Journal articles on the topic 'San Rufino'

El presente documento precisa el momento en la historia de Guatemala en que las mujeres lograron el acceso sistematizado a la educación, y dieron el salto hacia la educación superior. Se precisan momentos históricos, los mecanismos de acceso a la educación para las mujeres, así como establecer el pensamiento que dio cabida a la profesionalización y la necesidad del trabajo femenino que planteó el momento, partiendo de los preceptos de la maternidad social, resaltar el aporte de las precursoras de la educación superior. Los datos de investigación son el resultado de un sondeo histórico sobre fuentes bibliográficas, documentales y legislativas que marcan el proceso de inclusión de las mujeres a la educación secundaria y superior. La Universidad Nacional abrió sus puertas a las mujeres, a partir de la emisión de un decreto dictado por el presidente Justo Rufino Barrios el 30 de mayo de 1883 autorizando la creación de la Escuela Anexa de Comadronas, bajo dependencia de la Facultad de Medicina y Farmacia de la Universidad de Guatemala, permitiendo por primera vez a las mujeres el ingreso a la universidad para profesionalizarse en el área de la salud como comadronas, así como la enfermería ejercida por religiosas de la Orden de las Hermanas de la Caridad de San Vicente de Paúl. Destacan los aportes de Florence Nightingale y de Clara Barton, pioneras en su ejercicio. Otros aspectos a enfatizar de la investigación es la enfermería en Guatemala ejercida por religiosas, la formación de las comadronas y los procesos históricos para consolidar la profesionalización de enfermeras, al igual expresar un reconocimiento a las enfermeras y personal de salud que en este momento trabajan a tiempo completo dando mucho más de su compromiso en la lucha contra el Covid 19 en los hospitales públicos y privados de Guatemala.

This study discusses the origin, and liturgical function, of a popular accessory of the Christmas celebrations, that is, the Bethlehem nativity scene. The events of the life of Jesus attracted much attention in the early period of Christianity, as a result of which the Holy Land was visited by flocks of pilgrims. Descriptions of the sentiments aroused by a pilgrimage to Bethlehem may be found in sources as early as the letters of Saint Jerome. Fragments of the Bethlehem manger were kept in the Santa Maria Maggiore Cathedral in Rome, so it is here that one of the first nativity scenes, a sculptural group by Arnolfo di Cambio, can be found (late 13th century). The work of Arnolfo was commissioned by the same Pope Nicholas IV who also sponsored the ornamentation of the Cathedral of San Rufino. One screen of the Giotto Assisi fresco cycle depicts Saint Francis’ Miracle of Greccio, in which the Holy Mass is celebrated over the manger and the Child comes to life. The Bethlehem nativity scene was the subject of numerous paintings and sculptures during the Renaissance and the Baroque era. From the sacrificial procession of the faithful in the liturgy evolved the genre of sacral drama, from which in turn mystery plays were developed, leaving the premises of the church. Nativity scenes incorporating elements of mystery plays, such as the presence of the shepherds, were intended primarily to make the miracle of embodiment a palpable reality for the believers. The presence of the Holy Family, the three Magi and the shepherds made the nativity scene realistic, always with a touch of the day and age. A tabernacle cabinet carried by angels was erected in 1589 over the Chapel of the Nativity in the Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica; commissioned, again, by a Franciscan Pope, Sixtus V. Caravaggio’s Adoration of the Shepherds altar paintings (the Museo Nazionale, Messina, and the San Lorenzo church, Palermo), represented a novel interpretation of the subject. In sculpture, Antonio Begarelli’s terracotta groups (1526-1527, Modena Cathedral), which resemble paintings, preceded baroque art. The nativity scene, as a genre in sculpture, started to flourish again in Hungary in the 17th century, a symbolic representative of which was the medieval Adoration of the Shepherds sculptural group found by Jesuits in the Town Hall of Lőcse (today Levoča, in Slovakia), a work executed by the master Pál Lőcsei (today in the Basilica of Saint James, Levoča). Three Magi altars are to be found in the churches of Saint Michael in both Sopron and Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca, in Romania), which presumably must have had their medieval antecedents. While the Adoration of the Three Magi sculptural group is a work of an immigrant Bavarian sculptor, Georg Schweitzer, in Sopron, it was Franz Anton Maulbertsch who painted a Three Magi altar screen in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). Maulbertsch also developed the theme of the Three Magi and the Adoration of the Shepherds in two separate fresco scenes in the parish church of Sümeg, deliberately associating with the great tradition leading to the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem, via the Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica in Rome.

Reportamos varios registros y la captura de un mirlo dorso rufo (Turdus rufopalliatus) en un parque urbano de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México. Todas las observaciones y la captura ocurrieron entre junio de 2003 y junio de 2005. Nuestros avistamientos constituyen los primeros registros documentados del mirlo dorso rufo en el estado de San Luis Potosí.

Esta proposta tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados finais da pesquisa Pós-doutoral com o projeto Cruzamentos de culturas e identidades nas canções poéticas de Roraima. A pesquisa teve como meta fulcral investigar a identidade cultural na produção poético-musical, a fim de alargar a discussão para o campo de conceituação das identidades que não podem ser vistas somente com a tradição oral, mas com as etnias, com a construção e a ritualização dos mitos amazônicos, dos imaginários coletivos, da diversidade linguística que forma a multiplicidade do povo roraimense e, ao mesmo tempo, o singulariza com traços sui generis dentro de sua tradição plural. Ao adentrar na análise das identidades e na diversidade cultural de povos em Roraima, percebe-se que a visão de Tomaz Tadeu da Silva (2000) contribui para o exame dos textos escolhidos, a saber: Roraimeira, Norteando, Casa de Caboclo, Pimenta com sal, Memória da tribo, Tudo índio, Makunaimando e Cruviana, além de uma entrevista com Zeca Preto e Eliakin Rufino. Sob a ancoragem dos estudos culturais e da teoria da literatura, o ensaio trouxe uma discussão em torno de autores relevantes, a saber: Arjun Appadurai (2004), Stuart Hall (1993), Tomaz Tadeu da Silva (2000), Alfredo Bosi (1992) Silviano Santiago (2000), Zigmunt Bauman (1999) e outros.

