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Academic literature on the topic 'Sand'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sand"

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Huang, Yue, Jasper F. Kok, Raleigh L. Martin, Nitzan Swet, Itzhak Katra, Thomas E. Gill, Richard L. Reynolds, and Livia S. Freire. "Fine dust emissions from active sands at coastal Oceano Dunes, California." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 2947–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2947-2019.

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Abstract. Sand dunes and other active sands generally have a low content of fine grains and, therefore, are not considered to be major dust sources in current climate models. However, recent remote sensing studies have indicated that a surprisingly large fraction of dust storms are generated from regions covered by sand dunes, leading these studies to propose that sand dunes might be globally relevant sources of dust. To help understand dust emissions from sand dunes and other active sands, we present in situ field measurements of dust emission under natural saltation from a coastal sand sheet at Oceano Dunes in California. We find that saltation drives dust emissions from this setting that are on the low end of the range in emissions produced by non-sandy soils for similar wind speed. Laboratory analyses of sand samples suggest that these emissions are produced by aeolian abrasion of feldspars and removal of clay-mineral coatings on sand grain surfaces. We further find that this emitted dust is substantially finer than dust emitted from non-sandy soils, which could enhance its downwind impacts on human health, the hydrological cycle, and climate.
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Chmiel, Stanisław, Stanisław Hałas, Sławomir Głowacki, Joanna Sposób, Ewa Maciejewska, and Andrzej Trembaczowski. "Concentration of soil CO2 as an indicator of the decalcification rate after liming treatment." International Agrophysics 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0085.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of investigation of decalcification of acid sandy and loamy sand soils by infiltration waters, and potential Ca-leaching after liming treatment. For this purpose, monthly measurements were made of the concentration of CO2 in the soil air, dissolved inorganic carbon in the soil waters, and their ionic composition. The determined dissolved inorganic carbon ranged from 5.9 to 10.6 mg dm−3 and from 9.9 to 16.5 mg dm−3 for the sandy and loamy sand soil, respectively. The Ca concentration in soil waters was determined as 5.9-12.4 mg dm−3 in sandy soil and 14.2-19.8 mg dm−3 in soil loamy sand. The calculated rate of decalcification amounted to 23.0 kg ha−1 year−1 in soil sandy and 19.4 kg ha−1 year−1 in loamy sand soil. The potential Ca-leaching is predicted as 124 kg ha−1 year−1 for S and 87 kg ha−1 year−1 for loamy sand soil. At the treatment level of 3 000 kg ha−1 4 year−1 of CaO, ~20% of the Ca-fertilizer can be leached after the liming treatment. The results of the CO2 concentration in the soil air may be useful in estimation of Ca-leaching from soils developed by slightly clayey sands and clayey sands in zones with a moderate climate.
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MUZAFFAROVA, Mauzhuda. "DILATATION OF THE METHOD OF THE FIXATION OF MOVEABLE SANDS." Transport Problems 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2022.17.4.07.

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A new method of physicochemical blocking deflation of movable sands has been developed that represents their fixation in a wet state with binders. It is proposed to carry out sand-fixing works during rainy periods or after preliminary moistening of the sandy surface in order to intensify and reduce the cost of sand-fixing works. The substantiation is carried out on the example of some of the approved and recommended binders based on the express method of studying the possibility of their application to obtain a polymer sandy protective crust on wet sand. The emerging defensive hull is characterized by resistance to wind-sand stream and evaluated by plastic quality and thickness. The impregnation of damp sand with a smaller sum of cover than dry sand is related to an alteration within the nature of impregnation from gravity to capillary. With a decrease in the specific surface of the bulk material and an increase in the pore space, gravitational forces are predominant. The process of wet sand impregnation is associated with the acceleration of the adsorption of the dispersed phase and a reduction in the hole covered due to the partial occupation of the interpore space with water. As a result, in wet sand, the depth of sand impregnation with the binder increases at a lower consumption per unit volume of sand. The following has been established: the possibility of impregnation of approved and recommended binders into wet sand, the inverse dependence of the binder concentration in emulsion forms on the humidity of the sandy surface, the time of application of various binders after moistening the sand and the possible savings of binders.
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Xia, Yu Bo, Yue Suo Yang, and Xin Qiang Du. "The Characteristic of Petroleum Contaminant Adsorption Materials and the Estimation of Adsorption Attenuation." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.197.

