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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sanctis'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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1

Borghesi, Angela. "L'officina del metodo : le lezioni del giovane De Sanctis /." Firenze : la Nuova Italia, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377310023.

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2

Apweiler, Arnold. "Begründer der italienischen Komparatistik : Francesco de Sanctis und Arturo Graf /." Aachen : Shaker Verl, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38879596q.

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Diss--Technische Universität Aachen, 1991. Titre de soutenance : Untersuchungen zu den Anfängen der Komparatistik in Italien.
Textes en allemand et italien. Présenté comme la thèse de l'auteur soutenue à l'université technique d'Aachen en 1991. Titre de la thèse: Untersuchungen zu den Anfängen der Komparatistik in Italien. Bibliogr. p. 213-226.
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3

Rusi, Michela. "La cosa vivente: De Sanctis e la forma critica dell'Ottocento." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/508.

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4

Hevelone, Suzanne. "Preaching the Saints: The Legenda Aurea and Sermones de Sanctis of Jacobus De Voragine." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3767.

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Thesis advisor: Stephen Brown
Although hagiography and sermons from the Middle Ages are abundant, little research exists that explores the relationship between these two genres. Jacobus de Voragine compiled the most renowned medieval collection of hagiography, Legenda aurea (Golden Legend). He also compiled several volumes of model sermons, including a volume on the saints, sermones de sanctis. This dissertation examines four saints who appear in both of these works: Mary Magdalene, Benedict, Nicholas and Peter Martyr. By writing his hagiography and sermons, Jacobus attempted to guide Christians toward lives of virtue and ultimate union with God. In particular, Jacobus relied on tropological and anagogical reading of Scriptures in order to communicate how Christians should behave and what they should anticipate in eternity. In his work on two of these saints, Mary Magdalene and Benedict, Jacobus relied on the framework of spiritual ascent to God described by Pseudo-Dionysius. In particular, Jacobus focused on the first stage of ascent, the purgative. A link between the hagiography and sermons sometimes can be found in the etymological introductions in the Golden Legend. In the sermons on Mary Magdalene and Peter Martyr, Jacobus follows the virtues found in the etymology in the hagiography, while for Nicholas and Benedict, the correspondence is not as faithful. Nevertheless, throughout his sermons on the saints, Jacobus refers to episodes described more fully in the Golden Legend. Jacobus intended preachers to use stories from the Golden Legend to punctuate and illustrate the more theological content presented in the model sermons. If Jacobus's work is indicative of larger trends in medieval preaching, preachers expected to utilize hagiographical resources in order to urge their listeners to the virtuous life and an eschatological union with God
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Theology
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5

Robertson, Nicola Jane. "Sanctity in tenth-century Anglo-Latin hagiography : Wulfstan of Winchester's Vita Sancti Æthelwoldi and Byrhtferth of Ramsey's Vita Sancti Oswaldi." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1766/.

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This thesis examines central examples of sanctity in the hagiography of late tenth- and early eleventh-century England in order to determine whether or not there are any common themes to be found. It considers specific moments and examples from the broad context of 'the Benedictine Reform' in order to investigate the ways in which texts and ideas were manipulated or negotiated to promote particular political and ecclesiastical interests. These include the influence of certain types of narrative, for example, hagiography and other documentary sources such as charters, setting them in the context of, and also interrogating them for what they can show us about, the contemporary ideology. The specific focal points of the study are encapsulated by the two main thesis chapters, Winchester and Ramsey. The primary focus is on Æthelwold and Oswald, and the contemporary hagiography associated with their cults: Wulfstan of Winchester's Vita S. Æthelwoldi and Byrhtferth of Ramsey's Vita S. Oswaldi. In addition, Dunstan and Edward the Martyr are examined, and Edmund of East Anglia whose cult was promoted and received its first hagiography during this period. The texts in question are closely examined in order to determine what other figures and themes the saint in question is associated with and the ways that these associations contributed to the characterisation of the saint and thereby to the construction of their sanctity. It is evident that whilst the two primary texts under consideration - the Vita S. Æthelwoldi by Wulfstan of Winchester and the Vita S. Oswaldi by Byrhtferth of Ramsey - do have certain ideas in common, there are also significant contrasts between the two, leading to the conclusion that Winchester and Ramsey valued different qualities in the depiction of, and perhaps even qualifications for, sainthood, and constructed the sanctity of their monastic patrons accordingly. The fundamental basis for both Æthelwold's and Oswald's claim to sanctity is the same: it was their roles as Benedictine monks and promoters of Benedictine monasticism which placed them in the ranks of confessors, thereby qualifying them for sanctity.
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6

Sanctis, Shawn [Verfasser], Jörg J. Akademischer Betreuer] Schneider, Oktay [Akademischer Betreuer] [Yilmazoglu, Lambert [Akademischer Betreuer] Alff, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Hess. "Multinary metal oxide semiconductors - A study of different material systems and their application in thin-film transistors / Shawn Sanctis ; Jörg J. Schneider, Oktay Yilmazoglu, Lambert Alff, Christian Hess." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-114334.

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7

Sanctis, Shawn [Verfasser], Jörg J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schneider, Oktay [Akademischer Betreuer] Yilmazoglu, Lambert [Akademischer Betreuer] Alff, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Hess. "Multinary metal oxide semiconductors - A study of different material systems and their application in thin-film transistors / Shawn Sanctis ; Jörg J. Schneider, Oktay Yilmazoglu, Lambert Alff, Christian Hess." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204562814/34.

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8

De, Sanctis Silvia [Verfasser], and Hans Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Kalbitzer. "Application of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) for automated solvent suppression and automated baseline and phase correction from multi-dimensional NMR spectra / Silvia De Sanctis. Betreuer: Hans Robert Kalbitzer." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1030178941/34.

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9

Jakabová, Maja. "Sankčné zoznamy Rady Bezpečnosti OSN: de-listing." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17826.

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Targeted sanctions serve as a coercive tool to change behavior, or as a precautionary measure to prevent violations of international peace and security, as is the case of targeted sanctions against individuals and entities associated with terrorist acts. Targeted sanctions have become an important and frequently used tool in the global efforts of the UN in combating terrorism. The introduction of targeted sanctions, however, brought new questions associated with the status and rights of individuals in the regime of sanctions. Security Council imposing targeted sanctions significantly affects an individual's life, but does not provide an effective mechanism or means for its protection and thus violate his fundamental rights. In my work I analyze the implications arising for the persons and entities if they are wrongly listed, and what are their options for redress solicitation. The work is thus to analyze the current practice of United Nations sanctions regimes in the process of sanction lists, focusing on the human rights of listed individuals at the United Nations Security Council sanction list.
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10

Koukezian, Thomas. "Sanction pénale sanction disciplinaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G018.

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Deux thèses s’affrontent concernant les liens qu’entretiennent la sanction pénale et la sanction disciplinaire. Une première conception considère que la sanction disciplinaire est distincte de la sanction pénale. Elle en diffère tellement qu’on ne saurait les rapprocher. L’autre conception, plus actuelle, considère que la sanction disciplinaire est une variété de la sanction pénale, qui la supplée ou la double, et qui obéit, en partie du moins, à des principes communs. La deuxième conception semble évidemment plus en phase avec la réalité. Cependant, cette façon d’entrevoir ces deux matières ne fait point l’unanimité. En considérant la sanction disciplinaire comme une fraction de la sanction pénale, comment entrer dans une telle considération devant le principe d’indépendance qui tient à distance les deux sanctions ? Et, si ce principe tient à distance les deux sanctions, c’est donc qu’il existe un domaine propre à chacune d’elles et une frontière entre ces deux domaines. L’étude consacrée aux sanctions pénales et disciplinaires se propose de tracer une frontière lisible entre ces deux sanctions et de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques peu connues de la sanction disciplinaire
Deux thèses s’affrontent concernant les liens qu’entretiennent la sanction pénale et la sanction disciplinaire. Une première conception considère que la sanction disciplinaire est distincte de la sanction pénale. Elle en diffère tellement qu’on ne saurait les rapprocher. L’autre conception, plus actuelle, considère que la sanction disciplinaire est une variété de la sanction pénale, qui la supplée ou la double, et qui obéit, en partie du moins, à des principes communs. La deuxième conception semble évidemment plus en phase avec la réalité. Cependant, cette façon d’entrevoir ces deux matières ne fait point l’unanimité. En considérant la sanction disciplinaire comme une fraction de la sanction pénale, comment entrer dans une telle considération devant le principe d’indépendance qui tient à distance les deux sanctions ? Et, si ce principe tient à distance les deux sanctions, c’est donc qu’il existe un domaine propre à chacune d’elles et une frontière entre ces deux domaines. L’étude consacrée aux sanctions pénales et disciplinaires se propose de tracer une frontière lisible entre ces deux sanctions et de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques peu connues de la sanction disciplinaire
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11

Wagner, Kris. "Sancties in het burgerlijk procesrecht /." Antwerpen [u.a.] : Maklu, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/528459120.pdf.