La Redacción de la Revista Científica General José María Córdova quiere rendir homenaje a don Roberto Pinzón Galindo, corrector de estilo, editor y traductor del Instituto Caro y Cuervo. No se ha muerto, enhorabuena, pues los homenajes también se rinden a los vivos. «A punta de toques sutiles», le dijo alguna vez un escritor, «usted ha revelado lo que yo quería, pero no me había dado mañas de expresar». Sus apuntaciones filológicas sobre edición de textos, que se publican a continuación, son un verdadero regalo de la escritura, redactadas con pulcritud y fino humor, adobado con sal ática, que muy seguramente inspirarán a los lectores de todas las áreas del conocimiento. Frente a su computador, y detrás de una fotografía que muestra la biblioteca personal, en París, de don Rufino José Cuervo Urisarri, “el filólogo y lingüista colombiano más importante de todos los tiempos”, tal vez se despliegan sus “Apuntes de corrección y computadores”, o acaso por ventura se encuentre en la fase final de una paciente labor, la digitación para la era de la cibercultura de La llave del griego, de los padres Eusebio Hernández y Félix Restrepo. Pertenece al noble gremio de editores Sin Título, su editorial in fabula que algún día se hará realidad: publicará libros que hablen como personas, para que las personas no hablen como libros.

Reportamos la presencia del Gorrión de Collar Rufo Zonotrichia capensis por primera vez en los departamentos de Loreto y San Martín a 155 y 240 m de altitud respectivamente, la cual corresponde al primer registro confirmado de la especie para la Amazonía peruana. Es posible que la presencia de la especie se deba a la existencia de la carretera que comunica Tarapoto con Yurimaguas, lo que facilitaría la ocupación de la especie por la modificación del paisaje.

Touch is initiated by diverse somatosensory afferents that innervate the skin. The ability to manipulate and classify receptor subtypes is prerequisite for elucidating sensory mechanisms. Merkel cell–neurite complexes, which distinguish shapes and textures, are experimentally tractable mammalian touch receptors that mediate slowly adapting type I (SAI) responses. The assessment of SAI function in mutant mice has been hindered because previous studies did not distinguish SAI responses from slowly adapting type II (SAII) responses, which are thought to arise from different end organs, such as Ruffini endings. Thus we sought methods to discriminate these afferent types. We developed an epidermis-up ex vivo skin–nerve chamber to record action potentials from afferents while imaging Merkel cells in intact receptive fields. Using model-based cluster analysis, we found that two types of slowly adapting receptors were readily distinguished based on the regularity of touch-evoked firing patterns. We identified these clusters as SAI (coefficient of variation = 0.78 ± 0.09) and SAII responses (0.21 ± 0.09). The identity of SAI afferents was confirmed by recording from transgenic mice with green fluorescent protein–expressing Merkel cells. SAI receptive fields always contained fluorescent Merkel cells ( n = 10), whereas SAII receptive fields lacked these cells ( n = 5). Consistent with reports from other vertebrates, mouse SAI and SAII responses arise from afferents exhibiting similar conduction velocities, receptive field sizes, mechanical thresholds, and firing rates. These results demonstrate that mice, like other vertebrates, have two classes of slowly adapting light-touch receptors, identify a simple method to distinguish these populations, and extend the utility of skin–nerve recordings for genetic dissection of touch receptor mechanisms.

El mirlo dorso rufo (Turdus rufopalliatus) es una especie endémica del oeste de México. Desde mediados del siglo pasado se ha registrado fuera de su zona de distribución geográfica original, en el sur de los Estados Unidos de América y en ciudades y zonas naturales del centro y centro-oeste de México, en la ciudad de México y los estados de Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, México, San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato y Baja California Sur. Como resultado de un estudio de la avifauna de 27 zonas arboladas de la ciudad de Querétaro, llevado a cabo en los meses de julio y agosto de 2009, reportamos el primer registro de la presencia y reproducción del mirlo dorso rufo en la capital queretana. El mayor número de mirlos dorso rufo se observó en zonas con valores altos de cobertura arbórea y árboles de más de 10 m de altura. En tres de estas zonas se observaron cinco nidos, tres de ellos activos, en los cuales la pareja de mirlos realizaba múltiples visitas llevando alimento, observándose dos pollos en dos de ellos. En dos zonas se registraron juveniles. Lo anterior sugiere que la población de esta especie de mirlo podría comenzar a establecerse en la ciudad de Querétaro.

Abstract Introduction: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), who receive taxane-based chemotherapy, and is associated with poor outcomes. Current guidelines recommend regular screening for fatigue from the time of cancer diagnosis, during treatment, and after treatment is completed to identify CRF early, lessen its negative impact on quality of life, and prevent potential treatment interruptions. Fatigue is a subjective symptom and is assessed through patient questionnaires such as the FACIT-Fatigue (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue) survey. However, there is currently no gold standard or recommended survey to assess CRF. Methods: A prospective, non-interventional, multicenter trial is ongoing to validate the FACIT-Fatigue scale in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who are eligible to receive taxane-based chemotherapy. Adult patients who have documented locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (not amenable to surgical resection), and mild-to-moderate CRF indicated by a score of 1 to 6 on a scale from 0 to 10 (10 being most severe), who are candidates to receive cycle one of taxane chemotherapy will be included. Patients who are unable to take oral medications, have other cancer-related causes of fatigue, are using oral morphine ≥60 mg/day, or are participating in another clinical trial will be excluded. The primary objective is to evaluate the change in FACIT-Fatigue scores at baseline and at the end of the study (16 weeks). Secondary endpoints include evaluation of quality-of-life outcomes. A subgroup of patients will participate in a phone-based cognitive interview at the end of study visit or within 2 weeks of this visit to explore fatigue factors deemed important to patients. Results: The total planned sample size is estimated to be 60 patients to allow for a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) with a minimum precision of 1.9 points, and standard deviation of 3 points. The qualitative assessment will be conducted as part of a substudy inclusive of data from 30 patients. Conclusions: This study is currently ongoing to determine the MCID in FACIT-Fatigue scores in patients with locally advanced or MBC receiving treatment with taxane-based chemotherapy. Contact usmedinfo@dompe.com for information related to clinical trial sites and this study. Citation Format: Alessandra Fabi, Steven Hager, Laura Lourdes, Rebecca Pedersini, Paola Malaguti, Elizabeth M. Gavioli, Renuka Wakade, Pier Adelchi Ruffini, Francesco Sergio, Manuela Leone, Flavio Mantelli, Marcello Allegretti, Anne Blaes. Trial In Progress: An Evaluation of FACIT-Fatigue in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer receiving Treatment with Taxane-based Chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-16-01.