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Based on the experiment in lab and the investigation in study site, we have studied the adsorption of fine sand, medium sand and coarse sand which composes the aquifer. The different type's soil is different to the petroleum adsorption, the adsorptive capacity of fine sand is strongest, the coarse sand adsorption is worst. The adsorptive capacity of Sandy in 33.8% to 46.1%, adsorptive capacity of gravel is 9.2%. Freundlich model is more accurate to explain the sorption of the sands. The adsorption reaction of sand is very rapid, and it often only needs less than a day to reach adsorption reaction balance. The pollution levels are underestimated, and has been underestimated approximately 37.1% to 41.4%, and adsorption attenuation is a main action in study site.
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Ma'shum, M., JM Oades, and ME Tate. "The use of dispersible clays to reduce water repellency of sandy soils." Soil Research 27, no. 4 (1989): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890797.

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Water-repellency in sandy soils is determined by the amount of hydrophobic organic matter coating the sand particles and the specific surface area of the sands. The hydrophobic state can be simulated by coating hydrophilic sand with cetyl alcohol. Admixture of finely particulate materials with either naturally occurring water-repellent sands or the model cetyl alcohol-coated sand markedly reduced the water-repellency. Dispersible sodic clays were more effective than calcium saturated clays in reducing water-repellency, suggesting that the addition of dispersible, fine-grained illites and kaolinites couid play an important role in the rapid control of water-repellent soils in field situations.
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Marion, D., A. Nur, H. Yin, and D. Han. "Compressional velocity and porosity in sand‐clay mixtures." GEOPHYSICS 57, no. 4 (April 1992): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443269.

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Laboratory measurements of porosity and compressional velocity were conducted on unconsolidated brine saturated clean Ottawa sand, pure kaolinite, and their mixtures at various confining pressures. A peak in P velocity versus clay content in unconsolidated sand‐clay mixtures at 40 percent clay by weight was found. The peak in velocity is 20–30 percent higher than for either pure clay or clean sand. A minimum in porosity versus clay content at 20–40 percent clay by weight is also observed. Such behavior is explained using a micro‐geometrical model for mixtures of sand and clay in which two classes of sediments are considered: (1) sands and shaley sands, in which clay is dispersed in the pore space of load bearing sand and thus reduces porosity and increases the elastic moduli of the pore‐filling material and (2) shales and sandy shales, in which sand grains are dispersed in a clay matrix. For these sediments, the model reproduces the extrema in velocity and porosity and accounts for much of the scatter in the velocity‐porosity relationship.
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Miranda, Marck Douglas Miranda, Érica Miranda Caetano, Fabiane Leocádia da Silva, Francielle Câmara Nogueira, and Carlos Alberto Pereira. "Analysis of the mechanical behavior of an alternative sand for foundry molding." Concilium 24, no. 3 (February 22, 2024): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-2809-24c24.

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The exploration and beneficiation of iron ore result in a substantial generation of waste, predominantly directed towards tailings dams, heightening environmental concerns. Faced with this environmental challenge, numerous studies have been devoted to seeking sustainable solutions, aiming at the utilization of waste in various sectors of the economy. In this context, this study focuses on the technical feasibility investigation of using sandy iron ore waste as molding sand in foundry processes. Foundry molding sand, crucial in casting, must meet specific requirements and exhibit particular characteristics to effectively fulfill its function. To address this issue, test specimens were fabricated using three distinct types of sands: Standard Sand, Sand 01 (without magnetic separation), and Sand 02 (subjected to magnetic separation), combined with two binders (bentonite and sodium silicate). Subsequently, the test specimens underwent mechanical tests for tension, flexure, and compression, with the aim of evaluating their ability to withstand applied forces. The results of these tests revealed that Sand 02, when combined with sodium silicate, demonstrated satisfactory performance, in accordance with established standards and studies for obtaining sands intended for molding in foundry processes.
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Liu, Jin, Zezhuo Song, Yuxia Bai, Zhihao Chen, Jihong Wei, Ying Wang, and Wei Qian. "Laboratory Tests on Effectiveness of Environment-Friendly Organic Polymer on Physical Properties of Sand." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5865247.

