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1
Brožovský, Jiří. "Implementation of Non-Destructive Impact Hammer Testing Methods in Determination of Brick Strength." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.280.
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In the building industry, non-destructive testing methods are mostly used to determine parameters of concrete structures and concrete of its own; as to other materials, these methods serve semi-occasionally and, as a rule, testing procedures and evaluation are not codified in technical standards. One of non-destructive testing field of applications is testing of piece bricks. This paper deals with findings concerning non-destructive testing of clay solid bricks, honeycomb bricks and lime sand bricks by means of Schmidt Impact Hammers types LB/L. Described here are testing method, procedures of test finding evaluation as well as calibration correlations between impact hammer rebound number and compression strength or flexural strength (lime sand bricks only). Evaluated calibration correlations between impact hammer rebound number and brick strength feature close correlation; its coefficient varies between 0.95 and 0.98, therefore these values are usable in practice. When testing honeycomb bricks varying in hole arrangement and wall thickness, it is necessary to take both these factors into account through specification of calibration correlation of non-destructive/destructive tests of limited number of bricks.
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Tao, Wen Hong, Xing Hua Fu, Guang Li Chen, and Bin Wu. "Study on Producing Sand-Lime Bricks with Iron Ore Tailings and Phosphogypsum and other Solid Wastes." Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.357.
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The paper studied preparing sand-lime bricks by pressure shaping and nature curing, discussed the stimulation effect of compound activators composed of phosphogypsum and lime. The result shows that: when the proportions of raw materials are as follows: 10~15% weight content is iron ore tailings, 3% is phosphogypsum, 5% lime, 5% cement, 40~45% low quality fly ash, and 22~37% chips, the strength of sand-lime bricks produced gets its highest. XRD and SEM are used to characterize its mineral composition and microstructure. The paper also discussed the relationship between structure and performance inside the bricks, and its hydration mechanism.
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Sun, Zhong Jian, Mei Ling Tian, and Yan Feng Fang. "Experimental Research on Mixture Ratio and Mechanical Properties of Unburned Brick with Shell Ash and Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3299.
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The unfired bricks which regarded as a new green wall material are produced by fly ash, shell ash (renewable resources), cement and lime as the main raw materials, and together with the chemical activator. The essential mixture ratio is designed on the experimental result of its mechanical properties and durability. The bricks are water conserved in the condition of normal temperature and pressure. We respectively research the compressive and flexural strength and frost resistance of the unburned brick. The results show that the optimum mixture ratio for unburned bricks are: fly ash 41%, cement 25%, lime 15%, shell ash 15%, gypsum 4%, SBR 3%, fiber 0.10%, water-reducing admixture 0.5%, sand cement ratio 0.5 and water cement ratio 0.3. We obtain the properties of unburned bricks that produced by vibration with the optimum mixture ratio. The minimum compressive strength of one brick more than 30MPa, the mass loss of one brick after 15 times freezing and thawing cycles is only 1%, and the compressive strength after frost reaches 26MPa, the overall performance of bricks can satisfy the requirement of " China Fly Ash Brick " standard.
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Stepien, Anna, Beata Potrzeszcz-Sut, Dale P. Prentice, Tandre J. Oey, and Magdalena Balonis. "The Role of Glass Compounds in Autoclaved Bricks." Buildings 10, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030041.
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This study describes the relationship between the physio-mechanical and chemical properties of sand-lime materials which have undergone hydrothermal treatment, and which were modified through the introduction of glass components (90% glass sand, GS). Process parameters such as temperature, pressure and saturation vapor pressure were found to have a significant impact on the series of chemical reactions as well as on the formation and transformation of solid hydrates. During the stirring process of sand-lime mass, the temperature of the reaction between lime and water in the presence of quartz sand (QS) was determined to be 83 °C. In the presence of glass sand, measured temperature was only 42 °C. Thermodynamic equilibrium-based modelling was applied to predict stable phase assemblages in the studied systems. It was found that compositional modification along with the application of the autoclaving process resulted in the formation of two crystalline phases: natrolite and gyrolite. Compressive strength and density were also assessed. The strength of fresh laboratory samples was found to be greater than their traditional analogues by 15 MPa. In addition to experimental characterization, sand-lime materials were also modeled using neural networks (backpropagation neural network, BPNN) which serve as a universal approximation method capable of modelling complex functions.
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Kostrzewa, Paulina. "Sand-lime bricks with addition of basalt powder." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 68, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5562.
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The purpose of the work is to modify traditional lime-sand products with the addition of basalt dust. It is to improve the physical and mechanical parameters of the material. Thanks to this, bricks will have a better price / quality ratio and will be a more interesting solution for potential customers. To the silicate mass of raw material, after the process of extinguishing the lime in the mass, a modifier in the form of basalt dust was added, and then bricks were formed and autoclaved. The effect of the applied additive on the quality of products, made of the prepared mass, was evaluated on the basis of a comparative analysis of traditional lime-sand products and products modified with the addition of basalt dust. The tests were carried out in accordance with the methodology included in the standards. Replacing the part of traditional silicate mass with basalt dust at the production stage had a positive effect on the processes occurring during the autoclaving of the discussed products. The additive under hydrothermal conditions reacted with lime and silica to form additional amounts of the C-S-H phase. The use of basalt dust, in the amount of 5-20% in relation to the mass of raw materials, gave an improvement in compressive strength by up to 100% compared to samples without a modifier. Keywords: silicates, ecology, basalt powder, environment, sand-lime products, microstructure
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Zheng, Ying. "Preparation, Properties, Formation Mechanism of Autoclaved Bricks from Waste Foundry Sand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.697.
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Preparation, properties of autoclaved bricks from waste foundry sand and their strength formation mechanism were investigated in this article. Autoclaved bricks were prepared using waste foundry sand, crashed stone, fly ash, activators such as slaked lime, and special composite as starting materials, accompanying preparation process of wheel-rolling blending, molding with high pressure, and autoclaved curing process. Prepared autoclaved bricks have been authoritatively tested. The results show that strength reaches the standard of 15C, radium activity concentrations are lower than the limit in main building materials, coefficient of carbonization and data of drying shrinkage can be in consistent with Chinese fly ash brick standard. Leaching toxicity is lower than the standard. The strength formation mechanism was investigated by XRD and SEM techniques. The results show that under the conditions of high-temperature, high-pressure steam a mesh structure will be generated and assembly connected, thus forming the strength of autoclaved bricks.
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Zhou, Sai Jun, and Jun Tong Qu. "Experiment on Making Autoclaved Sludge Bricks with the Dewatered Sludge from Water-Supply Plant." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.829.
