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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sampling on Successive Occasion

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Academic literature on the topic 'Sampling on Successive Occasion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sampling on Successive Occasion"

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Prabha Karna, Jaishree, and Dilip Chandra Nath. "Successive sampling strategy under non response." Journal of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Informatics 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jamsi-2015-0007.

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Abstract The present work is an attempt to study the effect of non-response at both occasions in search of good successive (rotation) sampling over two occasions. A chain-type ratio and regression estimator has been proposed for estimating the population mean at current occasion in presence of non-response at both the occasion in two-occasion successive (rotation) sampling. Detail behaviors of proposed estimators have been studied. Proposed estimators are compared with the estimators for the same situations but in the absence of non-response. Performances of the proposed estimators have been demonstrated via empirical studies.

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García luengo, A. V. "Ratio-cum-product estimation in presence of non-response in successive sampling." Journal of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Informatics 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 55–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jamsi-2016-0005.

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Abstract The problem of estimating the finite population mean on the samples selected over two occasions has been considered, when there is non-response (i) on both the occasions, (ii) only on the second occasion for both matched and unmatched portions of the sample, and (iii) only on the second occasion for unmatched portion of the sample. For the case when two auxiliary variables are positively and negatively correlated with the study variable, a double sampling ratio-cum-product estimate from the matched portion of the sample is presented. Expressions for optimum matching fraction and of the combined estimate have been derived. The gain in efficiency, the sample sizes and the cost function of the combined estimators over the direct estimate using no information gathered on the first occasion is computed. The comparison between the proposed strategy with other estimators is also carried out. An empirical study is also included for illustration.

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Fischer, Christoph, and Joachim Saborowski. "Estimating volume growth from successive double sampling for stratification." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 9 (September 2019): 1052–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0520.

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Volume growth is a key indicator in forest management and planning and, accordingly, an integral part of the estimation procedure of forest resources from sample based inventories. Growth estimation from successive double sampling for stratification (2SS) is somewhat challenging and has not been sufficiently addressed in the pertinent literature. Applying 2SS on successive occasions, with updated stratification on each occasion, may lead to fluctuation of sampling units among the strata and to a certain number of sample plots that have to be discarded or that have to be newly established on the second occasion, to obtain the required per-strata sampling proportions, which are stipulated in advance. After presenting a notation to implement growth estimation into 2SS standard formulas, the question of strata shifts and the occurrence of discarded and of new sample plots in the context of growth estimation is addressed. Although growth, unlike net change, can only be estimated from direct observations on remeasured sample plots, it was shown that ignoring discarded or new plots might lead to severely biased estimators. Modified estimators for mean growth and variances are provided and their application is illustrated using data from a repeated survey in a central German forest district.

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Singh, G. N., and A. K. Singh. "An Efficient Estimation Procedure in Two-Occasion Successive Sampling." Journal of Statistical Theory and Applications 16, no. 1 (2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jsta.2017.16.1.3.

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Singh, Housila P., and Surya K. Pal. "Estimation of population mean in two-occasion successive sampling." Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 46, no. 6 (February 17, 2017): 4908–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2015.1137593.

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Pal, S. K., and H. P. Singh. "Use of power transformation for estimating the population mean in presence of non-response in successive sampling." Journal of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Informatics 13, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jamsi-2017-0012.

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Abstract This paper addresses the problem of estimating the population mean at the current occasion in two occasion successive sampling when non-response occurs on the current (second) occasions. Using the power transformation we have suggested classes of estimators of current population mean and their properties are studied. Optimum replacement strategies for the proposed estimators have been given and empirical studies are carried out to assess the performance of estimators. We have made suitable recommendation to the practitioners on the basis of the empirical study.

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Zoramthanga, R. "Estimation of current population mean using two-occasion successive sampling with one auxiliary variable." Science Vision 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33493/scivis.18.02.05.

