Academic literature on the topic 'SAND BLENDED'
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Journal articles on the topic "SAND BLENDED"
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Nirwan, Reza Fauzi, and Priyanto Saelan. "Studi Mengenai Perancangan Campuran Beton Abu Terbang dengan Pendekatan Blended Sand (Hal. 88-97)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 4 (2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i4.88.
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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hasil perancangan campuran beton abu terbang yang mensubtitusi semen dengan cara pendekatan sand blended, yaitu abu terbang yang mensubtitusi semen diperlakukan sebagai agregat halus, sehingga agregat halus merupakan campuran dari pasir dan abu terbang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan kuat tekan rencana 20 MPa dan 30 MPa. Substitusi semen oleh abu terbang sebesar 10 %, 20 %, dan 30 % dari berat semen. Ukuran maksimum agregat kasar yang digunakan adalah 20 mm, dan pasir dengan modulus kehalusan 2,768, slump rencana 6 cm dan 10 cm. Hasil pengujian tekan silinder beton berdiameter 10 cm dan tinggi 20 cm menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan beton abu terbang yang dihasilkan berdekatan dengan beton acuan yaitu beton tanpa abu terbang, untuk semua kadar abu terbang yaitu sampai dengan kadar subtitusi semen oleh abu terbang sebesar 30 %. Pendekatan sand blended dapat dilakukan dalam perancangan campuran beton abu terbang.Kata Kunci : beton abu terbang, kuat tekan, pasir blendedABSTRACTThis is research was performed to know the result of the test of fly ash concrete mix designed by sand blended method. Fly ash will be treated as fine aggregate so that the total fine aggregate is the consist of fly ash and sand. 20 MPa and 30 MPa concrete mix are designed for 10 %, 20 % and 30 % by weight of cement subtitution by fly ash. Concrete mix use 20 mm maximum aggregate size, finess modulus of sand 2.768, and 6 cm and 10 cm slump. Compressive strength tests of 10 cm diameter and 20 cm height cylinder showed that the stength of fly ash concrete is the same as the strength of initial concrete. Fly ash concrete mix can be designed by sand blended approximation.Keywords : fly ash concrete, compressive strength, blended sand
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Venkitasamy, Venkatachalapathy, Srinivasan Gopala Krishnan, and B. P. C. Rao. "Performance of Fly Ash blended Crushed Sand Concrete." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A 102, no. 2 (2021): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00525-0.
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Chen, Meizhu, Mingkai Zhou, and Shaopeng Wu. "Optimization of blended mortars using steel slag sand." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 22, no. 4 (2007): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-006-4741-3.
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Gupta, Ashish, Beerendra Kumar, and Bhishm Singh Khati. "A Comparative Study of the California Bearing Ratio Value of Subgrade Made by Stone Dust and Natural Sand with Coarse Aggregate." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 14, no. 03 (2022): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v14i03.04.
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Resources of engineering materials (sand) used for construction activities are limited, so some other materials should be introduced by changing the sand. Stone dust produced from Stone Crushing Zone appears as a problem for effective disposal. Stone dust can be replaced by sand which is used as a fine aggregate in construction work. In this study, the main concern is to find an alternative to sand. Replacement of normal sand by stone dust will work both solid waste minimization and sand recovery. Stone dust is one of the alternatives to sand which can meet the demand of fine aggregate. In the engineering practice, the properties of existing sub-grades are required for the construction of the earth, thereby improving density and strength of the subgrade. A series of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests have been conducted for determination of soaked and un-soaked CBR by using the stone dust as a fine aggregate blended with 10 mm and 20 mm size Coarse Aggregates (CA). A detailed comparison is made for the findings of the CBR tests conducted on samples prepared using natural sand (as a fine aggregate) blended with 10 mm and 20 mm size coarse aggregates.
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Azam, Shahid. "Study on the swelling behaviour of blended clay–sand soils." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 25, no. 3 (2006): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-006-9116-1.
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Shi, Hu, Zhuqing Yu, Jian Ma, Chenxin Ni, and Xiaodong Shen. "Properties of Portland cement paste blended with coral sand powder." Construction and Building Materials 203 (April 2019): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.100.
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Avci, Eyubhan. "Permeability Characteristics of Sand Grouted with Glyoxal Blended Sodium Silicate." Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering 4, no. 1 (2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17350/hjse19030000051.
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Alawad, Omer Abdalla, Abdulrahman Alhoziamy, Mohd Saleh Jaafar, Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish, and Farah Noor Abdul Aziz. "Properties of Mortar Incorporating Ground Dune Sand as Cement Replacement Material." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.334.
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Supplementary cementitious materials provide economic and environmental advantages in concrete industry. In this study, natural ground dune sand (GDS) was used as cement replacement material to fabricate mortar specimens. Ordinary Portland cement was replaced by GDS at five levels of replacement (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 %) by weight. The cast mortar specimens were cured under normal and autoclave curing conditions. Compressive strength, drying shrinkage and resistance to sulfate attack were investigated. Results showed that the compressive strength under normal curing decreased as the level of replacement increased. However, under autoclave curing compressive strength increased as the content of GDS increased with 30% being the optimum replacement level. Autoclave curing decreased the drying shrinkage of plain and GDS blended mixtures by about 70% compared to control mixture cured under normal curing. Up to 270 days, no sulfate attack was observed on the GDS blended mixtures regardless of the replacement level. The use of GDS to reduce the Portland cement consumption can have a significant impact on the sustainability and economy of concrete construction.
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Smart, P. "Classification by Texture and Plasticity." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.02.01.64.
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AbstractThe concept of a well-blended soil leads to a logical textural classification for gravel-sand-fines. The concept of coordinates along and perpendicular to the A-line in the (IP-WL)-chart, clarifies the classification of fine-grained soils.
