Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sanction

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sanction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sanction"

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Fedyunina, A. A., and Yu V. Simachev. "The world in the maze of sanctions: Ambiguity of empirical evidence." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 8, 2024): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2024-8-5-27.

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The article examines various effects of sanction restrictions on target countries. To achieve this, the results of over 50 academic studies from the past decade regarding the impact of sanctions on different countries are analyzed and structured. This analysis is based on the study of sanction episodes predominantly from the 1980s to 2015. It is noted that sanctions have been extensively employed in the past decade, attributed to the intensification of international competition and increased conflict in global development. It is shown that the effects of sanctions exhibit strong ambiguity, temporal variability, and multidirectionality. Both negative and certain stimulating changes in sanction effects are identified and systematized in the contexts of international trade and foreign direct investment. It is demonstrated that sanctions sometimes act as triggers for structural changes in sub-sanctioned economies, altering their integration into global production. The increasing involvement of various countries in sanction confrontations significantly alters the conditions for national economic policies, oriented towards structural changes and long-term perspectives, primarily for industrial policies. For many countries, the task of formulating industrial policy in line with the logic of restructuring global value chains and their participation becomes relevant. This task is characteristic not only for countries targeted by sanctions but also for sanction-sending countries, for which the reverse sanction effects are even less predictable.
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Burkart, Julia. "Sanction and Sanctity." Residential Treatment For Children & Youth 10, no. 1 (October 1992): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j007v10n01_03.

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Tucker, Ross, Ben Hester, Sharief Hendricks, James Brown, and Éanna C. Falvey. "Sanctioned illegal high tackles significantly increase concussion risk to both tacklers and ball carriers in elite men’s Rugby Union." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 10, no. 2 (June 2024): e001932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001932.

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ObjectivesTackles making contact above the sternum increase concussion and head injury assessment (HIA) risk in Rugby Union. The sport has introduced harsher sanctions to change tackler behaviours to reduce this risk. This increased high tackle sanction numbers, though it is unknown whether sanction severity is associated with injury risk.MethodsThe sanction decision made by match officials for tackles resulting in 157 HIA1 removals, of which 91 were confirmed concussions, was evaluated. The propensity of sanction types, ranging from no foul play to red card, was compared after calculating concussion and HIA1 numbers per 1000 tackles of each sanction, using total tackle number of each sanction type from one season of two elite professional competitions.ResultsHIA1 removal and concussion risk increased as sanction severity increased. Red-carded tackles were 271.5 (95% CI 143.8 to 512.6) times more likely to result in concussions than legal tackles. Tacklers and ball carriers were more likely to experience concussions from sanctioned high tackles, with tackler risk 28.5 (95% CI 13.5 to 59.9) times higher for sanctioned high tackles compared with legal tackles, and ball carrier risk elevated 133.7-fold (95% CI 65.5 to 272.8) after sanctioned high tackles.ConclusionSanctioned high tackles significantly increase concussion and HIA1 risk to both tacklers and ball carriers. Current decision-making frameworks that guide sanction decisions do identify tackle behaviours that elevate clinical risk. Both tacklers and ball carriers would be less likely to experience concussions and head injuries if the frequency of illegal high tackles is decreased.
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Anoraga, Surya. "HARMONISASI PERDA NOMOR 4 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG RTRW KOTA MALANG DENGAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN BIDANG LINGKUNGAN HIDUP." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 25, no. 2 (July 14, 2018): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v25i2.6004.

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Law that positively regulates the imposition of civil sanctionx, administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions as regulated in Law Number 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning and more on the local regulation Malang No. 4 of 2011 on Spatial Planning Malang Year 2010- 2030 (RTRW). Administrative and criminal sanctions as a sanction premium remedium while criminal sanctions as a sanction ultimum remedium. Former Act and regulation are still not meticulous in designing/forming. That is evidenced still weakness in some of the provisions in the legislation are still related to civil sanctions, administrative and ceiminal. The legislator has not been meticulous in making decisions RTRW. Hence it need for harmonization between laws and regulations both at the level of local regulations and at the level of the Act.
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Setiyono. "CRIMINAL SANCTION CHARACTERISTICS AGAINST CORPORATION COMMITTED ON CONSUMER PROTECTION OFFENCES IN FEW COUNTRIES." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.22.

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This study aims to analyze the character of the sanctions system against corporations that commit consumer protection crimes. This paper is novel because it seeks to contribute to the current debate in the literature about sanctioned individuals and corporations by comparing the sanction and fines in few countries. Criminal sanctions in force in a country are very dependent on the state's reaction to the deviant activities of the corporations in the society concerned. The state's response was manifested in the sanction system policy towards corporations that commit criminal acts. A sanction system is still conventional, while a sanction system is responsive to the corporate phenomenon. Does this research discuss the sanction system's character against corporations that commit criminal acts of consumer protection? What are the problems of the system of sanctions against corporations that commit these consumer protection crimes? This research was conducted with a normative and comparative approach to comparing the sanctions against corporations that commit criminal acts of consumer protection between the Indonesian Consumer Protection Act and the Consumer Protection Act in several countries, namely Malaysia, the Philippines, Canada, and Finland. This study indicated differences in the character of the criminal sanction system between the Consumer Protection Act of Malaysia, the Philippines, Canada, Finland, and Indonesia against corporations that commit criminal acts in consumer protection. Another characteristic found is a single formulation, namely the threat of criminal fines except for the Indonesian Consumer Protection Act.
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Setiyono. "CRIMINAL SANCTION CHARACTERISTICS AGAINST CORPORATION COMMITTED ON CONSUMER PROTECTION OFFENCES IN FEW COUNTRIES." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.22.