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In this study, two-occasion successive sampling for ratio-to-regression estimator was used to determine the current estimate of the population mean using only the matched part and one auxiliary variable, which is available on both the occasions. The data used were based on the total number of female workers in villages in Mizoram with the total number of literate female in villages in Mizoram as an auxiliary variables. The data were gotten from Census of India 2001 and 2011. The optimum mean square error of the combined ratio-to-regression and ratio estimator has been compared with (i) the optimum mean square error of the chain-type ratio estimator (ii) mean per unit estimator and (iii) combined estimator when no auxiliary information is used at any occasion. This result showed that the combined ratio-to-regression and ratio estimator is more efficient than the other three existing estimators.

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Azam, M., S. Nawaz, A. Arshad, and M. Aslam. "Acceptance Sampling Plan Using Successive Sampling Over Two Successive Occasions." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 44, no. 5 (July 28, 2016): 20150468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20150468.

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Singh, G. N., M. Khetan, and S. Maurya. "Estimation under non response when it occurs on both occasions in two-occasion successive sampling." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 45, no. 13 (October 27, 2015): 3939–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2014.911913.

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Yu, Bo, Zongda Jin, Jiayong Tian, and Ge Gao. "Estimation of Sensitive Proportion by Randomized Response Data in Successive Sampling." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/172918.

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This paper considers the problem of estimation for binomial proportions of sensitive or stigmatizing attributes in the population of interest. Randomized response techniques are suggested for protecting the privacy of respondents and reducing the response bias while eliciting information on sensitive attributes. In many sensitive question surveys, the same population is often sampled repeatedly on each occasion. In this paper, we apply successive sampling scheme to improve the estimation of the sensitive proportion on current occasion.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sampling on Successive Occasion"

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Li, Xia. "A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Studying Inter-Occasion and Inter-Subject Variability in Pharmacokinetics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1296592410.

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Butkuvienė, Rita. "Baigtinės populiacijos parametrų įvertinių tikslumo tyrimas modeliuojant." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130617_111757-43302.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas nuoseklusis ėmimas, priklausantis pozicinių imties planų su fiksuota rikiuojančio skirstinio forma klasei. Šio imties plano atveju gautos imties plano ir populiacijos elementų priklausymo imčiai tikimybių analizinės išraiškos. Remiantis entropija, nuoseklusis ėmimas yra lyginamas su tai pačiai klasei priklausančiais Pareto ir nuosekliuoju Puasono ėmimu. Nagrinėjamas ir dviejų fazių imties planas sluoksniavimui, taikant pirmosios fazės nuoseklųjį ėmimą. Baigtinėje populiacijoje apibrėžto tyrimo kintamojo reikšmių suma vertinama kvazi Horvico ir Tompsono įvertiniu. Modeliuojant tiriama, ar sumažėja įvertinio dispersija dėl antrosios fazės sluoksniavimo. Šiame tyrime naudojami Lietuvos gyventojų užimtumo statistinio tyrimo duomenys, vertinamas užimtųjų ir bedarbių skaičius, nedarbo lygis.
The successive sampling design, belonging to the class of order sampling designs with fixed order distribution shape, is studied. Analytical expressions for design probability and element inclusion probability are obtained. Entropy is used to compare successive, Pareto and sequential Poisson sampling designs, belonging to the same class. Two-phase sampling design for stratification with the first-phase order sampling is also studied. The total of the study variable values, defined on a finite population, is estimated by a quasi-Horwitz-Thompson estimator. The behaviour of the variance estimator influenced by the second phase stratification is investigated by simulation. The study is carried out for estimates of the number of employed, unemployed and the unemployment rate using the Lithuanian Labor Force Survey data.

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"Successive sampling and software reliability." Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2365.

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Books on the topic "Sampling on Successive Occasion"

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C, Tikkiwal G., ed. T-classes of linear estimators and the theory of successive sampling. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers (India), 2010.