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Fukudome, K., K. Kokado, Y. Moriguchi, and N. Omae. "Study on the Feasibility of Crushed Sand Blended with Fly-ash." Concrete Journal 46, no. 10 (2008): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj1975.46.10_19.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "SAND BLENDED"
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Mifsud, Andrew. "The sand that fills the gaps: A journey of expansive transition to blended learning in a secondary school." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25897.
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Australian secondary schools are increasingly adopting innovations designed to shift teaching and learning practices towards a student-centred approach. Student-centred learning places greater importance on the personalisation of learning, giving students greater control of the pace, place, and style of learning. Teachers are encouraged to make learning flexible and authentic, tailoring content and feedback to individual students’ needs and abilities. Teachers and schools are developing programs that combine digital environments with face-to-face (F2F) teaching to support these emerging trends; a concept referred to as blended learning. Different models of K-12 blended learning programs are emerging. While the strategy is broadly researched and widely adopted in post-secondary education, gaps in the research exist in secondary school contexts. Blended learning in mainstream secondary schools faces challenges not found in other settings due to the need to provide students with custodial supervision while attending brick-and-mortar institutions. These requirements tend to produce blended learning models that are unique to mainstream secondary schools.
This study explores one such blended learning program designed to provide students with opportunities to develop independent learning and executive functioning skills. Year 10 students in a large mainstream Australian secondary school underwent a program called eTime. The program saw one timetabled lesson per fortnight for each mandatory subject completed online but still within a supervised classroom environment. This program is holistic as it spans several academic subjects across an entire cohort. The study used expansive learning within cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) and ethnographic methods to study a group of students and teachers as they participated in eTime learning activities. This approach allowed exploration into how and why a mainstream Australian secondary school implemented a holistic approach to blended learning and how the tensions (in CHAT, called contradictions) within the activity suggest further development.
The study used contradictions as a way of exploring further adaptations and expansion of the activity. The study found that holistic secondary school blended learning reflects a broader movement towards student-centred learning, where students develop the skills required to meet a fluid and flexible future labour market. The blended learning program itself was effective when it promoted a deep integration between online and F2F activities and contexts. Results also suggest that activities should provide students with choice and challenge and clear support and scaffolds. Scaffolding needed to include support to complete an activity and support for completing actions within the blended environment. This study represents a unique approach to the study of secondary school blended learning by providing a deep exploration of the cultural and historical context around the change to the learning activity, why specific changes were successful, and how to improve less successful aspects.
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Schneider, Martin [Verfasser]. "SANS-Untersuchungen an Blends aus vernetzten Kolloiden und linearen Polymeren / Martin Schneider." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054400946/34.
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Porcel, Fernanda da Silva. "Influência dos parâmetros de Processamento e da composição na morfologia de resinas ABS." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/796.
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Previous issue date: 2004-08-24<br>The present work is about the influence of processing parameter and composition on the morphology of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)resins. The ABS grades chosen are commercial products with high rubber content, i. e., above 40 wt%. A styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was blended to ABS parental compositions by melt extrusion in order to dilute the overall rubber contents, practice also used at the industry. The pure ABS in
powder were processed in three different ways: compression, extrusion and injection molding. In each process there were variation of molding condition, and its influence on morphology formation were studied by transmission (TEM)
and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Blends of SAN content 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30 and even 50 wt% of SAN had their morphologies investigated. Besides that, the polymeric components of the blends were chemically, rheologically and
thermo-mechanically characterized. The analysis showed how the grafting grade and the amount of free SAN on ABS can be critical on the rheological characteristics of these materials. The pure ABS morphology showed agglomerated rubber particles, big enough to become the system matrix phase. Changes on the processing parameters alter the morphology only on the
disperse phase domains size and distribution. The SEM morphology analysis of injection molded samples showed enhanced rubbery phase particles
agglomeration at the border regions of the specimen. Adding up to 30 wt% of SAN in ABS wasn t enough to promote phase inversion, yielding a SAN rich phase as the system matrix. This result suggests that the added SAN wasn t
miscible into the ABS free SAN.<br>O trabalho desenvolvido versa sobre a influência de parâmetros de processamento e da composição na morfologia de terpolímeros acrilonitrilabutadieno-
estireno (ABS). As resinas de ABS escolhidas para este estudo são produtos comerciais e têm elevado teor de borracha, ou seja, acima de 40%
em massa. O copolímero estireno-acrilonitrila (SAN) foi escolhido para diluir o teor de elastômero das resinas ABS, através de misturas por extrusão, prática utilizada também na indústria. Os ABS puros na forma de pó foram processados em três diferentes maneiras: compressão, extrusão e moldagem por injeção. Em cada processo foram variados parâmetros de processo, e suas
influências na formação da morfologia foram estudadas através de microscopias eletrônicas de transmissão (MET) e de varredura (MEV). Blendas
ABS/SAN contendo 2,5; 5; 10; 20; 30% e até 50% em massa de SAN foram alvo de estudos morfológicos. Além disso, os componentes poliméricos das blendas foram caracterizados química, reológica e termo-mecanicamente. As
análises mostraram como as diferenças de grau de enxertia e de porcentagem de SAN livre nos ABS podem ser determinantes nas características reológicas destes materiais. A morfologia dos ABS puros apresentou aglomerados de partículas de borracha, grandes o suficiente para se tornarem a fase matriz do sistema contrapondo-se a morfologia típica dos sistemas obtidos por emulsão.
As mudanças nos parâmetros de processamento alteraram a morfologia somente no que diz respeito ao tamanho e distribuição dos domínios da fase
dispersa. A análise da morfologia em MEV de amostras injetadas mostrou que a aglomeração das partículas da fase elastomérica foi mais acentuada nas regiões próximas a parede do corpo de prova. A adição de até 30% em massa de SAN nos ABS foi insuficiente para promover a inversão de fases, onde a matriz do sistema passa a ser a fase rica em SAN. Este resultado leva a crer que o SAN adicionado foi imiscível com o SAN presente nos ABS.
