of saturation and electric conductivity in sand. Partial saturation in sands were created by pouring dry sand into sodium percarbonate solution with a known initial concentration. By nature, sodium percarbonate in water, generates oxygen gas bubbles in time. The changes in electric conductivity in the specimen were measured using electric conductivity meters and probes. In addition, changes in degree of saturation of the specimen were measured using soil phase relations equations. Measured electric conductivity data and calculated degree of saturations were correlated to explore relation between electric conductivity and degree of saturation. This paper presents results of bench top tests, and suggests a relationship between, final degree of saturation of sand and initial concentration of sodium percarbonate solution
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Raffaele, Lorenzo, Jeroen van Beeck, and Luca Bruno. "Wind-sand tunnel testing of surface-mounted obstacles: Similarity requirements and a case study on a Sand Mitigation Measure." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 214 (July 2021): 104653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104653.
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Luijendijk, Arjen. "A novel coastal landscape model for sandy systems." Research in Urbanism Series 7 (February 18, 2021): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/rius.7.135.
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A common measure to mitigate erosion along sandy beaches is the implementation of sand nourishments. The design and societal acceptance of such a soft mitigation measure demands information on the expected evolution at various time scales ranging from a storm event to multiple decades. Process-based morphodynamic models are increasingly applied to obtain detailed information on temporal behaviour. This paper discusses the process-based morphodynamic model applied to the Sand Motor and how the morphodynamic forecasts have benefitted from the findings of an interdisciplinary research program called NatureCoast. The starting point is the morphodynamic prediction of the Sand Motor made for an Environmental Impact Assessment in 2008 before construction began. After the construction, the model computations were optimized using the first-year field measurements and insights by applying advanced model features. Next, an integrated model was developed that seamlessly predicts the morphodynamics in both the subaqueous and subaerial domains of the Sand Motor. Decadal predictions illustrate the need to be able to resolve the marine and aeolian processes simultaneously in one modelling framework in the case of dynamic coastal landscapes. Finally, a novel morphodynamic acceleration technique was developed that allows for predicting the morphodynamics for multiple decades while incorporating storm events in one simulation. Combining the above-mentioned developments has led to a unique, open-source, process-based landscape tool for (complex) coastal sandy systems, which can stimulate further collaboration between research communities. Moreover, this work demonstrates the evolution from mono- to interdisciplinary forecasts of coastal evolution.
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Daryono, Lutfian R., Kazunori Nakashima, Satoru Kawasaki, Koichi Suzuki, Imam Suyanto, and Arief Rahmadi. "Investigation of Natural Beachrock and Physical–Mechanical Comparison with Artificial Beachrock Induced by MICP as a Protective Measure against Beach Erosion at Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Geosciences 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10040143.
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Typically, the mitigation of coastal erosion is achieved by amending surface conditions using materials, such as concrete. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of constructing artificial beachrocks using natural materials (e.g., microbes, sand, shell, pieces of coral, and seaweed, etc.) within a short time, and to propose the method as a novel strategy for coastal protection. Initially, a survey on resistivity and a multichannel analysis of seismic waves (MASW) were conducted along the coastal lines to characterize and elucidate the subsurface structure of existing beachrocks in the Southeast Yogyakarta coastal area, Krakal–Sadranan beach, Indonesia. The field survey on natural beachrocks suggested that both resistivity and shear wave velocity were higher in the deeper deposits compared to the underlying unconsolidated sand layer within a depth of approximately 1.5 m and covering an area of 210.496 m2 for the α-section and 76.936 m2 for the β-section of beachrock deposit. The results of the sand solidification test in the laboratory showed that treated sand achieved unconfined compressive strength of up to around 6 MPa, determined after a treatment period of 14 days under optimum conditions.
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Liu, Minghao, Jing Luo, Liang Zhang, and Xin Ju. "A New Mitigation Measure to Counter Thermal Instability of Air-Cooled Embankment in Sandy Permafrost Zones of Tibet Plateau." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (April 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5548638.
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A crushed-rock revetment (CRR) with high permeability that can be paved on embankment slopes is widely used to cool and protect the subgrade permafrost. In this study, a traditional CRR over warm permafrost was selected to investigate its cooling characteristics based on the ground temperature observed from 2003 to 2014. A new mitigation structure (NMS) was designed to improve the cooling capacity of the CRR and to counter the pore-filling of the rock layer. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the cooling performance and reinforcing capacity of the NMS based on a developed heat and mass transfer model. The results indicate that the traditional CRR can improve the symmetry of the permafrost subgrade and decrease the ground temperature of shallow permafrost. However, the CRR cannot generate strong enough cooling to influence the deep (below 10 m depth) and warm permafrost with a mean annual ground temperature above −1.0°C. The wind-blown sand can further weaken the cooling of the CRR and cause significant permafrost warming and thawing beneath the slopes, posing a severe threat to the long-term safe operation of the embankment. The proposed NMS can produce a significantly superior cooling performance to the CRR. If the CRR is reinforced by the new structure, it can not only effectively cool the underlying warm permafrost but also elevate the permafrost table. The new structure can also protect the rock layer on the slopes from sand-filling. The NMS can be used as an effective method for roadbed design or maintenance over warm permafrost.
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Cordeiro, Diana, Fausto Molina-Gómez, Cristiana Ferreira, Sara Rios, and António Viana da Fonseca. "Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of an Alluvial Natural Sand: A Comparison between Fully and Partially Saturated Conditions." Geotechnics 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics2010001.
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Earthquake-induced liquefaction is one of the major causes of building damage as it decreases the strength and stiffness of soil. The liquefaction resistance of soils increases significantly as the degree of saturation decreases, making soil desaturation an effective measure for the mitigation of this phenomenon. This paper presents a comparative analysis of liquefaction resistance of an alluvial sand from Aveiro (Portugal) under fully and partially saturated conditions. For this purpose, an in situ characterisation based on CPTu and a laboratory series of cyclic triaxial tests were carried out. The cyclic triaxial tests were conducted under undrained conditions on remoulded specimens with different degrees of saturation, including the full saturation. On the other hand, the triaxial apparatus was instrumented with Hall-effect transducers to accurately measure the strains during all testing phases. In addition, it was equipped with piezoelectric transducers to measure seismic waves velocities, namely P-wave velocity, for evaluation of the saturation level of the specimen in parallel with the Skempton’s B parameter. Hence, relations between the B-value, and P-wave velocity and cyclic strength resistance are presented. The number of cycles to trigger liquefaction, considering the pore pressure build-up criterion, is presented for the different degrees of saturation. Results confirmed the increase in liquefaction resistance for lower degrees of saturation in this soil.
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Ahmadzai, Hayatullah, Arzoo Malhotra, and Seta Tutundjian. "Assessing the impact of sand and dust storm on agriculture: Empirical evidence from Mongolia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): e0269271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269271.
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Assessing the economic impact of sand and dust storms provides critical insights to policy development and reforms; a subject that is gaining more attention as risk management becomes the dominant approach for hazard mitigation policies. To assess the causal impact of sand and dust storms on agriculture, specifically on crop and livestock revenue and physical production, random year-to-year variations in dust exposure were analyzed using a fixed effect regression. To complete this analysis, weather and climate data from the on-ground meteorological stations was combined with the household level socioeconomic surveys conducted by Mongolia’s National Statistics Office (NSO) over a decade. The descriptive statistics of the meteorological data collected over the eight years period show that, on average, 29 dust events have occurred every year across the country, with greater variation among provinces (Aimags) and regions, reaching up to 108 events in a year in some provinces. The overall trend reveals a slight decrease in the dust events from 2009 to 2019. The econometric results show that value of crop and livestock production (gross income) and physical yields significantly decline in response to higher frequencies of sand and dust storms events. During this period, Mongolia experienced a 2.7% decline in crop revenue as a result of additional sand and dust storms. Assuming 2.7% constant decline in revenues across all agricultural sub-sectors and regions or Aimags, this could lead to about $37.8 million in losses to the economy, which is equivalent to about 0.27% of the national GDP of Mongolia. Increases in the frequency of sand and dust storms could reduce agricultural productivity by between 1.5% to 24%, depending on the crop. Estimates from the modelling exercise are robust to potential endogeneity bias in the measure of sand and dust storms; different specification and identification approaches accounting for the endogeneity bias consistently reveal negative and qualitatively similar impacts of sand and dust storms on crop and livestock productivity.