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12

Arsouze, Charles. "Procédures boursières : sanctions et contentieux des sanctions /." Paris : Joly éd.-Lextenso éd, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb414471630.

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13

Moeller, Peter Moeller. "Variety within Unity: Sanctus sanctorum exultatio." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524134253304246.

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14

Buch, Jason D. "The Sanctity." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/668.

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15

Allen, Kevin. "WINNING THE WAR: SANCTION EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSEQUENCES." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/48.

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Chapter 1 shows that there is a negative relationship observed between sanctions and civil liberties in the target country, which is driven by how exposed the target country's trade was to the sanctioning countries. Using a fixed panel regression covering 160 countries from 1972-2005, it is found that import exposure to the sanctioning countries drives this negative relationship, with every percentage point of import exposure reducing the inverted FHI freedom score by 0.165 points. This implies that restricting imports to a country that promotes an oppressive response by the targeted government. Chapter 2 examines whether countries change their trade patterns in response to economic sanction threats in addition to imposed sanctions. Using a bilateral gravity panel dataset covering 180 countries from 1950-2005 I find that imposed sanctions cause a very significant 55.43% increase in purchases from third party suppliers or a smaller 49.78% increase in sales to third party buyers during sanction events. Sanction threats cause a 42.05% increase in purchases from third party suppliers, and a 42.76% increase in sales to third party buyers, all significant at the 1% level. I conclude that both imposed sanctions and sanction threats lead to a significant increase in trade with third party countries, preempting and subverting sanction regimes. Chapter 3 studies whether there is evidence of cheating during sanction events by examining the difference in reporting for exports in the selling country versus imports in the buying country. A systematic change in reporting behavior is detected, with the log difference of reported exports minus reported imports increasing 7.46% in the case of exporter imposed sanctions, and decreasing 9.86% in the case importer imposed sanctions. This is consistent with the theory that firms in the sanctioning countries face harsher penalties for being caught compared to the targeted countries.
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16

Franceschini, Marie Elisa. ""L'esthétique du translucide" chez José Sanchis Sinisterra." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20061.

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Pour son théâtre, José Sanchis Sinisterra revendique depuis le début des années 90 « l’esthétique du translucide », le translucide étant ce qui laisse passer la lumière sans laisser voir clairement les choses. Après une évocation des prémices du « translucide » dans le parcours du dramaturge, la thèse propose une définition des fondements théoriques de cette esthétique. Les nouvelles sciences du XXème siècle (quantique, chaos, systémique) ont, par leurs répercussions philosophiques, modifié les modes de représentation du réel et inspiré les artistes. Chez Sinisterra, l’influence se ressent au niveau thématique, métaphorique et esthétique. Les mécanismes qui rompent avec la transparence sont la fragmentation (discontinuité, incomplétude), et le flou qui brouille les limites, relativise les dichotomies, créant l’ambiguïté et la complexité. L’analyse montre comment ces mécanismes s’appliquent à la dramaturgie : fable, temps, espace, sons, personnages, langage. À côté des sources d’opacité, l’étude met en évidence la part doublement lumineuse du translucide. La première lumière, celle de l’auteur, est certes partielle, mais aussi multiple, scintillante et poétique. La deuxième, celle du récepteur, éclaire l’œuvre par un déchiffrage constant, et des interrogations perpétuelles. Le lecteur/spectateur devient ainsi co-créateur d’un sens multiple. Ce que suggère finalement cette esthétique, c’est la translucidité du rapport à soi, à l’autre et au monde postmoderne, mais aussi la translucidité du rapport à l’œuvre d’art. En pointant les sources d’opacité, ce théâtre met le récepteur au défi de conjuguer liberté et responsabilité pour que son trajet reste lumineux malgré le flou
Since the early 90s, José Sanchis Sinisterra has held his theory of “the aesthetic of the translucent” as the mainstay of his theatre. The translucent is what allows light to pass through but prevents perception of distinct images. After an introduction on the emergence of the “translucent” in the career of the playwright, this thesis will provide a definition of the theoretical principles of this aesthetic. The new sciences which emerged in the 20th century (quantum mechanics, chaos theory…) have changed the modes of representation of reality and become a source of inspiration for artists. In Sinisterra’s drama, this influence is at work thematically but also aesthetically. The mechanisms which break away from transparency are that of fragmentation and vagueness which blurs limits, questions dichotomies, thus breeding ambiguity and complexity. This study shows how these mechanisms can be applied to drama: fable, time, space, sound, characters, language. As a counterpoint to these sources of opacity, this work argues that the translucent sheds two types of lights. The first light generated by the author is incomplete but also protean, sparkling and poetical. The second cast by the receiver sheds light onto the work by constantly decoding it. Therefore, the receiver becomes the co-author of a variety of meanings. Eventually, what this aesthetic underpins is the translucent nature of the relationship with Oneself, with the Other and with the Postmodern world, but also with the work of art. By focusing on the sources of opacity, this type of theatre challenges the spectator to combine freedom and responsibility so that his vision remains clear in spite of the haziness
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17

Chiari, Joseph. "La répression des infractions fiscales : sanctions administratives et sanctions pénales." Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10075.

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La répression des infractions fiscales par la voie administrative ou par la voie judiciaire est une nécessité qui permet à l'État souverain d'assurer simultanément le budget de la nation tout en ayant présent à l'esprit que les fraudeurs doivent être dissuadés de s'exonérer de leur charge fiscale. Alors que les infracteurs sont conscients à tort ou à raison que les prélèvements qu'ils subissent n'ont aucune commune mesure avec leurs possibilités financières, mais pensent aussi que la redistribution de ces prélèvements ne correspond en rien avec les discours de solidarité des hommes politiques. La question nationale qui se posera dans un très proche avenir, sera de savoir où se situe le plafond supportable des prélèvements obligatoires. La complexité de la fiscalité et sa double répression fiscale et pénale pour une même infraction, sans harmonie avec la convention européenne des droits de l'homme, ne donnera de solution ni aux fraudeurs qui estiment que la fiscalité est dissuasive et non incitative, ni à l'administration lorsqu'on fait allusion à un monde sans loi face à une criminalité financière mondiale. A l'heure d'Internet, les énormes marchés financiers, relayés par l'informatique et les satellites, font le tour de la planète en ne s'arrêtant que momentanément la où leur rémunération est la plus favorable. Ainsi, les adeptes de la fraude industrielle internationale n'ont rien à craindre tant que ce sont les bricoleurs fraudeurs nationaux qui sont poursuivis.
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18

LaFalce, Stephen Paul. "Rethinking Sanctions Theory: U.S and Multilateral Sanctions Against South Africa." W&M ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625613.

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19

Dutton, Marshall H. S. "Sanctity of Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299182750.

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20

Messenius, Johan Jönsson Ann-Mari. "Chronologia Sanctae Birgittae /." Lund : [Lund univ.], 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36678596v.

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21

Jiang, Qichen. "Tang sancai." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:de5211ba-7110-4e58-ba7a-ec91c3f94d32.

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This thesis studies Tang sancai, a multi-coloured lead-glaze ceramic decorated ware which emerged in the Tang dynasty (AD 618 - AD 907), attaining mass production in the middle of the Tang era and declining towards its end. It examines the functions of sancai in its different aspects, namely as burial objects, as containers for ritual offerings and as architectural material. I argue that Tang sancai ware as burial objects were employed exclusively by the Tang imperial and elite families. The approach to my argument is made, in a first stage, through the observation of the physical locations of tombs that contained Tang sancai wares to demonstrate that these tombs belonged to the Tang imperial and elite family members. In a further step, I bring up two Tang decrees which laid down regulations for burials, to indicate that there was a strict hierarchical system for the allocation and utilization of burial land. These two Tang texts enable us to establish that the tombs located around the area of the imperial tombs belonged to the Tang officials and elite, and therefore not to ordinary people. In addition, the study I undertake of the structure of the tombs, with layout and organization mirroring palatial environments, reinforces my argument to that end. Lastly, I look at the cost of production of Tang sancai showing that it was higher than that of unglazed ceramics and that, consequently, sancai wares were, from an economical point of view, inaccessible to the common people. This thesis also reflects on the agency of Tang sancai, considering its aesthetic qualities and its suitability in the functions for which it served, as a force in engaging the viewers. The lasting debate on whether Tang sancai utensil-shaped wares were used for everyday eating and drinking is dealt with in this thesis by carefully examining the locations of the shards that were excavated at the sites of imperial palaces. My research enables to point out that this data is not sufficient to ascertain that this type of Tang sancai was used as daily wares. On the contrary, on the grounds that these locations were the places where ritual performances took place, I argue that sancai utensil wares were used as presentation containers for ritual performances. In the absence of records in Tang texts which could have informed about the relationship between Tang sancai and religious practice, I borrow an evidence from Japan, in the form of the hand-brush writing on a couple of Nara sancai dishes, which were copies of Tang sancai made in Japan during the time of Tang, mentioning that these vessels were specifically for use for ritual ceremonies. Furthermore, on the basis of analyses made on lead-glazed ware, some scholars assert that such ware is poisonous and could not have been used to contain food or drink, as much as no evidence exists to show that ancient Chinese had used lead-glazed wares for that purpose. This leads to the clarification that Tang sancai utensil-shaped wares were not produced for everyday use, their purpose having actually been to serve as vessels for offerings in rituals. I further observe that this connection between sancai and ritual-themed objects, initiated by the Tang, has in fact pervaded through the succeeding dynasties affirming its role in religious ceremonials. Finally, this thesis also looks at Tang sancai as an architectural material to show that it was skillfully used in decorating buildings, not only as tiles and tile-ends, but also as large-sized roof ornaments. The research reveals, in the process, the possible dates when sancai architectural material started to be used popularly during the Tang era.
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22

Ellis, Elizabeth Anne. "Ethics of economic sanctions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7879.