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Costa, Lidiane Cristina. "Desenvolvimento de blendas nanoestruturadas SAN/PBT modificadas com copolímeros acrílicos reativos." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/704.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-02<br>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais<br>In this work we have obtained transparent nanoblends of poly(styrene-coacrylonitrile) (SAN) as matrix and poly(butylene terephthalate) as a nanometric phase. The materials were produced by means of reactive mixing in a twin screw extrude. The development of compatibilization systems, in order to diminish the dimension of dispersed phase in situ, can be seen as a great scientific challenge in nanoblends field. In such case, the compatibilizer optimizes the comminution and prevents the coalescence process of the dispersed phase. The compatibilization between SAN and PBT phases was performed using terpolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and ethyl acrylate (EA), denoted as MGE. Using bulk polymerization, we have applied different conditions for compatibilizer syntheses, in order to achieve a decreasing in the MGE molecular weight. The analyses of the reactivity of different compatibilizer with PBT were accomplished by using both torque rheometry and transmission electron microscopy. We have noticed that as the molecular weight of MGE decreases, the particles sizes of the dispersed phase diminishes accordingly. This part of the study culminated in the selection of the better MGE for nanoblends production. Blends with concentration varying from 3 to 30% wt were prepared in an extruder. These nanoblends were characterized with respect to thermal, dynamic-mechanical, rheological, mophorlogical and optical properties. We have shown that the MGE incorporation presents a high-efficiency for the decreasing of the PBT domains and plays an important role for the optical properties of the resulting nanoblends.<br>Neste trabalho nanoblendas polimericas transparentes a base de poli(estirenoco- acrilonitrila) (SAN) como matriz e o poli(tereftalato de butileno) (PBT) como fase nanometrica foram obtidas. Esses materiais foram produzidos por meio de mistura reativa em uma extrusora dupla rosca. Um grande desafio cientifico e tecnologico para a area de nanoblendas e desenvolver sistemas de compatibilizacao in situ a fim de reduzir as dimensoes da fase dispersa na matriz polimerica. Neste caso, o compatibilizante exerce a acao de otimizar o processo de cominuicao da fase dispersa e prevenir a etapa de coalescencia. A compatibilizacao entre as fases SAN e PBT foi realizada atraves de terpolimeros (MGE) sintetizados a partir dos monomeros metacrilato de metila (MMA), metacrilato de glicidila (GMA) e acrilato de etila (EA). Por meio do metodo de polimerizacao em massa, diferentes condicoes de sintese para o compatibilizante foram aplicadas a fim de alcancar uma reducao da massa molar do MGE. A reatividade de diferentes compatibilizantes com o PBT foi avaliada principalmente atraves de reometria de torque e microscopia eletronica de transmissao. Observou-se uma diminuicao no tamanho de particulas da fase dispersa em funcao do decrescimo da massa molar do terpolimero. Esta etapa do estudo culminou na selecao do MGE com melhor desempenho e potencial para que nanoblendas fossem alcancadas durante o processo de extrusao reativa. Blendas com concentracoes de PBT variando entre 3 e 30% em massa foram preparadas em extrusora. Essas nanoblendas foram caracterizadas quanto as suas propriedades termicas, dinamicomecanicas, reologicas, morfologicas e opticas. A incorporacao de MGE apresentou grande eficiencia na diminuicao do tamanho da fase dispersa de PBT na matriz de SAN e desempenhou papel fundamental nas propriedades opticas das nanoblendas.
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Figueira, Rossana Cristina Rossoni. "Análise da processabilidade de blendas PBT/ABS compatibilizadas in situ com copolímeros acrílicos." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/683.
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Previous issue date: 2007-12-14<br>Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos<br>Poly(butylene terephthalate)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PBT/ABS) blends show high toughness at room temperature, low ductile-brittle transition temperature and stable morphology when compatibilized. The flowability of PBT/ABS blends compatibilized in situ with methyl metacrylate- glicydil metacrylate-etyl acrylate (MGE) copolymer changes drastically with the kinds of ABS, PBT used and with the level of interfacial adhesion. In this work, a high rubber content ABS was mixed with PMMA and SAN copolymer. These blends were introduced in PBT/ABS/MGE system to study the processability. The addition of ABS/SAN or ABS/PMMA in the PBT/ABS/MGE blends didn t show high decreased of the torque in the blends with rubber content of 12 and 16 wt%. PBT 315/ABS/MGE and PBT 325/ABS/MGE blends showed inversion of viscosity concerning pure ABS under permanent shear condition. The mechanical properties of PBT/(ABS/SAN or PMMA)/MGE showed that the Young modulus and yield stress are not affected by the change of PBT matrix molecular weight. The kind of PBT matrix used changes strongly the blends behavior under impact, altering the values of ductile-brittle transition temperature and impact resistance. PBT 315 and ABS showed almost the same flow length. The compositions with ABS/PMMA added showed a higher flow length tendency in PBT 315 and PBT 325 blends. Blends with PBT 195 showed better flowability. However, these blends didn t become tough systems. The better mechanical properties/moldability relationship to PBT 315 and PBT 325 blends was observed for ABS/SAN or ABS/PMMA added with a rubber content of 30 %wt.<br>Blendas poli(tereftalato de butileno)/acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (PBT/ABS) apresentam alta tenacidade à temperatura ambiente, baixa temperatura de transição frágil-dúctil e morfologia estável quando compatibilizadas. O comportamento no estado fundido de sistemas PBT/ABS compatibilizados in situ com o copolímero metacrilado de metila-metacrilato de glicidila-acrilato de etila (MGE) sofre forte influência dos tipos de ABS e PBT utilizados, bem como do grau de adesão interfacial gerado pelo compatibilizante. Neste trabalho, um ABS com elevado conteúdo de fase borrachosa foi diluído com copolímero SAN e PMMA. Estas blendas foram introduzidas no sistema PBT/ABS/MGE para estudo da sua processabilidade. A adição de ABS/SAN ou ABS/PMMA nas blendas PBT/ABS/MGE não apresentou acentuada diminuição do torque tanto nas blendas com proporção mássica de fase borrachosa igual a 12 % como naquelas com 16% em massa. Sob regime permanente de cisalhamento, as blendas PBT 315/ABS/MGE e PBT 325/ABS/MGE apresentam inversão da viscosidade em relação ao ABS puro. As propriedades mecânicas das blendas PBT/[(ABS/SAN ou PMMA)]/MGE mostraram que o módulo de Young e a tensão no escoamento são relativamente insensíveis à alteração da massa molar da matriz PBT numa dada composição. O tipo de matriz PBT utilizada influencia fortemente o comportamento sob impacto das blendas, alterando tanto os valores da temperatura de transição frágil-dúctil como a resistência ao impacto para uma dada temperatura. O PBT 315 e o ABS apresentaram praticamente o mesmo comprimento de fluxo. As composições em que se adicionou ABS/PMMA apresentaram uma tendência a maior comprimento de fluxo tanto nos sistemas com PBT 315 como naqueles com PBT 325. As blendas com PBT 195 apresentam maior habilidade em preencher o molde. Entretanto, estas blendas não resultaram em sistemas tenazes. A melhor correlação propriedades mecânicas/moldabilidade para blendas com PBT 315 e 325 foi para os sistemas onde adicionou-se ABS/SAN ou ABS/PMMA com 30 % em massa de fase borrachosa.