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The poor water stability, high penetrability, and low antierosion of sand affect the stability of the sandy soil slope. To understand the effectiveness of environment-friendly organic polymer on these physical properties of sand, a series of laboratory tests including water stability test, penetration test, and runoff erosion test of polymer reinforced sand were performed. The results of tests indicated that the organic polymers have obvious effects on the reinforced sand. The water stability of polymer reinforced sand had been improved strongly. All the reinforced sands with polymer ≥0.3% remained a stable structure at immersing time of 24 hours. The penetrability of the reinforced sand decreased with the increase of the polymer. The reinforced sand with polymer ≥7% was impermeable. The erosion resistance of sand increased with the increase of polymer content. With the polymer ≥4%, the sand surface kept intact with the scouring time more than 2 hours. The results could be applied as the reference for organic polymer reinforced sand engineering, especially for surface protection of embankment, slope, and landfill.
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Syvyj, M., and B. Gavrychok. "Construction sands of Podillya: patterns of distribution, resources and use." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 3 (January 8, 2019): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111875.

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This article presents the characteristics of the resource base of building sands within the three Podillya regions, the patterns of sands distribution, and proposals for increasing the extraction of raw materials . The construction sands of Podillya are confined to the Upper Cretaceous, Neogene and Anthropogenicdeposits. The decrease of the thickness of the sandy strata of the Opilsk Neogene suite in the eastern direction was observed with the simultaneous increase in the thickness of the overlapping strata of the rocks. There is no apparent correlation between the thickness of sandy interlayers and the quality of sands. The interdependence of the chemical composition of Neogene sands and the sand size module is established.The genetic predisposition for the distribution of building sands in different parts of the Podillya territory has been established. Four groups of sand deposits of different age have been identified within the Podillya regions, which contrast sharply with single deposits in the neighbouring territories.There is a very uneven distribution of explored reserves of sandy raw materials across the region and accordingly in the provision of construction sands in the different oblasts /regions of Podillya. The areas best provided with sandy raw materials are the central districts of Ternopil region and Slavutsky district of Khmelnytsky region . Sands of the Baltic stage distributed in Vinnytsia region are mostly poor in quality, clogged with clay material and require enrichment. The further development of the mineral raw material base and the prospects for increasing the production of construction sand in the Podillya regions is associated with the increase in production at the prepared deposits, the commissioning of reserve deposits, the conducting of prospecting and exploration work in the proposed potentially exploitable areas and additional exploration of individual deposits that are exploited. The research allows us to evaluate objectively the existing base of sand raw materials for various purposes in the Podillya region and to develop on this basis measures to increase it. The importance of the study is determined by the acute shortage of the raw material in most administrative districts of Khmelnytsky and Vinnytsia regions, by the growth in the volume of construction work (and accordingly the requirements for sandy raw materials) both in Podillya and in the country.
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Soluk, Daniel A., and Hugh F. Clifford. "Microhabitat shifts and substrate selection by the psammophilous predator Pseudiron centralis McDunnough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-228.