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Torres-Freyermuth, Alec, Gabriela Medellín, Ernesto Mendoza, Elena Ojeda, and Paulo Salles. "Morphodynamic Response to Low-Crested Detached Breakwaters on a Sea Breeze-Dominated Coast." Water 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040635.
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Low-crested detached breakwaters (LCDBs) have been widely employed as a mitigation measure against beach erosion. However, only a few studies have assessed their performance in sea-breeze-dominated environments. This work investigates the beach morphodynamics behind LCDBs deployed on a micro-tidal sea-breeze-dominated beach. The study area, located in the northern Yucatán peninsula, is characterized by low-energy, high-angle waves, which drive a persistent (westward) alongshore sediment transport (O(104) m3/year). High-resolution real-time kinematics global positioning system (GPS) beach surveys were conducted over a one-year period (2017–2018) to investigate the performance of LCDBs at three sites. Moreover, unmanned aerial vehicle flights were employed to evaluate far-field shoreline stability. Field observations revealed a distinct behavior in the three study sites, dependent on the breakwaters’ transmission characteristics, geometry, stability, and shoreline orientation. Impermeable LCDBs, made of sand-filled geosystems, induced significant beach accretion (erosion) in up-(down-)drift areas. On the other hand, permeable LCDBs, made of Reef Ball™ modules, induced moderate beach changes and small erosion in down-drift areas owing to higher transmission coefficients. Measurements of LCDBs’ freeboard height show that sand-filled geosystems’ breakwaters presented a significant loss of sand during the study period, which explains the unexpected beach morphodynamic response on the lee side of the structure. Observations suggest that the study area is highly sensitive to the presence of LCDBs with low transmissivity.
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Franklin, Gemma L., Alec Torres-Freyermuth, Gabriela Medellin, María Eugenia Allende-Arandia, and Christian M. Appendini. "The role of the reef–dune system in coastal protection in Puerto Morelos (Mexico)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 4 (April 27, 2018): 1247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1247-2018.
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Abstract. Reefs and sand dunes are critical morphological features providing natural coastal protection. Reefs dissipate around 90 % of the incident wave energy through wave breaking, whereas sand dunes provide the final natural barrier against coastal flooding. The storm impact on coastal areas with these features depends on the relative elevation of the extreme water levels with respect to the sand dune morphology. However, despite the importance of barrier reefs and dunes in coastal protection, poor management practices have degraded these ecosystems, increasing their vulnerability to coastal flooding. The present study aims to theoretically investigate the role of the reef–dune system in coastal protection under current climatic conditions at Puerto Morelos, located in the Mexican Caribbean Sea, using a widely validated nonlinear non-hydrostatic numerical model (SWASH). Wave hindcast information, tidal level, and a measured beach profile of the reef–dune system in Puerto Morelos are employed to estimate extreme runup and the storm impact scale for current and theoretical scenarios. The numerical results show the importance of including the storm surge when predicting extreme water levels and also show that ecosystem degradation has important implications for coastal protection against storms with return periods of less than 10 years. The latter highlights the importance of conservation of the system as a mitigation measure to decrease coastal vulnerability and infrastructure losses in coastal areas in the short to medium term. Furthermore, the results are used to evaluate the applicability of runup parameterisations for beaches to reef environments. Numerical analysis of runup dynamics suggests that runup parameterisations for reef environments can be improved by including the fore reef slope. Therefore, future research to develop runup parameterisations incorporating reef geometry features (e.g. reef crest elevation, reef lagoon width, fore reef slope) is warranted.
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Cheng, Yen-Ben, Hank Dickey, Yohannes T. Yimam, Brian Schmid, Bronwyn Paxton, Maarten Schreuder, and Reed Tran. "Land Surface Parameterization at Exposed Playa and Desert Region to Support Dust Emissions Estimates in Southern California, United States." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030616.
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Remote sensing technologies provide a unique opportunity to identify ground surfaces that are more susceptible to dust emissions at a large scale. As part of the Salton Sea Air Quality Mitigation Program (SSAQMP) of the Imperial Irrigation District (IID), efforts have been made to improve our understanding of fugitive, wind-blown dust emissions around the Salton Sea region in Southern California, United States. Field campaigns were conducted for multiple years to evaluate surface conditions and measure the dust emissions potential in the area. Data collected during the field work were coupled with remote sensing imagery and data mining techniques to map surface characteristics that are important in identifying dust emissions potential. Around the playa domain, surface crust type, sand presence, and soil moisture were estimated. Geomorphic surface types were mapped in the desert domain. Overall accuracy ranged from 91.7% to 99.4% for the crust type mapping. Sand presence mapping showed consistent and slightly better accuracy, ranging from 96.2% to 99.7%. Soil moisture assessment agreed with precipitation records. Geomorphic mapping in the desert domain achieved accuracy above 93.5%, and the spatial pattern was consistent with previous studies. These land surface condition assessments provide important information to support dust emissions estimates in the region.
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Torres-Freyermuth, Alec, Anne Hofman, José Clemente Tuz-Pech, Gabriela Medellín, and Pieter C. Roos. "Design and Performance of Permeable Groins on a Low-Energy Natural Beach." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040283.
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Beach erosion, ubiquitous of sandy coasts around the world, can be exacerbated or mitigated with the use of hard engineering solutions including groins. The use of groins has been discouraged in many countries despite its capability to reduce sand losses. This study aims to design a 15 m permeable groin that allows sediment bypassing. Field experiments were conducted on a low-energy, sea-breeze dominated micro-tidal beach at the northern Yucatan peninsula during both mean and extreme wave conditions. Firstly, a short-term experiment consisted in monitoring the structure performance for 24 h during typical sea breeze conditions and the subsequent beach recovery after the structure removal. Secondly, a multi-day (60 days) experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of a single- and double-groin system during both mean and local storm conditions. Beach surveys were conducted to evaluate the beach response. Shoreline variability shows sediment accretion on the east side of the structure during sea breezes, whereas during NNW storm events, the accretion occurred on the west side. Importantly, on a scale of days, sediment bypassing occurs, and hence a net accretion was measured at both sides of the structure. During this time, a second structure was deployed 30 m apart to test the performance of a double-groin system, finding a net shoreline advance at all beach transects. Thus, low-crested short-length permeable groins are found to be a suitable emergency mitigation measure against beach erosion in micro-tidal environments causing moderate shoreline change.
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Pernini, Timothy G., T. Scott Zaccheo, Jeremy Dobler, and Nathan Blume. "Estimating oil sands emissions using horizontal path-integrated column measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-225-2022.
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Abstract. Improved technologies and approaches to reliably measure and quantify fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from oil sands operations are needed to accurately assess emissions and develop mitigation strategies that minimize the cost impact of future production. While several methods have been explored, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of emissions from oil sand mines and tailings ponds suggests an ideal approach would continuously sample an area of interest with spatial and temporal resolution high enough to identify and apportion emissions to specific areas and locations within the measurement footprint. In this work we demonstrate a novel approach to estimating greenhouse gas emissions from oil sands tailings ponds and open-pit mines. The approach utilizes the GreenLITE™ gas concentration measurement system, which employs a laser-absorption-spectroscopy-based, open-path, integrated column measurement in conjunction with an inverse dispersion model to estimate methane (CH4) emission rates from an oil sands facility located in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada. The system was deployed for extended periods of time in the summer of 2019 and spring of 2020. CH4 emissions from a tailings pond were estimated to be 7.2 metric tons per day (t/d) for July–October 2019, and 5.1 t/d for March–July 2020. CH4 emissions from an open-pit mine were estimated to be 24.6 t/d for September–October 2019. Uncertainty in retrieved emission for the tailings pond in March–July 2020 is estimated to be 2.9 t/d. Descriptions of the measurement system, measurement campaigns, emission retrieval scheme, and emission results are provided.