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This study aims to analyze the character of the sanctions system against corporations that commit consumer protection crimes. This paper is novel because it seeks to contribute to the current debate in the literature about sanctioned individuals and corporations by comparing the sanction and fines in few countries. Criminal sanctions in force in a country are very dependent on the state's reaction to the deviant activities of the corporations in the society concerned. The state's response was manifested in the sanction system policy towards corporations that commit criminal acts. A sanction system is still conventional, while a sanction system is responsive to the corporate phenomenon. Does this research discuss the sanction system's character against corporations that commit criminal acts of consumer protection? What are the problems of the system of sanctions against corporations that commit these consumer protection crimes? This research was conducted with a normative and comparative approach to comparing the sanctions against corporations that commit criminal acts of consumer protection between the Indonesian Consumer Protection Act and the Consumer Protection Act in several countries, namely Malaysia, the Philippines, Canada, and Finland. This study indicated differences in the character of the criminal sanction system between the Consumer Protection Act of Malaysia, the Philippines, Canada, Finland, and Indonesia against corporations that commit criminal acts in consumer protection. Another characteristic found is a single formulation, namely the threat of criminal fines except for the Indonesian Consumer Protection Act.
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Redman, Jamie. "The Benefit Sanction: A Correctional Device or a Weapon of Disgust?" Sociological Research Online 25, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780419851132.

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The benefit sanction is a dominant activation policy in Britain’s ‘welfare-to-work’ regime. While policymakers believe in their necessity to correct behaviour, research shows benefit sanctions cause additional harm to Britain’s marginalised groups. Drawing upon a small-scale qualitative study, this article first navigates new territory, mapping the ways stigma emerges from the state – channelled through the benefit sanction – and manifests in the lives of sanctioned claimants. Acknowledging wider evidence, the sanction is then argued to have failed as a correctional device. Rather, taking into account Britain’s current politico-economic climate, the sanction appears as a weapon used to incite negative emotion in an attempt to police the boundaries of the labour market, while frequently abandoning some of the UK’s most vulnerable citizens.
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Tikhonova, S. S., and A. I. Kokunov. "MODELS OF ARTICLE SANCTIONS OF THE SPECIAL PART OF CODIFIED CRIMINAL LAW FOR MINOR OFFENCE CRIMES: MODERN LAW-TECNICAL THEORY AND LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-241-247.

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Possible models of article sanctions of the special part of codified criminal law for minor offence crimes w are presented. Sanctions prescribing one main punishment are single. Sanctions prescribing several main punishments are alternative. Single sanctions can theoretically have 3 types: single sanction with imprisonment; single sanction without imprisonment with more lenient punishment; single sanction without imprisonment with more strict punishment. Alternative sanctions can be subdivided on alternative sanction with imprisonment and lowering alternative; alternative sanction with imprisonment and raising alternative. According to principle of criminal law justice crimes of various category should have various sanction models with different qualitative characteristics. On the basis of this adoption, analysis of modern legislative practice and provisions of criminal and legal doctrine recommendations about crime sanctions for minor offence are formulated. According to these recommendations minor offence crimes can be single and have more lenient punishments than imprisonment or alternative without imprisonment with the lowering alternative or with imprisonment and the lowering alternative. At the same time it is necessary to say that single sanction can include only universal type of punishment. Thus, penalty can be used for single sanctions designing of minor offence crimes.
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Guastaferro, Wendy P., and Leah E. Daigle. "Linking Noncompliant Behaviors and Programmatic Responses." Journal of Drug Issues 42, no. 4 (October 2012): 396–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042612461773.

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Drug courts are charged with positively influencing the behavior of a difficult-to-treat population. Sanctions represent a drug court’s efforts to instill accountability in participants, an important component of behavior modification. This research examined the application of sanctions within a drug court’s proactive supervision model and sanctions matrix. An exploratory analysis of individual-level factors (including risk level, treatment characteristics, and punishment history) that increase the likelihood of receiving a sanction was conducted. Factors related to receiving any type of sanction and a drug sanction, and whether receiving a sanction was related to program retention were examined. Most participants (71%) received a sanction. On average, each participant received 4 sanctions and 259 sanctions were given over a 2-year period. The majority of people (77%) continued to be actively enrolled after receiving a sanction. Practice and policy implications regarding the use of sanctions within the context of offender change are discussed.
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Lauts, E. B. "Anti-Sanction Regulation of the Banking Services Market and Anti-Crisis Legal Regime of Banking Activities." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (March 24, 2023): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2023.101.1.070-079.