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The predaceous mayfly Pseudiron centralis McDunnough exhibited shifts in its association with different types of sandy substrate during larval development: stage I larvae were associated with marginal sands; stage II larvae exhibited no association; and stage III and IV larvae were associated with the substrate of the main-stream channel of the river, where sand is formed into active dunes (shifting sand). Ability to occupy areas of shifting sand is size related, probably because small larvae cannot cope with the physical stresses of these areas. Experiments indicate that stage III larvae avoid gravel, but do not differentiate between sand and silt. Shifting sands are hypothesized to be favourable environments for larger larvae because of greater accessibility of chironomid prey or the absence of potential predators in these areas. Larval spacing behavior is unlikely to affect patterns of larval distribution or density on the riverbed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sand"

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Robinson, R. B. "Piles in sand and in sand overlying clay." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1989. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/piles-in-sand-and-in-sand-overlying-clay(8c43e7a9-c869-4a1f-a044-30741f2964bc).html.

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This thesis examines the behaviour of single 60mm and 114mm segmented tubular steel piles driven and placed into loose sand and loose sand overlying clay. The soil was placed and instrumented under controlled conditions in a 3.0m diameter by 3.0m deep concrete tank. The 60mm pile was dynamically driven using a pneumatically controlled driving rig, whilst the 114mm pile was driven at a constant rate of penetration via a hydraulic jack. The static and dynamic axial load distributions were monitored for the 60mm pile. The variation in local shaft friction and radial effective stress were monitored along the pile shaft of the 114mm pile, together with the distribution of axial load within the pile. The pore water pressure was continuously monitored at selected points in the clay from the placement of the overburden to the final stages of the experiment. The density of the sand was carefully controlled during placement and was subsequently measured at the relevant point in the experiment. Vertical and radial displacements were monitored within the sand. For the two soil profiles radial shear and vertical effective stresses were recorded at a defined level within the strata. Data from both the pile and soil instrumentation was recorded throughout the pile installation and load testing programme by an Orion Data Logger which was interfaced with a Commodore PET micro computer. The results show: (i) During pile installation the major principal stress acting at depth within a soil profile, appears to emanate from the face of the active wedge driven ahead of the pile. (ii) The boundary of the sand/clay interface has a considerable effect on the development of soil displacements and the effective vertical stress developed within the overlying sand. (iii) The radial displacement during pile installation is directly related to the pile diameter. Within a sand profile the peak radial displacement can be predicted using an empirical compaction factor adjustment to a theoretical representation of radial soil movement. (iv) In sand, the local unit shaft friction and the radial effective stress are practically constant along the pile shaft for a given pile embedment and increases at a diminishing rate with pile embedment. (v) At full pile embedment and ultimate applied load, the local coefficient of earth pressure KZ, for a driven pile may approach or exceed the value of Kp near the top of the pile and tend to a lower limit of 0.6 near the pile base. (vi) For a placed insitu pile at ultimate applied load, the local coefficient of earth pressure Kz may be less than Kp near the top of the pile and tend to Ka near the pile base. (vii) Adjacent to the pile shaft the radial effective stress is the major stress. (viii) The development of shaft friction is directly related to displacements within the surrounding sand and on the sand/clay interface. (ix) The influence of the underlying clay layer affects the development of shaft friction to varying limits above and below the sand/clay interface. (x) For shallow pile penetrations into the clay layer the drawdown of sand and sand plug driven ahead of the pile significantly reduces the pore water pressure generated at the soil/pile interface. (xi) The development and radial distribution of pore water pressure within the clay can be represented be a logarithmic expression. (xii) The maximum compressive strain due to pile installation in a sand profile radiates from below and around the pile base. These results are compatible with and extend previous research work at the Polytechnic of Wales. They illustrate how soil behaviour and soil/pile interaction are influenced by the method of pile installation and the boundary effects of an incompatible underlying layer.
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Livingston, Kimberly S. "Sand Beach." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041889.