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Martin McCabe, W., and Conrad W. Felice. "Assessment of 100-Year-Old Foundation System to Meet Current Retrofit Load Demands." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1736, no. 1 (January 2000): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1736-06.
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Results are presented of a geotechnical investigation and foundation analysis as a component of the seismic retrofit to the Amtrak King Street Station in Seattle, Washington. The purpose of this effort was to assess the condition of the existing pile foundation, to quantify the foundation response to revised seismic loads, and to provide recommendations for retrofitting of the foundation. King Street Station is a one- to three-story brick masonry structure with a 12-story clock tower. The building was constructed in 1906 in the area of a reclaimed tide flat. The foundation for the structure consists of timber piles; however, no information was available on the length of the piles or whether they were treated with a preservative. The approximate length of the piles was established at 9.7 m using ground-penetrating radar. A core sample obtained from one of the timber piles showed them to be untreated timber and in good condition. The subsurface investigation revealed a liquefiable granular fill soil in the upper 6 m underlain by medium-dense marine sands overlying dense glacial soils. An engineering analysis of the expected performance of the piles during the design seismic event showed that the piles could settle approximately 100 to 355 mm because of liquefaction of the marine sand layer and that the deflection of the piles under lateral loading was substantially in excess of the static loads. Steel pipe minipiles were recommended as a mitigation measure.
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Bruno, Luca, Marko Horvat, and Lorenzo Raffaele. "Windblown sand along railway infrastructures: A review of challenges and mitigation measures." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 177 (June 2018): 340–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.04.021.
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Hirpa, Mehmet Meric, Sumanth Kumar Arnipally, Majid Bizhani, Ergun Kuru, Genaro Gelves, and Ibrahim Al-Rafia. "Effect of Particle Size and Surface Properties on the Sandbed Erosion with Water Flow in a Horizontal Pipe." SPE Journal 25, no. 03 (January 10, 2020): 1096–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/199875-pa.
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Summary An experimental study was conducted to investigate the transport of sand particles over the sand bed deposited in a horizontal conduit by using turbulent flow of water. The main objectives were to determine the near-wall turbulence characteristics at the onset of bed erosion (i.e., near-wall velocity profile, Reynolds shear stresses, and axial-turbulent intensity); to determine critical velocity required for particle removal from the bed deposits; and more specifically, to determine how the sand-particle size and surface characteristics would influence the critical velocity required for the onset of bed erosion and the near-wall turbulence characteristics. A large-scale horizontal flow loop equipped with a nonintrusive laser-based particle-image velocimetry (PIV) system has been used for the experiments. The effect of sand-particle surface characteristics (i.e., wettability) on the critical velocity and the near-wall turbulence characteristics were investigated by using treated and untreated industrial sands of four different mesh sizes (i.e., 20/40, 30/50, 40/70, 100). The PIV technique was used to determine instantaneous local velocity distribution near the stationary sandbed fluid interface under subcritical and critical flow conditions. The near-wall velocity distribution measured directly at the sand bed/fluid interface together with the measured frictional pressure-loss values were then used for the evaluation of the Reynolds shear stresses and axial turbulent intensities acting at the bed/fluid interface. The results indicated that critical velocity for the onset of particle removal from sand beds increased with the increasing particle size. When sands with special surface treatment were used, it was observed that the critical velocity required for the onset of the bed erosion was significantly lower than that of required for the untreated sands. The degree of reduction in critical velocity varied between 14 and 40% depending on the particle size. In this study, by conducting experiments under controlled conditions, we provided much-needed fundamental data that can be used for the development of improved solid-transport design criteria and suitable mitigation technologies. In particular, we have shown the proof of concept that the surface-treated sand particles might have great potential for improving the transport efficiency of proppants used for hydraulic-fracturing operations.
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Woode, Anthony, and David Kwame Amoah. "Geological Evidence of Shoreline Erosion and Mitigation Challenges." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i2.17.
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A survey was carried out along parts of the coastal stretch of Accra, the capital of Ghana, to determine the existence andthe extent of erosion. The survey was also to determine the effectiveness of the engineering solutions that have been put inplace. Coastal land forms as evidence of erosion were identified during the field survey. These include landslides of steepcoastal cliffs, coastal caves and arches, retreat of coastal cliffs, headlands, stacks and sand dunes. These pieces of evidenceconfirm earlier findings that the coastal shoreline of Accra is being eroded. The extent of erosion, however, is high in soft rocks and low in hard rocks. Several coastal protection measures have been put in place to address the effects of erosion by the sea waves and currents. These include revetments, jetties, ripraps and beach nourishment. Some of the mitigation measures however have shown signs of failure. The signs include rusted metal basket supporting cobbles of gabions, jetties causing down-current erosion of shoreline cliffs, and reduction in coconut population along the shoreline owing to human activities, such as sand winning and diseases attacks. Sand winning along the shore is lowering shoreline morphology and enhancing sea transgression and the destruction of coastal structures.
Keywords: Erosion; Coastal landform; Coastal protection; Revetments; Shoreline morphology
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Manzoni, Marco, Monia Elisa Molinari, and Andrea Monti-Guarnieri. "Multitemporal InSAR Coherence Analysis and Methods for Sand Mitigation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071362.
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Dunes and sand sheets motion natural hazard affect many desertic areas worldwide and require careful assessment to develop effective mitigation plans to protect populated sites, infrastructure, and human activities. The study explores the suitability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) coherent methods to detect desert area instabilities and estimate sand accumulations displacements. The SAR methods have been applied to long time series of images provided by Sentinel-1. Moreover, the research introduces a novel robust index, named Temporal Stability Index, able to characterize the percentage of stability of a target with time. The work reports the experiments performed on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Egypt desertic areas and proves the usefulness of SAR coherent methods to support sand mitigation measures.
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Horvat, Marko, Luca Bruno, and Sami Khris. "Receiver Sand Mitigation Measures along railways: CWE-based conceptual design and preliminary performance assessment." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 228 (September 2022): 105109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105109.
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Bhattarai, Utsab. "Tourism and climate change: socioeconomic implications, mitigation and adaptation measures." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12664.
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The relationship between tourism and changing climate has been discussed and studied for a relatively long time in tourism research. Over the past 15 years, more focused studies have begun to appear, and especially recently, the issue of adaptation and mitigation has been emphasized as an urgent research need in tourism and climate change studies. This paper is based on the review of selected articles which discuss the several forms of tourism and climate change and provide recommendations for mitigation and adaptation measures. This review paper assesses the impacts of climate change on the popular forms of tourism such as; mountain tourism, wildlife tourism, adventure tourism, sun/sand tourism; last chance tourism, and describes the extent of tourism vulnerabilities and their implications. The paper concludes that the appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures have to be followed to minimize the risk of climate change while trying to save all forms of tourism. The initiative of this article is to present an overview of the existing literature on the relationship between tourism and climate change in order to establish the current state of corporate and institutional responses within the tourism industry and to set out an agenda for future research. The currency of the review is evident given the recent surge in popular discussion on climate change and its effects on tourism, and the appearance of a broad and disparate array of studies on this topic. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12664 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 355-373
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Valério, Elisabete, Maria Leonor Santos, Pedro Teixeira, Ricardo Matias, João Mendonça, Warish Ahmed, and João Brandão. "Microbial Source Tracking as a Method of Determination of Beach Sand Contamination." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 7934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137934.
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Beach sand may act as a reservoir for numerous microorganisms, including enteric pathogens. Several of these pathogens originate in human or animal feces, which may pose a public health risk. In August 2019, high levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were detected in the sand of the Azorean beach Prainha, Terceira Island, Portugal. Remediation measures were promptly implemented, including sand removal and the spraying of chlorine to restore the sand quality. To determine the source of the fecal contamination, during the first campaign, supratidal sand samples were collected from several sites along the beach, followed by microbial source tracking (MST) analyses of Bacteroides marker genes for five animal species, including humans. Some of the sampling sites revealed the presence of marker genes from dogs, seagulls, and ruminants. Making use of the information on biological sources originating partially from dogs, the municipality enforced restrictive measures for dog-walking at the beach. Subsequent sampling campaigns detected low FIB contamination due to the mitigation and remediation measures that were undertaken. This is the first case study where the MST approach was used to determine the contamination sources in the supratidal sand of a coastal beach. Our results show that MST can be an essential tool to determine sources of fecal contamination in the sand. This study shows the importance of holistic management of beaches that should go beyond water quality monitoring for FIB, putting forth evidence for beach sand monitoring.