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The ethics of economic sanctions is an issue that has been curiously neglected by philosophers and political theorists. Only a handful of philosophical journal articles and book chapters have ever been published on the subject; yet economic sanctions, as I will show, are significantly morally problematic and their use stands in need of moral justification. The aim of this thesis then is to consider how economic sanctions might be morally justified. Of the few writers who have considered this issue, the majority point to the analogies between economic sanctions and war and use the just war principles (just cause, proportionality etc.) as a framework within which to assess their moral permissibility. I argue that this is a mistake. The just war principles are derived from a set of complex and detailed arguments all planted firmly within the context of war. These arguments contain premises that, whilst they may hold true in the case of war, do not always hold true in the case of economic sanctions. Nevertheless, the rich just war tradition does offer a valuable starting point for theorising about economic sanctions and in the thesis I consider how the wider just war tradition might be brought to bear on the case of economic sanctions, beginning, not with the just war principles, but with the underlying arguments for those principles. In particular, I consider whether economic sanctions can be justified on the grounds that they are a form of self- or other-defence, that they are the ‘lesser evil’ and that they are a form of punishment. I argue that certain types of economic sanctions can be justified on the grounds that they are a form of self- or other- defence and that, in extreme circumstances, certain types of economic sanctions can be justified as the ‘lesser evil’. However, I argue that economic sanctions cannot be justified on the grounds of punishment. I also develop a ‘clean hands’ argument for economic sanctions that is unavailable to the just war theorist; I argue that where the goods and services to be supplied would contribute to human rights violations or other wrongful acts, there is a duty to impose economic sanctions to avoid complicity in this wrongdoing.
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23

Wilson, Jeya. "Sanctions and South Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:67c840e5-03ee-4437-a81d-c67f37b0a8b5.

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This thesis studies sanctions and South Africa to show that sanctions can be an effective instrument of foreign policy. It provides a general study on sanctions and South Africa that is not limited to economic factors alone. It develops a framework for analysis using legal, economic and political factors that form the components of sanctions such as the legality of sanctions, the actors which impose sanctions, types of sanctions, the purposes and targets of sanctions, and the response of targets. The effectiveness of sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy is assessed, and factors that limit or enhance their effectiveness are identified. The investigation is in two parts. The first part uses the framework to examine international cases other than South Africa. The second part uses the same framework to examine sanctions against South Africa. Fundamental to the study is the fact that although sanctions are widely used in the conduct of international relations, the research on them is meagre in comparison with the available literature on other instruments of foreign policy such as diplomacy and war. The study finds that from a legal viewpoint there is no apparent rule in international law that prohibits the imposition of sanctions. For sanctions to succeed, sanctioners must commit themselves to making the sanctions work from the point of implementation and enforcement. Different types of sanctions achieve different levels of effectiveness. Even if sanctions do not fulfil their stated purpose, they do often fulfil other purposes which may, in fact, be more important. When faced with sanctions, targets invariably react to their imposition. The effectiveness of sanctions cannot be measured by economic and stated objectives alone. When additional criteria are used, it is found that contrary to conventional wisdom, sanctions are an effective instrument of foreign policy.
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24

Nardari, Leslie. "Le cumul de sanctions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10028.

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Le cumul des sanctions apparaît d’emblée comme une anomalie. Susceptible de dépasser la stricte nécessité censée caractériser la mise en oeuvre du droit répressif, il n’en constitue pas moins une hypothèse courante en droit interne. Les jurisprudences récentes de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et du Conseil constitutionnel français ont redessiné les conditions de validité des cumuls de sanctions, remettant en cause leur acceptation de principe. Ils font ainsi l’objet d’un encadrement plus strict, tempéré par l’admission d’hypothèses de cumuls répressifs émanant de procédures suffisamment complémentaires. Afin de lutter contre les cumuls de sanctions invalides, des instruments de prévention ou d’aménagement des cumuls de sanctions doivent permettre de supprimer les cumuls ne pouvant prospérer, ou d’aménager ceux pouvant être admis. Or, les normes de contrôle des cumuls de sanctions prescrivent les conditions de validité des cumuls de sanctions, mais non les moyens de les encadrer. La thèse aura donc pour vocation définir le cumul de sanctions, afin de proposer des pistes d’amélioration de leur encadrement
Cumulation of penalties refers to a situation in which an individual person is punished by multiple penalties. At first glance, this appears as an anomaly. However, exceed as it may the principle of bare necessity in the implementation of criminal law, the cumulation of penalties remains very common in the French legal system. The European Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Justice and the French Conseil Constitutionnel’s recent case laws overhauled the conditions of validity of cumulations of penalties, thus challenging their de facto acceptance in the French legal system. Cumulations of penalties are thus subjected to a stricter framework, albeit mitigated by the recognition of the conformity of complementary procedures. However, the control standards used to regulate the cumulation of penalties prescribe the conditions of validity, but do not stipulate means to prevent or adapt cumulation of penalties that do not comply to those criteria. In the course of this thesis, remedial solutions will be proposed to deal with the issues raised
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25

Leuppi, Heidi. "Casuum Sancti Galli continuatio anonyma : Textedition und Übersetzung /." Zürich : H. Leuppi, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36625860x.

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26

Botley, Arthur Lee Jr. "Rubbra's "Missa in Honorem Sancti Dominici", Op. 66." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186111.

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The liturgical music of Edmund Rubbra has been generally neglected by choral conductors. This neglect may be explained by his indifference toward twentieth century trends and a style of composition that may be elusive. The purpose of this document is to present Rubbra's Missa in Honorem Sancti Dominici, Op. 66, as an example of a twentieth century liturgical mass that was influenced by the principle of Motu Proprio of 1903; and to provide conductors with an insight on Rubbra's style, with the hope that it will generate interest among conductors to perform the mass. By focusing on aspects of Rubbra's Missa in Honorem Sancti Dominici and his style, the following questions will be answered: How does Rubbra's Missa in Honorem Sancti Dominici fit within the framework of liturgical music as outlined in the Motu proprio of 1903? What is the link between Renaissance practice and twentieth century thought in Rubbra's Missa in Honorem Sancti Dominici? The document is organized in four parts: part one is a historical perspective which gives an overview of efforts at reform in Roman Catholic church music in the nineteenth century; part two is a brief biography of Rubbra and a discussion of the aspects of his style; part three is a discussion of the mass; part four is a synthesis of the preceding parts that form a background against which the questions presented may be answered.
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27

Guijarro, Usobiaga Borja. "European sanctions reconsidered : regime type, strategic bargaining, and the imposition of EU sanctions." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3339/.

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Since the end of the Cold War, the European Union (EU) has become a prominent sender of international sanctions. Most of its sanctions regimes have been imposed to address human rights violations and democratic shortcomings in autocratic regimes. While these developments have attracted an increased attention by academics and practitioners alike, not much is known about the underlying factors that trigger the EU’s decision to impose sanctions in the very first place. Using a new database of EU democratic sanctions between 1989 and 2010, this thesis develops a theoretical model that shows that the imposition of sanctions is the result of a strategic bargaining process between a sender and a target country. I argue that sanctions are only one possible outcome of this process, and claim that the likelihood that sanctions are imposed depends, to a large extent, on the target country’s decision to comply with the sender before sanctions are imposed or, alternatively, on its determination to ignore the sender’s threat of sanctions and resist its pressure. I show that the target’s decision to comply or resist is the result of an endogenous policy formation process, which is determined by the target regime’s domestic institutional setting. Different types of institutions (regime types) impose varying degrees of constraints on the ruler’s margin of manoeuvre and shape her policy choices vis-à-vis the threat and imposition of sanctions. I demonstrate that regimes that face no domestic constraints and rely on a small winning coalition of supporters are likely to be strong and willing to resist the sender’s pressure, thereby “self-selecting” themselves into sanctions. By the same token, regimes that face many domestic constraints are vulnerable to sanctions, and face incentives to comply with the sender before sanctions are imposed. My thesis makes several contributions to the literature. First, it provides a theoretical explanation of how domestic institutions matter in the imposition of sanctions, and identifies a set of conditions under which sanctions are more likely (not) to be imposed. Second, it empirically demonstrates the presence of selection effects in the study of sanctions imposition, and shows that these are channelled through the target regime’s domestic institutions. Finally, my findings have relevant policy implications, as they suggest that sanctions are more likely to be effective against certain types of targets. I show that sanctions are more likely to succeed against politically constrained regimes at the threat stage or early during a sanctions episode, whilst they are likely to fail against highly authoritarian regimes which rule free of domestic constraints.
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28

Ruffieux, Gaëlle. "Les sanctions des obligations familiales." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GREND015.