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The article attempts to correlate the anti-sanction regulation of the banking services market and the anti-crisis legal regime of banking. The author distinguishes between the sanctions regime and the anti-sanction legal regime that frames the anti-sanction regulation of the relevant market and is part of its anti-crisis regulation. The article substantiates that the antisanctions legal regime does not include means of counter-sanctions, since the latter do not aim to mitigate the sanctions regime for the relevant market, but are retaliatory restrictive measures that often also negatively affect the activities of national market participants. Therefore, the author distinguishes between the sanctions legal regime and the counter-sanctions legal regime, coming to the conclusion that the legislator is inconsistent in this matter. The article concludes that the anti-crisis regulation of the banking services market can also be considered as an anti-crisis legal regime of banking activity, an integral part of which is also an anti-sanction legal regime or anti-sanction regulation, the means of which are aimed at overcoming the consequences of the sanctions regime. At the same time, unlike the sanctions regime or the counter-sanction regime, which are a special or extraordinary regime, the anti-sanction regime is a special legal regime, since it is only a type of anti-crisis regulation of the relevant market.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sanction"

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Koukezian, Thomas. "Sanction pénale sanction disciplinaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G018.

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Deux thèses s’affrontent concernant les liens qu’entretiennent la sanction pénale et la sanction disciplinaire. Une première conception considère que la sanction disciplinaire est distincte de la sanction pénale. Elle en diffère tellement qu’on ne saurait les rapprocher. L’autre conception, plus actuelle, considère que la sanction disciplinaire est une variété de la sanction pénale, qui la supplée ou la double, et qui obéit, en partie du moins, à des principes communs. La deuxième conception semble évidemment plus en phase avec la réalité. Cependant, cette façon d’entrevoir ces deux matières ne fait point l’unanimité. En considérant la sanction disciplinaire comme une fraction de la sanction pénale, comment entrer dans une telle considération devant le principe d’indépendance qui tient à distance les deux sanctions ? Et, si ce principe tient à distance les deux sanctions, c’est donc qu’il existe un domaine propre à chacune d’elles et une frontière entre ces deux domaines. L’étude consacrée aux sanctions pénales et disciplinaires se propose de tracer une frontière lisible entre ces deux sanctions et de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques peu connues de la sanction disciplinaire
Deux thèses s’affrontent concernant les liens qu’entretiennent la sanction pénale et la sanction disciplinaire. Une première conception considère que la sanction disciplinaire est distincte de la sanction pénale. Elle en diffère tellement qu’on ne saurait les rapprocher. L’autre conception, plus actuelle, considère que la sanction disciplinaire est une variété de la sanction pénale, qui la supplée ou la double, et qui obéit, en partie du moins, à des principes communs. La deuxième conception semble évidemment plus en phase avec la réalité. Cependant, cette façon d’entrevoir ces deux matières ne fait point l’unanimité. En considérant la sanction disciplinaire comme une fraction de la sanction pénale, comment entrer dans une telle considération devant le principe d’indépendance qui tient à distance les deux sanctions ? Et, si ce principe tient à distance les deux sanctions, c’est donc qu’il existe un domaine propre à chacune d’elles et une frontière entre ces deux domaines. L’étude consacrée aux sanctions pénales et disciplinaires se propose de tracer une frontière lisible entre ces deux sanctions et de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques peu connues de la sanction disciplinaire
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Muller, Laurent. "La sanction est-elle éducative ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0141.

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Si la sanction en éducation est un fait, est-elle pour autant légitime ? Partant du principe que le fait ne fait pas droit, même lorsqu’il est soutenu par une longue histoire, notre travail consiste à sonder les raisons qui ont fait de la sanction ce prétendu incontournable pédagogique.Le destin de l'éducateur est-il de sanctionner ? Que l’éducateur entende élever (par expiation ou la responsabilisation), dresser ou contrôler la conduite (par intimidation), sanctionner par principe (par référence à une loi source de toute valeur), l’effet est le même et le cercle logique patent : la sanction est une contrainte tout extérieure qui ne saurait motiver durablement et efficacement le sujet, et qui ne peut convertir qu’à la condition que le sujet sanctionné soit déjà converti. L’appel à une sanction responsabilisante apparaît ainsi incantatoire.Il faut convenir, toutefois, que la sanction discipline la conduite. Mais c’est par une fabrique du sujet qui n’a rien d’innocent ni d’inoffensif : fabrique des corps et des esprits, invention de l’agent d’imputation, de la faute, de la culpabilité, de la volonté libre qui fait de tout être un être-pour-la-sanction, et qui finit, paradoxe, par la rendre indispensable. Le sujet fait par la sanction finit par être fait pour la sanction : la sanction, qui sanctifie la loi et en exhibe l’essence, ne peut qu’être hantée par l’idée d’expiation.Une autre approche éducative, pourtant, est possible : celle qui renonce à l’agent, à la faute, à la culpabilité, et qui prône la transformation discrète et en amont de l’agir. Cette éducation sceptique, qui prend acte de l’incertitude foncière de l’action éducative, propose de faire du tact l’outil préventif du conflit, et du geste restauratif l’instrument de la réparation du lien et de la construction de l’avenir. La véritable autonomie ne s’épuise pas dans le règne figé de la loi, mais appelle son dépassement anomique (au sens de Guyau) dans la création d’un ordre-cosmos pensé comme émergence.Loin, donc, d’être cet incontournable, la sanction pourrait bien apparaître, en éducation, comme un remède pire que le mal qu’elle prétend soigner, en tant qu’elle produit cette homéostasie qu’elle seule peut ensuite entretenir
If punishment is a fact, is it legitimate all the same? Starting from the principle that fact does not law make, even if bolstered by a long-running historical tradition, we shall aim to scrutinize the reasons that turned punishment into a so-called pedagogical staple.Is the teacher fated to punish? Whether he seeks to raise – through atonement or responsibilization –, tame or control behavior through intimidation, scold according to principle – in reference to a law from which all values emanate –, the effect remains the same, and the logic remains patent: punishment is a wholly external constraint which cannot possibly motivate anyone efficiently and durably; it can only function if the punished person has already been indoctrinated. The use of a responsibilizing punishment thus appears to be incantatory.One must admit, however, that punishment channels behavior. And yet this channeling happens through molding the person through a process that is neither innocent nor harmless: the shaping of bodies and minds; the creation of means to blame, to fault, to guilt; the shaping of free will that makes each being exist for the sake of being punished, and therefore paradoxically makes punishment inevitable. The person shaped by punishment ends up being made to be punished: punishment means holding the law as gospel truth and flaunting its essence; therefore the one who punishes can only be obsessed by the idea of atonement.Another conception of education is possible nonetheless: one that abandons the idea of agency, of blame, and guilt, and advocates for a quiet transformation prior to acting. This skeptical transformation – which acknowledges the fundamentally unpredictable nature of education – suggest using tact to prevent conflict along with the act of mending to strengthen the social bond and build the future. Genuine autonomy does not wither under the immutable yoke of the law: it calls for emancipation through anomia (in Guyau’s sense) by creating a cosmic order conceived as emergence.Punishment, then, is far from being a staple of education: it could very well be a cure far worse than the ailing it seeks to cure. Indeed, it creates the homeostasis that it alone can enable further
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Boukhdoud, Bahaa. "La sanction du manquement contractuel." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0111.