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Ternes, Neto Alvaro. "Desenvolvimento de nanoblendas poliméricas PMMA/SAN." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/870.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-03<br>Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos<br>The motivation for this work was the idea that nanoblends are fundamentally dependent on the high interaction between the phases in the mixture. The strategy adopted in this study was based on the use of two polymers that have a miscibility window, which allows the establishment of an immiscibility condition very close to the limit of this window, providing low interfacial tension between phases. Nanoblends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the matrix and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) as the nanophase were obtained by blending in a twin screw extruder. The compatibilization between the phases was accomplished through the incorporation of the terpolymer (MGE) synthesized from the monomers methyl methacrylate (MMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethyl acrylate (EA). The morphology of the blends was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The transparency of the blends and pure polymers was quantified by transmittance of visible light. Tests such as torque rheometry, capillary rheometry, tensile strength and chemical resistance to solvents were also performed. Nanoblends with 1 and 3 wt% of the dispersed phase were obtained in the absence of MGE. The introduction of the terpolymer allowed a significant reduction of the SAN phase for compositions with 5 and 10% by weight. Through this reduction blends with 5 wt% of SAN reach the nanoscale. It was found that blends transparency is directly related to the dispersed phase mass fraction. Blends mechanical properties were close to those of the PMMA. Blends and pure polymers did not swell by the solvents chosen.<br>A principal motivação para a realização deste trabalho de mestrado consistiu na idéia de que a obtenção de nanoblendas poliméricas é fundamentalmente dependente da elevada interação entre as fases presentes na mistura. A estratégia adotada neste estudo baseou-se na utilização de dois polímeros que possuem uma janela de miscibilidade, o que permite o estabelecimento de uma condição de imiscibilidade muito próxima do limite desta janela, proporcionando reduzida tensão interfacial entre as fases. Nanoblendas poliméricas a base do poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) como matriz e do copolímero poli(estireno-co-acrilonitrila) (SAN) como a fase nanométrica foram obtidas através da mistura mecânica em uma extrusora dupla rosca de bancada. A compatibilização entre as fases foi realizada através da incorporação do terpolímero (MGE) sintetizado a partir dos monômeros metacrilato de metila (MMA), metacrilato de glicidila (GMA) e acrilato de etila (EA). A morfologia das blendas foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A transparência das blendas bem como dos polímeros puros foi quantificada através de um ensaio de transmitância de luz visível. Também foram realizados ensaios de reometria de torque, reometria capilar, resistência à tração e resistência química a solventes. Na ausência do agente MGE foram obtidas nanoblendas para 1 e 3% em massa da fase dispersa. A introdução do terpolímero permitiu uma significativa redução no diâmetro numérico médio da fase SAN para as composições com 5 e 10% em massa. Essa diminuição fez com que fase dispersa da blenda com 5% de SAN atingisse dimensão inferior a 100 nm. Foi verificado que a transparência das blendas está diretamente relacionada à fração mássica da fase dispersa. As propriedades mecânicas das blendas foram próximas as da matriz. Os polímeros puros e as blendas não sofreram inchamento pelos solventes escolhidos.
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Silva, Erik dos Santos. "Efeito da incorpora??o de s?lica tratada com aminosilano nos nanocomp?sitos PMMA/SAN/S?lica." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM CI?NCIA E ENGENHARIA DE MATERIAIS, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24640.