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Le droit de la famille contemporain connaît ces dernières années une profonde modification de son arsenal sanctionnateur. En première approche, ces évolutions donnent une impression de désordre : déclin des sanctions des manquements aux devoirs du mariage, renouvellement des sanctions des violences conjugales, résurrection de la suppression des allocations familiales, discussion sur la responsabilité pénale des parents du fait de leurs enfants, etc. La sanction, entendue ici comme toute conséquence juridique attachée à la violation d'une obligation familiale, n'échappe pas à l'inflation législative générale. Au cours des dernières décennies, le droit des sanctions a néanmoins subi des mutations spécifiques dans le domaine familial. Composé d'une vaste panoplie de mécanismes, relevant aussi bien du droit civil que du droit pénal ou du droit de l'aide et de l'action sociales, le droit familial des sanctions cherche tantôt à punir, tantôt à réparer, parfois à contraindre et, de plus en plus, à dissuader et inciter. La thèse offre une lecture des obligations et de l'ordre public familial à travers le prisme des sanctions. Il s'agit de s'attacher à la pertinence des sanctions, définie comme l'adéquation aux objectifs assignés par la politique familiale et la faisabilité des sanctions du point de vue de la technique juridique. Est-il possible d'élaborer une théorie générale des sanctions dans le domaine familial ? Peut-on dégager des principes directeurs qui éclairent les évolutions des sanctions en droit de la famille ? Plus précisément, dans un contexte où les individus contestent de plus en plus l'intrusion de l'État au sein de la sphère privée et où tout doit être consenti pour acquérir une légitimité, y a-t-il encore une place pour la sanction ? Quels sont notamment les devoirs compatibles avec l'individualisme ambiant et ceux qui ne le sont plus ? La thèse soutenue est celle d'une divergence des sanctions entre deux tendances opposées. Cette divergence conduit à une césure qui permet de comprendre et d'ordonner les évolutions en cours. L'exploration systématique des sanctions des obligations familiales permet en effet de découvrir une fracture grandissante du droit de la famille entre un droit horizontal du couple et un droit vertical des relations parentales. Ces deux droits, qui autrefois se renforçaient mutuellement par une complémentarité structurelle, se sont peu à peu disjoints. Ils apparaissent aujourd'hui comme des droits autonomes, voire contradictoires : leur philosophie diffère, leurs objectifs divergent et le droit tend à les traiter de façon dissociée. D'un côté, chacun attend aujourd'hui du couple qu'il permette l'épanouissement individuel, et ce avec le plus grand libéralisme possible. Le droit suit cette demande sociétale, comme en témoigne le relâchement des sanctions des obligations du mariage. Les limites de cette libéralisation horizontale existent certes, mais elles campent à la frontière de ce que la société juge tolérable, non plus dans le couple mais dans la pleine généralité des relations entre personnes adultes, qui n'ont plus grand-chose à voir avec la famille. Ces limites sont donc d'ordre générique. De l'autre côté, la pression sociétale monte en matière d'attentes dans la relation verticale. Il s'agit non seulement d'interdire des comportements jugés inacceptables ou déviants, mais surtout d'inciter les parents à remplir leurs missions. La société n'entend en effet pas prendre ces missions à sa charge en se substituant à la famille, alors même qu'elle donne aujourd'hui aux fonctions parentales une importance considérable. Dès lors, dans ce champ vertical, toute sanction performante trouve a priori une légitimité. Libéralisme horizontal, exigences verticales : comment concilier ces deux tendances ? C'est là toute la difficulté face à laquelle se trouve le droit des sanctions en matière familiale
In recent years, the body of penalties related to family law has known huge developments. At first sight, these developments give a taste of disorder: decline of penalties when breach of marriage duties, renewal of penalties against wife-beating, restoration of the removal of family allowances, discussion on the criminal responsibility of parents to their children, etc. Punishment, understood here as any legal consequences attached to the violation of a family obligation, is no exception to the observed global legislative inflation. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the law of sanctions has known specific changes in the family area. Composed of a wide variety of mechanisms, both under the civil law or criminal law right to assistance and social action, family law sanctions seek to punish sometimes, sometimes to repair, sometimes forcing and, increasingly, to support or dissuade. The thesis offers a reading of obligations and public family through the prism of sanctions and punishments. It aims at focusing on the relevance of specific sanctions, defined as the capability to achieve family policy and the feasibility of sanctions from the point of view of legal technique. Is it possible to develop a general theory of punishment in the field of family law? Can we identify guiding principles that inform recent developments of sanctions in Family Law? More specifically, in a context where individuals increasingly challenging the intrusion of the state in the private sphere, and where constant attention is required to guaranty legitimacy, is there still a place for punishment? Which particular duties are still consistent with the dominant individualism and which are obsolete? The thesis is based on an observation: a divide between two opposing tendencies. This divergence leads to understanding and ordering the current historical developments. The systematic exploration of sanctions family obligations makes it possible to discover an increasing gap in family laws between on the one side an horizontal body of laws relating to the couple, and a vertical body of laws relating to the parental relationships. These two bodies of laws that once had been mutually reinforcing because they were structural complements have gradually disjoint. They now appear as autonomous, if not contradictory: their philosophies differ, their goals diverge and law tends to treat them as dissociated. On the one hand, everyone is expecting today that the couple life will allow individual bloom and fulfillment, with the utmost possible liberalism. The law follows this social demand, as evidenced by the relaxation of sanctions in marriage obligations. The limits of such liberalization of horizontal relationships exist, but they camped at the border of what society deems tolerable, not between husband and wife, but in full generality relations between adults. Such laws and obligations have no longer much to do with family. These limits are of a generic nature. On the other hand, societal pressure rises on expectations in the vertical relationship. This is not only to prohibit unacceptable behaviors or deviant, but also to encourage parents to fulfill their missions. Society does not intend to substitute family to accomplish these missions. It keeps giving parental duties a considerable importance. Therefore, in this vertical domain, any efficient punishment is a priori legitimate. Horizontal liberalism, vertical demand: how to reconcile these two trends? Therein lies the difficulty that faces the law of sanctions in the field of family
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29

Rocha, Agamenon Suesdek da. "Sanções tributárias e sanções políticas: temas que interessam ao direito tributário." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9083.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agamenon Suesdek da Silva.pdf: 1483190 bytes, checksum: 0faabe36f359a0b00d157e8aee92c30d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-18
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The work herein presented is of interdisciplinary nature. It aims to study the Political Sanctions in Tax Law in the context of Brazilian Federal Constitution (1988), considering that they are one out of several tributary sanctions imposed by the Law in order to obligate a defaulter to pay taxes. Taking into account our objectives, we shall indeed follow ways which allow us to discuss concepts of Law, Legal Obligation, active debt, the use of regulatory taxes, and sanctions in tax law, making use of theories about sanctions and Law philosophical doctrines. The subject is rich of momentous aspects, either in the universe of principles or in the practical field. We shall address Sanctions in general and Political Sanctions in depth, which apparently represent hindrances created by administrative authorities in order to impede the activities of the taxpayer. As a conclusion, we pose the MATRIX NORM OF POLITICAL SANCTION / Agamenon Suesdek da Rocha, also formalised in symbolic logical language. Although the present work was primarily developed in the Constitutional level, it also addresses infra-constitutional and administrative aspects. It comprises five chapters approaching diverse kinds of violations of tax law among which the political sanctions are emphasized
Cuida-se de trabalho interdisciplinar. Tem por objetivo estudar as Sanções Políticas no Direito Tributário em face da Constituição Federal de 1988, tendo em vista serem estas, uma dentre várias espécies de sanções tributárias que o legislador brasileiro atrelou aos ilícitos tributários que elegeu, objetivando compelir o contribuinte inadimplente a pagar tributos. Dado nosso propósito, forçosamente transitaremos pelas sendas que nos possibilitem, formulações sobre o conceito de Direito, de Obrigação Tributária, de Dívida Ativa Fiscal, de Extrafiscalidade do Tributo, e de Sanção no Direito Tributário, tendo contato com as diversas teorias acerca das sanções e doutrinas filosóficas relacionadas ao direito. O tema é, como se vê, rico de aspectos momentosos, tanto no plano dos princípios e no terreno da prática. Nestes estudos, examinaremos as Sanções como gênero e as Sanções Políticas em sua intimidade, que como visto, correspondem a obstáculos criados pela autoridade administrativa, impossibilitando a regular consecução das atividades do contribuinte. Ao final, descreveremos a NORMA-MATRIZ DA SANÇÃO POLÍTICA / Agamenon Suesdek da Rocha, inclusive em linguagem formalizada. O presente trabalho desenvolve-se no plano constitucional, mas a ele não se restringe, - ao contrário -, procura valorizar as experiências sobre o tema em sede infraconstitucional e no âmbito administrativo. É composto de cinco títulos, com particular abordagem das espécies de Infrações Tributárias, dentre as quais, a Sanção Política tem relevo, e estão distribuídos como consta do índice incluso
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30