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This project consisted of a series of short stories which worked together creating a larger fictional piece in the form of a non-continuous narrative. This non-continuous narrative is in the tradition of Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio, and Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine. The stories in this type of fiction are connected by similar themes and settings, allowing the reader to participate directly in the creative process. The reader helps create the fiction by drawing his or her own conclusions about the characters and places from between the individual stories. By involving the reader more directly in the outcome, this type of narrative creates a more emotional response to the work. Each of the stories in this project were set in a town called Sand Beach, Michigan, and involved four generations of women in a single family. The major themes of the stories were mother/daughter relationships, healing, and redemption. Common images in the stories presented were, Lake Huron, the town of Sand Beach, and a rock in the local region bearing Native American petroglyphs Each of these images participated in the development of the common themes.
Department of English
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Yu, Jie 1966. "Generation of sand ripples and sand bars by surface waves." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17485.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 234-244).
Part I Generation of Sand Ripples by Surface Waves In Chapter 1, we study the sand ripple instability under partially standing surface waves in constant water depth. For gently sloped ripples, the approximate flow field is· worked out. By invoking an empirical formula of sediment transport rate, an eigenvalue problem is obtained, which gives rise to the equation for initial ripple growth with coefficients depending on local wave conditions. It is found that the wave-induced steady streaming has no effect on ripple growth. Thus, ripple instability is locally similar to the cases for oscillatory flows and for purely progressive waves, and is driven by ripple-induced flow. But the intensity of this process varies spatially with the period of half the surface wavelength due to the reflection. The results show that beneath the envelope minima (nodes) ripples grow the fastest and are the longest; under the envelope maxima (antinodes) ripples are unlikely. Part II Generation of Sand Bars and Sediment/Wave Interaction In this part we study the formation mechanism of sand bars under reflected surface waves and the mutual influence of the waves and bars through Bragg resonance. In Chapter 2, we first give an analysis of the effects of shoreline reflection on Bragg resonance by considering rigid bars, aiming at acquiring a deeper understanding of the physical processes of the Bragg resonance mechanism. We show that finite reflection by the shoreline can increase the wave energy arriving at the shore, in contrast to the result from most previous studies, suggesting that the mechanism can enhance the attack of the incident sea on the beach. The phase relation of the rigid bars and the shoreline reflection is found to be a key to the qualitative change of wave response. In Chapter 3, we develop a quantitative theory to describe the formation mechanism of sand bars by coupling sediment dynamics and wave hydrodynamics. Assuming that the slopes of waves and bars are comparably gentle and sediment motion is dominated by the bedload, an approximate evolution equation of bar height is derived. This equation shows that sand bars grow and evolve via a forced diffusion process rather than instability. Both the forcing and diffusivity depend on the flow field above the current bed. In Chapter 4, the coupled evolution of sand bars and waves is investigated, in which the Bragg scattering mechanism has been understood as two concurrent physical processes: energy transfer between two wave-trains propagating in opposite directions and change of their wavelength. Both effects are found to be controlled locally by the position of bar crests relative to wave nodes. In the absence of shoreline reflection, it is found that pre-existing sand bars cannot be maintained by their own Bragg scattered waves and the formation of sand bars offshore by Bragg scattering is at best a transient phenomenon. Comparison with experimental data supports the description of bar formation as a forced diffusion process. In Chapter 5, we examine the effects of horizontal variation of eddy viscosity on the evolution of bars. This variability arises because (1) the intensity of wave oscillation at the bottom changes in space due to the reflection; (2) the bottom roughness is not uniform due to the formation of ripples. While the forced diffusion mechanism is not changed qualitatively, it is found that the variable turbulent intensity inside the wave boundary layer strongly enhances the spatial fluctuation of the sand flux induced by wave stresses, thus causes stronger forcing to the bar growth.
by Jie Yu.
Ph.D.
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Walker, Thomas M. "Shifting sand : the palaeoenvironment and archaeology of blown sand in Cornwall." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/78304/.

