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Journal articles on the topic 'Sample chain'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Borkar, V. S. "Sample complexity for Markov chain self-tuner." Systems & Control Letters 41, no. 2 (October 2000): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6911(00)00042-6.

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2

Jarošová, A. "Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the food chain." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24, No. 5 (November 12, 2011): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3318-cjfs.

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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) rank among the primary risk pollutants and their adverse effects may endanger the environmental balance and affect the ontogenetic development of live organisms and their body functions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of PAEs in packaging materials and plastics (infusion sets), to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of the most common phthalates such as DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DBP (di-n-butyl phthalate) in body tissues and organs of pigs and broiler chicks having been administered the phthalates per os, to assess the occurrence of PAEs in pig and cattle farms in the district of Hodonín (1997–1999), and to propose precautionary measures to mitigate the risk of PAE penetration into the food chain and the environments. DEHP and DBP contents in packaging materials ranged from 0.1 to 4259 mg DEHP, and from 0.1 to 1298 mg DBP per 1 kg printed packaging material, respectively. In haemodialysis patients, over 0.5 mg DEHP per 1 kg blood was found after three hours of haemodialysis. In combined feeds for farm animals (pigs, cattle, poultry), DEHP and DBP concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 1.77 and from 0.06 to 2.36 mg/kg feed, respectively, were detected. In all the food samples investigated, measurable levels of DEHP (less than 0.01–0.22 mg/kgsample) and DBP (less than 0.01 to 1.31 mg/kgsample) were found. In the experimental pigs and broilers, phthalates were distributed in all the organs monitored and the highest accumulation was found in adipose tissue as expected. All the samples withdrawn from farms in the Hodonín district had measurable phthalate concentrations; the hygienic limit (4 mg/kg) was exceeded in 2 samples of swine adipose tissue (4.26 and 6.92 mg/kgfresh sample) and in 1 sample of cattle adipose tissue (4.75 mg/kgfresh sample).  
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3

Li, Xun, Clyde W. Holsapple, and Thomas J. Goldsby. "The structural impact of supply chain management teams." Management Research Review 42, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 290–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2018-0163.

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Purpose In today’s constantly evolving global business environment, multidivisional firms (MDFs) require an organizational structure for supply chain management (SCM) that facilitates the development of supply chain agility. This research aims to investigate what structural elements of an MDF’s SCM team contribute to supply chain agility. Design/methodology/approach A two-sample field study was conducted. Four MDFs with top-performing supply chains (Sample 1) were first studied to identify agility-supporting structural elements. Then, quantitative data from 35 MDFs with contrasting levels of supply chain agility (Sample 2) were collected to test the theoretical propositions advanced from Sample 1 findings. Findings The results reveal four structural elements that exert a positive impact on an MDF’s supply chain agility: hierarchical position of the divisional top supply chain executive, scope of divisional supply chain operations, hierarchical position of the top supply chain executive at the headquarters and scope of SCM coordination by the headquarters. Originality/value First, this study provides a comparatively comprehensive understanding of the SCM organization structure in MDFs. Second, this study is one of the first to provide empirically supported theoretical insights about the linkage between an MDF’s organizational structure for SCM and supply chain agility.
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Platt, Lucinda, Renee Luthra, and Tom Frere-Smith. "Adapting chain referral methods to sample new migrants." Demographic Research 33 (September 23, 2015): 665–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2015.33.24.

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5

Wu, Lifeng, and Yan Chen. "Interval Forecasting in Supply Chain with Small Sample." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1737840.

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To deal with the forecasting with small samples in the supply chain, three grey models with fractional order accumulation are presented. Human judgment of future trends is incorporated into the order number of accumulation. The output of the proposed model will provide decision-makers in the supply chain with more forecasting information for short time periods. The results of practical real examples demonstrate that the model provides remarkable prediction performances compared with the traditional forecasting model.
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Brooks, Andrew. "Roundtable Discussion: Protecting Complete Sample Chain of Custody." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 38, no. 20 (November 15, 2018): S21—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.38.20.17.

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7

Tice, George, Bridget Andaloro, Dawn Fallon, Erin Crowley, Amy C. Remes, F. Morgan Wallace, and Thomas Hammack. "DuPont Qualicon BAX System Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.6.1902.

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Abstract A recent outbreak of Salmonella in peanut butter has highlighted the need for validation of rapid detection methods. A multilaboratory study for detecting Salmonella in peanut butter was conducted as part of the AOAC Research Institute Emergency Response Validation program for methods that detect outbreak threats to food safety. Three sites tested spiked samples from the same master mix according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) method and the BAX System method. Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) was grown in brain heart infusion for 24 h at 37C, then diluted to appropriate levels for sample inoculation. Master samples of peanut butter were spiked at high and low target levels, mixed, and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature for 2 weeks. Spike levels were low [1.08 most probable number (MPN)/25 g]; high (11.5 MPN/25 g) and unspiked to serve as negative controls. Each master sample was divided into 25 g portions and coded to blind the samples. Twenty portions of each spiked master sample and five portions of the unspiked sample were tested at each site. At each testing site, samples were blended in 25 g portions with 225 mL prewarmed lactose broth until thoroughly homogenized, then allowed to remain at room temperature for 5565 min. Samples were adjusted to a pH of 6.80.2, if necessary, and incubated for 2226 h at 35C. Across the three reporting laboratories, the BAX System detected Salmonella in 10/60 low-spike samples and 58/60 high-spike samples. The reference FDA-BAM method yielded positive results for 11/60 low-spike and 58/60 high-spike samples. Neither method demonstrated positive results for any of the 15 unspiked samples.
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8

Felbermair, Samuel, Florian Lammer, Eva Trausinger-Binder, and Cornelia Hebenstreit. "Generation of a synthetic population for agent-based transport modelling with small sample travel survey data using statistical raster census data." International Journal of Traffic and Transportation Management 02, no. 02 (October 10, 2020): 09–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/jttm.02.02.002.