LeSeane, Cameron R. "Interdicting an adversary's economy viewed as a trade sanction inoperability input-output model." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/53008.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Reissued 30 May 2017 with Second Reader’s non-NPS affiliation added to title page.
The United States has made use of economic sanctions to achieve political goals by limiting the relationship between trade, travel, and finance. However, economists are uncertain if the use of economic sanctions is effective and achieves the desired results. Applying the notion of demand-based inoperability, we present two nonlinear models to identify the optimal placement of sanctions and assess the sanctions' cascading effects to all sectors of an adversary's economy. For purposes of demonstration and validation, we pose a hypothetical scenario in which the U.S. considers trade sanctions on Canada. Specifically, our analysis proposes the Trade Sanction Inoperability Input-Output Model (TS-IIM). We devised this model to permit ranking of sectors by the order in which the greatest production loss occurs. Given the strong dependence of Canada on the United States, is it reasonable to expect that a sanction could result in economic repercussions? In response to this question, we also present the Inter-Country Inoperability Input-Output Model (IC-IIM), which extends the TS-IIM by considering the reduction in trade in value added (TiVA) the U.S. economy will experience. Our results from the TS-IIM and IC-IIM lead us to conclude that the proper design of a sanction considers not only the impact to an adversary's economy, but also sanction's associated repercussions at home.
Lieutenant, United States Navy
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31

Ogbonna, Chidiebere. "Sanctions and human rights: the role of sanction in international security, peace building and the protection of civilian's rights and well-being: case studies of Iran and Zimbabwe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/525866.

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A broad and continuously growing range of situations have been determined by the United Nations Security Council as threatening or breaching international peace and security, thereby favouring the use of sanctions. The Security Council, while occasionally authorizing the use of military force has changed its strategy to employ non-military measures in order to enforce compliance with its decisions. The rationale often cited for imposing sanctions is the hope to resolve a conflict without mass suffering and other negative consequences associated with war. This study puts this assumption into context by using Zimbabwe and Iran as case studies to examine whether the use of sanctions is a plausible way to achieve international peace and security or if it is actually problematic to resolving the issues that lead to sanctions. It concludes that our present world system requires an overhaul, where violent mechanisms will be substituted with selfless diplomacy and the moral imagination of peace.
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32

Desfour, Mary-Hélène. "Contribution à la réflexion sur la notion de sanction pénale dans le droit positif contemporain français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1103.

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La conception traditionnelle de la notion de sanction pénale est fondée sur un critère fonctionnel que l'on peut synthétiser en deux axiomes : seule la sanction pénale est punitive et toutes les sanctions pénales sont punitives. Cette conception conduit à l'assimilation de la notion de sanction pénale à celle de peine. L'hypothèse de cette réflexion est d'envisager si l'on peut se départir de cette conception en vérifiant si le critère matériel sur lequel elle repose est toujours pertinent. La première partie de la thèse tend à démontrer que le critère fonctionnel traditionnel est remis en cause dès lors que sa confrontation aux données du droit positif contemporain révèle un dualisme de conception de la fonction punitive. En effet, le droit commun interne et le droit des droits de l'homme n'admettent pas une conception unitaire de cette fonction ce qui conduira à un éclatement du jus puniendi qui rend obsolète le critère traditionnel. La seconde partie met en exergue l'admission d'un critère moderne unitaire de la notion de sanction pénale. En effet, le renouvellement du type de sanction à la marge de cette notion, allié à l'établissement d'un critère commun d'exclusion de ces sanctions de la sanction pénale, permettent d'établir que le droit positif contemporain (c'est-à-dire celui ayant pleinement assimilé le dualisme normatif qui prévaut désormais en droit pénal) admet désormais un critère moderne : la nature spécifique de l'intérêt bénéficiaire de la sanction pénale. Le renouvellement du critère permet alors in fine de poser une nouvelle définition de la sanction pénale et de proposer une justification à ses évolutions contemporaines
The traditional conception of the notion of criminal penalty is based on a functional criterion that can be synthesized in two axioms: only the criminal penalty is punitive and all criminal penalties are punitive. This conception leads to the assimilation of the notion of criminal sanction penalty to that of punishment. The hypothesis of this analysis is to consider whether one can abandon this conception by checking whether the material criterion on which it relies is still relevant. The first part of the thesis tends to demonstrate that the traditional functional criteria is challenged when confronted with contemporary positive law data. It reveals a dualism of conception of the punitive function. Indeed, the internal common law and the law of human rights do not admit a unitary conception of this function which will lead to a split of jus puniendi which obsoletes the traditional criterion. The second part highlights the acceptance of a modern unitary criterion of the criminal penalty notion. Indeed, the renewal of the type of penalty at the edges of this concept, combined with the establishment of a common exclusion criterion of these penalties from the criminal penalty enable to establish that contemporary positive law (that is to say that having fully assimilated the normative dualism that now prevails in criminal law) now admits a modern criterion: the specific nature of the beneficial interest of the criminal penalty. The renewal of the criterion in fine therefore allows to consider a new definition of the criminal sanction and provides a justification for its contemporary developments
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33

Teglund, Carl-Mikael. "Economic sanctions as warfare : A study about the economic sanctions on Iraq 1990-2003." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7630.

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I have conducted a survey of the economic sanctions on Iraq 1990-2003 and focused on how the sanctions were implemented and how economic sanctions work in practice. In particular, I have researched the objectives the United Nations had for implementing economic punishment on Iraq, how they came into use and the outcome of it in brief.

As for the million-dollar question: Were the economic sanctions on Iraq efficient and did they “work”? My opinion stands clear that economic sanctions can work in the future. The sanction policy faced major problems in Iraq, but it also disarmed the Iraqi dictator and gave more autonomous power for the Kurds in the north. They did not “work” as the world community had expected, but no one knows what the outcome would have been if the United Nations had not reacted with such determination as they did in this matter. It is easy to be wise after the event, and it is my personal wish that economic sanctions can be used in the future, as an alternative to open war, but with a lower cost in terms of civilian lives.

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34

Sneddon, Duncan Stewart. "Adomnán of Iona's 'Vita Sancti Columbae' : a literary analysis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31169.

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Written in c. 700 at the island monastery of Iona, Adomnán’s Vita Sancti Columbae (VSC) is an important source for the study of early medieval Scotland and Ireland. This thesis analyses the text as a literary work, seeking to understand more about its internal logic and the ways in which it relates to other kinds of literary texts. These include Biblical texts, other early insular, continental and late antique hagiographies, vernacular secular sagas, legal texts, scholarly literature and wisdom literature. Adomnán did not necessarily know all of these texts, and some of them post-date him, but they provide a wider interpretative context for VSC. Adomnán’s other known work, De Locis Sanctis, and texts connected to him, such as Cáin Adomnáin, will also be considered. I look for points of similarity and divergence between Vita Sancti Columbae and these other texts, which I term “adjacent literature”, looking to see how the text relates to its wider literary and intellectual context. By taking this approach, we are able to understand the text better on its own terms, making it more useful as a source for historical study. The text is studied, and set within its wider context, with respect to the following main areas: The Manuscripts of Vita Sancti Columbae: the visual construction of the text: Considering the five surviving manuscripts of the first recension of VSC, but focussing especially on the earliest (Schaffhausen Stadtbibliothek Generalia 1, of near authorial date and Ionan provenance), this chapter considers how the visual presentation of VSC relates to its production and reproduction as a literary text. Page layout, illumination, the use of the Greek alphabet and different colours of ink and manuscript context are all discussed. Structure and Narrative Sequencing in Vita Sancti Columbae: VSC is not a chronologically-structured account of Columba’s life, but rather a hagiography made up of many short narratives that demonstrate his sanctity and power in different ways. These narratives are arranged thematically, with a basic tripartite structure, with one book concerned with prophecies, one with miracles and one with visions. The narratives within the three books are often arranged into small, tightly constructed clusters of related stories. This chapter is an investigation of both the overall structure of the work and the “micro-structure” of the sequencing of narratives. Language and Vita Sancti Columbae: This chapter explores Adomnán’s style as a Hiberno-Latin writer, including discussions of such techniques as hyperbaton, alliteration and variatio. Adomnán’s use of and attitudes to Greek and Hebrew are also explored, as is his use of and attitudes to Old Irish. Sex, Women and Violence in Vita Sancti Columbae: This chapter investigates Adomnán’s presentations of sexual behaviour, the role of women as givers of advice, and the violence inflicted on the innocent. Several of the narratives about violence clearly have a strong gendered dimension, and relate in interesting ways to Cáin Adomnáin, and they are discussed in this light. Dangerous Beasts in Vita Sancti Columbae: VSC contains several encounters with dangerous beasts of various kinds, some of which are not unambiguously identifiable. These episodes are studied in turn, including discussions about identifying the beasts, and investigating the functions that they have within the text. Vita Sancti Columbae and Cult Practice: The thesis concludes with an exploration of the roles VSC might have played in the life of the Columban familia. The use of blessed objects and relics within the text is studied, with suggestions as to their relation to cult practice. The final section concerns the possibility that certain parts of VSC were intended to be used in processions, or to be read with the active participation of an audience.
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35

MacKenzie, Niall. "Gender, Jacobitism, and dynastic sanctity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251926.