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Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la sanction du manquement contractuel. Le cadre de cette recherche est tracé par l'examen comparé de cette notion dans le droit français positif et le droit libanais des obligations. En effet, des relations fortes se présentent entre ces deux systèmes juridiques : longtemps, le droit français a ainsi été une source puissante d'inspiration pour le droit libanais. Notre étude va s'appuyer sur la dynamique suivante : la réparation est généralement présentée par la doctrine majoritaire comme la sanction dominante du manquement contractuel et ceci conformément à la thèse de l'identité de nature au sein de la responsabilité civile, de la responsabilité délictuelle et de la responsabilité contractuelle. Nous tenterons de démontrer que selon nous l'exécution est susceptible d'être entendue comme la sanction naturelle et logique du manquement contractuel et qu'elle ne peut être cantonnée au simple rôle de sanction secondaire du manquement contractuel que lui assigne une certaine doctrine
The subject of this thesis is the study of the sanctions of contractual beach. It is based on the comparative examination of this concept in the positive French and Lebanese Contract Law. Therefore, there are strong relationships between these two legal systems : French law has greatly inspired Lebanese law. our study is also based on the following dynamics ; reparation is generally presented by the main doctrine as the prevailing sanction in case of contractuel breach because as regards civil responsability, the tort and contractual liabilities are of the same nature. Our purpose is to prove that the performance of the contract is likely to be construed as the natural and logical sanction of the contractual breach and cannot be limited to the mere role of a secondary sanction of a contractual breach as assigned by a certain doctrine
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Tzutzuiano, Catherine. "L'effectivité de la sanction pénale." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0093/document.

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La question de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale fait régulièrement débat. La sanction pénale serait, bien souvent, partiellement effective. Il faut dire que selon une acception classiquement répandue, l’effectivité de la sanction pénale correspondrait au taux d’application de la sanction prononcée et au rapport de conformité entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée. Tout écart entre ces deux pôles serait la manifestation d’une situation d’ineffectivité. Cette approche de l’effectivité est réductrice, elle ne permet pas d’appréhender cette notion dans sa globalité. Considérant comme effectif « ce qui produit un effet », l’étude de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale ne peut se limiter à une simple vérification de la correspondance entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée, elle s’étend à l’appréciation des effets produits par la sanction. L’effectivité, qui est un état, ne peut se confondre avec l’exécution qui correspond à l’ensemble du processus permettant d’y parvenir. Au cœur de la recherche de production des effets de la sanction, l’exécution est alors source de l’effectivité recherchée. Selon toute probabilité, la sanction exécutée produira des effets. Pourtant, sauf à vider de son sens la notion d’effectivité, il n’est pas possible de considérer que tous les effets que la sanction est susceptible de produire relèvent de son effectivité. Seuls les effets conformes à la finalité qui lui est assignée intègrent cette notion. Tout en distinguant l’effectivité de l’efficacité, l’effectivité de la sanction s’appréciera à l’aune des effets qui contribuent au maintien de la paix sociale
The question of the effectiveness of criminal sanction is the cause of great debate. The criminal sanction would be, so often, partially effective. It must be said that according to common thinking, the effectiveness of criminal sanction corresponds to the rate of application of the pronounced sanction and to the relation of conformity between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction. Any difference between these two poles could be seen as the demonstration of a situation of ineffectiveness. This approach of the effectiveness is simplistic, it does not make it possible to apprehend this notion in its entirety. Considering as effective “what produces an effect”, the study of the effectiveness of criminal sanction cannot be limited to simply checking the correspondence between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction, it extends to the evaluation of the effects produced by the sanction. The effectiveness, which is a state, cannot nevertheless be confused with the execution which corresponds to the whole of the process making it possible to reach that point. At the core of the search for the production of the sanction’s effects, the execution is then the source of the required effectiveness. In all probability, the executed sanction will produce effects. However, unless we empty the notion of effectiveness of its meaning, it is not possible to consider that all of the effects which the sanction is likely to produce concern its effectiveness. Only the effects in conformity with the finality which is assigned to it integrate this notion. While distinguishing the effectiveness from the efficacy, the effectiveness of the sanction will be assessed in light of the effects which contribute to the maintenance of social peace
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Tzutzuiano, Catherine. "L'effectivité de la sanction pénale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0093.