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How to efficiently dispose of the urban water-supply plant sludge has become an urgent task of controlling pollution caused by municipal solid waste. This paper is an experiment on autoclaved sludge brick, which is mainly made of sludge from the water-supply plants, fly ash, lime, sand and cement, integrated with the manufacturing process of autoclaved fly ash brick. By orthogonal optimal process, we get the optimal parameters for making sludge bricks as follows: W sludge : W ash : W lime = 15%: 45%: 15%, stirring intensity being 1400r/min, forming and curing condition being the constant temperature and humidity Curing Box (60 °C, humidity 95%), and autoclave curing condition being 1.2Mpa (time 10h). With the optimal parameters, the compressive strength of the produced bricks reaches 20.8Mpa, and its flexural strength reaches 5.4 Mpa. Besides, stirring conditions, forming and curing conditions together with the influence of curing conditions on autoclaved sludge bricks’ mechanical properties are discussed.
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Dachowski, Ryszard, and Anna Stępień. "The Impact of Barium Aggregate on the Microstructure of Sand-Lime Products." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.618.
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This paper presents an experimental study on sand-lime bricks. The purpose of this research is to examine different materials as modifiers, in particular barium aggregate. Undoubtedly, the properties of the sand-lime products depend on many factors such as raw materials, preparation or autoclaving conditions, etc. The research was carried out and analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to improve acoustic isolation of calcium silicate bricks. As a result, it was possible to determine the phase composition in the structure of the calcium silicate products.
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Lee, Gayoon, Jun Hyoung Park, Khoa V. A. Pham, Chan Hee Lee, and Kihak Lee. "Experimental Investigation of Traditional Clay Brick and Lime Mortar Intended for Restoration of Cultural Heritage Sites." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 6228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136228.
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To properly restore masonry cultural heritage sites, the materials used for retrofitting can have a critical effect, and this requires standards for traditional Korean brick and lime mortar to be examined. This study experimentally investigated the material characteristics of Korean traditional bricks and two types of lime mortar (quicklime lumps and powdered hydrated lime) and the strength of masonry specimens made from those materials. Four different mixing ratios of lime, sand and white cement were considered as material parameters in this study. The experiment included uniaxial compressive testing and flexural testing to examine the mortars’ mechanical properties, and compression tests, triplet shear tests and diagonal compression tests for the masonry specimens. The results found that the strength of the masonry specimens was not necessarily associated with the mortar’s strength, but rather the cohesion between brick and mortar. In the material test, adding white cement had no noticeable effect on mortar strength. Meanwhile, in the masonry specimen, the effect of the added white cement was significant in terms of compressive and shear strength. This suggests that the bonding ratio between mortar and brick, which is an important factor influencing the behavior of bricks, was stronger with the addition of white cement. Furthermore, it was found that quicklime lumps had a lower strength than powdered hydrated lime. The test specimen with white cement added to powdered hydrated lime exhibited the greatest strength.
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Duong, Nguyen Anh, Phan Luu Anh, Tran Thi Man, and Tran Thi Lan. "Research on the use of calcium carbide residue from the acetylene gas manufacturing factory to produce non-calcined brick." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 42, no. 2 (May 9, 2020): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/0/0/14954.
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In Vietnam, calcium carbide residue (CCR) from the acetylene gas factories are not properly treated, causing serious environmental pollution. Based on mineral composition determined by XRD, calcium carbide residue consisted mainly of portlandite (70-72%), calcite (14-16%), hydrocalumite (6-8%), and chemical composition determined by XRF method composed of CaO (53.02%), LOI (39.72%). This calcium carbide residue can be used as a source of hydrated lime, mixed with fly ash, sand, and cement to produce non-calcined bricks and test results show that brick specimens achieved compressive strength 3.0-7.5 MPa, water absorption 12.3-17.5%, density 1.28-1.80kg/cm3. The test bricks satisfied Vietnamese standards for construction bricks.
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Duong, Nguyen Anh, Phan Luu Anh, Tran Thi Man, and Tran Thi Lan. "Research on the use of calcium carbide residue from the acetylene gas manufacturing factory to produce non-calcined brick." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 42, no. 2 (May 9, 2020): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/42/2/14954.
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In Vietnam, calcium carbide residue (CCR) from the acetylene gas factories are not properly treated, causing serious environmental pollution. Based on mineral composition determined by XRD, calcium carbide residue consisted mainly of portlandite (70-72%), calcite (14-16%), hydrocalumite (6-8%), and chemical composition determined by XRF method composed of CaO (53.02%), LOI (39.72%). This calcium carbide residue can be used as a source of hydrated lime, mixed with fly ash, sand, and cement to produce non-calcined bricks and test results show that brick specimens achieved compressive strength 3.0-7.5 MPa, water absorption 12.3-17.5%, density 1.28-1.80kg/cm3. The test bricks satisfied Vietnamese standards for construction bricks.
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Yeginobali, Asim, and Hikmat Hammdouni. "Proposed improvements in sand‐lime bricks and mortar bonding." Building Research & Information 20, no. 2 (March 1992): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613219208727188.
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Dachowski, Ryszard, and Zdzislawa Owsiak. "The Impact of Lithium Polysilicate on the Microstructure of Sand-Lime Products." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.718.
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The general attributes of calcium silicate products have been investigated in several studies. In this paper, we propose to use a specific modifier i.e. lithium polysilicate solution in order to examine and improve compressive strength of sand-lime bricks. The research was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The main objective was to determine the phase composition in the structure of the sand-lime products.
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Lei, Zu Kang, Jie Hong Zheng, and Le Zhou. "Experimental Study of the Characteristics of Damp and Efflorescence Mechanism for Building Brick." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1697.
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The damp and efflorescence for building bricks are the common disease of material. These phenomena may influence severely the building durability and indoor-air sanitation. From a macro perspective, the efflorescence of brick construction is related to the moisture condition of different masonry materials. Moreover, the growth mechanism of efflorescence has caused by the M.C. and the elapsed time being affected with damp and efflorescence from a micro perspective. Therefore, this article is focus on the mechanism of brick damp. This study uses systemic experimental design method and conducts a large number of fundamental experiment on damp and efflorescence of sand-lime bricks. From the microscopic measurement, the pathological mechanism of efflorescence for bricks and the variation on its M.C. are manifest. This research results may provide the suitable conservation strategies of repair engineering for reference.
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Atmadi, Tony Prasanto. "STUDI UJI KUAT TEKAN DAN SERAPAN AIR PADA BATA BETON BERLUBANG DENGAN BAHAN IKAT KAPUR DAN FLY ASH." Sains & Teknologi 3, no. 3 (October 21, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jst.v3i3.2286.