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36

Pretzschner, Maria. "Sanctae modernae in diebus nostris?" Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232683.

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Sanctae modernae in diebus nostris? - Hagiographische Konzeptionen weiblicher vita religiosa im Umfeld der Mendikanten Die Dissertationsschrift ergründet die Entwürfe weiblicher Heiligkeit im Umfeld der Bettelorden. Die Frauenviten der Mendikanten boten sich für eine vergleichende Untersuchung an, da sie eine hagiographische Neuheit darstellten, insofern ein Großteil der verehrten Frauen Laien waren. In Anbetracht dessen, dass die Mendikanten einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Moralisierung der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft und zur Verbreitung kirchlicher Ordnungs- und Normierungskonzepte geleistet haben, wurde ich von der Frage geleitet, ob sich mit den Bettelorden die Funktion der Hagiographie gewandelt hat, so dass sie stärker als zuvor zur sittlichen Besserung der Gläubigen eingesetzt wurde. Die Untersuchung der weiblichen Heiligenviten der Mendikanten hat gezeigt, dass die Aussageabsichten der Texte jeweils andere waren und die Schriften, um mit Gert Melville (Geltungsgeschichten) zu sprechen, sehr „differente Funktionen der Legitimierung, der Konsolidierung, der Integration und Abgrenzung“ einnahmen, was zu recht unterschiedlichen „Ausgestaltungen der für relevant angesehenen Vergangenheitspartien“ geführt hat. Um die Texte dennoch vergleichen zu können, habe ich sie in Gruppen unterteilt, entsprechend ihrer im Text dominierenden Funktionsweise : ♦ Viten in denen die paränetische Funktion im Vordergrund steht ♦ Viten in denen die Rechtfertigung einer bestimmten Lebensweise im Vordergrund steht ♦ Viten mit prestigestiftender Funktion ♦ Multifunktionale Viten Für die weitere Forschung ist es ratsam, sich nur einem dieser Typen zuzuwenden. Für die Betrachtung der paränetischen Viten wäre ein Vergleich mit der entsprechenden Predigtliteratur deutlich aufschlussreicher. Der Dominikaner Thomas von Cantimpré, der sich mit jedem Satz seiner Werke als Seelsorger zu erkennen gibt, gehört zu den am besten untersuchten Hagiographen heiliger Frauen. Bislang galten seine Werke als typische Beispiele mendikantischer Vitenschreibung. Dies war auch der Grund, dass die Dissertationsschrift mit ihm bzw. dem in seinem Umfeld wirkenden Jakob von Vitry einsetzt. Die vergleichende Untersuchung aller weiblichen Heiligenviten zeigt, dass Thomas im 13. Jahrhundert noch eine Ausnahmeerscheinung war, da die Werke in denen die Paränese im Vordergrund steht, nur einen Teil der hagiographischen Lebensbeschreibungen betrifft. Fazit: Auch im Zeitalter der Bettelorden erfüllte die Textsorte vor allem klassische Funktionen, indem sie in erster Linie der Andacht und Heilsvergewisserung diente, darüber hinaus jedoch auch ganz pragmatische Absichten verfolgte. Dynastische Interessen trugen ebenso wie innerklösterliche Probleme, kirchliche Anordnungen (Klausurierung weiblicher Religioser, Verurteilung der häretischen Spiritualen), ordensinterne Bestimmungen (beispielsweise solche, die regelten, wie mit der cura monialium zu verfahren sei) oder wichtige politische Ereignisse (die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Guelfen und Ghibellinen in Florenz) zur Entstehung der Schriften bei. In Hinblick auf die bedeutende Rolle die das Papsttum, einzelne Dynastien, Kommunen oder Klöster bei der Abfassung einer Vita gespielt haben, glaube ich, dass es sich bei den jeweiligen Heiligkeitkonzeptionen mehr um zeittypische oder auch regionale Phänomene (Modeerscheinungen) den originär mendikantische Heiligkeitskonzeptionen handelt. Die in den Heiligenviten präsentierten Leitideen sowie die Art der Darstellung richteten sich vor allem nach der Funktion der Texte bzw. danach für wen (welche Rezipienten) die Werke bestimmt waren. So ist der laikale Rezipientenkreis der Grund dafür, dass sich die meisten Elisabethviten durch eine leicht verständliche Ausdrucksweise und ein klares Heiligenbild auszeichnen. Wohingegen die Werke des Thomas von Cantimpré, der sich als Novizenmeister zunächst an seine eigenen Mitbrüder richtet, einem komplexen Aufbau folgen und kunstvoll stilisiert sind. Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Schriften hatten außerdem die sehr unterschiedlichen biographischen Hintergründe der Hagiographen. Denn der hochrangige Ordensvertreter und Vertraute der Kurie betätigte sich ebenso als Vitenautor (Jakob von Vitry und Konrad von Marburg waren Kreuzzugsprediger, Konrad überdies Inquisitor, Thomas von Cantimpré war Lektor, Thomas von Celano war der erste offizielle Ordenschronist des Franziskanerordens, Dietrich von Apolda war der Hagiograph des heiligen Dominikus) wie der politisch unbedeutende Bruder, den nicht sein Orden, sondern die persönliche intensive Beziehung zur Beichttochter zum Schreiben trieb. Neben dem unterschiedlichen Bildungsgrad der Autoren wirkten sich außerdem die starken regionalen Unterschiede auf die Qualität der Texte aus. So hatte das Verfassen von Heiligenviten in Brabant eine lange Tradition, während es in Ungarn etwas völlig Neues war. Auch regionale Besonderheiten hatten Einfluss auf die thematische Aufbereitung der Schriften. So kam dem Bußgedanken wie auch der Seelenrettung aus dem Fegefeuer in den brabanter Schriften besondere Bedeutung zu, was auf die regionale Nähe zur Pariser Universität zurückzuführen ist, an der damals genau jene Themen diskutiert wurden. Als weiteres Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist somit festzuhalten, dass die in den Frauenviten der Bettelorden aufgezeigten Leitideen mehr über die Rezipienten und Autoren aussagen, als über die Heiligen, die sie beschreiben. Dieser Befund widerlegt die in der Frauen- und Mentalitätsforschung gängige These, wonach die Frauenviten typisch weibliche Frömmigkeitsformen darstellen. Für die Beurteilung der Texte ist es vielmehr entscheidend, ob sie für ein laikales, monastisches oder klerikales Publikum verfasst wurden.
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37

Sansone, Guillaume. "Les sanctions en procédure civile." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0468.

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Irrecevabilité, nullités, caducité, péremption, radiations, etc. Les sanctions procédurales sont multiples. Elles menacent les acteurs du procès civil. Si ces menaces sont certaines, leurs contours le sont moins. Le Code de procédure civile paraît offrir un droit des sanctions ordonné dans lequel leur utilisation s’opère de manière harmonieuse. Malheureusement, cette affirmation ne résiste pas à l’épreuve de la pratique. Dans la détermination et le prononcé des sanctions, des imperfections techniques se révèlent. Cette étude a tenté d’en proposer un état des lieux. Au lieu de s’employer à effacer ces imperfections, le législateur et la jurisprudence se sont contentés d’utiliser les sanctions comme autant d’outils au service de la réalisation d’objectifs de politique judiciaire. En réalité, cette politique d’instrumentalisation des sanctions cache difficilement la véritable ambition de l’auteur de la norme : la réduction du contentieux. En cela, il contredit la conception de la procédure civile entendue comme un droit servant la réalisation des droits privés. Cette méthode dénoncée, il a fallu en proposer une nouvelle, plus respectueuse de l’œuvre de justice. Pour qu’elle puisse produire pleinement ses effets, il fallait l’accompagner d’une typologie repensée, typologie dans laquelle les imperfections constatées ont été, dans la mesure du possible, corrigées. Le problème de l’erreur de procédure est trop souvent réduit à la question de savoir comment elle doit être sanctionnée. Prononcer ou éviter la sanction telle est la question décisive. Pour y répondre, il a fallu reconsidérer les dispositions qui régissent l’application de la sanction
Irrecevabilité, nullités de forme et de fond, caducité, péremption, radiations, exception d’incompétence, etc… Many procedural sanctions can threaten the litigant during the trial. These threats are real, but their outlines are blurry. The code of civil procedure appears to contains a rigorous and harmonious sanction law. However, many technical imperfections are unveiled whenever a sanction is determined or pronounced. This study has attempted a comprehensive inventory of these imperfections. During the last decade, lawmakers have not tackled these technical flaws, and kept on using sanctions as tools to serve interests of judicial policy. In reality, this policy of using sanctions as legal instruments goes against the true spirit and ambitions of the author of the law reducing disputes at all cost. This policy goes against the very conception of the civil procedure as a servant of private rights. These flaws being exposed, we proposed a new method, being more respectful of justice. For this method to flourish, it had to come with a rethought typology of sanctions, which corrects these imperfections. Too often, procedural error is reduced to it sanction component. In fact, once the sanction has been identified, some questions remain unanswered, among which the most decisive one: pronounce or avoid the sanction. In order to answer this question, the rules governing the application of sanctions had to be reconsidered
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38

Muller, Laurent. "La sanction est-elle éducative ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0141.