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Luijendijk, Arjen, Matthieu Schipper, and Roshanka Ranasinghe. "Morphodynamic Acceleration Techniques for Multi-Timescale Predictions of Complex Sandy Interventions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7030078.
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Thirty one percent (31%) of the world’s coastline consists of sandy beaches and dunes that form a natural defense protecting the hinterland from flooding. A common measure to mitigate erosion along sandy beaches is the implementation of sand nourishments. The design and acceptance of such a mitigating measure require information on the expected evolution at time scales from storms to decades. Process-based morphodynamic models are increasingly applied, together with morphodynamic acceleration techniques, to obtain detailed information on this wide scale of ranges. This study shows that techniques for the acceleration of the morphological evolution can have a significant impact on the simulated evolution and dispersion of sandy interventions. A calibrated Delft3D model of the Sand Engine mega-nourishment is applied to compare different acceleration techniques, focusing on accuracy and computational times. Results show that acceleration techniques using representative (schematized) wave conditions are not capable of accurately reproducing the morphological response in the first two years. The best reproduction of the morphological behavior of the first five years is obtained by the brute force simulations. Applying input filtering and a compression factor provides similar accuracy yet with a factor five gain in computational cost. An attractive method for the medium to long time scales, which further reduces computational costs, is a method that uses representative wave conditions based on gross longshore transports, while showing similar results as the benchmark simulation. Erosional behavior is captured well in all considered techniques with variations in volumes of about 1 million m 3 after three decades. The spatio-temporal variability of the predicted alongshore and cross-shore distribution of the morphological evolution however have a strong dependency on the selected acceleration technique. A new technique, called ’brute force merged’, which incorporates the full variability of the wave climate, provides the optimal combination of phenomenological accuracy and computational efficiency (a factor of 20 faster than the benchmark brute force technique) at both the short and medium to long time scales. This approach, which combines realistic time series and the mormerge technique, provides an attractive and flexible method to efficiently predict the evolution of complex sandy interventions at time scales from hours to decades.
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Xu, Qingwei, Kaili Xu, Xiwen Yao, Jinjia Zhang, and Ben Wang. "Sand casting safety assessment for foundry enterprises: fault tree analysis, Heinrich accident triangle, HAZOP–LOPA, bow tie model." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (October 2018): 180915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180915.
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Sand casting operations, though commonplace, pose a significant threat of explosion accidents. This paper presents a novel sand casting safety assessment technique based on fault tree analysis, Heinrich accident triangle, hazard and operability–layer of protection analysis (HAZOP–LOPA) and bow tie model components. Minimal cut sets and minimal path sets are first determined based on fault tree analysis, then the frequency of sand casting explosion accidents is calculated based on the Heinrich accident triangle. Third, the risk level of venting quality can be reduced by adopting HAZOP–LOPA; the residual risk level of venting quality remains excessive even after adopting two independent protective layers. The bow tie model is then adopted to determine the causes and consequences of venting quality. Five preventative measures are imposed to enhance the venting quality of foundry sand accompanied by 16 mitigative safety measures. Our results indicate that the risk attributable to low foundry sand venting quality can be minimized via bow tie analysis.
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Arab, M. G., R. Alsodi, A. Shanablah, E. Kavazanjian, and W. Zeiada. "Evaluation of microstructural strength of bio-cemented sand crust using rheometry." Géotechnique Letters 11, no. 4 (December 2021): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.21.00030.
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Testing using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and rheological analysis were conducted to analyse the detachment behaviour of bio-cemented soil at a microstructural level. Preventing detachment of soil particles from the ground surface is the key to mitigating the generation of fugitive dust due to wind-blown soil, a significant environmental problem in arid and semi-arid regions. Bio-cementation by way of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) has shown potential for mitigating soil particle detachment and the associated fugitive dust emissions. A strong correlation between particle detachment rate measured in wind tunnel tests and amplitude sweep test results using the DSR demonstrates the ability of the device to capture the detachment potential of soil bio-cemented using EICP. In addition to facilitating optimisation of bio-cementation for dust control, the rheometer tests also give an insight into the efficacy of rheometry for assessing soil microstructure strength for other geotechnical applications.
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Ahmadi, Sayed Masihullah, Yoshimichi Yamamoto, and Vu Thanh Ca. "Rational Evaluation Methods of Topographical Change and Building Destruction in the Inundation Area by a Huge Tsunami." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100762.
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In the case of huge tsunamis, such as the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Tsunami and 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami, the damage caused by ground scour is serious. Therefore, it is important to improve prediction models for the topographical change of huge tsunamis. For general models that predict topographical change, the flow velocity distribution of a flood region is calculated by a numerical model based on a nonlinear long wave theory, and the distribution of bed-load rates is calculated using this velocity distribution and an equation for evaluating bed-load rates. This bed-load rate equation usually has a coefficient that can be decided using verification simulations. For the purpose, Ribberink’s formula has high reproducibility within an oscillating flow and was chosen by the authors. Ribberink’s formula needs a bed-load transport coefficient that requires sufficient verification simulations, as it consumes plenty of time and money to decide its value. Therefore, the authors generated diagrams that can define the suitable bed-load coefficient simply using the data acquired from hydraulic experiments on a movable bed. Subsequently, for the verification purpose of the model, the authors performed reproduced simulations of topography changes caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami at some coasts in Northern Japan using suitable coefficients acquired from the generated diagrams. The results of the simulations were in an acceptable range. The authors presented the preliminary generated diagrams of the same methodology but with insubstantial experimental data at the time at the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), (2018 and 2019). However, in this paper, an adequate amount of data was added to the developed diagrams based on many hydraulic experiments to further raise their reliability and their application extent. Furthermore, by reproducing the tsunami simulation on the Sendai Natori coast of Japan, the authors determined that the impact of total bed-load transport was much bigger than that of suspension loads. Besides, the simulation outputs revealed that the mitigation effect of the cemented sand and gravel (CSG) banks and artificial refuge hills reduced tsunami damage on Japan’s Hamamatsu coast. Since a lot of buildings and structures in the inundation area can be destroyed by tsunamis, building destruction design was presented in this paper through an economy and simplified state. Using the proposed tsunami simulation model, we acquired the inundation depth at any specific time and location within the inundated area. Because the inundation breadth due to a huge tsunami can extend kilometers toward the inland area, the evaluation of building destruction is an important measure to consider. Therefore, the authors in this paper presented useful threshold diagrams to evaluate building destruction with an easy and cost-efficient state. The threshold diagrams of “width of a pillar” for buildings or “width of concrete block walls” not breaking to each inundation height were developed using the data of damages due to the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami.
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Bitan, Menashe, Ehud Galili, Ehud Spanier, and Dov Zviely. "Beach Nourishment Alternatives for Mitigating Erosion of Ancient Coastal Sites on the Mediterranean Coast of Israel." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070509.
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Since 2011, beach nourishment has become the preferred solution for mitigating coastal erosion along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, as it is considered “soft” and environmentally friendly. However, using fine sand for nourishment in Israel without supporting measures is problematic due to the high wave energy and strong longshore currents in the littoral zone that tend to drift the sand away. This would require ongoing, multiyear, costly, and never-ending maintenance. In the present study, we analyzed sand and pebble alternatives for nourishment of the eroded beach in front of Tel Ashkelon, an important coastal archaeological site in southern Israel that suffers from severe erosion. Based on Pranzini et al. (2018), we analyzed the alternatives, evaluated their cost and efficiency, and assessed their potential environmental impacts. The study concluded that for protecting the southern part of Tel Ashkelon beach, pebble nourishment is the optimal solution, mainly regarding durability and cost. Using this material for nourishment will better absorb the storm wave impact and protect the foot of the archaeological Tel from erosion, and require lower maintenance cost than using finer sand nourishment.