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-30<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)<br>A pesquisa em nanocomp?sitos de pol?meros e s?lica tornou-se foco de muitos pesquisadores nos ?ltimos anos devido ?s excelentes propriedades apresentadas quando comparadas aos componentes individuais. Neste trabalho foi realizado um tratamento de modifica??o superficial da s?lica com 3-aminopropiltriet?xisilano (APTES) para incorpora??o na blenda poli(metacrilato de metila)/poli(estireno-co-acrilonitrila) (PMMA/SAN) por meio de processamento em extrusora dupla rosca. Foi avaliado o efeito da adi??o de nanopart?culas de s?lica com e sem modifica??o superficial na estrutura e propriedades da blenda PMMA/SAN, com objetivo de promover melhores propriedades mec?nicas, sem comprometer a transpar?ncia dos materiais produzidos. Os materiais foram caracterizados por medidas de ?ndice de fluidez (MFI), ensaios mec?nicos de tra??o uniaxial, flex?o em 3 pontos, dureza Rockwell M (HRM) e Shore D, impacto Izod, reometria de placas paralelas, microscopia eletr?nica de transmiss?o (MET), ensaios de abras?o e risco. Os resultados reol?gicos indicaram que houve rea??o entre as nanopart?culas de s?lica tratadas com os pol?meros puros e com a blenda PMMA/SAN, mostrando-se uma t?cnica ?til para avaliar poss?veis rea??es durante o processo de extrus?o. Os nanocomp?sitos apresentaram um decr?scimo nas propriedades de resist?ncia m?xima ? tra??o, resist?ncia ao impacto e alongamento na ruptura, se comparado a blenda PMMA/SAN, que apresentou sinergismo nas propriedades de resist?ncia m?xima ? tra??o e alongamento na ruptura. Entretanto, as propriedades dos nanocomp?sitos com nanopart?culas de s?lica modificadas foram superiores aos nanocomp?sitos sem tratamento. A adi??o de s?lica tratada promoveu um aumento no m?dulo de elasticidade, dureza, abras?o e risco dos nanocomp?sitos produzidos.<br>Research on nanocomposites of polymers and silica has become the focus of many researchers in recent years because of the excellent properties presented when compared to individual components. In this work a surface modification treatment of silica with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was carried out for incorporation in the poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (PMMA/SAN) blend by processing in a twin screw extruder. The effect of the addition of silica nanoparticles with and without surface modification on the structure and properties of the PMMA/SAN blend was evaluated, aiming to promote better mechanical properties without compromising the transparency of the materials produced. The materials were characterized by flow index measures (MFI), mechanical tests of uniaxial traction, 3-point flexure, Rockwell M hardness (HRM) and Shore D, Izod impact, parallel plate rheometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), abrasion and scratch tests. The rheological results indicated that there was a reaction between the silica nanoparticles treated with the pure polymers and with the PMMA/SAN blend, showing a useful technique to evaluate possible reactions during the extrusion process. The nanocomposites showed a decrease in the properties of maximum tensile strength, impact strength and elongation at break when compared to PMMA/SAN blends, which showed synergism in the properties of maximum tensile strength and elongation at break. However, the properties of the nanocomposites with modified silica nanoparticles were superior to the nanocomposites without treatment. The addition of treated silica promoted an increase in the modulus of elasticity, hardness, abrasion and scratch of the nanocomposites produced.
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KUMAR, ARVIND. "STUDY OF SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SAND BLENDED WITH SILT." Thesis, 2015. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15570.
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The structure derived from compacting the soil at different water contents and energy levels can have a substantial effect on its shear strength. While the shear strength can be estimated based on the saturated shear strength parameters and the unsaturated angle of shearing resistance, limited studies have explored the variation of shear strength properties with different compaction states. In this project report, the shear strength of a sandy soil was investigated using a conventional direct shear box and triaxial test (CU) with three different normal pressures. In this project, it was aimed to observe shear strength behavior of sand blended with various percentage of silt. Three series of experiments were performed. In all series, behavior of shear strength under different testing conditions was investigated against increasing fine materials in the mixtures. Silt is used as fine material. Shear strength parameters, failure strains, stress-strain behaviors were studied. The changes in basic characteristics such as particle size distributions, consistency limits and index properties were also studied.
In this investigation laboratory study on Sand (SP) blended with Silt (ML) has been carried out. Various test conducted on sand and silt were performed for the determination of following parameters: Field moisture content, Atterberg’s Limits, Grain Size Analysis, Standard Proctor’s Compaction test, Direct Shear and Triaxial Consolidated Undrained test on varying percentages of silt (by weight of 5%,10%,15%).
These primary conclusions were obtained from this investigation. With the addition of silt there was considerable decrease in the value of angle of internal resistance and small increase in cohesion in the soil. During the design of structure, most of the cases the plain strain problem is carried out. Therefore an attempt has been carried out to establish a relation between the angle of shearing resistance obtained from Direct Shear test and Triaxial test.
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Braham, Andrew. "The use of blended recycled foundry sand in hot mix asphalt." 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50106208.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2002.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-110).
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RANA, DEEPAK. "STUDY OF SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF YAMUNA SAND BLENDED WITH SOFT SOIL." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15542.
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The structure resulting from compacting the soil at different water contents and energy levels can have a substantial effect on its shear strength. While the shear strength can be estimated based on the saturated shear strength parameters and the unsaturated angle of shearing resistance, limited studies have explored the variation of shear strength properties with different compaction states. In the present study, shear behaviour of virgin Yamuna sand and Yamuna sand blended with two clays of different mineralogy i.e. bentonite and kaolinite was investigated by Direct Shear test and Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial test. Index properties and compaction characteristics of soil is also studied in this project. It was aimed to observe the shear behaviour of sand-bentonite and sand-kaolinite mixtures.
Various tests conducted on virgin soil were performed for the determination of following parameters: field moisture content, Atterberg Limits, Grain Size Analysis, Standard Proctor Compaction test, Direct Shear and Triaxial Unconsolidated Undrained test. Compaction tests were conducted on mixtures of 5%,10%,15%,20% by weight bentonite and kaolinite. Direct Shear test and UU Triaxial tests were performed on mixes with 5%,10%,15%,20% by weight of bentonite and kaolinite.
It was found that there is increase in MDD and OMC of the soil mixes for both kaolinite and bentonite. Maximum MDD was achieved with kaolinite clay and maximum OMC with bentonite clay. Direct shear test resulted in the increase in cohesion and decrease in friction angle for both bentonite and kaolinite. Similar results are obtained in UU Triaxial tests. However, shear parameters obtained in Direct Shear test is slightly more than obtained in Triaxial tests.
Books on the topic "SAND BLENDED"
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Langevin, Michael Peter. Spiritual Business: The Amazing and True Story of Magical Blend Magazine. Hampton Roads Publishing Company, 2004.