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Si la sanction en éducation est un fait, est-elle pour autant légitime ? Partant du principe que le fait ne fait pas droit, même lorsqu’il est soutenu par une longue histoire, notre travail consiste à sonder les raisons qui ont fait de la sanction ce prétendu incontournable pédagogique.Le destin de l'éducateur est-il de sanctionner ? Que l’éducateur entende élever (par expiation ou la responsabilisation), dresser ou contrôler la conduite (par intimidation), sanctionner par principe (par référence à une loi source de toute valeur), l’effet est le même et le cercle logique patent : la sanction est une contrainte tout extérieure qui ne saurait motiver durablement et efficacement le sujet, et qui ne peut convertir qu’à la condition que le sujet sanctionné soit déjà converti. L’appel à une sanction responsabilisante apparaît ainsi incantatoire.Il faut convenir, toutefois, que la sanction discipline la conduite. Mais c’est par une fabrique du sujet qui n’a rien d’innocent ni d’inoffensif : fabrique des corps et des esprits, invention de l’agent d’imputation, de la faute, de la culpabilité, de la volonté libre qui fait de tout être un être-pour-la-sanction, et qui finit, paradoxe, par la rendre indispensable. Le sujet fait par la sanction finit par être fait pour la sanction : la sanction, qui sanctifie la loi et en exhibe l’essence, ne peut qu’être hantée par l’idée d’expiation.Une autre approche éducative, pourtant, est possible : celle qui renonce à l’agent, à la faute, à la culpabilité, et qui prône la transformation discrète et en amont de l’agir. Cette éducation sceptique, qui prend acte de l’incertitude foncière de l’action éducative, propose de faire du tact l’outil préventif du conflit, et du geste restauratif l’instrument de la réparation du lien et de la construction de l’avenir. La véritable autonomie ne s’épuise pas dans le règne figé de la loi, mais appelle son dépassement anomique (au sens de Guyau) dans la création d’un ordre-cosmos pensé comme émergence.Loin, donc, d’être cet incontournable, la sanction pourrait bien apparaître, en éducation, comme un remède pire que le mal qu’elle prétend soigner, en tant qu’elle produit cette homéostasie qu’elle seule peut ensuite entretenir
If punishment is a fact, is it legitimate all the same? Starting from the principle that fact does not law make, even if bolstered by a long-running historical tradition, we shall aim to scrutinize the reasons that turned punishment into a so-called pedagogical staple.Is the teacher fated to punish? Whether he seeks to raise – through atonement or responsibilization –, tame or control behavior through intimidation, scold according to principle – in reference to a law from which all values emanate –, the effect remains the same, and the logic remains patent: punishment is a wholly external constraint which cannot possibly motivate anyone efficiently and durably; it can only function if the punished person has already been indoctrinated. The use of a responsibilizing punishment thus appears to be incantatory.One must admit, however, that punishment channels behavior. And yet this channeling happens through molding the person through a process that is neither innocent nor harmless: the shaping of bodies and minds; the creation of means to blame, to fault, to guilt; the shaping of free will that makes each being exist for the sake of being punished, and therefore paradoxically makes punishment inevitable. The person shaped by punishment ends up being made to be punished: punishment means holding the law as gospel truth and flaunting its essence; therefore the one who punishes can only be obsessed by the idea of atonement.Another conception of education is possible nonetheless: one that abandons the idea of agency, of blame, and guilt, and advocates for a quiet transformation prior to acting. This skeptical transformation – which acknowledges the fundamentally unpredictable nature of education – suggest using tact to prevent conflict along with the act of mending to strengthen the social bond and build the future. Genuine autonomy does not wither under the immutable yoke of the law: it calls for emancipation through anomia (in Guyau’s sense) by creating a cosmic order conceived as emergence.Punishment, then, is far from being a staple of education: it could very well be a cure far worse than the ailing it seeks to cure. Indeed, it creates the homeostasis that it alone can enable further
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39

Charpentier, Stéphane. "Les sanctions des licenciements irréguliers." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0049.

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Le droit du licenciement a pour finalité essentielle la protection des salariés face au licenciement. Dans le système issu de la loi du 13 juillet 1973, autrement dit, dans la plupart des cas, l'employeur conserve toujours la prérogative de rompre unilatéralement le contrat de travail. S'il méconnaît ces règles, il agit sans droit, mais le licenciement n'en est pas nul pour autant. Les règles tendent alors à accompagner le licenciement et à en adoucir les effets. Les cas de violation sont ici moins rares qu'ailleurs parce qu'ils ne donnent lieu qu'à des sanctions moins efficaces et les mesures prévues pour assurer son application ne peuvent le plus souvent être utilisées. Cependant, parfois, en cas d'atteinte grave portée à l'ordre public, c'est-à-dire de violation de libertés ou droits fondamentaux ou de méconnaissance de certaines règles applicable en matière de licenciement collectif pour motif économique, le droit discrétionnaire de l'employeur est remis en cause. Les sanctions visent alors à prohiber le licenciement. La réintégration de droit est là clairement affirmée, aussi bien par le Juge que le législateur. Cependant, un système juridique ne doit pas être simplement efficace, pour être effectif, il doit également être cohérent, au moins dans une certaine mesure. Or, le droit du licenciement n'est pas cet ensemble sagement hiérarchisé et ordonné que l'on souhaiterait. Nous avons au contraire assisté à l'avènement d'une multitude de lois sans cohérence ni structure conduisant à une logorrhée normative qui rend progressivement ces règles indéchiffrables, et fait du pouvoir de contraindre au respect des règles, un pouvoir arbitraire. Pour s'en rendre parfaitement compte, il n'est que de mettre en parallèle des situations données plus ou moins analogues et de mettre en exergue, à travers les sanctions qui leur sont appliquées, les différences de traitement dont elles sont l'objet. D'autre part, la distinction classique et fondamentale en droit du licenciement, notamment depuis la loi de 1973, entre les règles de forme et les règles de fond, tend à s'estomper. En qualifiant la règle de forme ou de procédure de " garantie de fond " et en lui appliquant des sanctions de fond, la Cour de cassation met en péril la cohérence d'ensemble du droit du licenciement.
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40

Boukhdoud, Bahaa. "La sanction du manquement contractuel." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0111.

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Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la sanction du manquement contractuel. Le cadre de cette recherche est tracé par l'examen comparé de cette notion dans le droit français positif et le droit libanais des obligations. En effet, des relations fortes se présentent entre ces deux systèmes juridiques : longtemps, le droit français a ainsi été une source puissante d'inspiration pour le droit libanais. Notre étude va s'appuyer sur la dynamique suivante : la réparation est généralement présentée par la doctrine majoritaire comme la sanction dominante du manquement contractuel et ceci conformément à la thèse de l'identité de nature au sein de la responsabilité civile, de la responsabilité délictuelle et de la responsabilité contractuelle. Nous tenterons de démontrer que selon nous l'exécution est susceptible d'être entendue comme la sanction naturelle et logique du manquement contractuel et qu'elle ne peut être cantonnée au simple rôle de sanction secondaire du manquement contractuel que lui assigne une certaine doctrine
The subject of this thesis is the study of the sanctions of contractual beach. It is based on the comparative examination of this concept in the positive French and Lebanese Contract Law. Therefore, there are strong relationships between these two legal systems : French law has greatly inspired Lebanese law. our study is also based on the following dynamics ; reparation is generally presented by the main doctrine as the prevailing sanction in case of contractuel breach because as regards civil responsability, the tort and contractual liabilities are of the same nature. Our purpose is to prove that the performance of the contract is likely to be construed as the natural and logical sanction of the contractual breach and cannot be limited to the mere role of a secondary sanction of a contractual breach as assigned by a certain doctrine
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41

Tzutzuiano, Catherine. "L'effectivité de la sanction pénale." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0093/document.