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La question de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale fait régulièrement débat. La sanction pénale serait, bien souvent, partiellement effective. Il faut dire que selon une acception classiquement répandue, l’effectivité de la sanction pénale correspondrait au taux d’application de la sanction prononcée et au rapport de conformité entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée. Tout écart entre ces deux pôles serait la manifestation d’une situation d’ineffectivité. Cette approche de l’effectivité est réductrice, elle ne permet pas d’appréhender cette notion dans sa globalité. Considérant comme effectif « ce qui produit un effet », l’étude de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale ne peut se limiter à une simple vérification de la correspondance entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée, elle s’étend à l’appréciation des effets produits par la sanction. L’effectivité, qui est un état, ne peut se confondre avec l’exécution qui correspond à l’ensemble du processus permettant d’y parvenir. Au cœur de la recherche de production des effets de la sanction, l’exécution est alors source de l’effectivité recherchée. Selon toute probabilité, la sanction exécutée produira des effets. Pourtant, sauf à vider de son sens la notion d’effectivité, il n’est pas possible de considérer que tous les effets que la sanction est susceptible de produire relèvent de son effectivité. Seuls les effets conformes à la finalité qui lui est assignée intègrent cette notion. Tout en distinguant l’effectivité de l’efficacité, l’effectivité de la sanction s’appréciera à l’aune des effets qui contribuent au maintien de la paix sociale
The question of the effectiveness of criminal sanction is the cause of great debate. The criminal sanction would be, so often, partially effective. It must be said that according to common thinking, the effectiveness of criminal sanction corresponds to the rate of application of the pronounced sanction and to the relation of conformity between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction. Any difference between these two poles could be seen as the demonstration of a situation of ineffectiveness. This approach of the effectiveness is simplistic, it does not make it possible to apprehend this notion in its entirety. Considering as effective “what produces an effect”, the study of the effectiveness of criminal sanction cannot be limited to simply checking the correspondence between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction, it extends to the evaluation of the effects produced by the sanction. The effectiveness, which is a state, cannot nevertheless be confused with the execution which corresponds to the whole of the process making it possible to reach that point. At the core of the search for the production of the sanction’s effects, the execution is then the source of the required effectiveness. In all probability, the executed sanction will produce effects. However, unless we empty the notion of effectiveness of its meaning, it is not possible to consider that all of the effects which the sanction is likely to produce concern its effectiveness. Only the effects in conformity with the finality which is assigned to it integrate this notion. While distinguishing the effectiveness from the efficacy, the effectiveness of the sanction will be assessed in light of the effects which contribute to the maintenance of social peace
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Allen, Kevin. "WINNING THE WAR: SANCTION EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSEQUENCES." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/48.

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Chapter 1 shows that there is a negative relationship observed between sanctions and civil liberties in the target country, which is driven by how exposed the target country's trade was to the sanctioning countries. Using a fixed panel regression covering 160 countries from 1972-2005, it is found that import exposure to the sanctioning countries drives this negative relationship, with every percentage point of import exposure reducing the inverted FHI freedom score by 0.165 points. This implies that restricting imports to a country that promotes an oppressive response by the targeted government. Chapter 2 examines whether countries change their trade patterns in response to economic sanction threats in addition to imposed sanctions. Using a bilateral gravity panel dataset covering 180 countries from 1950-2005 I find that imposed sanctions cause a very significant 55.43% increase in purchases from third party suppliers or a smaller 49.78% increase in sales to third party buyers during sanction events. Sanction threats cause a 42.05% increase in purchases from third party suppliers, and a 42.76% increase in sales to third party buyers, all significant at the 1% level. I conclude that both imposed sanctions and sanction threats lead to a significant increase in trade with third party countries, preempting and subverting sanction regimes. Chapter 3 studies whether there is evidence of cheating during sanction events by examining the difference in reporting for exports in the selling country versus imports in the buying country. A systematic change in reporting behavior is detected, with the log difference of reported exports minus reported imports increasing 7.46% in the case of exporter imposed sanctions, and decreasing 9.86% in the case importer imposed sanctions. This is consistent with the theory that firms in the sanctioning countries face harsher penalties for being caught compared to the targeted countries.
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Baldes, Olivia. "La sanction professionnelle en droit pénal des affaires : contribution à une théorie générale de la sanction." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1039.