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Opp, Christian, Michael Groll, Hamidreza Abbasi, and Mansour Ahmadi Foroushani. "Causes and Effects of Sand and Dust Storms: What Has Past Research Taught Us? A Survey." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14070326.
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Barren ground and sites with low coverage by vegetation (e.g., dunes, soil surfaces, dry lakes, and riverbeds) are the main source areas of sand and dust storms (SDS). The understanding of causes, processes (abrasion, deflation, transport, deposition), and influencing factors of sandy and dusty particles moving by wind both in the boundary layer and in the atmosphere are basic prerequisites to distinguish between SDS. Dust transport in the atmosphere modulates radiation, ocean surface temperature, climate, as well as snow and ice cover. The effects of airborne particles on land are varied and can cause advantages and disadvantages, both in source areas and in sink or deposition areas, with disturbances of natural environments and anthropogenic infrastructure. Particulate matter in general and SDS specifically can cause severe health problems in human respiratory and other organs, especially in children. Economic impacts can be equally devastating, but the costs related to SDS are not thoroughly studied. The available data show huge economic damages caused by SDS and by the mitigation of their effects. Management of SDS-related hazards utilizes remote sensing techniques, on-site observations, and protective measures. Integrated strategies are necessary during both the planning and monitoring of these measures. Such integrated strategies can be successful when they are developed and implemented in close cooperation with the local and regional population and stakeholders.
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Russell, Kathryn L., Geoff J. Vietz, and Tim D. Fletcher. "How urban stormwater regimes drive geomorphic degradation of receiving streams." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 5 (January 13, 2020): 746–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319893927.
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For streams draining urban catchments, sediment transport capacity is the key driver of physical impacts including bed sediment removal and channel incision. The main unanswered question is the relative role of flow alteration compared to sediment supply in influencing sediment transport capacity. With this objective, we computed sand and gravel bed sediment transport capacity using the Wilcock and Kenworthy two-fraction bedload transport relation for nine streams in catchments covering a gradient of urbanisation. Computations were done for typical natural bed surface material, based on conditions in the least urban study streams. We compared transport capacity distributions and cumulative transport capacity over one-year between the streams. Transport capacity was up to three orders of magnitude higher in urban streams than in forested-catchment streams. This was driven overwhelmingly by the urbanisation-induced alterations to the flow regime, with only minor feedback from channel form changes. Transport capacity was two to three orders of magnitude greater than measured bedload transport in all but the least urban streams. This excess bedload transport capacity mobilises and removes bed sediment, produces channel incision and enlargement and reduces channel complexity. Rebalancing transport capacity with sediment supply therefore requires significant flow mitigation towards pre-urban conditions. Other responses, which may theoretically help to regain this balance – channel widening, grade control, increasing roughness, sediment augmentation – are either inappropriate or only feasible following flow mitigation measures.
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Zoumaki, Maria, Konstantinos Tsongas, Dimitrios Tzetzis, and Gabriel Mansour. "Corn Starch-Based Sandstone Sustainable Materials: Sand Type and Water Content Effect on Their Structure and Mechanical Properties." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 8901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148901.
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A new biodegradable, sustainable and environmentally friendly building material is introduced and studied in this work, which can be applied to lightweight architectural structures, aiming for the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation of the climate change effects. The focus was to investigate the effect of water concentration and different types of sand on the mechanical properties of corn starch-based artificial sandstone. A series of cubic, cylindrical and disk specimens were prepared by varying the concentration of water and using different sources of commercial quartz sand. The quasi-static and cyclic compressive properties of starch-based artificial sandstone samples were measured as a function of water concentration and sand type, while the structure of the artificial sandstone specimens was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Moreover, the Brazilian Test was employed as the indirect method to determine the tensile strength of the samples based on the type of the commercial sand they contained. The experimental results showed that the homogeneous grading of sand grains and the latter’s chemical composition have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the sandstone samples. The highest compression values were obtained using the microwave heating method at a water concentration of about 12 wt%, while the cyclic compression and Brazilian Tests have shown that the granulometric grading of the sand particles and the chemical composition of the sand influence the compressive and tensile strength of the material.
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Mielck, Finn, Rune Michaelis, H. Christian Hass, Sarah Hertel, Caroline Ganal, and Werner Armonies. "Persistent effects of sand extraction on habitats and associated benthic communities in the German Bight." Biogeosciences 18, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 3565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3565-2021.
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Abstract. Sea-level rise demands for protection measures of endangered coastlines crucial for the local population. At the island of Sylt in the SE North Sea, shoreline erosion is compensated by replenishment with sand dredged from an offshore extraction site. We studied the long-term effects of sand extraction on bathymetry, geomorphology, habitats and benthic fauna. Sand extraction created dredging holes about 1 km in diameter and up to 20 m below the ambient seafloor level. Directly after dredging the superficial sediment layer, inside the pits was dominated by coarse sand and stones. Hydroacoustic surveys revealed only minor changes of bathymetry > 35 years after sand extraction. Obviously, backfill of the dredging pits was very slow, at a rate of a few millimeters per year, presumably resulting from low ambient sediment availability and relatively calm hydrodynamic conditions despite high wave energy during storms. Thus, a complete backfill of the deep extraction sites is likely to take centuries in this area. Hydroacoustic surveys and ground truthing showed that the backfilled material is mainly very fine sand and mud, turning the previously coarse sand surface into a muddy habitat. Accordingly, grab samples revealed significant differences in macrozoobenthos community composition, abundance and species density between recently dredged areas (< 10 years ago), recovery sites (dredging activity > 10 years ago) and undisturbed sites (control sites). Overall, dredging turned the original association of sand-dwelling species into a muddy sediment association. Since re-establishment of disturbed benthic communities depends on previous re-establishment of habitat characteristics, the low sedimentation rates indicate that a return to a pre-dredging habitat type with its former benthic community and habitat characteristics is unlikely. Since coarse sand is virtually immobile in this area, a regeneration towards pre-dredging conditions is also unlikely without human interference (e.g., mitigation measures like depositing coarse material on the seafloor to restore the sessile epifauna).
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Basnet, Keshav, Dhruba Wagle, Sagar Bhattarai, and Biwas Babu Sadadev. "Analysis of Slope Stability for Kaande Landslide of Phewa Watershed, Pokhara, Nepal." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32823.
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Phewa watershed of Kaski, Nepal is constantly facing landslides and soil erosion problems. Andheri Khola sub-basin of Phewa watershed accounts the maximum amount of sediment inflow into Phewa Lake. Therefore Kaande Landslide of Andheri Khola sub-basin, located between Deurali and Paundur villages at the source zone of Andheri Khola is chosen for the slope stabilization to control the sediment flow. The main objective of the study was to analyze the slope stability condition of the landslide area for which the whole landslide area was divided into eight zones starting from the crown to the toe based on the major parameters like soil/rock type, slope inclination, spring source and surface water on the basis of field observation. The factor of safety of each zone was calculated based on stability analysis of an infinite slope of cohesive soils. Sieve analysis result shows the landslide area has coarse grained structure (gravel and sand) dominant. The factor of safety of the landslide was found to be from 0.281 to 0.710. The field assessment and factor of safety reveals the Kaande landslide to be unstable and further possibilities of landslides and soil erosion in the future. For mitigating the hazard, eco-friendly soil bio-engineering measures such as direct seeding of grasses/shrubs, grasses/shrubs/trees plantation, brush layering, and gabion wire bolster cylinders are recommended for slope stabilization based on the optimal techniques guidelines of Mercy Corps Nepal, 2014. It is recommended to apply the proposed mitigation measures as early as possible to prevent the further landslide hazard.
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Rahman, Khalil, Abbas Khaksar, and Toby Kayes. "A geomechanical approach for sanding risk assessment applied to three field cases for completion optimisation." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09040.