Abstract Introduction: Fatigue is a debilitating and persistent condition of exhaustion that interferes with usual functioning. It is the most reported symptom across all cancer patients, and when related to the malignancy itself or to the neoplastic treatment, is referred to as cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Fatigue occurs in nearly all patients with metastatic breast cancer and is associated with poor clinical outcomes and worse quality-of-life. It is subjective and can be assessed from patient self-reports, such as the FACIT-Fatigue scale or Brief Fatigue Inventory, with no current gold-standard, which may lead to under reporting and lack of treatment intervention. Only since 2016, fatigue has been considered as a syndrome and included in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) according to specific criteria. The aim of this real-world data analysis was to describe the prevalence of fatigue, as reported by physicians using ICD-10-CM codes, in patients with locally advanced (Adv) or metastatic (Mtx) breast cancer (BC) undergoing single-agent taxane-based chemotherapy (CT), and to assess whether relapsed subjects had a higher prevalence versus those diagnosed de novo at an advanced stage. Methods: Electronic health records (EHR) were analyzed from TriNetX, a global research network containing real-world data from approximately 150 million patients in 115 Health Care Organizations (72 in the United States and 42 in the European Union). Using ICD-10-CM codes and structured data only (no medical notes), subjects were identified with a diagnosis of Adv-Mtx BC who underwent CT with single-agent taxane in 2020, 2021 and 2022 (first quarter). After splitting the cohort based on “relapsed” (second- or further line treatment) vs “de novo” (first-line treatment), we assessed the prevalence of fatigue (any type, R53.x) and CRF (R53.0) within the first 3 months after initiation of taxanes. Results: Among 379,880 BC patients under follow-up in 2021 across the 115 sites, 50,490 (13%) had Adv-Mtx BC, of whom 16,170 (32%) were diagnosed de novo and 34,330 (68%) experienced relapse. The proportion of patients undergoing single-agent taxane-based CT was 7.5% (1,220) and 13.4% (4,590), respectively. Almost one third (28%) of relapsed patients had previously received taxanes. The prevalence of fatigue (any type) and CRF was similar between the “de novo” and “relapsed” groups (24.6% vs 25.7% and 6.6% vs 5.4%, respectively). Overall, 27% and 21% of all fatigue was coded as CRF in the “de novo” and “relapsed” groups, respectively. No relevant differences were observed between 2020, 2021 and 2022 results. Conclusions: This real-world analysis reveals that at least one in four patients with Adv-Mtx BC undergoing taxane based CT suffer from fatigue, independent of disease history and other factors. Fatigue is an unmet medical need in patients with BC, particularly in patients receiving taxanes. Table. Fatigue prevalence (as per ICD-10-CM codes) within the first 3 months of single-agent taxane-based CT in patients with locally advanced or metastatic BC diagnosed “de novo” or relapsed in 2021 Citation Format: Anne Blaes, Elizabeth M. Gavioli, Renuka Wakade, Santiago Miracle, Giovanna DiTuri, Maria DePizzol, Pier Adelchi Ruffini, Francesco Sergio, Manuela Leone, Flavio Mantelli, Marcello Allegretti, Alessandra Fabi. Fatigue in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer undergoing single-agent taxane-based chemotherapy: de novo versus relapsed [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-07-09.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The search for more personalized treatments for breast cancer patients has been increasingly frequent. In this sense, the search for the de-escalation of the therapies used, especially the cytotoxic ones, should be prioritized, with the application of genetic signatures, in patients with luminal tumors, allowing more adjusted therapies and avoiding serious and even fatal outcomes in patients who will not benefit from chemotherapy. The MINDACT study evaluated the use of MammaPrint™, but in a population of nine exclusively European countries. The study of the application of this genetic signature in other populations, especially in low- and middle-income countries, may determine greater safety in the universalization of the test.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of the application of MammaPrint™ in the Brazilian population, and to compare with data from the MINDACT study, when applied to breast cancer patients with high clinical risk.METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study comparing the prevalence of low and high genomic risk in a population with breast carcinoma, of high clinical risk, in the populations of the MINDACT study and of a Brazilian cohort, evaluated by the genetic signature MammaPrint™, between 2016 and 2020. The simple and relative frequencies of the variables were calculated in relation to the classification in low and high risk of the populations of the AGEMA-BRA and MINDACT studies. Then, the chi-square test was used to verify the differences between the proportions. To measure the intensity of differences/associations, relative risks (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The tests were considered significant when p<0.05.RESULTS: The presence of the signature of 70 genes with low genomic risk in the total AGEMA-BRA sample was found in 57.1% (542 patients), compared with 46.2% in the MINDACT study (RR 1.23 (1.16-1.32 p <0,001). In the analysis of subgroup by age group; <35 years in 46.4% (13 patients), 35-49 years in 53.4% (151 patients), 50-70 years in 59.2% (321 patients), >70 years in 60.7% (54 patients), compared with the MINDACT study where they were found respectively 24 % (RR 1.97 (1.13-3.43 p= 0.038), 44.1% (RR 1.20 (1.06-1.37 p= 0.006), 48.1% (RR 1.23 p <0,001), 61.5%. (RR 0.98 (0.69-1.39) p= 0.936). When assessed according to menopausal status, the low genomic risk represented 52.7% (164 patients, 43% in MINDACT, RR 1.23 (1.09-1.39 p =0.002)) in premenopausal and 59.3% (375 patients, 48% in MINDACT, RR 1.23(1.14-1.33) p <0,001) postmenopausal.CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the results of the AGEMA-BRA study, when compared to the MINDACT study, demonstrated a higher prevalence of patients with low genomic risk in all age groups (except >70 years), indicating that the possibility of treatment de-escalation is even more significant in the Brazilian population than in the European population. Evaluation of outcomes regarding relapse-free survival and overall survival, an ongoing study, is necessary to confirm the data obtained. LR (low genomic risk), HR (high genomic risk), RR (relative risk), CI (confidence interval)LRHRRRCIp. valorAllBRAZIL542 (57,.%)408 (42.9%)1.231.16-1.32<0.001MINDACT1550 (46.2%)1806 (53.8%)<35 yearsBRAZIL13 (46.4%)15 (53.6%)1.971.13-3.430.038MINDACT20 (23.5%)65 (76.5%)35-49 yearsBRAZIL151 (53,4%)132 (46,6%)1.201.06-1.370.006MINDACT514 (44.1%)651 (55.9%)50-70 yearsBRAZIL321 (59.2%)221 (40.8%)1.231.13-1.34<0.001MINDACT1000 (48.1%)1080 (51.9%)>70 yeartsBRAZIL54 (60.7%)35 (39.3%)0.980.69-1.390.936MINDACT16 (61.5%)10 (38.5%)PREMENOPAUSEBRAZIL164 (52.7%)147 (47.3%)1.231.09-1.390.002MINDACT534 (42.7%)716 (57.3%)POSTMENOPAUSEBRAZIL375 (59.4%)256 (40.6%)1.231.14-1.33<0.001MINDACT1016 (48.2%)1090 (51,8%) Citation Format: Fabio Postiglione Mansani, Ruffo Freitas-Junior. Application of the genetic signature MammaPrint™ in the Brazilian population - Real-world study (AGEMA-BRA) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-07-11.