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Russell, Tony. Rural Rhythm. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190091187.001.0001.
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Music historian Tony Russell explores a collection of records of early country music from the 1920s and ’30s, unlocking and revealing their hidden stories. The seventy-eight essays on selected 78rpm discs explain what they tell us about the musicians who sang and played the songs and tunes, the listeners who absorbed them, and the development of the genre—old-time music—in which they found a home. To illuminate their world, the author details how they were recorded, the intentions and interventions of the companies that made the recordings, and their fates once they were issued. There are songs, and stories of songs, about home and family, love and courtship, marriage and separation, childhood and schooldays, old age and death, crime and punishment, farms and floods, chain gangs and chain stores, wagons and automobiles, dogs and mules, drink, disasters, jokes, journeys, money, memories, and much more. Drawing on new research, contemporary newspapers, and previously unpublished interviews, Rural Rhythm charts the tempos and styles of rural and small-town music-making, and the gearshift that accelerated country music from the barndance pace of the 1920s to the hyperdrive of late-’30s proto-bluegrass and Western Swing: from “The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane” to “New San Antonio Rose.” At the same time, it notates the larger rural rhythm of life in these years in the South, Southwest, and Midwest, with its recreations, its rituals, and its oddities, to produce a narrative that blends the musical and social history of the era.
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Kennerley, David. Sounding Feminine. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097561.001.0001.
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This book examines the uses and meanings of women’s voices in British society and musical culture between 1780 and 1850. As previous scholars have argued, during these decades patriarchal power increasingly came to rest upon a particular understanding of the essentially different nature of male and female physiology and psychology. As a result, this book contends, the female voice—believed to blend both physical and mental attributes—became central to maintaining, and challenging, gendered power structures. The book argues that the varying ways women used their voices—the sounds that they made, as much as the words they spoke or sang—were understood by contemporaries as aural markers of different kinds of femininity. Consequently, contemporary divisions over feminine ideals were both expressed and contested through women’s use of their voices and audiences’ responses to them. Following an introduction that lays out the book’s theoretical frameworks and main arguments, the first three chapters explore how contemporary responses to different styles of female vocality were shaped by class, religious, and national discourses, through an exploration of conduct literature, letters, diaries, life-writing, and music criticism and reportage in newspapers and periodicals. Two case studies then extend the argument further through detailed analysis of the use and meaning of women’s voices on the part of both amateur and professional female singers respectively. A closing epilogue draws together the book’s major themes and discusses their implications for the gender history of this period.
Book chapters on the topic "SAND BLENDED"
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Wang, Ying, Guang Ye, and K. van Breugel. "Microstructure of Cement Paste Blended with Micronized Sand (MS)." In Durability of Building Materials and Components. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37475-3_3.
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Kumar, Deepak, and Siddhartha Sengupta. "Dynamic Response of Fly Ash Blended Sand and Its Liquefaction Resistance." In Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4590-4_37.
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Jegatheeswaran, D., and S. Savitha Sree. "Feasibility Study on Metakaolin Boiler Ash Blended with M-Sand in Geo-polymer Concrete for Production of Building Blocks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8433-3_59.
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Athira, T., and T. Sini. "Effect of Palm Fibres on Lime Blended Sandy Clay." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3383-6_9.
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Patterson, Josh, and Charles M. Wilk. "Estimating Sustainability Benefits from Use of Blended Cements and Slag Cement at Geotechnical Projects." In IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco, California, 2018 - Volume 4. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93133-3_15.
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GuhaRay, Anasua, and M. Jayatheja. "Performance of Retaining Walls Backfilled with Blend of Sand and Building Derived Materials: A Laboratory Scale Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4324-5_5.
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PAVLENKO, S. I. "LIGHTWEIGHT CEMENTLESS CONCRETE ON THE BASE OF HIGH-CALCIUM FLY ASH AND SLAG SAND FROM TPP." In Blended Cements in Construction. CRC Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482296631-8.
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Achyutha Kumar Reddy, Metta, and Veerendrakumar C. Khed. "Bentonite Clay Modified Concrete." In Sand in Construction [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103803.
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Replacing cement with pozzolanic materials to some extent in construction is found to be one of the sustainable approaches in the construction industry. Pozzolanic materials of industrial origin like fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag will have to be replaced with natural pozzolanic materials once the world moves towards renewable energy sources. Bentonite is one such pozzolanic clay material that is rich in SiO2 content. A little research was made to assess the performance of bentonite modified concrete. Based on those, an improvement in the fresh, hardened, durability properties was reported. This chapter presents the current scenario on the development of bentonite modified concrete. It also reviews the literature about the physical & chemical properties of bentonite, bentonite blended cement mortar, bentonite modified cement concrete, and reinforced concrete. The history and development of Bentonite modified concrete were also briefly presented in this chapter.
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Scott, Walter. "Chapter XVI." In Rob Roy. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199549887.003.0020.
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‘It happened one day about noon, going to my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand.’ Robinson Crusoe* With the blended feelings of interest...
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Kuruvilla, Sujith V., S. Sumi, and K. Swarnalatha. "Development of clay-glass-sand blended lightweight aggregate using sewage sludge as filler." In Recent Advances in Materials, Mechanics and Management. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351227544-31.
Full textConference papers on the topic "SAND BLENDED"
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""Toward Gap-Graded HPC in Vietnam Using Crushed Rock, Very Fine Sand, and RHA Blended Cement"." In "SP-154: Advances in Concrete Technology - Proceeding Second CANMET/ ACI International Symposium - Las Vegas, Nevada, USA". American Concrete Institute, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/958.
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Ward, John, Muhammad Akram, and Roy Garwood. "Fluidised Bed Combustion of Blends of Coal and Pressed Sugar Beet Pulp." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44093.