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Coastal sand dunes are common in Britain, especially along western Atlantic coasts, and archaeological sites are well preserved under blown sand. One of the questions is how Holocene palaeoclimate variation influences patterns of settlement establishment and abandonment. Few studies of coastal sites have included palaeoenvironmental evidence, and even fewer include securely dated stratigraphy. This study uses a multi proxy approach to investigate two main and five minor coastal sites in Cornwall, with molluscs analyses being the principal analytical method. Chronology is established by radiocarbon dating and optically stimulated luminescence so that episodic human activity can be related to periods of sand blow and instability. Evidence is sought concerning the history of mineral mining in the Red River catchment area. Twenty three cores and a test pit were examined along a transect at the multi period site at Gwithian on the north Cornish coast. Mollusc columns were obtained at Strap Rocks near the main Gwithian site, and from five trenches excavated at the early medieval site of Gunwalloe on the Lizard peninsula. The study establishes that initial sand deposition was about 3000 BC, with further marked periods of sand blow in the early and late Bronze Age, the Iron Age and the mid-medieval period. Some, but not all, sand blow correlates with periods of settlement occupation and abandonment, and with known palaeoclimate episodes such as the Little Ice Age. Difficulty in establishing periods of sand conflation and deflation and how this may lead to errors in chronology are discussed. There is weak evidence for mining activity in the Bronze Age, but strong evidence from c 1050 AD. The chronology of mollusc extinctions and introductions is refmed, e.g. Xerocrassa geyeri did not become extinct until the end of the early Bronze Age and Cochlicella acuta was present from the late Neolithic, about 2400 BC.
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Faulkender, DeWayne J. "Source of sand for An Nafud sand sea, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14009.

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Eisa, Khalid Osman Gafar Mohamed. "Compensation grouting in sand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611262.

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Gallo, Federico. "Dynamics of sand injections." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613651.

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Hasan, Faisal S. "Upflow sand-roughing filtration." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1994. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34972.

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Slow sand filtration requires low turbidity water for effective operation. In most cases this means pretreating the raw water to reduce its turbidity. Lately horizontal gravel filters have become very popular as a means of pretreatment. They are simple to operate, have a large mass storage capacity, and can cope with high turbidity shock loads. However, cleaning them can be a problem. An alternative pretreatment, which this study is concerned with, is upflow sand roughing filtration. It has the potential advantages of simple design, ease of operation and cleaning, and low area requirements. A study of upflow versus downflow was done using two small filter columns. The results showed that although downflow exhibited a better turbidity removal than upflow, upflow allowed longer filter runs and better utilisation of bed depth. This was in agreement with earlier findings. The effect of backwash water quality was also investigated. Both filters were run in upflow direction; one was washed with tap water, the other with polluted raw water. The results suggested, unexpectedly, that a filter washed repeatedly with polluted water produced slightly better turbidity removal than one washed with tap water. This indicated some form of maturation, which could be biological in nature, taking place. Experiments with horizontal gravel filters clearly showed the importance of biological mechanisms in maturation. Four new filter columns, 50mm in diameter, were constructed. These allowed further investigation of the effect of bed depth. Backwash rate and duration were investigated to find an optimum. Very little of the wash water was required to clean the filters, the majority being required to flush the turbidity out of the system. The long-term effect of backwash on filters was investigated, as was the effect of wash water quality. Tap water, raw water and raw water polluted with settled sewage were used to wash the filters. The results indicated that the filters washed with raw water and polluted water proved to be as good as regards turbidity removal as those washed with tap water. This suggested that raw water backwash could be used effectively for washing upflow roughing filters.
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van, Arragon Lukas. "Livelihoods Built on Sand: Exposing the Precarity of Labour in Cambodia’s Sand Extraction Industry." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42454.