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Mitigation of sand production is increasingly becoming an important and challenging issue in the petroleum industry. This is because the increasing demand for oil and gas resources is forcing the industry to expand its production operations in more challenging unconsolidated reservoir rocks and depleted sandstones with more complex well completion architecture. A sand production prediction study is now often an integral part of an overall field development planning study to see if and when sand production will be an issue over the life of the field. The appropriate type of sand control measures and a cost-effective sand management strategy are adopted for the field depending on timing and the severity of predicted sand production. This paper presents a geomechanical modelling approach that integrates production or flow tests history with information from drilling data, well logs and rock mechanics tests. The approach has been applied to three fields in the Australasia region, all with different geological settings. The studies resulted in recommendations for three different well completion and sand control approaches. This highlights that there is no unique solution for sand production problems, and that a robust geomechanical model is capable of finding a field-specific solution considering in-situ stresses, rock strength, well trajectory, reservoir depletion, drawdown and perforation strategy. The approach results in cost-effective decision making for appropriate well/perforation trajectory, completion type (e.g. cased hole, openhole or liner completion), drawdown control or delayed sand control installation. This type of timely decision making often turns what may be perceived as an economically marginal field development scenario into a profitable project. This paper presents three case studies to provide well engineers with guidelines to understanding the principles and overall workflow involved in sand production prediction and minimisation of sand production risk by optimising completion type.
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Ortiz, Alejandro, Maria José Velasco, Oscar Esbri, Vicente Medina, and Beniamino Russo. "The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Urban Drainage Master Planning in Barcelona." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010071.
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In the context of global change, urban drainage infrastructures must be planned considering future challenges such as new climate change and urban growth scenarios. Large cities require master plans to properly rank and schedule infrastructure development. The flood mitigation measures proposed in previous plans must be revised and updated to address future urban challenges with special regard to climate scenarios. Regarding risk assessment, there is no linear relationship between an increase in rainfall and an increase in risk value. For risk management, the relationship between an increase in rainfall increase and the budget for mitigation measures is even more complex. To investigate this relationship and the economic impact of the aforementioned update, a new plan should be elaborated. Urban drainage master plans have been developed in Barcelona city for the last 50 years. In terms of rainfall, the impact of climate change has been established to be an increase of 7–26% at peak intensity, depending on rainfall duration. The Integral Drainage Master Plan of Barcelona (PDISBA) addresses these new challenges. The modification of rainfall scenario planning and the typology of mitigation measures result in an important rise in investment budget, infrastructure life cycle, and operation and maintenance budgets for said infrastructure. The total cost of the planned measures outlined in the PDISBA has risen to €1.442 million, nearly double that of the previous plan developed in 2006.
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Neupane, D., P. Gyawali, and D. Tamang. "STUDY OF RIVER CHANNEL MIGRATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL SUGARCANE CULTIVATION AREA IN THE MOHANA-MACHELI WATERSHED USING REMOTE SENSING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W5 (May 29, 2019): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w5-223-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Channel migration becomes the main characteristic of major rivers of Mohana-Macheli watershed of western Nepal. Study of river channel migration of major rivers of watershed using freely available remote sensing show that the channel has shifted to as high as 1000 meters from the original river path over the span of 9 years (2009–2017). The channel migration directly affects the land use and it has direct effect on the flood plain settlements of the study area. Cultivation of sugarcane in sand area is one of the mitigating measures of flood effects and prevent river bank erosion. The study shows that the area of sand is changing disproportionately in the region. This paper presents an enhanced change detection method of river channel migration using remotely sensed images and identification of sand area using classification and interpretation technique.</p>
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Ahmed, S. Naveedh, Le Hung Anh, and Petra Schneider. "A DPSIR Assessment on Ecosystem Services Challenges in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Coping with the Impacts of Sand Mining." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229323.
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River sand mining has been a concerning problem for the southern Asian developing nations. The rampant growth of urbanisation in developing countries has led to an extensive need for and consumption of sand. The Mekong River and its delta are an essential part of southern Vietnam, and also a global biodiversity hub that is currently being exhausted by intensive sand mining. The understanding of the cause–effect of the sand mining over the Mekong delta region and river, from a systems-thinking perspective, is lacking, not only with Vietnam but also with other countries along the Mekong River. The DPSIR framework (Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response) is a useful tool to assess and describe the cause–effect within an ecosystem to aid in a better systems-thinking approach for stakeholders, policy makers, and governance managers to draft response measures. This study used the DPSIR framework to assess the different effects of sand mining on the ecosystem services and human well-being in the Mekong River and delta region of Vietnam. Rapid population growth, urbanisation, and infrastructure development needs remain as primary drivers for the sand consumption. The DPSIR study showed a holistic view of several interlinked pressures and state changes in Vietnam’s Mekong, along with some potential responses, to form systematic, sustainable approaches for mitigating and adapting the impacts caused by extensive river sand mining.
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Tran, Danielle, Kaz Nelson, and Muna Irfan. "809 Innovative electronic sleep mitigation tool for medical trainees." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A315—A316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.806.
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Abstract Introduction The ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education) has been advocating for training of medical learners in sleep and fatigue mitigation, in attempt to enhance their wellbeing. While some educational programs include a one-time sleep didactic, prone to being overlooked, there is need for an educational resource which can be accessible to the learners throughout their training span. The trainees’ needs and readiness to learn may vary from time to time, therefore, continued access to educational resources can be very beneficial. Methods An electronic tool was created on Coggle, comprising of educational resources and content on the basic tenets of sleep quality, regulation, effects of deprivation and strategies to mitigate these effects. Links to free resources made available by AASM, such as “Choose Sleep,” were also included. The sleep resources were then incorporated in the overall continuum of Graduate Medical Education (GME) resources available to trainees, and was advertised in newsletters, incorporated in orientations (n=324) and wellness sessions (n=254). The GME Institutional Quality of Life data was obtained in 2018–2019 and in 2020 to ascertain baseline and post-intervention measures of wellness, workload and burn-out in trainees. Results Data collected in 2020, after introduction of Coggle, demonstrated: 1) A 4% increase of residents (n=1041) would rate their workload as “just right.” 2) A 9% increase of residents (n=1040) said their personal health and wellbeing was “very good” and “good.” 3) A 12% decrease of residents (n=1040) said they felt burned out at work. 4) A 5% decrease of residents (n=1037) said they felt they had become more calloused towards people since they first started training. Conclusion The analysis of learners’ feedback demonstrated that access to sleep training resources on a continuous, on-demand basis improved trainees’ personal health and wellbeing. The positive impact was sustained despite unprecedented stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Future steps include: 1) Moving the electronic tool to a more advanced platform with analytical capabilities. 2) Obtaining longitudinal data to assess the impact of the electronic tool on medical trainees’ sleep parameters. 3) Sharing the electronic tool with other organizations to improve wellbeing of all medical trainees and health professionals. Support (if any):
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Rusilowati, A., Supriyadi, and M. H. Pangestu. "Application of simulation integrated learning model with video assisted MIKIR approach as an effort to improve understanding of earthquake mitigation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012008.
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Abstract The research objectives (1) measure the increase in science learning outcomes and understanding of earthquake mitigation, (2) test the achievement of science learning outcomes and earthquake mitigation more than 50%,(3) describe the acceptance of the applied learning model. The research method used pre-experimental which was conducted at SMP N 2 Sedayu, Bantul Regency. The research instrument uses pretest-posttest questions and questionnaires that have been tested for validity, reliability, discriminating power and difficulty. Data analysis using N-gain, one sample t-test one party, and descriptive percentage. The results of this research are 52.5% with an average pretest value of 48.2 and a posttest of 75.4, while the results of the analysis of an increase in earthquake mitigation were 46.8%, which was obtained from an N-gain of 0.468 which calculated differently from the average value of pretest 45.5 and posttest 71.0. The results of the hypothetical science material were significantly 52.2% while for earthquake mitigation it only reached 46.8% one of the factors that influence these results, many students do not do the given simulation. The results of the student acceptance questionnaire on the learning model showed an average score of 84.72% very good category. It can be said that the applied learning model can be accepted by students.