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Along with population growth from year to year increase in positive correlation with housing needs. Various innovative building materials necessary to provide the public an opportunity to select materials according to their needs and abilities. One of the innovations that can be developed is the use of hollow concrete bricks as building material for walls using a different belt materials. In Indonesia, many local materials that can be used as building material for the mixed stacking hollow concrete blocks strapped him in particular materials. One of the alternative tie material can be used to reduce pamakaian Portland cement is fly ash. Innovations that can be done is making concrete hollow brick with limestone belt materials and fly ash, because the material can theoretically be bound material using the reaction mechanism pozolan-lime. Mixture composition variation between the fly ash, lime, and sand as the material collated hollow concrete blocks used in this study, respectively - are part (in weight units) 0:1:6; 0,5:1:6; 1:1:6 ; 1,3:1:6; 1,4:1:6; 1,5:1:6; 1,6:1:6; and 1,8:1:6. The parameters examined in this study include stacking the material characteristics of concrete hollow bricks, the sand gradation testing, the weight of sand, mud, sand content, conservation of sand grains, and the gradation of fly ash; strong press penyususun concrete brick mortar holes; strong press and the value of water absorption hollow concrete brick with limestone belt materials and fly ash. Hollow concrete brick testing performed three times, ie at the age of 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. From the research results collated material characteristics of concrete hollow bricks show that gradations of sand used in Badean in zone 1, ie coarse sand, the average density - average 2.567 for Badean sand, mud content of the average - Badean sand flat 2.08% for <5% ,, conservation of grain using Na2SO4 for 5.03% <12% and conservation of grains using MgSO4 for 6.30% <10%. From the findings of conventional hollow concrete blocks with a mixture of composition 1 PC: 15 Ps for a strong test of hollow concrete brick press shows that a strong press for the optimum of 12.69 kg/cm2. And to strongly press the test hole with concrete blocks tied materials and lime fly ash showed that a strong press and the optimum occurs at the composition 1.4 Fa: 1 Kp: 6 Psr, which is 11.54 kg/cm2 at 14 days; 12.44 kg / cm2 at the age of 21 days, and 13.33 kg/cm2 at the age of 28 days. For the water absorption value of hollow concrete blocks shows that more and more pasta, then the value of water absorption decreased. Largest water absorption occurs in the variation of composition 0 Fa: 1 Kp: 6 Psr ie 5.13%, and the value of the smallest water absorption occurs at 1.8 composition variations Fa: 1 Kp: 6 Psr ie 0.05%.
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Zhang, Xiaoran, Shimin Guo, Junfeng Liu, Ziyang Zhang, Kaihong Song, Chaohong Tan, and Haiyan Li. "A Study on the Removal of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solution Using Lime Sand Bricks." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040670.
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Heavy metals such as Cu(II), if ubiquitous in the runoff, can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Lime sand bricks, as low-cost adsorbents to be potentially applied in stormwater infiltration facilities, were systematically investigated for Cu(II) removal from water using batch and column experiments. In the batch experiment, the adsorption of Cu(II) to bricks reach an equilibrium within 7 h and the kinetic data fits well with the pseudo-second-order model. The sorption isotherm can be described by both the Freundlich and Langmuir model and the maximum adsorption capacity of the bricks is 7 ± 1 mg/g. In the column experiment, the best removal efficiency for Cu(II) was observed at a filler thickness of 20 cm, service time of 12 min with a Cu(II) concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The Cu(II) removal rate increases with the increasing bed depth and residence time. The inlet concentration and residence time had significant effects on the Cu(II) removal analyzed by the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The Adams-Bohart model was in good agreement with the experimental data in representing the breakthrough curve. Copper fractions in the bricks descend in the order of organic matter fraction > Fe-Mn oxides fraction > carbonates fraction > residual fraction > exchangeable fraction, indicating that the lime sand bricks after copper adsorption reduce the long-term ecotoxicity and bioavailability to the environment.
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Corinaldesi, Valeria. "Recycled-Aggregate Bedding Mortars for Repair of Historical Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1481.
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In this work, the possibility of using environmentally-friendly mortars (with crushed bricks replacing sand) as bedding mortars for repair of historical building was studied. When bedding mortars are used for intervention on historical building a compatibility issue can emerge. Indeed, if masonry containing sulphate salts is restored by using mortars based on hydraulic binders the risk of failure is high. For this reason, as binders alternatively a blended cement and a hydraulic lime were used, both proving to be unsensitive to sulphates. Two crushed brick aggregates were alternatively added to the mortars by fully replacing virgin sand, they showed different grain size distributions and, consequently, a different content of very fine materials. All the environmentally-friendly mortars were characterized from a mechanical point of view. Then their physical behaviour was studied trough microstructure characterization, as well as through the evaluation of both their resistance to the vapor permeability and their capillary water absorption. Results obtained showed that the use of recycled bricks instead of virgin sand, particularly if roughly ground, could allow to achieve a good compromise between vapour permeability and capillary absorption of mortar.
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Vamsi Krishna, B., and E. Rakesh Reddy. "Applications of green materials for the preparation of eco-friendly bricks and pavers." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.29 (August 24, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18465.
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The most basic and primary building material for construction of houses is the conventional brick. The rapid growth in today’s construction industry has obliged the civil engineers in searching for more efficient and durable alternatives far beyond the limitations of the conventional brick production [1-2]. A number of studies have been made and serious steps have been taken in manufacturing of bricks from several waste materials. However, the traditional mean of bricks production which has brought hazardous impacts to the context has not yet been changed or replaced by more efficient and sustainable one [3], [4]. Most of the researches went through enhancing the clay brick quality and properties by mixing the clay with various recycled wastes as foundry sand, granite sawing waste, harbour sediments, perlite, sugarcane, baggase ash, clay waste and fine waste of boron, sewage sludge, waste glass from structural wall and other different wastes. Compile this state of the art work of manufacturing bricks in the past and the current trend in the bricks industry with respect to the raw materials, ways of manufacturing and the out- comings.This project presents an experimental study on the utilization of waste materials which replaces clay with (Plastic covers, Ceramic Powder, Egg Shell Powder, GGBS, Silica Fume, Rice Husk Ash and Lime Powder) and Fine Aggregate with (Recycled glass, Dry Grass, Dead Leaves, Tree barks powder, Sugar cane powder, crumbed rubber) to produce eco-friendly Bricks. This project is an attempt to fill the gap of the past studies and suggest more sustainable and sophisticated methods of brick manufacturing in the future. 40 percent replacement of fine aggregate with crumbled rubber and dry grass in mortar bricks have given encouraging results, also the replacement of cement by egg shell powder at 20% has given a considerable result
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Stankovic, Maja, Nenad Krstic, Dragan Djordjevic, Nemanja Anastasijevic, Vojislav Mitic, Gordana Toplicic-Curcic, and Ana Momcilovic-Petronijevic. "Chemical analysis of mortars of archaeological samples from Mediana locality, Serbia." Science of Sintering 51, no. 2 (2019): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1902233s.