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Guglielmotti, Paola, and Isabella Lazzarini, eds. «Fiere vicende dell’età di mezzo». Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-423-6.

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With the present Festschrift written in times of pandemic, the authors wish to honour and thank Gian Maria Varanini, paying tribute to him on the occasion of his retirement from the University. Varanini is a great scholar, sustained by an inexhaustible passion for history in all its dimensions, from the most minute to the most universal, and by a sensitive and critical attention to the interpretation of historical phenomena that has been provided by successive generations of scholars. A generous cultural organiser and an excellent publisher and editor, as an academic and professor he has always been committed to the safeguard of historical disciplines. Papers of E. Artifoni, S. Carocci, G. Castelnuovo, P. Corrao, M.N. Covini, M. Della Misericordia, F. Del Tredici, M. Gentile, P. Grillo, P. Guglielmotti, I. Lazzarini, J.-C. Maire Vigueur, E.I. Mineo, G. Petralia, L. Provero, R. Rao, F. Senatore, L. Tanzini, M. Zabbia.

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Longmore, Murray, Ian B. Wilkinson, Andrew Baldwin, and Elizabeth Wallin. Reference intervals, etc. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609628.003.0018.

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The Gaussian (‘Normal’) distributionDrug therapeutic ranges in plasmaGentamicinSome important drug interactionsHaematology reference intervalsBiochemistry reference intervalsOnce upon a time, in a famous hospital named R— in the middle of England, there lived a crusty old surgeon and a brilliant young house officer. The surgeon issued infallible and peremptory edicts such as “All my patients with a haemoglobin less than 100 must be transfused.” Everyone did as the surgeon said (this was a long time ago) except for the wily house officer who understood statistics, sampling error, and the play of chance. One day she was rung up by the haematologist who asked her “Why have you requested 3 blood counts on Mrs Wells today? One is enough. You are wasting our resources!” “Not so,” said the house officer. “The first Hb was 98, the second was 97 and the third was 101g/L. I knew if I was persistent, I stood a good chance of preventing an unnecessary transfusion. She is a patient of Mr X.” The two conspirators smiled at each other down the telephone, and no more was said. Of course the right way of dealing with this problem is through clinical governance and dialogue with the surgeon. But the point remains: numbers are elastic, despite, on occasion, being given to 3 decimal places. Don’t believe in them as absolute entities, and don’t believe that the normal range is anything other than arbitrary; think before you act: think statistically. ...

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Book chapters on the topic "Sampling on Successive Occasion"

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Bandyopadhyay, Arnab, and Garib Nath Singh. "Estimation of Population Mean in Presence of Non Response in Two-Occasion Successive Sampling." In Recent Advances in Information Technology, 109–16. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1856-2_12.

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Singh, Sarjinder. "Multi-Stage, Successive, and Re-Sampling Strategies." In Advanced Sampling Theory with Applications, 829–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0789-4_10.

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Sen, A. R., and P. K. Sen. "Estimation of the Characteristics of Rare Animals Based on Inverse Sampling at the Second Occasion." In Advances in the Statistical Sciences: Applied Probability, Stochastic Processes, and Sampling Theory, 309–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4786-3_21.

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Hankin, David G., Michael S. Mohr, and Ken B. Newman. "Sampling through time." In Sampling Theory, 268–94. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.003.0013.

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Many ecological research and resource monitoring programs must deliver good estimates of both current resource status and long-term trend. The simple two-occasion context frames the trade-offs in design of surveys to achieve these objectives. If the objective is to estimate change in status (trend), then most precise estimation is achieved by full retention of a random sample selected at time 1. If the objective is to estimate average status, then most precise estimation is achieved by selecting independent random samples. If a survey has both objectives, then a compromise design, involving partial retention and partial replacement of the initial sample, is optimal (i.e., will have intermediate performance for status and trend). Sampling designs for long-term monitoring (and before/after assessment monitoring) have two distinct components: a membership design which specifies selection of groups of units to be designated as sample panels, and a revisit design that specifies when these panels of units should be visited (revisited). For example, some randomly selected panels might be visited in years one to three, then dropped out of rotation for three years and then revisited in years–seven to nine, and so on. One panel might be revisited every year, and other panels might be visited only a single time. Design-based estimates of measures of status and trend are derived for some simple membership and revisit designs. The theory of dual frame sampling is applied to estimation of the number of active bald eagle nests on a wildlife refuge.