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Although Cambodia banned sand exports in 2017, under-regulated sand extraction in rivers across the country continues, driven by demand from rapid urbanization and land reclamation around Phnom Penh. In the last decade, the sand extraction industry has come under intense scrutiny for its role in riverbank erosion and degradation of aquatic ecosystems, with some activists and scholars highlighting how this damages livelihoods and displaces rural Cambodians. At the same time, the sand boom in Cambodia has created a demand for labour, offering opportunities to rural Cambodians who have few other livelihood options in their home provinces. However, the vast majority of wealth from sand extraction does not accrue to sand labourers. Using qualitative data gathered from various sand extraction and transportation sites along the Mekong River in and around Phnom Penh, this thesis reveals new insights into the sand extraction industry. This thesis draws upon sustainable livelihoods approaches to reveal the difficult trade-offs that rural Cambodians must make when leaving their homes to enter the sand extraction industry. The thesis then uses the concept of precarity to show that sand labour in Cambodia is characterized by precarious employment conditions, including work in remote and isolated locations, separation of families when men leave for sand related labour, a lack of formal work contracts or rights, an inability to diversify income sources, and unpredictable cycles of intermittent work. The thesis then follows the approach used in political ecology literature, examining the power relations that help explain why sand labourers have little choice but to pursue precarious livelihoods, while business and government elites amass great wealth from resource extraction in Cambodia. In doing so, this thesis helps to broaden the understanding of the implications of a little understood yet hugely important resource extraction industry.
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Thapa, Bhola. "Sand Erosion in Hydraulic Machinery." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-302.

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The topic of this thesis is damage of hydraulic machinery due to sand erosion. This is a very broad topic in which all the aspects of design of hydraulic machinery namely material selection; mechanics of material and hydraulics are involved. The issue of sand erosion is equally important for operation and maintenance of hydropower plants.

The erosion damage of turbines of hydropower plants in Himalayan Rivers, in particular in Nepal, due to high sediment contents in river is a motivating factor for this research. The findings of this study are believed to help to reduce erosion of turbine components, increase their life time and improve maintenance procedure.

The objectives of this study are to:

1. Study the erosion process on different materials and compare lifetime of turbine material with hard surface coating.

2. Study the flow in the turbine and identify the region of highest velocity and acceleration where most serious sand erosion occurs.

3. Study erosion rate of turbine as a function of operating parameters (head and speed), particle characteristics and turbine material.

4. Assess loss of efficiency and to analyze repair method and repair interval that gives optimal economy of the hydropower plants.

The goals laid out in the objectives are achieved by understanding the theory of erosion of material through literature, investigating the nature of turbine damage from field observation and finally by experiments to study effect of variables of erosion rate and investigation of particle separation process in rotational flow.

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Books on the topic "Sand"

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King, Virginia. Sand. Santa Rosa, CA: SRA School Group, 1994.

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Sand, Vebjørn. Sand. Oslo: Press, 2001.

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Nancy, Woodman, ed. Sand. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2000.

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ill, Woodman Nancy, ed. Sand. Washington, D.C: National Geographic Society, 2006.

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Harpley, Avril. Sand. London: Scholastic, 1996.

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James, Will. Sand. Missoula, Mont: Mountain Press, 1996.

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Pascoe, Gwen. Sand. Flinders Park, South Australia: Era Pubns.,Australia, 1987.

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Sand, Vebjørn. Sand. Oslo: Press, 2004.

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Ward, Kristin. Sand. New York: PowerKids Press, 2000.

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Wingårdh, Gert. Sand. Stockholm]: Bokförlaget Langenskiöld, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sand"

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Lintern, Gwyn. "Sand." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_250-1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Sand." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 644. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10262.

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Lorenz, Ralph D., and James R. Zimbelman. "Sand." In Dune Worlds, 17–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89725-5_2.

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Lintern, Gwyn. "Sand." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 809–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_250.

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Puri, Shalini. "Sand." In The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present, 251–53. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137066909_11.

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Holmes, Rob. "Sand." In Atlas of Material Worlds, 213–52. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003109358-6.

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Booth, Douglas. "Sand." In Bondi Beach, 35–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3899-2_2.

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Work, Paul A. "Sand Mining/Beach Sand Mining." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, 535–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_251.

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Homeyer, Linda E., and Daniel S. Sweeney. "Sand and the Sand Tray." In Sandtray Therapy, 23–32. 4th ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003221418-3.

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Pye, Kenneth, and Haim Tsoar. "The Nature and Importance of Aeolian Sand Research." In Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85910-9_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sand"

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Anderson, M. "SAGD Sand Control: Large Scale Testing Results." In SPE Canada Heavy Oil Technical Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185967-ms.