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Mineralogical and chemical composition of mortar from the floor, ceiling and wall of Stibadium B, from the archaeological site of Mediana (Serbia) have been analysed using ICP-OES, F?IR and XRD-spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The results show that hydraulic lime mortar was used with crushed bricks as artificial puzzolanic aggregate. Large contribution of silicon- and aluminum-oxides, indicate the presence of quartz and phyllosilicate minerals derived from the aggregate, river sand and crushed bricks. Also, high content of Pb and Cu was observed in investigated samples.
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Miniotaitė, Rūta, and Vytautas Stankevičius. "EVALUATION OF SORPTION MOISTENING IN RESEARCH OF MOISTURE-CAUSED DEFORMATIONS OF BUILDING MATERIALS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2003.10531327.
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Investigation methods described in literature and standards do not evaluate the influence of sorption moisture upon moisture-caused deformations of building materials. Therefore, the usual deformations measuring methods had to be amended by measuring moisture deformations in various models and by setting sorption moisture. The improved methods was applied for solving the tasks of durability of articles. The basic point of the developed methods intended for investigating the moisture-caused deformations is investigation of the groups of specimens by measuring deformations in the environment of fixed sorption moisture using four models. According to the methods described in this article, the dependence of deformations (eu) of various construction materials (concrete, porous concrete, sand-lime and ceramic bricks, cement-lime plasters) upon moisture and changes therein was investigated: eu = f(u). Analysing the materials with different capillary structures enables us to provide—in a very concise form—some References concerning value and nature of deformations. Linear moisture-caused deformations of basic construction materials (concrete, sand-lime and ceramic bricks, cement-lime plasters, porous concrete) vary within the limits of 0,33—0,77 mm/m. In case of articles containing organic fillings they can reach up to 6 mm/m. When the material is of a fine capillary structure the highest relative moisture elongation K of a material is observed in the environment of vapour area. Relative moisture elongation of the tested materials with the outset of intense capillary condensation varies from 0,05 mm/(mx%) to 0,51 mm/(mx%).
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Wu, Su Xi, Shan Shan Huang, Chuan Bo Tan, and Hui Cai. "Application of Spent Bleaching Clay for Producing Environmental Brick." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3668.
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Spent bleaching clay(SBC) is a kind of discarded by-products from edible vegetable oil factory, often resulting in environment pollution. This study aimed to explore a feasible approach to comprehensively utilize the SBC for replacing coal ash to produce unburned and environmental brick(UEB). Through a series of experiments, and considering the cost and acceptability of bricks, the optimal conditions for producing UEB was obtained. The defatted SBC is added 25 %, fine fine sand 25 %, small pebble 30 %, cement 12 %, lime 8 %, the molding pressure is 20 MPa, and the molding moisture was 10 %. Under this condition, the average compressive strength of the UEB with 28-day storage can reach up to 18.11 MPa, higher than the value of 15 MPa in the unburned brick produced from standard coal ash.
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Ez-zaki, H., A. Diouri, A. Bouregba, F. Amor, S. Chhaiba, O. Sassi, and Y. El Rhaffari. "Ecofriendly bricks elaborated from coal waste of Moroccan Jerrada Mining." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901043.
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Solid waste generated during mining is one of the major environmental problems associated with this industrial activity. The best solution to overcome the environmental impact of this waste is to find recycling facilities in mass-produced products that can absorb the large quantities of these available byproducts. The present study shows the feasibility of using the coal waste of Moroccan Jerrada mining in the production of ecological brick. The first step consists of consecutive stages of crushing, grinding and heating at 650°C of the coal waste with a small amount of lime in order to promote the reactive products of elaborated binders. The second step of the process consists of mixing treated coal waste with a small amount of marble dust, sand, gravel, and water, then pressed and dried at room temperature to manufacture a laboratory ecofriendly bricks. The mechanical strength and thermal conductivity are investigated.
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Stanescu, George, Alina Badanoiu, Adrian Nicoara, and Georgeta Voicu. "Brick and Glass Waste Valorisation in the Manufacture of Aerated Autoclaved Concrete." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 3 (April 15, 2019): 828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.3.7015.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a light building material with high porosity, used to improve thermal and sound insulation of the buildings. AAC have a much better thermal efficiency than traditional masonry materials (bricks) or reinforced concrete elements; its use reduces the energy consumption (up to 7%) and consequently the carbon footprint of construction sector. The main constituents of autoclaved aerated concretes are portland cement, siliceous material (aggregate), water and different types of admixtures and additives (lime, foaming agent etc.). The aim of the research presented in this paper is to reduce the environmental impact of the technological process of ACC manufacturing; in this respect, one of the main components of AAC i.e. sand (natural raw material) was substituted with two types of inorganic waste i.e. glass (cullet) and waste brick; the sand substitution rate was comprised between 12.5-100% wt. The results indicate that both glass and brick waste can be incorporated into the autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) structure without major modifications of apparent density (maximum 10% increase in correlation with substitution amount). For similar values of the apparent density, the AACs prepared with glass waste have higher values of compressive strength and thermal conductivity as compared with AAC with brick waste.
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Kosach, A. F., M. A. Rashchupkina, M. A. Darulis, and V. G. Gorchakov. "CEMENT BRICK PROPERTIES MODIFIED BY ULTRAFINE ASH-BASED ADDITIVE." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-1-150-158.
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Purpose: The aim of the paper is to obtain the cement brick having high physical and mechanical properties due to the additive based on ultrafine ash particles obtained after the wet ash discharge at Omsk power-and-heating plant. Methodology: The mechanical and mechanochemical grinding is used to generate ultrafine ash particles. Research findings: Research investigations show that the use of ultrafine ash particles the size of which varies between 0.3 and 0.9 μm, allows up to 30% cement saving and increase the physical and mechanical properties of fly ashcement and fly ash sand-lime bricks. The compressive and flexural strength of the former increases by 35 % and 32.4 %, respectively. And the compressive strength of the latter increases by 30 %, while its thermal conductivity reduces by 6.5 %. The addition of ultrafine ash particles to cement brick composition improves the ecological situation in the region. Practical implications: The proposed technique can be used in the production of cement brick with improved physical and mechanical properties. The optimum ash/cement ratio is 30:70.
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Askhedkar, R. D., and J. P. Modak. "Hypothesis for the extrusion of lime‐flyash‐sand bricks using a manually driven brickmaking machine." Building Research & Information 22, no. 1 (January 1994): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613219408727345.
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Stepien, Anna, and Paulina Kostrzewa. "The Impact of Basalt Components on the Structure of Bricks Formed as a Result of Hydrothermal Treatment." Buildings 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090192.