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"Parameter estimation for sample rotation of successive survey in stratified sampling and its application." In Advanced Engineering and Technology, 291–96. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16699-47.

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"On Mean Estimation Using a Generalized Class of Chain Type Estimator under Successive Sampling." In Predictive Analytics Using Statistics and Big Data: Concepts and Modeling, edited by Shashi Bhushan, Nishi Rastogi, and Shailja Pandey, 31–46. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789811490491120010006.

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"An Exploratory Analysis and Classification of Papers Presented in a Decade of OSS Conferences Using Revised Taxonomy." In Free and Open Source Software in Modern Data Science and Business Intelligence, 1–57. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3707-6.ch001.

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On the occasion of completion of ten years of Open Source Systems (OSS) conferences, this paper studies its contribution to the extension of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) research. An existing taxonomy was used to initially classify the 347 full and short papers presented in the conferences. Because there were many new categories, which did not fit, in existing system, the taxonomy was revised and the reclassified papers are presented in this paper. The analysis of locations, themes, participants and citations of successive conferences results in interesting observation. The major takeaway of this ongoing study is to demonstrate that the goal of OSS conferences, as mentioned in the first edition, “to promote the exchange of new ideas, research and applications in the emerging field of Open Source Software,” is more than successful.

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Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. "Sampling and Analog-to-Digital Conversion." In Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.003.0015.

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Along the signal path from the atmosphere, through the sensors and the data logger to the final archive, the signal quality may be irreversibly comprised. These faults include aliasing caused by poor sampling practice and quantization in an analog to- digital converter. Aliasing and quantization will be defined in this chapter. Drift in some of the system parameters, such as temperature sensitivity, is generally preventable but is not always reversible. Sampling of a signal occurs in the time domain and, frequently, in the space domain with one, two, or three dimensions. In the time domain, the time interval between successive points is called the sampling interval and the data logger controls this interval. When two or more sensors are distributed, vertically, along a mast then the system is sampling both in the time domain and in the space domain. When multiple measurements are arrayed along the surface of the earth, the sampling is occurring in time and in two or three space dimensions. Most meteorological systems are undersampled both in time and space. Space undersampling is an economic necessity. The consequence of undersampling is that frequencies above a certain limit, called the Nyquist frequency, will appear at lower frequencies and this is an irreversible effect. Quantization occurs when the signal is converted from analog to digital in the analog-to-digital converter. Since the range of the converter is expressed in a finite number of digital states, signal amplitudes smaller than this quantity will be lost. This is another irreversible effect. These are not the only irreversible effects. For example, drift is caused by physical changes in a sensor or other component of the measurement system. Drift may have a causal component, such as undocumented temperature sensitivity, and a random component such as wearing of an anemometer bearing. The former is theoretically preventable and reversible, whereas the latter is irreversible. Each element of the system may include some signal averaging, and each element may add bias and gain. As noted in earlier chapters, a sensor is a transducer, a device that changes energy from one form to another.

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Everest, Kelvin. "‘Ozymandias’." In Keats and Shelley, 185–200. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849502.003.0012.