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Flayin, Malum Japhet, and Martins Okechukwu Udochukwu. "Soil assessment and mitigation of flash flood erosion using Ipomoe Carnea in Gombe town, Gombe state, Nigeria." Technology audit and production reserves 6, no. 3(68) (December 26, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.269873.
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In many parts of the world floods occur more often and increase in size. In the tropics, it is partly or wholly caused by climatological factors, in-situ soil types (as soils with low infiltration rate are vulnerable to flooding); inadequate drainage network, topography and human factors. Gombe town is situated within an elevation of 628 m and 361 m above sea level (a.s.l). Topography is mainly mountainous, undulating and hilly with open plains and mean slope gradient of 5°, considered to be a high gradient for unprotected soils. This causes high surface runoff leading to excessive flooding and formation of gullies, cutting deep trenches that result in the destruction of residential houses and environmental disasters throughout Gombe town. The research work assessed gully erosion from high vulnerable sections in Gombe town affected by high fluvial floods. Field measurement was done using 50 m tape, GPS, satellite images and laboratory analysis. Laboratory analysis of soil particles sizes showed that mean particle sizes were 74.9 %, 14.1 % and 11.0 % for sand, silt and clay respectivly; the textural class for the entire study site was sandy clay. Porosity from the entire study area contains low volume of voids relative to the volume of solids. Bulk density was slightly high compared to the standards values. The soil chemical properties of the soil pH for the entire site mean (ESM) was 6.42. This indicates that the soils are slightly acidic which affect microbial activities on organic matter that enhance the binding of soils to resists erosivity of fluvial floods. People resorts to using vegetative cover of Ipomoe Carnea plant as mitigation measures to protect their vulnerable houses and farms from gully erosions because the stems interweaves and forms a thick cover that diffuses the high velocity water flow into laminar flow. The weaved stems traps, blocks and prevents the flood transported materials(soil, humus, gravels) in between the stems thereby prevents and slows soil erosion to the nearest minimum.
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Pollak, Cheryl L. ""Hurricane" Sandy." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, no. 2 (December 2018): 157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i2.3.
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On the evening of October 29, 2012, “Hurricane” Sandy made land- fall on the New York coastline, battering the land with strong winds, torrential rain, and record-breaking storm surges. Homes and commercial structures were destroyed; roads and tunnels were flooded; and more than 23,000 people sought refuge in temporary shelters, with many others facing weeks without power and electricity. At the time, Sandy was heralded as one of the costliest hurricanes in the his- tory of the United States; the second costliest hurricane only to Katrina, which hit New Orleans in 2005. Unfortunately, recent experience with Hurricanes Florence, Maria, Harvey, and Irma suggest that this pattern of devastating superstorms may become the new norm as climate change produces more extreme and unpredictable weather events. In Sandy’s aftermath, as individuals returned to their homes, or what remained of them, and communities began to rebuild, the true cost of the storm became apparent. A year after the storm, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”) estimated that over $1.4 billion in assistance was provided to 182,000 survivors of the dis- aster; another $3.2 billion was provided to state and local governments for debris removal, infrastructure repair, and emergency protective measures. More than $2.4 billion was provided to individuals and businesses in the form of low-interest loans through the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), and millions more were spent on grants de- signed to implement mitigation measures in the future and to provide unemployment assistance to survivors. Before the storm, homeowners paid premiums for flood insurance provided through the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”), and for homeowner’s insurance provided by dozens of private insurers. In the months following the storm, they began to file claims for assistance in rebuilding their homes. While many such claims were re- solved successfully, many homeowners were unhappy with the settlement amounts offered by their insurance carriers and felt compelled to file lawsuits in the surrounding state and federal courts. Many of those lawsuits were filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (“EDNY”). This case study describes the EDNY’s specifically crafted, unique approach to handling the mass litigation that ensued from Sandy’s devastation, documents some of the problems that the Court faced during that mass litigation, and describes some of the lessons learned from the Court’s experience.
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Pallikathekathil, Z. J., J. R. Marsden, R. J. Suttill, M. Mussared, and L. Qiuguo. "A QUICK-LOOK EVALUATION OF THE SANDING POTENTIAL OF PRODUCTION WELLS IN THE YOLLA FIELD." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04007.
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The preliminary downhole completions and surface facilities for the Yolla field had been designed based on the well test results from the Yolla–1 well. This well had produced insignificant sand during production testing, but during the field development planning, there was a concern raised regarding the propensity of some zones to sand. If the zones were prone to sanding, then the design of completions and surface facilities would have to be re-worked on with steps taken to mitigate any sanding. Mitigation steps would include perforation strategy (selective zone perforation, oriented perforation), sand screen or gravel pack.Therefore, a quick-look evaluation of the sanding potential of the particular zones of interest was undertaken to be completed within the project time frame. The sand zones analysed were Sand–2718, –2755, –2809, and –2973 from the Eastern View Coal Measures(EVCM).Yolla–2 well had the most complete data set available. A mechanical earth model (MEM) containing information on rock properties, pressures and in-situ stresses was constructed based on open-hole log data from the Yolla–2 appraisal well. Laboratory tests provided some uni-axial compressive strength (UCS) data for calibration of the model. The MEM data were input into sanding analyses, for various reservoir depths and for selected completion and perforation options. Since some MEM parameters were poorly constrained, best- and worst-case scenarios and sensitivities were evaluated to assess the influence of geomechanical parameters on sanding propensity.When Yolla–3 and –4 were drilled, more complete sets of logs were acquired and used to improve confidence in the earlier evaluations, and to check the validity of certain assumptions that had been made. With revised evaluation for Yolla–3 and –4, decisions on the completion strategy and perforation intervals were taken and implemented in the field development planAfter completion, both Yolla–3 and Yolla–4 were tested and sanding rates were monitored. After initial transient production of sand during clean-up, sand rates produced were insignificant. This confirmed the results of the quicklook geomechanical analyses that had been conducted.
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Wong-Parodi, Gabrielle, Baruch Fischhoff, and Ben Strauss. "Plans and Prospects for Coastal Flooding in Four Communities Affected by Sandy." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2017): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0042.1.
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Abstract The risk of coastal flooding is increasing due to more frequent intense storm events, rising sea levels, and more people living in flood-prone areas. Although private adaptation measures can reduce damage and risk, most people living in risk-prone areas take only a fraction of those measures voluntarily. The present study examines relationships among individuals’ beliefs and actions regarding flood-related risks based on in-depth interviews and structured surveys in communities deeply affected by Superstorm Sandy. The authors find that residents recognize the risk of coastal flooding and expect it to increase, although they appear to underestimate by how much. Although interview participants typically cited climate change as affecting the risks that they face, survey respondents’ acceptance of climate change was unrelated to their willingness to tolerate coastal flooding risks, their beliefs about the effectiveness of community-level mitigation measures, or their willingness to take individual actions. Respondents who reported greater social support also reported both greater tolerance for flood risks and greater confidence in community adaptation measures, suggesting an important, but complex role of personal connections in collective resilience—both keeping people in place and helping them to survive there. Thus, residents were aware of the risks and willing to undertake both personal and community actions, if convinced of their effectiveness, regardless of their acceptance of climate change.
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Molinari, M. E., A. Monti-Guarnieri, and M. Manzoni. "A NOVEL INDEX FOR TEMPORAL STABILITY ANALYSIS IN SPACE AND TIME OF SAR-DERIVED SCENES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 22, 2020): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1577-2020.
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Abstract. Detecting temporal changes is one of the most important applications of satellite sensors. In recent years, the increasing availability of regular time-series of SAR imagery, provided by the Sentinel-1 mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), has drawn increasing attention to these techniques, especially in earth environment monitoring and risk management. Within this paper, a coherent change detection analysis for evaluating the risk due to movements of dunes and sand sheets in desertic areas is proposed. To this purpose, we introduce a novel, coherence-based index, named Temporal Stability Index (TSI), that is suited for characterizing the percentage of stability of a target with time. TSI maps can be generated over areas as wide as hundreds of kilometers, in a short time, and mostly by exploiting available software tools (plus some simple coding). The information provided is complementary to the average of the short-term coherence, here shown. Results of analysis performed on two desertic regions (the United Arab Emirates and Egypt) document the usefulness of TSI for the identification of dune movements and areas subject to sand accumulation, supporting risk mitigation measures.