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The article focuses on brick products, the production of which is based on natural components, such as lime (CaO), quartz sand (SiO2) and water (H2O), and which are created during the process of the so-called hydrothermal treatment. In the production process of the modified brick, basalt components (basalt aggregate, with graining of 2–4 mm, basalt powder and basalt fibers) were used because of their natural origin, mineralogical composition, high volume density, and possibly minimal absorbability. In the article thermodynamic properties of minerals forming the construction of basalt components were determined, as well as the phases that arise during the autoclaving process. Compressive strength and density were investigated due to acoustic properties. The product modified with basalt aggregate shows decrease in water absorption as a result of capillary action and in absorbability up to 9% (in the reference sample up to 16%). The sample with basalt aggregate shows compressive resistance of 33 MPa on average, with the increase of volume density to 2.29 kg/dm3. Modification of sand-lime mixture presented satisfying results with 10% basalt powder additive. Application of basalt fibers slightly changed the volume density and absorbability compared with the norm sample. However, it affected the compressive resistance.
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Saryeni Maliar, and Bakhri. "Pemanfaatan Bekas Adukan Mortar pada Pratikum Batu (Masonry) untuk Paving Block." Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa 13, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jipr.13.1.69.
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Stone Construction Laboratory is one of the existing courses in the Department of Civil Engineering Polytechnic State of Padang. Students are required to practice firsthand the theories about stone construction that have been studied. Stone work or often called masonry is wall or brick installation work for floor, wall, or fence. In practicum stone, the material used is artificial stone like brick and can also natural stone by using an adhesive substance usually known by the name of spesi or mortar.Mortar or spesi is one of the building materials that serves to glue the pairs of bricks, brick, stucco and so on. Mortars consist of sand, cement and water. In a stone work practicum where the work is not permanent (unloading pairs) then the cement material is replaced by lime which is a temporary binder. So far, the rest of the mortar use for the stone practicum is just thrown away because it cannot be used anymore, therefore it takes alternative utilization of the former mortar, for that the author tries to research by using it to make paving blocks. Paving blocks or concrete bricks for floors are a component of building material made from a mixture of hydraulic cement or the like, aggregates and water with or without other additives which do not reduce the quality of the paving blockThe study used comparison between paving block with mixed composition of mortar, cement and water mixture and paving block with standard mixture composition ie cement, sand and water. Paving is made by pressing using hydraulic press machine with a compressive strength of 25 kg and compressive strength testing with Universal Testing Machine.Based on the results of the research, it was found that the paving block from the utilization of mortar has a compressive strength higher than the standard paving block. At the age of 14 days, the compressive strength of the paving block from the utilization of mortar used has a compressive strength of 76.14 kg
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Komisarczyk, Katarzyna, and Ryszard Dachowski. "A study of selected properties of autoclaved bricks." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817402017.
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This research investigated the possibility of using material with different share as an addition to prepare autoclaved bricks. Modifiers are searched, thanks to which the obtained materials will indicate potential suitability of modified products for exposure to activity of moisture and highly loaded building elements, e.g. basement walls. As the modifier was used: highly-efficient chemical agent of polymer, silicate and lithium compounds. The amount of water necessary to thicken the mixture was replaced by a modifier. Introduction of modifier in the form of chemical agent into lime-sand mixture causes the increase of the compressive strength by more than 4 MPa in relation to the reference sample, using 1% of additive. In each analyzed case it reduces the water absorption of finished products. The results of compressive strength and water absorption show different values after 21 days and 24 months from the autoclaving process, the longer the time from the moment of production of products, the better result. Regardless of the amount of applied modifier, the distribution of pores is presented in similar way, the number of macropores was noted at level of around 70%.
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OWSIAK, ZDZISŁAWA, and PAWEŁ SOBCZYŃSKI. "THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND PHASE COMPOSITION OF MORTARS FROM THE 17TH CENTURY SACRED BUILDINGS." Structure and Environment 12, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30540/sae-2020-015.
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This work aims to characterize the microstructure of mortars derived from the walls of sacred buildings from the 17th century. The tests were carried out using the X-ray diffraction method, differential thermal analysis and scanning microscopy combined with the analysis of the elemental composition in the micro area. The results of this study show that the materials bonding the elements of the wall in historic buildings are porous sand-lime mortars with an increased binder-to-aggregate ratio, also containing limestone crumbs, flints and feldspars, and fragments of bricks larger than sand particles. The binder is fully carbonated calcium hydroxide, with no pozzolanic additives. The results of the microstructure and phase composition tests of mortars used for bonding wall elements in buildings constructed at the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries can be used to select the composition of mortars used in the renovation and repair of historic buildings.
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Baďurová, Silvia, Radoslav Ponechal, and Pavol Ďurica. "Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Analysis of Passive House with Variable Construction Materials." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2013-0015.
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Abstract The term "passive house" refers to rigorous and voluntary standards for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint. There are many ways how to build a passive house successfully. These designs as well as construction techniques vary from ordinary timber constructions using packs of straw or constructions of clay. This paper aims to quantify environmental quality of external walls in a passive house, which are made of a timber frame, lightweight concrete blocks and sand-lime bricks in order to determine whether this constructional form provides improved environmental performance. Furthermore, this paper assesses potential benefit of energy savings at heating of houses in which their external walls are made of these three material alternatives. A two storey residential passive house, with floorage of 170.6 m2, was evaluated. Some measurements of air and surface temperatures were done as a calibration etalon for a method of simulation.
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Baďurová, Silvia, and Radoslav Ponechal. "The Comparative Analysis of External Walls in a Passive House with Respect to Environment and Energy." Advanced Materials Research 649 (January 2013): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.649.258.
Full textAbstract:
The term "passive house" refers to rigorous and voluntary standards for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint. There are many ways how to build a passive house successfully. These designs as well as construction techniques vary from ordinary timber constructions using packs of straw or constructions of clay. This paper aims to quantify environmental quality of external walls in a passive house, which are made of a timber frame, lightweight concrete blocks and sand-lime bricks in order to determine whether this constructional form provides improved environmental performance. Furthermore, this paper assesses potential benefit of energy savings at heating of houses in which their external walls are made of these three material alternatives. A two-storey residential passive house, with floorage of 170.6 m2, was evaluated. Some measurements of air and surface temperatures were done as a calibration etalon for a method of simulation.
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Riquelme, Francisco, Martha Cuevas-García, Jesús Alvarado-Ortega, Shannon Taylor, José Luis Ruvalcaba-Sil, Carlos Linares-López, Manuel Aguilar-Franco, and Juan Yadeun-Angulo. "New Insights into Ancient Maya Building Materials: Characterization of Mortar, Plaster, and Coquina Flagstones from Toniná." MRS Proceedings 1374 (2012): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1385.