Abstract Background: In early breast cancer, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the gold standard of axillary evaluation. Although it has less morbidity than axillary lymph node dissection, it may still cause sequelae. Currently, patients selection for SNB has been through physical examination, but presents low sensitivity and high false negative rate. Thus, ultrasonography with biopsy of suspected lymph nodes increases the accuracy. In an attempt to further reduce the morbidity of axillary surgery, it was hypothesized that it would be possible to avoid SLNB in women with early breast cancer. The aim of this study is to compare the SLNB with no axillary surgery as an approach to the axilla in early breast cancer and negative axilla clinical and ultrasonographical. Our trial includes some subsets excluded in others similar ongoing trials: patients that will undergo mastectomy and will receive primary systemic therapy. Trial design: A multicenter, phase III, prospective, open-label, non-inferiority randomized clinical trial, including 10 study sites in Brazil that will randomize 800 early breast cancer patients.Eligibility criteria: Inclusion: woman, age ≥ 18 years, histologic diagnostic of breast carcinoma, tumor ≤ 5 cm (T1 and T2) in all exams, clinically node-negative, ultrasound node-negative or negative core biopsy/fine needle aspiration if suspect lymph node (in this situation is mandatory lymph node tissue in pathologic exam). Exclusion: metastatic disease in biopsy or image before treatment, pregnancy, breastfeed, previous diagnostic of invasive neoplasia (excluding skin cancer no melanoma). It will be allowed mastectomy and neoadjuvant treatment if patient has negative axilla and T1-2 pre-systemic therapy.Intervention and stratification: Participants in experimental group will not be undergo axillary surgery and in control group will be submitted at SLNB. The randomization will be 1:1 ratio and stratified by: tumor size (T1 and T2) and age (≥50 and < 50 years)Specific aims: the primary objective is to access whether omission of axillar surgery is not inferior than SLNB in term of disease-free survival (DFS) at 5 years (primary endpoint). Secondary endpoints are overall survival, locoregional free survival, axillary recurrence rate, to describe surgical early and later complications and to evaluate costs of procedure SLNB or no. Statistical methods: with type I error 5%, power 80% and risk ratio 0.8, considering DFS at 5 years 90% in control group non-inferior DFS at 5 years 85% in experimental group, it was calculated sample size of 400 patients randomized and with follow up in each group (lost estimated 10%). Chi-squares and Fisher's tests will be used for the univariate analyzes, and logistic regression models for adjusted analyzes. Disease-free survival analysis, disease-free survival at a distance, and overall survival will be performed, which will be compared between groups using Kaplan-Meyer curves, log-rank tests and Cox Proportional Hazards-adjusted analyzes. The analyzes will be made intention-to-treat and per protocol.Present and target accrual: the trial was activated at November 2019 and 92 patients were accrued on July 7th 2021. The estimative of finish recruitment is in 2025 and the first data analyses will be made in 2029. The trial is registered in ReBEC (Brazilian register): RBR-8g6jbf. Contact information: Prof. Dr. Giuliano Duarte, - Univertidade Estadual de Campinas - CAISM - UNICAMP, giulianomduarte@gmail.com Citation Format: Giuliano Mendes Duarte, Danielle Cristina Myiamoto Araújo, Rodrigo Menezes Jales, Júlia Yoriko Shinzato, Cassio Cardoso Filho, Renato Zocchio Torresan, Fabrício Palermo Brenelli, Maria Beatriz de PaulaLeite Kraft, Sergio Carlos Barros Esteves, Luis Otávio Zanatta Sarian, Rosemar MecedoSousa Rahal, Ruffo de Freitas, Jr, Eduardo Carvalho Pessoa, Clecio Ênio Murta Lucena, Andrea PiresSouto Damin, Jorge Villanova Biazus, Vinicius Milani Budel, Idan de Oliveira, Jr, Rene Aloisio da Costa Vieira, Júlio César Narciso Gomes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy versus no axillary surgery in early breast cancer clinically and ultrasonographically node negative: A multicentre prospective randomized controlled trial (VENUS trial) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-04-03.