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The textual history of Shelley’s famous, much-anthologized sonnet ‘Ozymandias’ is brought into relationship with the poem’s own central concern with the ironies accumulating around a monument which long outlasts the occasion and moment of its first creation. A detailed analysis of the poem’s rhetorical structure, poetic technique, and ramifying ironies leads in to a meditation on the status of the literary work of art, and its reliance for transmission through time on an editorial tradition. Successive early versions of the poem, both manuscript and print, are compared, and the significance of their differences considered as exemplifying a variation of the ironies at play within the poem. The lesson taught to tyranny by the survival of the ruined statue has affinity with the dependence of the poem itself on the editorial tradition which has maintained its existence.

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Howard-Johnston, James. "The Difficult Road to Peace." In The Last Great War of Antiquity, 321–59. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830191.003.0011.

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The news of Khusro’s fall finally reached Heraclius on 3 April 628, marking the end of the war. There followed two years of negotiations with three successive Persian regimes. The threat from the Turks strengthened the Roman position until their sudden disappearance in 629. Under the terms finally agreed with Khusro’s daughter Boran, the Persians disgorged all his conquests and accepted the pre-war frontier. Victory was celebrated in Constantinople, when Heraclius’ final dispatch was read out in St Sophia (15 May 628). Two triumphal ceremonies were staged, the first at Constantinople on the occasion of Heraclius’ return in June 628, the second at Jerusalem on 21 March 630, when Heraclius brought back the fragments of the True Cross taken by the Persians in 614 from Calvary in the church of the Holy Sepulchre. Close attention is paid to the texts and works of art which commemorated the victory.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sampling on Successive Occasion"

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Luo, Chenchi, and James H. McClellan. "Compressive sampling with a successive approximation ADC architecture." In ICASSP 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5947209.

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Luo, Chenchi Eric, and Lingchen Zhu. "Jittered random sampling with a successive approximation ADC." In ICASSP 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6853908.

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Singh, G. N., D. Majhi, and S. Prasad. "Estimation of population mean in two-phase successive sampling." In 2012 1st International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology (RAIT). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rait.2012.6194538.

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Kusuma, Julius, and Vivek K. Goyal. "Multichannel Sampling of Parametric Signals with a Successive Approximation Property." In 2006 International Conference on Image Processing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2006.312575.

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Ekrem, Ersen, Mutlu Koca, and Hakan Delic. "Ultra-Wideband Signal Acquisition in Non-Gaussian Noise via Successive Sampling." In 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2007.374.

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Segarra, Santiago, Antonio G. Marques, Geert Leus, and Alejandro Ribeiro. "Sampling of graph signals: Successive local aggregations at a single node." In 2015 49th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.2015.7421466.

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Dubovitskiy, Konstantin, Igor Zubov, and Igor Ermakov. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER OF SERIAL APPROXIMATION IN CMOS TECHNOLOGY 180 NM." In International Forum “Microelectronics – 2020”. Joung Scientists Scholarship “Microelectronics – 2020”. XIII International conference «Silicon – 2020». XII young scientists scholarship for silicon nanostructures and devices physics, material science, process and analysis. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1633.silicon-2020/307-309.

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The results of the development and research of a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter of successive approximation with a correction circuit for a storage sampling device in CMOS technology of the 180 nm level are presented.

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Manjunatha, Hemanth, Jida Huang, Binbin Zhang, and Rahul Rai. "A Sequential Sampling Algorithm for Multi-Stage Static Coverage Problems." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60305.

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It is critical in many system-engineering problems (such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, and cooperative task performance) to optimally allocate resources in the presence of limited resources. Static coverage problem is an important class of the resource allocation problems that focuses on covering an area of interest so that the activities in the area of interest can be detected/monitored with higher probability. In many practical settings (primarily due to financial constraints) a system designer has to allocate resources in multiple stages. In each stage, the system designer can assign a fixed number of resources (agents). In the multi-stage formulation, the agents locations for the next stage are dependent on all the agents location in the previous stages. Such multi-stage static coverage problems are non-trivial to solve. In this paper, we propose a robust and efficient sequential sampling algorithm to solve the multi-stage static coverage problem in the presence of probabilistic resource intensity allocation maps (RIAMs). The agents locations are determined by formulating this problem as an optimization problem in the successive stage . Three different objective functions are compared and discussed from the aspects of decreasing L2 difference and Sequential Minimum Energy Design (SMED). It is shown that utilizing SMED objective function leads to a better approximation of the RIAMs. Two heuristic algorithms, i.e. cuckoo search, and pattern search, are used as optimization algorithms. Numerical functions and real-life applications are provided to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

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Bruggeman, M., R. Cornelissen, and P. Maris. "Radionuclide Identification and Quantification in the Waste Streams of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1327.