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ABSTRACTThis work shows current research on lithic raw material used by the ancient Maya of Toniná. The core of the city of Toniná lies on a steep-sided hill of calcareous sandstones from the shallow marine deposits dated as Oligocene, in the Chiapas Highlands of Southern Mexico. Results of paleontological fieldwork in Toniná show several biostrome sediments mound-like with tabular bafflestones and large coquina flagstones, which are sheet-like rocks enriched with fossil mollusk shells, corals, encrusted organisms, and calcareous debris. The people of Toniná intentionally selected and carved these rocks for use as building blocks and bricks on floors, walls, and stairways. At least two coquina flagstones measuring about 1.90 m long were identified in an archeological context most likely associated with carved stelae. Also non-marine carbonate rocks such as a crudely banded travertine and spongy calcareous tufa from recent sediments of freshwater environments surrounding Toniná were used by the Maya as a raw material on walls, columns, reliefs and murals base.Results of the chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological analysis on plaster and bedding mortars from the walls of Toniná display a slightly interbedded lime of sparry calcite cemented in a highly porous groundmass with silt-to pebble-size of calcareous and siliciclastic rock-crushed aggregates, sand, and soil remains. Lime fabric reveals enclosing quartz grains, granular calcite crystals, and carbonaceous inclusions which may suggest that the lime has been made from a burnt grain-rich limestone with fibrous cement and porous microfabric. WDX analysis in lime lumps of plaster reveal an average amount of 1.37 wt% MgO associated with a limestone source ranging from regular to a magnesium-enriched limestone (1 to 2 wt %). XRF detect a strontium-rich level in the calcite matrix of plaster which is as high as that of fossil shells, tufa, and coquina. Finally, XRD shows that the mean amount of calcite in plaster is 95 wt% and lower amount (2-2.5w%) of siliciclastic minerals: quartz and albite. In contrast, calcite in mortar ranges less than 90.1 wt%. The concentrations of non-carbonate minerals, such as quartz and albite, are higher than those in plaster because mortar incorporates more siliciclastic rock remains, sand and clay.
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Tùng, Lưu Thanh. "Study on parameters on cutting AAC by wires." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v4i1.795.
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Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a Lightweight, Load-bearing, High-insulating, Durable building product, which is produced in a wide range of sizes and strengths. AAC Blocks is lightweight and when compared to the red bricks, AAC blocks are three times lighter. AAC block is rapidly developing in Vietnam. The block has more advantages such as precast, and easy installation. AAC is produced from the common materials: lime, sand, cement and water, and a small amount of rising agent. After mixing and molding, it is then autoclaved under heat and pressure to create its unique properties. Then, the AAC block will be cut into block brick by steel wire. When cutting the ACC block, the block brick surface must be smooth so that it is unnecessary to mortar. Furthermore, the roughness of the surface must be smaller than 0.1mm to paint the wall easily. The block dimension also need high precision so that the wall will be straight when blocks are superposed. However, in this paper, the roughness of the block surface will be only researched because the roughness will decide the cost, and the dimension decide the estheticism of wall. The block is made by using steel wires to cut big AAC blocks into small blocks. Effects of processing parameters on the performance of the steel wire sawing processes are wire speed, feed rate and tension. Each parameter will affect surface quality with different effects. In addition, these parameters affect each other, which causes scratches on the AAC surface. Experiments will be made to measure the height of roughness with the change of wire speed, feed rate and tension. The best parameters will be found, which helps the AAC manufacturer to obtain the higher quality.
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Nugroho, Aris Dwi, Tantan Hidayat, and Muhammad Wachyudi Memed. "Implementation Of Permen Esdm No. 17/2012 As A Solution Between Mineral Businessesand Conservation Karst Zone In Indonesia." Indonesian Mining Professionals Journal 1, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36986/impj.v1i1.6.
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Cement is powder made from lime and other materials used to make concrete, glue bricks or make walls (KBBI, 2008). Cement is a material that is hydraulic in nature, that is, a material which will undergo a hardening process in its mixing with water or acid solution. The raw materials for making cement include: clinker / slag of cement as much as 70% - 95% (the results of the combustion of limestone, silica sand, iron sand and clay), 5% gypsum and other additional materials (limestone, pozzolan, fly ash and etc). Along with the increase in infrastructure development which is the focus of the Government at this time, the need for building materials, especially cement, has increased. This increase in demand has made cement companies increase production, which in turn will also reduce the limestone reserves that exist in nature. Geological resources consist of mineral resources, energy resources, water resources, and landscapes. Limestone as one of the dominant raw materials for making cement is a mineral and landscape resource that must be protected. The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources since 2012 has issued regulations relating to the use and protection of Karst Landscape Areas (Permen ESDM No. 17 of2012). Protection of the Karst Landscape Area aims to protect its function as a natural regulator of the water system and its unique / scientific value in the development of science. Meanwhile, the delineation of utilization efforts as minerals and industrial raw materials is regulated so that it does not disturb the conservation zone. Expected with the regulations (Permen ESDM No. 17 of 2012) can be a solution for the use and protection of the Karst Landscape in Indonesia.
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Kingery, W. David, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Tamar Noy. "An 8,500-Year-Old Sculpted Plaster Head from Jericho (Israel)." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1992): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400043268.
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Jericho (Tell al-Sultan) lies in the Jordan rift valley north of the Dead Sea. Although now remembered as the city where Joshua blew his trumpet and the walls came tumbling down, it was an important settlement long before and long after this late second millennium B.C. battle. Jericho is located close to an important spring and was inhabited during the Natufian period between 11,000 and 9,300 B.C. as an encampment from which cereal grains were collected and gazelle were hunted. In the Aceramic or Pre-Pottery B Neolithic Period (7000–6200 B.C.), the site was the largest village in the area, covering three hectares. Jericho is thought to have had a population of perhaps 1,500 people who developed farming of wheat, barley, legumes, and fruit such as figs, and gradually, the herding of sheep and goats. Salt and bitumin were available to the south in sufficient abundance for trade. Although no pottery vessels were made and fired at this time, the clayey, calcareous soil, reinforced with fibrous dried vegetal material, was used as a ubiquitous building material for houses, storage pits, animal shelters and other structures. Sun-dried bricks were developed in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, and they became the common building element.Variations in the color, texture, and properties of the various soils available to the Jericho villagers were well known, as exhibited by the villagers' use of different materials for specific purposes. Our studies have shown that some calcareous soils were used to make lime plaster; others, with considerable clay and sand, were used for brick and mortar; and others consisting of fine, fairly high shrinkage, montmorillonite clays were used for small objects and figurines whose manufacture required considerable plasticity and fine surface detail.
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Zhang, Zhong Ji. "Experiment Study of Optimal Combination of Strength for Mortar and Block of Autoclaved Sand-Lime Brick Masonry." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 1299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.1299.
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In order to write Hunan province engineering construction local standard named" Technical specification for autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry building ",the author has finished a series of fundamental mechanical properties experiments on autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry such as material character experiment, shear strength experiment , bending tensile strength experiment. By analysis on experimental data, the author found a startling regularity: there is a feature of optimal combination of strength for mortar and block of autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry.