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La question de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale fait régulièrement débat. La sanction pénale serait, bien souvent, partiellement effective. Il faut dire que selon une acception classiquement répandue, l’effectivité de la sanction pénale correspondrait au taux d’application de la sanction prononcée et au rapport de conformité entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée. Tout écart entre ces deux pôles serait la manifestation d’une situation d’ineffectivité. Cette approche de l’effectivité est réductrice, elle ne permet pas d’appréhender cette notion dans sa globalité. Considérant comme effectif « ce qui produit un effet », l’étude de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale ne peut se limiter à une simple vérification de la correspondance entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée, elle s’étend à l’appréciation des effets produits par la sanction. L’effectivité, qui est un état, ne peut se confondre avec l’exécution qui correspond à l’ensemble du processus permettant d’y parvenir. Au cœur de la recherche de production des effets de la sanction, l’exécution est alors source de l’effectivité recherchée. Selon toute probabilité, la sanction exécutée produira des effets. Pourtant, sauf à vider de son sens la notion d’effectivité, il n’est pas possible de considérer que tous les effets que la sanction est susceptible de produire relèvent de son effectivité. Seuls les effets conformes à la finalité qui lui est assignée intègrent cette notion. Tout en distinguant l’effectivité de l’efficacité, l’effectivité de la sanction s’appréciera à l’aune des effets qui contribuent au maintien de la paix sociale
The question of the effectiveness of criminal sanction is the cause of great debate. The criminal sanction would be, so often, partially effective. It must be said that according to common thinking, the effectiveness of criminal sanction corresponds to the rate of application of the pronounced sanction and to the relation of conformity between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction. Any difference between these two poles could be seen as the demonstration of a situation of ineffectiveness. This approach of the effectiveness is simplistic, it does not make it possible to apprehend this notion in its entirety. Considering as effective “what produces an effect”, the study of the effectiveness of criminal sanction cannot be limited to simply checking the correspondence between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction, it extends to the evaluation of the effects produced by the sanction. The effectiveness, which is a state, cannot nevertheless be confused with the execution which corresponds to the whole of the process making it possible to reach that point. At the core of the search for the production of the sanction’s effects, the execution is then the source of the required effectiveness. In all probability, the executed sanction will produce effects. However, unless we empty the notion of effectiveness of its meaning, it is not possible to consider that all of the effects which the sanction is likely to produce concern its effectiveness. Only the effects in conformity with the finality which is assigned to it integrate this notion. While distinguishing the effectiveness from the efficacy, the effectiveness of the sanction will be assessed in light of the effects which contribute to the maintenance of social peace
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42

Tzutzuiano, Catherine. "L'effectivité de la sanction pénale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0093.

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La question de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale fait régulièrement débat. La sanction pénale serait, bien souvent, partiellement effective. Il faut dire que selon une acception classiquement répandue, l’effectivité de la sanction pénale correspondrait au taux d’application de la sanction prononcée et au rapport de conformité entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée. Tout écart entre ces deux pôles serait la manifestation d’une situation d’ineffectivité. Cette approche de l’effectivité est réductrice, elle ne permet pas d’appréhender cette notion dans sa globalité. Considérant comme effectif « ce qui produit un effet », l’étude de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale ne peut se limiter à une simple vérification de la correspondance entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée, elle s’étend à l’appréciation des effets produits par la sanction. L’effectivité, qui est un état, ne peut se confondre avec l’exécution qui correspond à l’ensemble du processus permettant d’y parvenir. Au cœur de la recherche de production des effets de la sanction, l’exécution est alors source de l’effectivité recherchée. Selon toute probabilité, la sanction exécutée produira des effets. Pourtant, sauf à vider de son sens la notion d’effectivité, il n’est pas possible de considérer que tous les effets que la sanction est susceptible de produire relèvent de son effectivité. Seuls les effets conformes à la finalité qui lui est assignée intègrent cette notion. Tout en distinguant l’effectivité de l’efficacité, l’effectivité de la sanction s’appréciera à l’aune des effets qui contribuent au maintien de la paix sociale
The question of the effectiveness of criminal sanction is the cause of great debate. The criminal sanction would be, so often, partially effective. It must be said that according to common thinking, the effectiveness of criminal sanction corresponds to the rate of application of the pronounced sanction and to the relation of conformity between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction. Any difference between these two poles could be seen as the demonstration of a situation of ineffectiveness. This approach of the effectiveness is simplistic, it does not make it possible to apprehend this notion in its entirety. Considering as effective “what produces an effect”, the study of the effectiveness of criminal sanction cannot be limited to simply checking the correspondence between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction, it extends to the evaluation of the effects produced by the sanction. The effectiveness, which is a state, cannot nevertheless be confused with the execution which corresponds to the whole of the process making it possible to reach that point. At the core of the search for the production of the sanction’s effects, the execution is then the source of the required effectiveness. In all probability, the executed sanction will produce effects. However, unless we empty the notion of effectiveness of its meaning, it is not possible to consider that all of the effects which the sanction is likely to produce concern its effectiveness. Only the effects in conformity with the finality which is assigned to it integrate this notion. While distinguishing the effectiveness from the efficacy, the effectiveness of the sanction will be assessed in light of the effects which contribute to the maintenance of social peace
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43

Feteris, M. W. "Fiscale administratieve sancties en het recht op een behoorlijk proces /." Deventer : Kluwer, 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/273276964.pdf.

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44

Tegenfeldt, Hugo. "On the Effectiveness of Non-Proliferative Sanctions : Why have UN sanctions against North Korea failed?" Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7232.

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The thesis argues that non-proliferation sanctions are effective primarily by their coercive effect, that is their power to change the target’s cost/benefit ratios. It does so by contrasting and comparing two key works in sanctions literature, authored by David Baldwin and the Targeted Sanctions Consortium respectively. In the case of the UN sanctions regime against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), it concludes that the reason why no sufficient coercive effect has been apparent, is due to the lack of costs shouldered by the actors who have implemented the sanctions, as this reflects an apparent lack of commitment. This in turn does not sufficiently increase the possible cost of the DPRK, in continuing its nuclear weapons program. Therefore it is not incentivized to cancel its program.
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45

Pirani, Pietro. "Economic sanctions as tool of influence, the role of economic sanctions in the Yugoslav crisis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ39865.pdf.

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46

Husein, Yasmin. "International sanctions, gender and the state : the impact of the United Nations sanctions on Iraqi women." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422901.

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47

Blad, Johannes. "Economic Sanctions and Repression : The effect of economic sanctions on repression conditional on levels of democracy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373111.

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48

Baldes, Olivia. "La sanction professionnelle en droit pénal des affaires : contribution à une théorie générale de la sanction." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1039.

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Le sujet par son intitulé "la sanction professionnelle en droit pénal des affaires" évoque à chacun l'idée que la sanction professionnelle serait la sanction applicable en droit pénal des affaires. En effet, par correspondance des termes utilisés, on comprend logiquement que le sujet concerne « le droit pénal des affaires » et plus spécifiquement une sanction qui lui serait potentiellement réservée : « la sanction professionnelle ». Or, paradoxalement, les liens entre ces différents termes ne sont pas clairement définis par le Droit. A ce stade, seul un lien intuitif les relie. Notre démarche a alors été de confronter cette inspiration de départ au droit positif et d'en révéler toutes ses particularités. Ainsi, la sanction professionnelle a dû être conceptualisée d'abord par une analyse empirique de la notion que nous avons traduite dans une dualité d'objectif, puis par une analyse théorique de celle-ci révélée dans une unité de fondement. Finalement, l'effort de conceptualisation s'est révélé utile non seulement à celui qui cherche à élaborer une théorie générale de la sanction mais également à celui qui envisage une dépénalisation du droit pénal des affaires
The subject evokes the idea that professional sanction is the sanction applicable tobusiness criminal law. Indeed, in accordance with the terms used, one should logicallyunderstand that the subject concerns “business criminal law” and more specifically a sanction that would potentially apply to it, namely “professional sanction”. Paradoxically, however, the links between the different terms are not clearly defined by law. At this stage, only an intuitive link connects them. Our approach has therefore been to confront this intuition, our starting point, with current law and to expose all its particularities. Thus professional sanction needed first to be conceptualized with an empirical analysis of the notion that we have translated into a dual objective, then with a theoretical analysis revealed in a single base. Eventually, this attempt to conceptualize has proved useful not only to those who try to elaborate a general theory of sanction, but also to those who are studying the possibility of a decriminalization of business criminal law
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49

Buckingham, John C. III. "Passio Sancti Clementis| A New Critical Edition with English Translation." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10784504.

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Ever since an influential study conducted by Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri in the early twentieth century, the Greek Martyrdom of Clement text has been acknowledged as a translation of the original Latin Passio Sancti Clementis text. Yet despite this discovery, very little work has been done to advance the frontier of knowledge on the Latin text itself over the last one hundred years. This work seeks to correct this oversight.

This work revisits the last Latin critical edition of the Passio text published by F. Diekamp in 1913, two years prior to Cavalieri's study. Given Diekamp's preferential treatment to the Greek Martyrdom as the original, this paper collates additional manuscript witnesses against Diekamp's Passio text, offers some conjectural textual emendations, postulates a stemma diagram of the Latin tradition, and provides an English translation to the improved text.

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50

Anguita, Jaén José María. "Estudios sobre el "Liber Sancti Jacobi" : la toponimia mayor hispana /." Santiago de Compostela : Xunta de Galicia, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38841327s.

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