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Song, Giwon, and Kyung-Hyun Yoon. "Sand image replicating sand animation process." In 2013 19th Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision (FCV2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fcv.2013.6485463.

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Ballard, Tracey, Steve Beare, and Nicola Wigg. "Sand Retention Testing: Reservoir Sand or Simulated Sand - Does it Matter?" In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178966-ms.

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Webb, Chris, and Shelby Tucker. "The 2012 San Diego Regional Beach Sand Project." In Conference on Coastal Engineering Practice 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41190(422)56.

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Chen, Lyn Chao-ling. "Sand Scope." In MM '21: ACM Multimedia Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3478543.

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McLeod, N. J. "Sand Control in an Ultra-Fine Sand Environment." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/38642-ms.

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Travis, Mike, Juan Tovar, and John L. C. Chambers. "Integrated Approach to Sand Control Delivers Zero Sand." In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/81034-ms.

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Underdown, David R., and John Sanclemente. "Producing Sand for Sand Control: A Novel Approach." In SPE International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition in Mexico. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/74394-ms.

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Ananthi, K., S. Priyadharsini, S. Sivamani, C. K. Sarath Vikram, M. Naveen Raj, and A. Varshan. "Automated sand depositing system for sand casting process." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATIONS IN ROBOTICS, INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION AND CONTROL. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0175936.

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Widarena, T. "5 Years Application of Acoustic Sand Detection Tool in Sandy Wells Environment." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-e-320.

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Abstract:
Significant production of Mahakam Block comes from sand prone reservoirs. Uncontrolled sand production can lead to catastrophic consequences. A robust sand detection and monitoring system is crucial for optimizing production without jeopardizing safety. A non-intrusive Acoustic Sand Detection (ASD) tool has been widely implemented in Mahakam swamp and offshore fields. The tool can be portable or permanently installed, depending on the availability of power and telemetry. Sand rate is derived from the signal received by sensor after listening to the sound of sand particle collision with the pipe wall. If the sand rate exceeds the defined Maximum Allowable Sand Rate (MASR) of 0.02 g/s, the well will be declared as sandy. As the consequence, the well could be ramped down or shut-in for choke verification. Of all the sandy cases detected by ASD, more than twenty cases turned out to be incident preventive. The wellhead choke had been eroded such that it could have been catastrophic. The erosion occurred on wells producing from shallow/upper layer reservoirs with high delta pressure between upstream and downstream choke. The application of acoustic sand detection tool as the primary sand monitoring system (78%) in Mahakam has proven to be rewarding. Around 149 BCF of additional production volume during 2014-2019 was the result of implementation of sand detection and monitoring using ASD tool, as means of optimizing the life of production wells. This paper demonstrates Mahakam invaluable experience with ASD tool to optimize sandy wells production safely.
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Reports on the topic "Sand"

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McLendon, T. R., and T. C. Bartke. Tar sand. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5785285.

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Lewis, Rupert, William Kindel, Charles Harris, and Sueli Skinner Ramos. Sand Report_project_218438_Fast_cycle_Noise_Measurement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1822277.

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Sewidan, Nada. Great Sand Sea. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7436.

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De Visser, A. Sand Wave Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330613.

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Chamuel, Jacques R. Beach Sand Seismoacoustics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada625597.

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Sowko, Laura. SAND Report Guide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1760393.

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Sowko, Laura. SAND Report Guide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1878436.

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Levin, Douglas R., W. J. Lillycrop, and Michael P. Alexander. Sand Waves. Report 1. Sand Wave Shoaling in Navigation Channels. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada257826.

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Dallimore, S. R., and D. G. Pare. Mineralogy of Sand Units. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132221.

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Boersema, Matthijs P., Jebbe van der Werf, João N. Salvador de Paiva, Anneke M. van den Brink, Laura Soissons, Brenda Walles, Tjeerd J. Bouma, et al. Oesterdam sand nourishment : Ecological and morphological development of a local sand nourishment. Vlissingen: Centre of Expertise Delta Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/448529.

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