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Zhang, Zhong Ji. "Experimental Study on Fundamental Mechanical Properties of Autoclaved Sand-lime Brick Masonr." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.345.
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Experimental data are obtained by a series of fundamental mechanical properties experiments on autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry such as compressive strength experiment， shear strength experiment, bending tensile strength experiment, they provide the experiment evidence for writing Hunan province engineering construction local standard named "Technical specification for autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry building ". And following conclusions are drawn through analyzing experiment data and experiment phenomenon: With mortar intensity increasing ,the masonry 's cracking load and ultimate load are approaching in the compression strength experiment; Except that the experiment average value in the bending tensile experiment of masonry along with joint section is lower than the calculated value of standardized formula obviously ,the other are bigger than that of standardized formula; There is a feature of optimal combination of strength for mortar and block; The author derived the formula of bending tensile strength of autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry.
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Čáchová, Monika, Eva Vejmelková, Martin Keppert, and Lukáš Fiala. "Basic and Thermal Characteristics of Render with Crushed Brick." Materials Science Forum 824 (July 2015): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.824.7.
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Recycled finely crushed brick appears to be a suitable additive to lime or cement binder in render mixtures. This waste material indicates good pozzolanic properties and actively takes part in formation of chemical bonds in materials structure. The main objective of this paper is to find an appropriate ratio of waste crushed brick that is used as a replacement of other constituents represented by lime hydrate and silica sand. Besides it aims to find out a perspective utilization of such a waste material. Finely crushed brick originates from the production of thermal insulating brick blocks which is ecologically and economically advantageous. In this work, results of measured material parameters of render mixtures with different replacement ratios of binder (lime hydrate) and simultaneously filler (silica sand) by finely crushed brick are presented. Among the studied parameters basic physical properties (measured by water vacuum saturation method and by helium pycnometry), characterization of pore system (by mercury porosimetry) and thermal characteristics are presented.
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Čáchová, Monika, Dana Koňáková, Eva Vejmelková, Pavel Reiterman, Martin Keppert, and Robert Černý. "Properties of Lime Plasters with Different Ceramic Powder Dosage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 621 (August 2014): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.621.19.
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Several lime-based plasters with fine ground brick content are studied in this article. In the first plaster the ceramics was used as lime substitute while in the second one it was dosed as replacement of the silica sand, the substitution levels being 20% and 50%. Pure lime plaster was use as a reference. Experimental methods and results of measuring basic physical properties, pore characterization, mechanical properties and liquid water transport are described. The plasters with fine ground brick were characterized by improved material’s properties in a comparison with pure lime plaster.
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Hamor, W. A., Gerald J. Cox, John Metschl, and J. W. Brunt. "THE USE OF SUCROSE IN SAND-LIME BRICK*." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 16, no. 1-12 (October 17, 2006): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1933.tb19214.x.
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Čáchová, Monika, Dana Koňáková, Eva Vejmelková, Kirill Polozhiy, and Robert Černý. "Pore Distribution and Water Vapor Diffusion Parameters of Lime Plasters with Waste Brick Powder." Advanced Materials Research 1054 (October 2014): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1054.205.
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Lime plasters containing waste brick powder in different quantities (10%, 30%, and 50% of mass) as a partial replacement of silica sand and lime are studied. A common lime plaster is used as a reference. Experimental investigations include the measurement of basic physical properties (water vacuum saturation method and helium pycnometry), pore distribution (mercury porosimetry) and water vapor transport properties (cup method). The open porosity and water vapor diffusion coefficient are found to increase with the increasing brick powder content.
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Čáchová, Monika, Eva Vejmelková, Kirill Polozhiy, and Robert Černý. "Pore System and Hydric Properties of Two Different Lime Plasters with Finely Crushed Brick." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.597.
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Two different lime plasters with finely crushed brick are studied in this article. In the first plaster the pozzolan mixture was used as silica sand while in the second it was dosed as replacement of the lime substitute and silica sand (the substitution levels being 20% and 50%). Classic lime plaster was used as a reference material. Studied parameters were basic physical properties (measured by water vacuum saturation and by helium pycnometry), characterization of pore system (by mercury porosimetry) and transport of liquid water.
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Bietz, Heinrich, Sylvia Stange-Kölling, Martin Schmelzer, and Volker Wittstock. "Loss factor measurement and indications for nonlinearities in sound insulation." Building Acoustics 26, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1351010x18819062.
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The loss factor is often determined in building acoustics by measuring the structure-borne reverberation time. To do this, elements under test are excited either by a hammer or by a shaker. In several experiments with sand-lime brick walls, measured loss factors turned out to be significantly larger when hammer excitation was used instead of shaker excitation. A thorough investigation of this effect was then performed using hammer blows of different strengths and a 250-kg shaker. This way, forces are in the same order of magnitude for both excitations. Measurement results lead to the conclusion that large forces may create a nonlinear structural response. The nonlinearity is observed for a sand-lime brick wall without plastering but not for a lightweight composite wall and also not for a monolithic concrete wall. The assumption of nonlinear behaviour is furthermore supported by an additional investigation where alarm pistol shots were used to excite a sand-lime brick wall with very large airborne sound pressure levels. The airborne sound insulation of the wall turned out to be nonlinear, that is, it increased with increasing sending room levels.
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Ni, Tie Quan, Chang Jun Ke, Hao Wang, and Wei Zhou Wu. "Grinding Aid Effect of Different Siliceous Material for Quick Lime." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 1298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1298.
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Different siliceous materials were selected for grinding aid agent to studying the effect for specific surface areas of quick lime and autoclaved samples compressive strength. The results show, grinding aid effect of quartz sand, waste lime sand brick and fly ash are significant for block quick lime. The rational contents of grinding aid agent are about 10%. And grinding aid effect of quartz sand is best. The compressive strength of autoclaved samples improved obviously with lime mixed the grinding aid agent, and the compressive strength increased range of autoclaved sample is more than 50%. The effect of different grinding aid agent for improving compressive strength of autoclaved samples is obviously different, and the improving strength effect of fly ash is best for grinding aid agent.
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Fang, Yonghao, Yamin Gu, Qiubo Kang, Quan Wen, and Pin Dai. "Utilization of copper tailing for autoclaved sand–lime brick." Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 2 (February 2011): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.100.
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Vyšvařil, Martin, Tomáš Žižlavský, Patrik Bayer, and Pavla Rovnaníková. "CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT LIME MORTARS CONTAINING BRICK WASTE POWDER." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 22 (July 25, 2019): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.22.0133.