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Le sujet par son intitulé "la sanction professionnelle en droit pénal des affaires" évoque à chacun l'idée que la sanction professionnelle serait la sanction applicable en droit pénal des affaires. En effet, par correspondance des termes utilisés, on comprend logiquement que le sujet concerne « le droit pénal des affaires » et plus spécifiquement une sanction qui lui serait potentiellement réservée : « la sanction professionnelle ». Or, paradoxalement, les liens entre ces différents termes ne sont pas clairement définis par le Droit. A ce stade, seul un lien intuitif les relie. Notre démarche a alors été de confronter cette inspiration de départ au droit positif et d'en révéler toutes ses particularités. Ainsi, la sanction professionnelle a dû être conceptualisée d'abord par une analyse empirique de la notion que nous avons traduite dans une dualité d'objectif, puis par une analyse théorique de celle-ci révélée dans une unité de fondement. Finalement, l'effort de conceptualisation s'est révélé utile non seulement à celui qui cherche à élaborer une théorie générale de la sanction mais également à celui qui envisage une dépénalisation du droit pénal des affaires
The subject evokes the idea that professional sanction is the sanction applicable tobusiness criminal law. Indeed, in accordance with the terms used, one should logicallyunderstand that the subject concerns “business criminal law” and more specifically a sanction that would potentially apply to it, namely “professional sanction”. Paradoxically, however, the links between the different terms are not clearly defined by law. At this stage, only an intuitive link connects them. Our approach has therefore been to confront this intuition, our starting point, with current law and to expose all its particularities. Thus professional sanction needed first to be conceptualized with an empirical analysis of the notion that we have translated into a dual objective, then with a theoretical analysis revealed in a single base. Eventually, this attempt to conceptualize has proved useful not only to those who try to elaborate a general theory of sanction, but also to those who are studying the possibility of a decriminalization of business criminal law
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Sun, Yushuang. "Sanction Success and Domestic Dissent Groups." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/628.

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Despite the low success rate indicated by scholarly assessments, economic sanctions remain a commonly used foreign policy tool. Why do policymakers often turn to economic sanctions with great hope and enterprise in spite of their unimpressive success record? What determines a sanction outcome? Does the internal political dynamic of target matter in this case? How does it relate to different regime type? Hence this thesis examines the conditional relationship between the presence of domestic political opposition in the target state and sanction success conditional on the regime type by using data covering 763 US-imposed sanctions from 1945 to 2006. The findings suggest authoritarian regimes are more vulnerable to sanctions than their democratic counterparts in the presence of internal dissent groups in most cases. General Strikes are the best strategy to aid sanctions and coerce policy changes in authoritarian regimes. The presence of Guerrilla Warfare has the greatest substantive and statistical impact on sanction success. Consistent and organized internal dissent groups pose treats to the authority by weakening domestic stability or partnering with sender countries to push for policy changes.
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Eddadsi, Bouchra. "La certitude de la sanction pénale." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0040.

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L'interrogation sur la certitude ou l'incertitude de la sanction pénale ne date pas d'aujourd'hui. Dès 1974, Cesare BECCARIA affirmait que « ce n'est pas la rigueur des châtiments qui prévient le plus sûrement les crimes, c'est la certitude du châtiment (. . . ) la perspective d'un châtiment modéré, mais inévitable fera une impression plus forte que la crainte vague d'une punition terrible, auprès de laquelle se présente quelque espoir d'impunité ». Aujourd’hui, plus que jamais, la certitude de la sanction pénale est une priorité. La peine et son efficacité suscitent de plus en plus de polémiques, de critiques. Elles alimentent le débat toujours ouvert sur le phénomène criminel, sa prévention et sa répression. Tout ceci rend plus que jamais nécessaire une interrogation à la fois lucide et dépassionnée sur la signification de la sanction pénale et sur les conditions à la fois de son efficacité réelle et de son acceptabilité symbolique. La place centrale des questions de sécurité dans le débat démocratique, le retentissement de certaines affaires médiatisées, le rajeunissement de la délinquance participent à la prise de conscience qui imprègne aujourd’hui la justice pénale : la sanction pour être crédible et efficace, doit être certaine. Pour parvenir à cette certitude, la justice s’emploie à devenir un média de masse qui envoie des messages clairs et se doit de frapper fort. Dès lors, la nécessité de punir toutes sortes d’infractions, y compris les plus légères, se fait sentir. Le renforcement de l’effet dissuasif de la sanction et la garantie de sa légitimité deviennent primordiaux.
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Ounnir, Abdallah. "La Sanction en droit pénal marocain." Toulouse 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU10034.

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L’intervention pénale subit actuellement une sorte de tiraillement délégitimant en Occident le débat opposant les partisans de la répression pénale à ceux qui prônent à l'extrême avant garde l'abolition même du droit pénal. En pays d'islam, on assiste, depuis la révolution iranienne, au renouveau du consensus métaphysique et religieux en matière de justice pénale. Les fondamentalistes se référent en effet a un ordre supérieur à l'ordre social pour convaincre le criminel et la conscience du juge que la peine infligée est juste. La législation pénale était coutumière au Maroc préislamique, elle devint coranique après l'invasion arabe. Avec le protectorat on a nationalisé le progrès et modernisé l'islam. Aujourd'hui on veut islamiser la modernité et fonder une morale absolue face à la diversité humaine
The legitimacy of the penal intervention is currently being questioned. In western countries those who advocate penal repression oppose those who would favour the very abolition of criminal law. In islamic countries, since the beginning of the iranian revolution, we have been witnessing a revival of the metaphysical and religions consensus in the field of criminal law. Fundamentalists do refer to an order superior to the social one to convince both the offender and the judge that the ponalty imposed is fair. Criminal law was customary in pre-islamic morocco. Then it was turned into koranic following the arabic invasion. During the protectorate years, progress was nationalized and islam modernized. Today modernity is to be islamized and an absolute morality is to be founded facing the human diversity
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Books on the topic "Sanction"

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Elwood, Roger. Deadly sanction. Dallas: Word Pub., 1993.