<p>Felipe Fernández Barragán fue un rico comerciante de provincia en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Gracias a él, su padre y su hijo, la familia Fernández Barragán destacó como integrante de la elite de la zona oriental de la provincia de San Luis Potosí. Su padre, Gabriel Rufino, puso los cimientos de la fortuna familiar y José Florencio, heredero varón de Felipe, disfrutó de una posición social destacada en el ámbito virreinal. Su estudio ejemplifica el esquema de tres generaciones propuesto para familias notables en América Latina en el siglo XIX, aunque como una elite familiar de transición.</p>

This article offers a queer reading of Brent Watanabe’s 2016 video game–based art piece San Andreas Deer Cam, a mod of Grand Theft Auto V in which a computer-controlled deer wanders the game’s extensive open world. During the time that San Andreas Deer Cam was streamed live on Twitch, it became something of an internet sensation, drawing attention for its comedic elements and the deer’s seeming invisibility. I argue here that Watanabe’s piece can read in an alternative way: as a work of queer posthumanism. Drawing from game studies scholars whose research explores the non-human (such as Alenda Chang and Paolo Ruffino), as well as queer studies scholars who have theorized how posthumanism challenges norms of gender, sexuality, and intimacy (such as Dana Luciano and Mel Chen), I analyze video recordings of San Andreas Deer Cam. Through these videos, I articulate the piece’s posthumanist elements, with a focus on the implications of Watanabe’s choice to make the game unplayable and the powerful yet ambivalent picture the piece offers of queerness ‘beyond the human’. In San Andreas Deer Cam, queerness manifests in many forms, all of them wrapped up with the messy divide between peoples, animals, and machines: the visual erotics of the deer sensuously rendered backside, moments of sexual misrecognition as non-player characters appear to catcall the deer, even a prolonged scene in which the deer becomes the object of homophobic violence. Ultimately, I conclude, San Andreas Deer Cam offers a model for how video games themselves can be used to rethink the centrality of human agency, which has long been considered the defining feature of the medium. Watanabe’s piece serves as a provocation to consider the queer potential of games that are unplayable and of refusing – rather than doggedly pursuing – the supposed capacity of video games to place human players in control.

A família Solanaceae inclui uma vasta variedade de plantas economicamente e farmacologicamente importante como a Physalis angulata L., também conhecida como camapú. A espécie destaca-se pela presença de metabólitos poli-oxigenados que possui grande interesse farmacológico. Além disso, apresenta fruto de sabor adocicado com bom conteúdo de vitaminas A e C, ferro e fósforo (Rufato et al. 2008).No Brasil, aproximadamente nove milhões de hectares são afetados pela presença de sais, cobrindo sete Estados, com a maior área afetada localizada na Bahia (44% do total) (Gheyi & Fageria, 1997). A salinidade na rizosfera acarreta redução na permeabilidade das raízes para água, dando origem ao estresse hídrico, podendo exibir um impacto negativo substancial no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas (Lecoeur & Sinclair, 1996). Sendo assim a deficiência em resposta às condições ambientais inerentes ao semiárido é considerada por Pimentel et al. (2002) como maior causadora de redução de produtividade das plantas, alterando suas funções fisiológicas e morfológicas.Cada espécie apresenta diferentes níveis de tolerância ao estresse salino. O limite de tolerância depende da concentração do sal em solução, do tempo de exposição, bem como do estádio de desenvolvimento das plantas (Munns, 2002). Diante do exposto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do estresse salino provocados pelo NaCl nas plantas de Physalis angulata.

In this section nos. 707–748C are given in the order in which they appear in B and C. Those occurring in B ff 146–55 are in the section of the cartulary devoted to the almoner's charters.704 Last will and testament of Aumary son of Ralph, including gifts to Reading Abbey of lands in Burghfield and Car swell [in Buckland][prob. 1185 × 86]A f 38r–v; (in part) B f 59v; C ff 26v–27rIn nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti. Hoc est testamentum Amalrici filii Rad(ulfi) in quo extreme voluntatis sue conscribi voluit testimonium. Hec ergo sunt que libera voluntate pro salute anime sue donavit. Radingensi monasterio dedit terram lacob de Berchefeld cum pertinentiis suis, et in villa de Carsewelle terram quam carta sua confirmavit. Gileberto fratri suo [f38v] donavit unam marcam.’ Pueris suis ex concubina susceptis .x. marcas argenti delegavit. Hec sunt que fide interposita debuit et solvi precepit. Bevero .vii. marcas, Waldero .x. solidos, Agnete .x. marcas, Ricardo stabulario .viii. solidos et .vii. denarios, Edwardo Gentil .xx. et .i. denarios, Radulfo de Oxoneford .xx. et .i. denarios, Willelmo vinitori .iii. solidos et .ii. denarios et obolum, Willelmo de Waltham .xviii. solidos, Gileberto de Wicumbia .l. et .ix. solidos, Aluredo de Oxoneford .xx. solidos, Roberto Huchet .xx. solidos, Willelmo Ruffo dimidiam marcam, Ade unam marcam, Ricardo de Abbedonia .ix. solidos et .vi. denarios, Emme .viii. solidos, Rogero de Belesoure .xiiii. solidos. Hiis testibus: Anselmo suppriore Rading(ie), Radulfo phisico, Philippo de Sae, Helia de Catmere, Willemo capellano Sancte Marie, Roberto capellano Sancti Laurentii, Willelmo de Ticheham, Iohanne de Hida, Oeno filio Restwoldi, Ricardo le Franceis, Willelmo de Bosevilla, Ricardo aurifabro, Ricardo stabulario, et aliis multis. Horum ergo