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It can be difficult to burn relatively cheap, poor quality, unprepared biomass materials in industrial heating processes because of their variable composition, relatively low calorific values and high moisture contents. Consequently the stability and efficiency of the combustion process can be adversely affected unless they are co-fired with a hydrocarbon support fuel. There is a lack of information on the “optimum” conditions for co-firing of coal and high moisture biomass as well as on the proportions of support fuel which should be used. This paper is therefore concerned with the pilot scale (<25 kW thermal input) fluidised bed combustion of blends of coal with pressed sugar beet pulp, a solid biomass with an average moisture content of 71%. The experimental work was undertaken in collaboration with British Sugar plc who operate a coal-fired 40 MW thermal capacity fluidised bed producing hot combustion gases for subsequent drying applications. The project studied the combustion characteristics of different coal and pressed pulp blends over a wide range of operating conditions. It was found that stable combustion could only be maintained if the proportion of pulp by mass in the blended fuel was no greater than 50%. However evaporation of the moisture in the pressed pulp cools the bed so that the excess air which is necessary to maintain a specified bed temperature at a fixed thermal input can be reduced as the proportion of biomass in the blended fuel is increased. Therefore, with a 50/50 blend the bed can be operated with 20% less fluidising air and this will be beneficial for the output of the full scale plant since at present the flow rate of the air and hence the amount of coal which can be burnt is restricted by supply system pressure drop limitations. A further benefit of co-firing pressed pulp is that NOx emissions are reduced by about 25%. Agglomeration of the bed can be a problem when co-firing biomass because of the formation of “sticky” low melting point alkali metal silicate eutectics which result in subsequent adhesion of the ash and sand particles. Consequently longer term co-firing tests with a 50/50 blended fuel by mass were undertaken. Problems of bed agglomeration were not observed under these conditions with relatively low levels of alkali metals in the ash.
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Hwalla, Joud, Hilal El-Hassan, Joseph J. Assaad, Tamer ElMaaddawy, and Jad Bawab. "Effect of Type of Sand on the Flowability and Compressive Strength of Slag-Fly Ash Blended Geopolymer Mortar." In The 8th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Transportation Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/iccste23.115.
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Mock, Clara, Michael J. Walock, Andrew Wright, et al. "Rare-Earth Oxides Blended With Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings for Improved Resistance to Sand Adherence and Calcia-Magnesia-Alumino-Silicate (CMAS) Infiltration." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90395.
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Abstract Military rotorcraft are particularly susceptible to engine damage from environmental particulates. While inertial particle separators are efficient at removing large particles, fine particulates (75 μm or smaller) are still entering the engine. Once into the hot-section, these fine particulates melt, impinge the hot-section components, and solidify as calcia-magnesia-alumina-silicate (CMAS) glasses. Infiltration from these glassy deposits can significantly reduce component lifetimes through the loss of strain tolerance and increased thermal conductivity within the thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) protecting the underlying substrates. Engine life knockdowns can lead to significant increases in the operations and sustainment costs of military aviation assets. In addition, the adhesion and build-up of the glassy CMAS deposit on hot-section components can lead to rapid performance degradation, which has resulted in the loss of aircraft and loss of life incidents during military operations in particle-laden environments. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is working to develop sandphobic coatings that are resistance to molten sand adhesion and the buildup of glassy CMAS deposits. To this end, this paper/presentation will focus on recent results from blending rare-earth oxides (REO) with yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings. Gadolinia powder was mixed with eight (8) weight percent yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) powder for consolidation via air plasma spray onto Inconel 718 discs (1-in diameter) and tested in the Hot Particulate Ingestion Rig (HPIR) under engine-relevant conditions, using AFRL-02 synthetic sand. The as-processed and tested samples were characterized using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Preliminary results show that mixing REOs with 8YSZ can significantly reduce molten sand adhesion compared to pure 8YSZ.
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Pardo, Carlos, and Ralph Dickau. "Facilities and Controls in a Heated Bitumen Pipeline." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0171.
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World scale deposits of oil sands (bitumen) in Northern Alberta, Canada are being developed to extract hydrocarbons from the sand using surface mining processes and new techniques such us Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) or “SagDee” as it is commonly referred to in the industry. This method employs numerous steam injection wells to heat the bitumen to reduce its viscosity and separate it from the sand particles. The heavy tar-like bitumen must either be upgraded to a light synthetic crude on site or diluted with natural gas condensate or a light oil to be able to pump the blend over long distances through pipelines to refineries for upgrading. The cost of this process and the decreasing availability of diluent led to the development of a pilot project to pump the bitumen in a raw heated state. This paper describes the special facilities and controls that were designed to move high viscosity heated bitumen from this remotely operated pump station. Extended loss of heat to the pump station and pipeline would result in a bitumen viscosity increase from which there is no recovery resulting in a permanent failure of the facility. For this reason, the equipment installed required a high degree of reliability. New receipt and blending facilities were also designed and constructed at the end of the pipeline to dilute the bitumen such that the blend could be pumped down conventional pipeline facilities. The pump station was manufactured as modules in Edmonton, Alberta, and then transported 500 km (315 mi) to site for assembly. Startup procedures were developed to fill the pipeline in controlled stages and to commission the new facilities. Redundant systems were employed to ensure the availability of the pump station at all times.
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Quiros, Edwin N., and Jeffrey James C. Laguitao. "Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Philippine CME-Diesel Blends." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3393.
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Deliberations in the Philippines are underway on the shift to 5% (B5) CME-diesel blend from the current B2 blend. In support to said deliberations, a fuel economy and gaseous emissions study of B1–B50 CME-diesel blends was conducted using an in-use Asian utility vehicle running on the Japanese 10–15 Mode drive cycle. Results show that adding CME up to 20% by volume (B20) has a small effect on the heating values, specific fuel consumption (SFC), mileage, and maximum power. Relative to neat diesel, the increase in SFC, and lower mileage and power beyond B20 were attributed to lower heating values at higher blends. CO was practically constant while THC and NOx generally decreased with increasing CME blends. The CO and THC trends were ascribed to overall lean mixtures and increased amount of oxygenated fuel at higher CME blends. The decreasing NOx trend needs further investigation as it seemed contrary to other studies. Based on these results, the shift to B5 would insignificantly affect fuel economy and likely lessen THC and NOx emissions. B20 yielded the most emissions reduction without performance loss.