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Chawaf, Chantal. La sanction. Paris: Des femmes, 2004.

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Haig, Brian. Secret sanction. New York: Warner Books, 2002.

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Haig, Brian. Secret Sanction. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2002.

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1923-, Rosenthal Jean, and Beyvin Philippe, eds. La sanction. Paris: Gallmeister, 2010.

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Harrison, Kim. Black Magic Sanction. New York: HarperCollins, 2010.

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Sanction. Canelo, 2020.

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Sanction. Independently Published, 2022.

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Sennen, Mark. Sanction. Canelo, 2020.

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Tré-Hardy, Pierre. Sanction. SOUFFLES LITTER, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sanction"

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Ouyang, Yu, and Michael A. Morgan. "Sanction Rhetoric and Sanction Activities." In The Evolving American Presidency, 67–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39493-5_4.

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Eyler, Robert. "To Sanction or Not to Sanction?" In Economic Sanctions, 1–8. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230610002_1.

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Howard, Jonathan. "Feedback Sanction." In Cognitive Errors and Diagnostic Mistakes, 103–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93224-8_7.

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Asbury, Neal. "Sanction Fever." In Conscientious Equity, 99–108. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230114210_8.

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Sam, Khin Moe. "Feedback Sanction." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 141–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_23.

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Drury, A. Cooper. "Evaluating Sanction Effectiveness." In Economic Sanctions and Presidential Decisions, 32–58. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403976956_3.

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Eyler, Robert. "Basic Sanction Analysis." In Economic Sanctions, 9–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230610002_2.

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Benton, Gregor. "The Penal Sanction." In Chinese Indentured Labour in the Dutch East Indies, 1880–1942, 113–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05024-4_4.

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Prescott, J. J. "Criminal Sanction and Deterrence." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_19-1.

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Prescott, J. J. "Criminal Sanction and Deterrence." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_19-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sanction"

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Mashudi, Dr. "Social Sanction Versus Legal Sanction in Corruption Case." In 1st International Conference of Law and Justice - Good Governance and Human Rights in Muslim Countries: Experiences and Challenges (ICLJ 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclj-17.2018.18.

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Kirubanantham, P., A. Saranya, and D. Senthil Kumar. "Credit Sanction Forecasting." In 2021 4th International Conference on Computing and Communications Technologies (ICCCT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccct53315.2021.9711790.

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Kostic, Jelena, and Marina Matic Boskovic. "Alternative Sanctions in the Republic of Serbia, Contemporary Challenges and Recommendations for Improvement." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.19.

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The application of alternative sanctions has positive effects both on the re-socialization of perpetrators of criminal acts, and on the reduction of pressure on institutions for the enforcement of prison sanctions. The use of alternative sanctions enables the offender to continue working, educating, keeping family connections, and other activities that may have preventive effect on the crime re-commission and prevent stigmatisation that person might have after the prison sanction. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the effectiveness of the application of alternative sanctions in the Republic of Serbia and impact of the implementation of National development strategy for the system of enforcement of criminal sanctions for period 2013–2020. In line with the Strategy, the key national legislative acts were amended to align with international and European standards on alternative sanctions, specifically with the CoE European Probation Rules. Bearing in mind previous experiences, the authors start form the assumption that there are still certain challenges in their application, which can be caused by various factors. In order to give recommendations for reducing the challenges, the authors analyse the compliance of national regulation with international standards, as well as available data on volume and structure of imposed alternative sanctions in period 2015–2020, with the special focus on community work and conditional sanction with oversight.
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Knowles, Bran, and John T. Richards. "The Sanction of Authority." In FAccT '21: 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445890.

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Mahmud, Ade, Dian Alan Setiawan, Eka Juarsa, Dey Ravena, Taufiq Rahman, and Iman Sudirman. "Model of Applying Criminal Sanctions in Overcoming Corruption Through Criminal Sanction by Substitute Money." In 2nd Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200225.006.

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MAHDI, MOHAMMED. "Towards abolishing imposing comprehensive Sanction sanction damaged iraqi society and food Ration system saved it from famine." In Third International Conference on Advances In Social Science, Management and Human Behaviour - SMHB 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-067-5-66.

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Primasari, Lushiana. "The impact of information and technology development on trend of sanction for corruption cases: Are monetary sanctions effective?" In IJALS SYMPOSIUM ON TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT FOR SOCIAL WELFARE: Technological Advancement for Social Welfare: Contemporary Development and the Future Impact. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0104126.

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Soković, Snežana. "POVERENIČKA SLUŽBA U SRBIJI – KRITIČKI OSVRT NA PITANjA ORGANIZACIJE I NADLEŽNOSTI." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.867s.