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Papi, Ramin, Sara Attarchi, Ali Darvishi Boloorani, and Najmeh Neysani Samany. "Characterization of Hydrologic Sand and Dust Storm Sources in the Middle East." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 15352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215352.
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Due to diverse hydroclimatic conditions and human interventions, the Middle East hosts a variety of active sources of sand and dust storms (SDS). Discrimination of different types of SDS sources is the most important factor for adopting optimal mitigation measures to combat SDS. This study employed a binary mask-based modeling framework to identify Middle East SDS sources. Accordingly, using time series of remotely sensed data of land surface and atmospheric aerosol parameters, SDS sources covering an area of 1 million Km2 were identified with an overall accuracy of 82.6%. Considering the type of land use and spatial-temporal changes in water bodies, SDS sources were categorized into seven types in terms of origin. Desert sources have the largest share (>79%), whereas hydrologic sources accounted for about 8.4%. The results showed that water bodies had a declining trend after 2000. The occurrence of two severe drought periods in 2000–2001 and 2007–2012 led to a 52% decrease in water bodies and a 14–37% increase in SDS emission compared to the pre-2000 period. The latter drought period also led to a sharp decrease in groundwater resources across the region. Our results revealed that natural circumstances and drought actively contribute to the depletion of water resources that led to the formation of SDS sources in the Middle East, while the role of anthropogenic factors is predominant in the case of hydrologic SDS sources.
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Handayani, Anjas. "SOCIALIZATION OF FIRE MITIGATION IN DENSELY POPULATED AREA AT JATI SAMPURNA, BEKASI." ICCD 2, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol2.iss1.250.
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During the first quarter of 2019, from January to March 2019 there were 45 fire incidents in the city of Bekasi with losses ranging from Rp. 2,365,000,000 (based on data from the Bekasi City fire dept Service). From 45 events in the city of Bekasi, 3 of them occurred in Jatisampurna sub-district. Based on the type of object 45 events 15 of which are residential houses.With the data above, it can be said that the risk of fire can cause material and immaterial losses and can also cause trauma to fire victims. The importance of knowledge and information on fire hazard mitigation and how mitigation measures against fire hazards need to be conveyed to people who live in densely populated areas where the risk of fire is quite large. Laws or regulations on fire are not yet widely owned by most regions, so there are no special rules that can be covered in relation to fire risk.
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Gunatilake, Thanushika, and Stephen A. Miller. "Adapting a Physical Earthquake-Aftershock Model to Simulate the Spread of COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 16527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416527.
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There exists a need for a simple, deterministic, scalable, and accurate model that captures the dominant physics of pandemic propagation. We propose such a model by adapting a physical earthquake/aftershock model to COVID-19. The aftershock model revealed the physical basis for the statistical Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model as a highly non-linear diffusion process, thus permitting a grafting of the underlying physical equations into a formulation for calculating infection pressure propagation in a pandemic-type model. Our model shows that the COVID-19 pandemic propagates through an analogous porous media with hydraulic properties approximating beach sand and water. Model results show good correlations with reported cumulative infections for all cases studied. In alphabetical order, these include Austria, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Melbourne (AU), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the USA. Importantly, the model is predominantly controlled by one parameter (α), which modulates the societal recovery from the spread of the virus. The obtained recovery times for the different pandemic waves vary considerably from country to country and are reflected in the temporal evolution of registered infections. These results provide an intuition-based approach to designing and implementing mitigation measures, with predictive capabilities for various mitigation scenarios.
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MOHD FATEH, MOHD ASHRAF, and DEVI ARDIELA ZAMRI. "CHALLENGES OF WORKING FROM HOME AND THE MITIGATION ACTIONS TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES FROM THE QUANTITY SURVEYORS’ PERSPECTIVE." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.08.009.
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At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Malaysian government took precautionary action to minimise the spread of the coronavirus with the implementation of the Movement Control Order. This move led to employees in non-essential sectors, including the construction sector, being required to work from home. This study aims to investigate the challenges of working from home and the mitigation actions to overcome the challenges from the perspective of quantity surveyors. A questionnaire survey was used for the data collection exercise. The responses of 360 participants were recorded and analysed. The data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software using the frequencies, percentage and mean analysis. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire survey. The study found 11 working-from-home challenges from a quantity surveyors’ perspective, with overworking as the main challenge. Furthermore, 10 mitigation actions to overcome the challenges were discovered. Creating a dedicated workspace ranked first on the list. This study could provide insights into identifying the challenges and the mitigation actions to overcome said challenges. It would be beneficial for relevant stakeholders to look into these concerns and acknowledge them accordingly. This is also in line with the Sustainable Development Goal 8, which promotes a sustainable future for all, inclusive of economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work.
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Towhata, Ikuo, Md Jahangir Alam, Tsuyoshi Honda, and Satoshi Tamate. "Model tests on behaviour of gravity-type quay walls subjected to strong shaking." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 42, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.42.1.47-56.
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Seismic stability of gravity-type quay walls and prevention of their large distortion are of major concern from a disaster prevention view point as well as in the sense of successful restoration after strong seismic events. There are, however, many existing walls which are of limited seismic resistance and would not be safe under increasing magnitude of design earthquakes. The present study conducted shaking model tests in both 1-g and 50-g centrifugal fields in order to demonstrate the efficiency of available mitigation technologies. Test results suggest that soil improvement in the loose foundation sand can reduce the quay wall damage to a certain extent when the intensity of shaking is around 0.30g. In contrast, under stronger shaking, the centrifugal tests manifested that those measures are not promising because of the increased effects of seismic inertia force.
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Kim, Myung-Hun, Eul-Bum Lee, and Han-Suk Choi. "A Forecast and Mitigation Model of Construction Performance by Assessing Detailed Engineering Maturity at Key Milestones for Offshore EPC Mega-Projects." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051256.
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The main subject of this research is to develop a forecast and mitigation model of schedule and cost performance during a detailed engineering stage of offshore engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) projects. The weight factors of major elements in detailed engineering completion rating index system (DECRIS) were measured using a fuzzy inference system (FIS) and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). At five key engineering milestones, from an EPC contract being awarded to the start of construction, detailed engineering maturities were assessed in fourteen historical offshore EPC projects using the DECRIS model. DECRIS cutoff scores for successful project execution were defined at the key engineering milestones. A schedule and cost performance was forecasted and validated through comparison of DECRIS and other models using statistical confidence of a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and a regression analysis. As a mitigation method for engineering risks to EPC contractors, engineering resource enhancement is recommended for trade-off optimization of cost overrun using a Monte Carlo simulation. The main contribution of this research is that EPC contractors could continuously forecast construction costs and schedule performance utilizing the DECRIS model, and could review the adequacy of engineering resources, assessing the trade-off between said resources and cost/schedule risk mitigation.
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Li, Luchun, Zhanghua Lian, and Changhong Zhou. "Failure Analysis of Drill Pipe during Working Process in a Deep Well: A Case Study." Processes 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091765.
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The failure of a 101.6 mm drill pipe was studied by combining experimental testing and finite element simulation. The macro analysis, metallographic structure and energy spectrum, chemical composition and a mechanical property test of the failed drill pipe sample were firstly carried out. Then, a three-dimensional finite element model of drill pipe failure was established based on the experimental results. Finally, the failure mechanism of drill pipe was analyzed and the mitigation measures were put forward. The results showed that solids settling sticking was the direct cause of fracture failure of the drill pipe joint. Due to the violent friction and wear between the drill pipe joint and the settled sand, the large amount of heat generated caused the microstructure of the joint material to undergo phase transformation and the bearing capacity to be reduced. Finally, fracture occurs under tensile and torsional loads.