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Larsen, D. G., and L. J. Smith. "New Conductivity Found in Angular Blends of Fracturing Sand." In SPE Production Operations Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13814-ms.
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Chen, Zheng, Leslie Cargill, and Brent Naizer. "Auto-Tuning Tub-Level Control of Blender in Hydraulic Fracturing." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9848.
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Hydraulic fracturing is one of the key technologies for producing shale oil and gas. During hydraulic fracturing, a blender is used to mix sand with water and chemicals to obtain a fluidic mixture that will be pumped down a well to frack rocks. In order to achieve high-quality fracturing during a job, the blender needs to maintain its tub level as well as the density of the fluidic mixture. In this paper, an auto-tuning proportional-integral (PI) control is developed for the blender automation system to maintain the tub level of its fluidic mixture. The control system adopts a single-loop PI with gains that can be auto-tuned during a job. A relay feedback test is conducted for auto-tuning the PI gains online. The auto-tuning PI control has been successfully tested in a blender simulator. Experimental results have shown that the control performance was improved after auto-tuning and that the control system was adaptive to variation in system parameters.
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Balu, Alexander, Miguel Castro, Geet Padhi, et al. "Optimization and Simulation of a CFR Engine Fueled by Dilute Anode Tail-Gas." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2971.
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Abstract Recent innovations in Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (MS-SOFC) have increased the longevity and reliability of fuel cells. These innovations drive the desire to create power generating systems that combine different ways of extracting power from a fuel to increase overall thermal efficiency. This investigation assesses the feasibility of operating an internal combustion engine with the anode tail-gas, which is a blend of H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4, exhausted by a MS-SOFC. This engine would be used to support fuel cell balance of plant equipment and produce excess electrical power. Four variations of the expected anode tail-gas blends were determined by varying the dewpoint temperature of the fuel. Gas blends are tested by combining separate flows of each constituent, and combustion is tested using a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine. Compression ratio, spark timing, inlet manifold temperature, and boost pressure were used to obtain optimal operating conditions. Stable engine operation was obtained on all test blends. A combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analysis of chemical species and reaction mechanisms is used to develop an engine and combustion model. This model allows for further investigation into anode tail-gas combustion characteristics. Response Surface Method Optimization was used to experimentally optimize operating parameters and determine the maximum achievable efficiency utilizing the CFR engine. All test blends with H2O produced power in the engine although the blend with the most water content caused operational problems with the CFR engine test stand, including large amounts of water entering the oil system. Three chemical kinetic mechanisms were investigated that had the correct species for simulating the fuel with a low number of reactions to facilitate low computational time: San Diego (SD), GRI and Gallway 2017 (NUIG) mechanism. Out of these four mechanisms, the NUIG mechanism results fit the CFR engine experimental data best. Response Surface Method Optimization was performed on the most viable test blends, the steam injections blends at 40°C and 90°C fuel dewpoint temperature. During optimization the 40°C dewpoint temperature blend brake efficiency increased from 20% to 21.6%, and the 90°C dewpoint temperature blend brake efficiency increased from 17% to 22.3%.
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Park, Su Han, Seung Hyun Yoon, Hyung Jun Kim, and Chang Sik Lee. "Effect of the Spray-Atomization Characteristics on the Nano Size Particle Exhaust Emissions Characteristics Using Biodiesel-Bioethanol Blended Fuels in a DI Diesel Engine With Common Rail Injection System." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76062.
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The purpose of this work is to investigate the spray-atomization, combustion and emissions characteristics of biodiesel-bioethanol (BE) and biodiesel-diesel (BD) blended fuels compared with an undiluted biodiesel fuel. For studying the overall spray characteristics, the spray tip penetration, spray cone angle were analyzed from the spray images, and droplet size and distribution were analyzed from the droplet measuring system. In addition, the combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics including the nano-size particle number and size distribution of particulate matter were studied using the direct injection diesel engine with a single cylinder. In this investigation, it revealed that BE and BD blended fuels have slightly higher spray tip penetration and wider spray cone angle due to the reduction of fuel properties such as fuel density and kinematic viscosity. Fuel droplet sizes of blended fuels were distributed in the region of the lower diameter size, compared to biodiesel fuel. It can be said that the reduced fuel viscosity and surface tension of blended fuels affect the atomization performance of biodiesel fuel. The experimental results of spray characteristics were compared with the predicted results through the numerical method by the KIVA-3V. On the other hand, BD blended fuel has a similar combustion and emission characteristics compared with an undiluted biodiesel fuel. In case of BE blended fuel, the ignition delay becomes longer and the rate of heat release becomes high. In the case of exhaust emission characteristics of BE blended fuel, it has lower soot emission, contrary to the almost same nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide. In the analysis of particle size and number distribution, the number and size distribution of B100 and BD20 fuels have a similar pattern and value. However, BE blended fuel has a lowest particle number in the region of nuclei mode. Moreover, the increase of the injection pressure affects the increase of the smaller size particle of BE blended fuel.
Reports on the topic "SAND BLENDED"
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Wignall, G. D., J. D. Londono, R. G. Alamo, and L. Mandelkern. The morphology of blends of linear and branched polyethylenes in solid state by SANS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/34328.
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Wignall, G. D., J. D. Londono, R. G. Alamo, L. Mandelkern, and F. C. Stehling. The morphology of blends of linear and branched polyethylenes in solid state by SANS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/225976.
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