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Abstract The radiological characterisation of nuclear wastes of a research centre is difficult seen the many different processes that generate waste. Since these wastes may contain radionuclides relevant for the disposal option, the nuclide content and activity have to be known. Considering the fact that some wastes are generated only in minor quantities, complex approaches, involving sampling and successive analysis are generally not justified. Basic physical models can generally be applied to estimate activity ratios from which the radionuclide inventory can be determined by non-destructive assay on waste packages. This article discusses waste streams at the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN and explains how nuclide inventories and activity are determined. The physical models, used to derive activity ratios and other simple approaches are discussed.

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Maris, Patrick, Rene´ Cornelissen, and Michel Bruggeman. "Radiological Characterization of the Nuclear Waste Streams of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7249.

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The radiological characterization of nuclear wastes of a research centre is difficult seen the many different processes that generate waste. Since these wastes may contain radionuclides relevant for the disposal option, the nuclide content and activity have to be known. Considering the fact that some wastes are generated only in minor quantities, complex approaches, involving sampling and successive analysis are not justified. Basic physical models can generally be applied to estimate activity ratios, from which the radionuclide inventory can be determined by non-destructive assay on waste-packages. This article discusses waste streams at the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN and explains how nuclide inventories and activity are determined. The physical models, used to derive activity ratios, and other simple approaches are discussed.

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Reports on the topic "Sampling on Successive Occasion"

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ADAS, RSK. Nitrate Surveillance Monitoring Program (Annual Report May 2021 - March 2022). Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.uau489.

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Every Member State is required to monitor and report levels of nitrate in specified foodstuffs as part of the European Commission regulation and the UK also requires this information as part of the collection of data to support the review of retained EU law in the UK and inform the setting of policy around maximum nitrate levels. The requirement to carry out monitoring for nitrate in lettuce, spinach and rocket is being met by the UK Nitrate Surveillance Programme. Results are presented for the period between 1st April 2021 and 31st March 2022. A total of 202 samples were collected within the sampling period, comprising of 130 lettuce, 9 rocket, 26 spinach samples. A further 37 samples categorised at “Other Green Leafy Vegetables”, which comprised of samples including mustard, mizuna, celery, Pak Choi and cabbage. The lowest average nitrate concentration was recorded in summer-grown iceberg lettuce (935.2 mg/kg), and no iceberg samples exceeded the maximum nitrate concentration. The highest average nitrate concentration was seen in winter grown non-iceberg lettuce grown under protection within the lettuce group (3242.2 mg/kg), and in winter-grown rocket overall (4271.2 mg/kg). The number of samples exceeding the maximum threshold increased this year to 7 samples – 2 samples of open-air non-iceberg lettuce sampled in the summer, 1 sample of protected non-iceberg lettuce in the summer, and 3 samples of spinach. A further 4 samples were within 10% of the maximum threshold. Consistent with previous years of this project, a strong correlation was found between nitrate concentration and sampling date, with samples collected later in the season showing greater concentrations, indicating potential interactions between nitrate accumulation and climate – particularly light levels and available soil moisture and the accumulation of nitrate in the soil through subsequent fertiliser applications with successive planting. Furthermore, there was significant interaction between nitrate accumulation, product type and cultivation type, which could be further explored to better identify risk factors associated with nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables grown in the UK.

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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.

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