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Significant changes in the conceptual-normative framework of prison, as well as in the context of the necessary standards relevant to the practice of its execution, have not eliminated the "basically negative" consequences of imprisonment. While today alternative, non-institutional criminal sanctions and measures are the standard in almost all modern criminal justice systems, their application in practice is very different both in terms of scope and in terms of efficiency. The concept of applying alternative sanctions and measures is fundamentally different from the application of imprisonment measures and requires a different, non-punitive approach and specially organized services. Essentially, the scope and efficiency of the application of alternative sanctions and measures depends on how functional the normative frameworks of each envisaged sanction and measure are and how operative and efficient are the services competent for their execution. The paper critically analyzes the conditions and manner of work of the domestic commissioners` service in the context of the fact that the implementation of non - institutional measures in domestic conditions is progressing but still very slow. The wider application of non- institutional measures and sanctions is slowed down by the insufficiently precise normative framework of certain probation measures, as well as certain organizational weaknesses of the commissioners` service.
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GURIEVA, V. I., and A. A. ZAITSEV. "Trade embargo in Russia: evaluation of sanction imports substitution." In SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE DEDICATED TO THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOSCOW SCHOOL OF ECONOMY, MSU M. V. LOMONOSOVA. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-19-5.2020.276.278.

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Sugiartha, I. Nyoman Gede, I. Nyoman Sutama, and I. Nyoman Sujana. "The Provision of Sanction in Tax Amnesty in Indonesia." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (ICBLT 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icblt-18.2018.15.

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Reports on the topic "Sanction"

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Kavakli, Kerim Can, Giovanna Marcolongo, and Diego Zambiasi. Sanction-busting through tax havens. UNU-WIDER, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2023/363-5.

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Boguchwal, Louis. Sanction Effectiveness in Iran: A Network Optimization Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada570106.

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Perez-Vincent, Santiago M., and David Puebla. Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy: Evidence from a Vignette Experiment in Central America. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013056.

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This paper examines the impact of procedural justice and sanctions on police legitimacy in a middle-income context using a between-subjects vignette experiment among civilians and police officers in Honduras. The scenarios involved civilian--police interactions following a minor infraction, varying in whether the police officer treated the civilian respectfully or disrespectfully, and whether a sanction (fine) was imposed. Respectful treatment increased satisfaction, acceptance of decisions, and willingness to cooperate, while sanctions had the opposite effects on these variables. Sanctions lowered the perceived likelihood of repeating the infraction, whereas respectful treatment had no effect on it. Results were similar for civilians and police officers, though officers assigned greater importance to procedural justice. The study concludes that, while sanctions deter repeated infractions, they can erode legitimacy if not applied respectfully, highlighting the importance of procedural justice in civilian--police interactions. The positive impact of procedural justice among both civilians and officers perceptions supports the desirability and feasibility of its application in this context.
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Bleck, Jaimie, Jessica Gottlieb, and Katrina Kosec. When will civil society sanction the state? Evidence from Mali. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136571.

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Brownworth, Anders, Jon Durfee, Michael Junho Lee, and Antoine Martin. Regulating Decentralized Systems: Evidence from Sanctions on Tornado Cash. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1112.

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Blockchain-based systems are run by a decentralized network of participants and are designed to be censorship-resistant. We use sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on Tornado Cash (TC), a smart contract protocol, to study the impact and effectiveness of regulation in decentralized systems. We document an immediate and lasting impact on TC following the sanction announcement, measured by market reaction, transaction volume, and diversity of users. Still, net flows into TC contracts recover to and surpass pre-announcement levels for most pools, supporting viability of TC. Evidence on cooperation at the settlement layer is mixed: the aggregate share of non-cooperative blocks increases over time, but a shrinking number of actors process Tornado Cash transactions, indicating a fragility to the sustainability of censorship-resistance. Non-cooperation is not explained by tokenomics, and changes in perception around legal authority and clarity of regulation appears to be a key factor for whether to cooperate.
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Eaton, Jonathan, and Maxim Engers. Sanctions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3399.

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Seroa da Motta, Ronaldo. Determinants of Environmental Performance in the Brazilian Industrial Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011023.

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This study will analyze the determinants of environmental performance in the Brazilian industrial sector. It uses a database conducted by the Brazilian National Confederation of Industries inquiring about questions on environmental management over 325 medium and large firms referred to the year 1997. We have been able to test three proxies of environmental performance, such as: a weighted average number of environmental control practices, environmental investments and operational cost ratios, controlling for actual data on market incentives and enforcement pressures as well as for declared motivations. Our results suggest that the Harrington paradox can be observed in Brazil when a compliance-dependent regime motivates firms to compliance with low sanction level. Consistent with results in the main literature, our study confirms that, apart from some expected characteristics of the firm, as size, sector and foreign ties, demands from communities and market incentives are also very influential determinants. Cost savings on inputs and subsidized credit are found equally important. Based on that, we recommend flexible instruments on pollution control that capture the firm¿s differentials in characteristics and compliance levels as well as dissemination of information on environmental control and related cost saving opportunities.
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Hart, Oliver, David Thesmar, and Luigi Zingales. Private Sanctions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30728.

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NAVAL WAR COLL NEWPORT RI. Targeted Financial Sanctions Simulation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430527.

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Brock, George S. Implementation of Information Sanctions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326592.

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