AbstractThe seventeenth-century, probably Flemish, artist Abraham Casembroot (Bruges? before or in Ι593 - Messina Ι658) spent the latter half of his life in Sicily. His entire extant oeuvre was produced there, which is probably why he is so little known in the Netherlands. The painter lived in the east-coast port of Messina, where for the last nine years of his life he held the post of consul for the Republic of the United Netherlands. Some of the bulletins he sent to the States General in his consular capacity are kept in the Rijksarchief at The Hague. So are the documents which confirm his appointment in Ι649 and that of his successor and thus establish Ι658 as the year of Casembroot's death. Information about his life can be found in biographies of Messina artists. The most detailed account is by Francesco Susinno in his Vite de' pittori messinesi of Ι724, although later vite of Messina artists also devote a comparatively large amount of space to Casembroot. As a painter he was evidently held in considerable esteem in Messina, where he had five local pupils. Casembroot specialized in harbour and marine views and tempests; according to the vite his paintings were much in demand in both Sicily and the Netherlands. The well-known seventeenth-century collection amassed by Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina boasted no fewer than ten works by Casembroot, one of which was very likely the large canvas The Swordfish Catch, now in the Museo di San Martino in Naples. Incidentally, a hitherto unpublished document reveals that one of Casembroot's consular duties was to deal with the ship that in all probability had on board Rembrandt's Aristotle, commissioned by Ruffo. It is remarkable that currently only four authenticated paintings by Casembroot are known, plus a fifth which is attributed to him on convincing grounds. His imaginary harbours resemble those by less well-known Netherlandish painters in Italy such as Cornelis de Wael and notably Adriaen van der Cabel. For a long time the latter was thought to have been responsible for four large series of sketchbook drawings with Sicilian studies which were in the Kupferstichkabinett in Berlin until the I9305 and subsequently scattered. In I973 Hans Mielke observed numerous stylistic correspondences between sheets from this former Berlin series and a preliminary drawing by Casembroot for an etching. There is also a stylistic resemblance to other traceable sheets from the former Berlin series (a considerable number of which are now in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge), some of which have been identified as preliminary studies for etchings by Casembroot. Consequently, three of the four Berlin series of sketchbooks previously attributed to Van der Cabel must now be established as Casembroot's work. Compared with Casembroot's paintings, his etchings and drawings exhibit more obvious personal stylistic characteristics, which Mielke had already observed in the nervous lines and the distinctive manner in which the small human figures are depicted; this enables reliable attributions to be made now. Mielke also demonstrated that Van der Cabel made use of drawings by Casembroot for his own etchings, and he is quite likely to have owned drawings by Casembroot. Casembroot's best-known work is a series of etchings of views of Messina and the surrounding countryside which he dedicated to the collector Lucas van Uffelen. Preliminary drawings for this series and for an authentic painting have survived. Casembroot utilized the drawings he did from nature in his sketchbooks as preliminary studies for etchings and paintings. Surviving sheets show small figures engaged in various activities, topographical sketches and accurate studies of local ships. The artistic quality of Casembroot's oeuvre is not particularly high. Its current significance is largely due to the topographical depictions of Messina and its environs, which look completely different today as the result of natural disasters. Despite his lengthy sojourn in Sicily, Casembroot remained a recognizably northern painter. His subject-matter displayed typically Dutch features which were uncommon in Messina, where local painters generally confined themselves to history pieces. With his harbour and sea views Casembroot seems to have discovered a gap in the market, which may account for his success in Messina.