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This work deals with the effects of an expanded perlite (EP) on the hardened properties of air lime mortars with a 50% brick waste powder content. The influence of different substitution of quartz sand by EP is also monitored here. A relationship between EP content and physical-mechanical properties of mortar (flexural and compressive strength, pore system) and mortar frost resistance has been found. Very good contact between the binder matrix and EP surface was observed in microstructural images of mortars that conclusively exhibits the formation of products by pozzolanic reaction on the surface of EP. This work could be helpful for the establishment of the essential proportions of EP and quartz sand to be used in air lime mortars designed for restoration works.
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Nugroho, Aris Dwi, Tantan Hidayat, and Muhammad Wachyudi Memed. "IMPLEMENTASI PERMEN ESDM NO. l7 TAHUN 20l2 SEBAGAI SOLUSI ANTARA PENGUSAHAAN MINERAL DAN PERLINDUNGAN KAWASAN KARST DI INDONESIA." Prosiding Temu Profesi Tahunan PERHAPI 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36986/ptptp.v1i1.126.
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ABSTRAKSemen adalah serbuk atau tepung yang terbuat dari kapur dan material lainnya yang dipakai untuk membuat beton, merekatkan batu bata ataupun membuat tembok (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 2008). Semen merupakan suatu bahan yang bersifat hidrolis, yaitu bahan yang akan mengalami proses pengerasan pada pencampurannya dengan air ataupun larutan asam. Bahan baku pembuatan semen antara lain : clinker/terak semen sebanyak 70% - 95% (hasil olahan pembakaran batu kapur, pasir silika, pasir besi dan tanah liat), gypsum 5% dan material tambahan lain (batu kapur, pozzolan, abu terbang dan lain- lain). Seiiring dengan peningkatan pembangunan insfrastruktur yang menjadi fokus Pemerintah saat ini, maka kebutuhan bahan baku bangunan khususnya semen mengalami peningkatan. Peningkatan kebutuhan ini membuat perusahaan semen meningkatkan produksi yang pada akhirnya juga akan mengurangi cadangan batugamping yang ada di alam. Sumber daya geologi terdiri atas sumber daya mineral, sumber daya energi, sumber daya air, dan bentang alam. Batugamping sebagai salah satu bahan baku dominan pembuatan semen merupakan sumber daya mineral dan bentang alam yang harus dilindungi. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Alam sejak tahun 2012 telah menerbitkan aturan terkait pemanfaatan dan perlindungan Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst (Permen ESDM N0. 17 Tahun 2012). Perlindungan terhadap Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst bertujuan untuk melindungi fungsinya sebagai pengatur alami tata air dan keunikan/nilai ilmiah dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Sedangkan upaya pemanfaatan sebagai bahan galian maupun bahan baku industri diatur deliniasinya, sehingga tidak menganggu zona konservasi. Diharapkan dengan keluarnya Permen ESDM N0. 17 Tahun 2012 dapat menjadi solusi bagi pemanfaatan dan perlindungan Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Sumber daya geologi, Semen, Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst ABSTRACTCement is powder made from lime and other materials used to make concrete, glue bricks or make walls (KBBI, 2008). Cement is a material that is hydraulic in nature, that is, a material which will undergo a hardening process in its mixing with water or acid solution. The raw materials for making cement include: clinker I slag of cement as much as 70% - 95% (the results of the combustion of limestone, silica sand, iron sand and clay), 5% gypsum and other additional materials (limestone, pozzolan, fly ash and etc). Along with the increase in infrastructure development which is the focus of the Government at this time, the need for building materials, especially cement, has increased. This increase in demand has made cement companies increase production, which in turn will also reduce the limestone reserves that exist in nature. Geological resources consist of mineral resources, energy resources, water resources, and landscapes. Limestone as one of the dominant raw materials for making cement is a mineral and landscape resource that must be protected.The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources since 2012 has issued regulations relating to the use and protection of Karst Landscape Areas (Permen ESDM No. 17 of 2012). Protection of the Karst Landscape Area aims to protect its function as a natural regulator of the water system and its unique I scientific value in the development of science. Meanwhile, the delineation of utilization efforts as minerals and industrial raw materials is regulated so that it does not disturb the conservation zone. Expected with the regulations (Permen ESDM No. 17 of 2012) can be a solution for the use and protection of the Karst Landscape in Indonesia. Keywords: Geological resources, Cement, Karst Landscape Area
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Xia, Zhibin, and Zhongqun Li. "Boronizing Process of 45 Carbon Steel Mold for Fabricating Sand-Lime Brick." Advanced Science Letters 19, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2013.4554.
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Garbalińska, Halina, Anna Głowacka, and Jarosław Strzałkowski. "Evaluation of dampness-induced strength reduction of calcium silicate blocks." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900028.
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Due to its numerous technical advantages as well as health benefits, sand-lime brick is increasingly used in the construction of brick walls, especially in residential buildings. Unfortunately, the occurrence of damp leads to a sharp deterioration of the technical properties of the material and the environmental conditions inside the building. Given the importance of this issue, an attempt was made to diagnose the extent of dampness variability of the main hygrothermal and strength characteristics of calcium silicate products. The study involved the basic material properties (density in dry and water-saturated conditions), moisture-related properties (capillary adsorption coefficient and sorptivity), thermal coefficients (thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity) as well as mechanical properties (compressive strength). This article describes diagnostic studies that were conducted to assess the extent of the effect of dampness on the strength of sand-lime products. In order to render the diagnosis more comprehensive and to include a wider range of silicate blocks available on the market, it was decided to examine three groups of silicate blocks (strength class 15, 20 and 25) obtained from three different factories. It was demonstrated that for all the examined groups dampness caused a significant decrease in compressive strength ranging from about 30% to about 40%.
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Świrska-Perkowska, Jadwiga, and Zbigniew Perkowski. "Selection of Parameters for Accumulating Layer of Solar Walls with Transparent Insulation." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051283.
Full textAbstract:
One of the strategies to improve the energy performance of buildings may be the use of passive solar systems with transparent insulation. In the article, a numerical model of solar wall (SW) with transparent insulation (TI) obtained using the method of elementary balances is presented. On this basis, numerical simulations of the behavior of SW with a transparent honeycomb insulation made of modified cellulose acetate were performed for 4 different climatic conditions in Europe (Stockholm, Warsaw, Paris, and Rome). For each location, the calculations were carried out for three different TI thickness values (48, 88, and 128 mm), for thermal diffusivity of the accumulating layer (AL) ranging from 4.32 × 10−7 to 8.43 × 10−7 m2/s, and for its thickness ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 m. The purpose of simulations was to select the appropriate material and thickness of AL and TI for the climatic conditions. The following solutions proved to be the most favorable: Stockholm: TI—thk. 128 mm, AL—sand-lime blocks, thk. 25 cm; Warsaw: TI—thk. 128 mm, AL—sand-lime blocks, thk. 27 cm; Paris: TI—thk. 88 mm, AL—solid ceramic brick, thk. 27 cm; Rome: TI—thk. 48 mm, AL—solid ceramic brick, thk. 29 cm.