IntroductionCan a person’s tastes in art, music, literature, cinema, sport, humour or other fields be changed through online activity? This article explores that question by comparing recent research findings in the areas of neuroplasticity and flow. Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is the idea that the human brain can change its structure and function through thought and activity, even into old age (Doidge). The second concept—flow—comes from the field of psychology, and refers to a deeply satisfying state of focused attention that people sometimes experience while engaging in an enjoyable activity such as browsing the Web (Csikszentmihalyi, Flow). Research into the experiences of web users, conducted from these two different perspectives, reveal interesting connections to the acquisition of taste and opportunities for further investigation. Neuroplasticity The term neuroplasticity comes from the words neuron and plastic. Neurons are the nerve cells in our brains and nervous systems. Plastic, in this context, means flexibility or malleability. Neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held belief that the brain is a physiologically static organ, hard-wired like a machine (Kolb, Gibb and Robinson). For much of the last century, scientists believed that adult brains, unlike those of children, could not produce new neurons or build new pathways or connections between neurons. According to this view, any brain function that was lost through damage was irretrievable. Today, research into neuroplasticity has proven that this is not the case. In the late 1960s and 1970s pioneering scientists such as Paul Bach-y-Rita demonstrated that brains change their structure with different activities they perform (Kercel). When certain parts fail, other parts can sometimes take over. Subsequent research by many scientists has validated this once-controversial idea, leading to practical benefits such as the restoration of limb function in stroke victims, and improved cognition and perception in people with learning disabilities (Nowak et al.). Merzenich, for example, has demonstrated how a brain’s processing areas, called brain maps, change in response to what people do over the course of their lives. Different brain maps exist for different activities and functions, including sensory perception, motor skills and higher mental activities. Brain maps are governed by competition for mental resources and the principle of “use it or lose it.” If a person stops exercising particular mental skills, such as speaking Spanish or playing piano, then the brain map space for those skills is handed over to skills that they practise instead. Brain maps are also governed by a principle that is summarised by the expression, “neurons that fire together wire together” (Doidge 63). Neurons in brain maps develop stronger connections to each other when they are activated at the same moment in time. Consequently people are able to form new maps by developing new neural connections. Acquiring Tastes Doidge has illustrated the role that neuroplasticity plays in acquiring new tastes by explaining how habitual viewing of online pornography can shape sexual tastes (102). In the mid- to late-1990s, Doidge (a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst) treated several men who had lost interest in their sexual partners as a consequence of their addiction to online pornography. Doidge explains their change of sexual taste in terms of neuroplasticity, noting that “pornography, delivered by high-speed Internet connections, satisfies every one of the prerequisites for neuroplastic change” (102). The sexual excitement of viewing pornography releases a chemical neurotransmitter named dopamine that activates the brain’s pleasure centres. Since “neurons that fire together wire together”, the repeated viewing of pornography effectively wires the pornographic images into the pleasure centres of the brain with the focused attention required for neuroplastic change. In other words, habitual viewers of pornography develop new brain maps based on the photos and videos they see. And since the brain operates on a “use it or lose it” principle, they long to keep those new maps activated. Consequently, pornography has an addictive power. Like all addicts, the men who Doidge treated developed a tolerance to the photos and videos they observed and sought out progressively higher levels of stimulation for satisfaction. Doidge explains the result: The content of what they found exciting changed as the Web sites introduced themes and scripts that altered their brains without their awareness. Because plasticity is competitive, the brain maps for new, exciting images increased at the expense of what had previously attracted them—the reason, I believe, they began to find their girlfriends less of a turn-on. (109) If the habitual viewing of online pornography can change sexual tastes, what other tastes can be changed through online activity? Art? Music? Literature? Cinema? Sport? Humour? One avenue for investigating this question is to consider existing research into the flow experiences of web users. The term flow refers to a deeply satisfying state of focused attention that was first identified by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (Beyond Boredom) in his studies of optimal experiences. According to Csikszentmihalyi, people in flow “are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience itself is so enjoyable that people will do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it” (Flow 4). Flow experiences are characterised by some common elements, which include a balance between the challenges of an activity and the skills required to meet those challenges; clear goals and feedback; concentration on the task at hand; a sense of control; a merging of action and awareness; a loss of self-consciousness; a distorted sense of time; and the autotelic experience. The term autotelic refers to an activity that is done, not with the expectation of some future benefit, but simply because the doing itself is the reward. Whenever people reflect on their flow experiences, they mention some, and often all, of these characteristics. Support for Csikszentmihalyi’s characterisation of flow can be found in studies of many diverse activities, such as playing computer games (Chen) and participating in sport (Jackson), to mention just two examples. The activities that people engage in to experience flow vary enormously, but they describe how it feels in almost identical terms. Pace has developed a grounded theory of the flow experiences of web users engaged in content-seeking activities including directed searching and exploratory browsing. The term grounded in this instance refers to the fact that the theory was developed using the Grounded Theory research method, and its explanations are grounded in the study’s data rather than deduced from research literature (Charmaz). A review of that theory reveals many similarities between the flow experiences of web users engaged in content-seeking activities and the experiences of habitual viewers of online pornography described by Doidge. The following sections will consider several of those similarities. Focused Attention Focused attention is essential for long-term neuroplastic change. Goleman notes that “when practice occurs while we are focusing elsewhere, the brain does not rewire the relevant circuitry for that particular routine” (164). In a series of brain mapping experiments with monkeys, Merzenich discovered that “lasting changes occurred only when his monkeys paid close attention” (Doidge 68). When the animals performed tasks without paying close attention, their brain maps changed, but the changes did not last. Focused attention also plays a central role in the flow experiences of web users. The higher-than-average challenges associated with flow activities require a complete focusing of attention on the task at hand, or as Csikszentmihalyi puts it, “a centering of attention on a limited stimulus field” (Beyond Boredom 40). An important by-product of this fact is that flow leaves no room in one’s consciousness for irrelevant thoughts, worries or distractions (Csikszentmihalyi, Flow 58). People who experience flow frequently report that, while it lasts, they are able to forget about the unpleasant aspects of life. Consider the following comment from a 42-year-old male’s recollection of experiencing flow while using the Web: “It’s a total concentration experience. You’re so interested in doing what it is you’re doing that nothing’s interrupting you.” In everyday life, one’s concentration is rarely so intense that all preoccupations disappear from consciousness, but that is precisely what happens in a flow experience. All of the troubling thoughts that normally occupy the mind are temporarily suspended while the pressing demands of the flow activity consume one’s attention. Let’s now consider a second similarity between the flow experiences of web users and the taste-changing experiences of habitual viewers of online pornography. Enjoyment The pleasure experienced by the pornography addicts treated by Doidge played an important role in the alteration of their brain maps and sexual tastes. Since “neurons that fire together wire together”, the repeated viewing of pornographic photos and videos wired those images into the pleasure centres of their brains with the focused attention required for neuroplastic change. Web users in flow also experience enjoyment, but possibly a different kind of enjoyment to the pleasure described by Doidge. Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi make the following distinction between pleasure and enjoyment: Pleasure is the good feeling that comes from satisfying homeostatic needs such as hunger, sex, and bodily comfort. Enjoyment, on the other hand, refers to the good feelings people experience when they break through the limits of homeostasis—when they do something that stretches them beyond what they were—in an athletic event, an artistic performance, a good deed, a stimulating conversation. (12) The enjoyment experienced by people in flow is sometimes described as “the autotelic experience.” According to Csikszentmihalyi, an autotelic experience is “a self-contained activity, one that is done not with the expectation of some future benefit, but simply because the doing itself is the reward” (Flow 67). Because autotelic experiences are so satisfying, they create a strong desire to repeat the activity that produced the experience. Consider the following comment from a web user about the reasons he enjoys online content-seeking activities that have led to flow: It’s like going to somewhere new. You’re always learning something. You’re always finding something. And you don’t know what it is you’re going to find. There’s so much out there that you’ll go there one day and then you’ll come back, and you’ll actually end up on a different path and finding something different. So it’s investigation of the unknown really. This comment, like many web users’ recollections of their flow experiences, points to a relationship between enjoyment and discovery. This connection is also evident in flow experiences that occur during other kinds of activities. For example, Csikszentmihalyi suggests that “the reason we enjoy a particular activity is not because such pleasure has been previously programmed in our nervous system, but because of something discovered as a result of interaction” (The Evolving Self 189). He illustrates this point with the example of a person who is at first indifferent to or bored by a particular activity, such as listening to classical music. When opportunities for action in the context of the activity become clearer, or when the individual’s skills improve, the activity may start to be interesting and finally gratifying. For example, if a person begins to understand the design underlying a symphony he or she might begin to enjoy the act of listening. This example hints at how discovery, enjoyment and other rewards of flow may engender change in a person’s taste. Let’s now consider a third similarity between the two areas of research. Compulsive Behaviour One consequence of flow experiences being so enjoyable is that they create a strong desire to repeat whatever helped to make them happen. If a person experiences flow while browsing online for new music, for example, he or she will probably want to repeat that activity to enjoy the experience again. Consider the following comment from a 28-year-old female web user who recalled experiencing flow intermittently over a period of three days: “I did go to bed—really late. And then as soon as I got up in the morning I was zoom—straight back on there […] I guess it’s a bit like a gambling addiction.” This study informant’s use of the term addiction highlights another similarity between the flow experiences of web users and habitual viewing of online pornography. Flow experiences can, in a very small percentage of cases, encourage compulsive behaviour and possibly addiction. A study by Khang, Kim and Kim found that “experiences of the flow state significantly influenced media addiction” across three media forms: the Internet, mobile phones and video games (2423). Examples of problems associated with excessive Internet use include sleep deprivation, poor eating and exercise habits, conflict with family members, and neglect of academic, interpersonal, financial and, occupational responsibilities (Douglas et al). Some heavy Internet users report feelings of moodiness and anxiety while they are offline, along with an intense desire to log in. Doidge states that “the addictiveness of Internet pornography is not a metaphor” (106), but many researchers are reluctant to apply the term addiction to heavy Internet use. Internet addiction first came to the attention of the research community in the mid-1990s when Young conceptualised it as an impulse-control disorder and proposed a set of diagnostic criteria based on the diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. However, after more than fifteen years of research on this subject, there is still no agreement on a definition or diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. Some researchers argue that Internet addiction is not a true addiction and may be no more than a symptom of other existing disorders such as anxiety or depression (Weinstein and Lejoyeux). Regardless of this controversy, the potential for compulsive behaviour is another clear similarity between the flow experiences of web users and the neuroplastic change caused by habitual viewing of online pornography. One more similarity will be considered. Sidetracks In Pace’s study of the flow experiences of web users, informants reported engaging in two general types of content-seeking behaviour: (1) a directed searching mode in which one is motivated to find a particular piece of content such as the answer to a question or a specific music video; and (2) an exploratory browsing mode that is characterised by diffuse motives such as passing time or seeking stimulation. Directed searching and exploratory browsing are not dichotomous forms of navigation behaviour. On the contrary, they are closely interrelated. Web users move back and forth between the two modes, often many times within the same session. Just as web users can change from one navigation mode to another, they can also get sidetracked from one topic to another. For instance, it is reportedly quite common for a web user engaged in a content-seeking activity to decide to pursue a different goal because his or her curiosity is aroused by interesting content or links that are not directly relevant to the task at hand. Consider the following comment from a 21-year-old female web user whose desire to find contact details for a local Tai Chi group disappeared when a link to the Sportsgirl web site attracted her attention: I think I typed in “sports” […] I was actually looking for a place to do Tai Chi and that sort of thing. So I was looking for a sport. And it ended up coming up with the Sportsgirl web site. And I ended up looking at clothes all afternoon. So that was kind of cool. Sidetracks are a common feature of the flow experiences of web users. They are also a prominent feature of the description that Doidge provided of the pornography addicts’ neuroplastic change (109). The content of what the men found exciting changed as the web sites they viewed introduced “themes and scripts” or sidetracks that altered their brain maps. “Without being fully aware of what they were looking for, they scanned hundreds of images and scenarios until they hit upon an image or sexual script that touched some buried theme that really excited them”, Doidge notes (110). Conclusion Can a person’s tastes in art, music, literature, cinema, sport, humour or some other field be changed through online activity, just as sexual tastes can? This article alone cannot conclusively answer that question, but significant similarities between the flow experiences of web users and the neuroplastic change experienced by habitual viewers of online pornography suggest that flow theory could be a fruitful line of investigation. Can the flow experiences of web users lead to changes in taste, just as the neuroplastic change caused by habitual viewing of online pornography can lead to changes in sexual taste? What is the relationship between flow and neuroplastic change? Is the Internet the most appropriate environment for exploring these questions about taste, or do offline flow activities provide insights that have been neglected? These are some of the unanswered questions arising from this discussion that require further investigation. Advances in the field of neuroplasticity have been described as some of “the most extraordinary discoveries of the twentieth century” (Doidge xv). These advances provide an opportunity to revisit related theories and to enhance our understanding of phenomena such as flow and taste. References Charmaz, Kathy. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2006. 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Carey. “Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Motor Recovery After Stroke.” Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 28 (2010): 531–544. Pace, Steven. “A Grounded Theory of the Flow Experiences of Web Users.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 60.3 (2004): 327–363. Seligman, Martin E. P., and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. “Positive Psychology: An Introduction.” American Psychologist 55.1 (2000): 5–14. Weinstein, Aviv, and Michel Lejoyeux. “Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 36 (2010): 277–283. Young, Kimberly S. Caught in the Net: How to Recognize the Signs of Internet Addiction—And a Winning Strategy for Recovery. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.