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This paper presents a step-by-step method to generate a synthetic population for agent-based transport modelling as input to MATSim software, which requires an activity chain for each agent. We make use of high spatial resolution statistical raster (250 m) census data, applying all calculations at this scale. Due to the small sample, size of travel survey data an Iterative Proportional Fitting method is not suitable. Therefore, we devise a method utilizing Bayesian networks, maximum likelihood and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation to reproduce attribute distribution and fit to raster margins. Stratified sampling along households is employed to generate activity chains for the synthetic population.
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9

Steuber, Tara L., Peter C. Kiessler, and Robert Lund. "TESTING FOR REVERSIBILITY IN MARKOV CHAIN DATA." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 26, no. 4 (July 30, 2012): 593–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964812000228.

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This paper introduces two statistics that assess whether (or not) a sequence sampled from a stationary time-homogeneous Markov chain on a finite state space is reversible. The test statistics are based on observed deviations of transition sample counts between each pair of states in the chain. First, the joint asymptotic normality of these sample counts is established. This result is then used to construct two chi-squared-based tests for reversibility. Simulations assess the power and type one error of the proposed tests.
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Pascual, Leonor, Sara Pérez-Luz, Antonio Amo, Carmen Moreno, David Apraiz, and Vicente Catalán. "Detection ofLegionella pneumophilain bioaerosols by polymerase chain reaction." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-012.

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Most studies focusing on detecting microorganisms in air by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have used a liquid impinger to sample bioaerosols, mainly because a liquid sample is easy to be processed by PCR analysis. Nevertheless, the use of multiple-hole impactors for the analysis of bioaerosols by PCR has not been reported despite its great utility in culture analysis. In this study we have modified the impaction onto an agar surface sampling method to impaction onto a liquid medium using the MAS-100 air sampler (Merck) (single-stage multiple-hole impactor). To evaluate the recovery of airborne microorganisms of both sampling methods, a suspension containing Escherichia coli was artificially aerosolized and bioaerosols were collected onto Tergitol-7 agar and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with the MAS-100. A linear regression analysis of the results showed a strong positive correlation between both sampling methods (r = 0.99, slope 0.99, and y intercept 0.07). Afterwards, the method of impingement into a liquid medium was used to study airborne Legionella pneumophila by PCR. A total of 64 samples were taken at a wastewater treatment plant, a chemical plant, and an office building and analyzed by culture and PCR. Results showed that three samples were positive both by PCR and plate culture, and that nine samples negative by plate culture were positive by PCR, proving that L. pneumophila was present in bioaerosols from these three different environments. The results demonstrate the utility of this single-stage multiple-hole impactor for sampling bioaerosols, both by culture and by PCR.Key words: Legionella pneumophila, bioaerosols, PCR, multiple-hole impactor.
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11

Torrea Goñi, D., A. García Sotro, and C. Ancín Azpilicueta. "Influencia de la clarificación por sedimentación en el contenido de ácidos grasos en mostos garnacha y Viura y su evolución durante la fermentación / Influence of clarification by sedimentation on the content of fatty acids in garnacha and Viura musts and their changes during the fermentation." Food Science and Technology International 5, no. 6 (December 1999): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329900500604.

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The influence of static sedimentation of garnacha and Viura musts on the concentration of fatty acids and their changes during fermentation is evaluated. A non-sedimented must was used as a control sample. The sedimentation of garnacha must reduced the concentration of saturated fatty acids (mainly stearic acid), although it did not totally eliminate any single one. During the first half of the fermen tation (up to 50% of sugar consumption) the medium-chain fatty acids excreted their highest concen tration in the sample being clarified. The long-chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, were consumed in both samples, although the saturated acids showed a higher rate of consumption in the contrul sample (57%) than in the sedimented sample (10%). The polyunsaturated fatty acids were consumed at a high rate in both samples. During the second half of the fermentation (from 50% sugar consumption until the end of the fermentation) the consumption of long-chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, was similar in the control sample and in the sedimented sample. The clarification of the Viura must reduced all the above unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic (84%). In the first half of the fermentation, the consumption of long-chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, was greater in the control sample than in the sedimented sample; the same oc curred during the second half of the fermentation.
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12

Fan, Chun Hua, Hai Zhou Kong, An Zhun Xie, and Bang Hu Xie. "Promoted Chain Diffusion of UHMWPE/HDPE Blend by High Temperature Treatment." Materials Science Forum 815 (March 2015): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.815.557.

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Ultra high temperature treatment was used to promote the molecular chain diffusion of UHMWPE/HDPE blend. At the same time, melt blended sample and solution blended sample were also prepared for a comparison. The phase morphology of the samples observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the difference between HDPE and UHMWPE became smaller after high temperature treatment. While the UHMWPE particle could not be observed in solution blending samples. The results of rheological test showed that the elastic modulus and complex viscosity of treated samples are higher than that of untreated samples but still below the viscosity of solution blending sample. The results deem, high temperature treatment indeed promoted the chain diffusion of UHMWPE/HDPE blend and a good fusion between HDPE and UHMWPE is obtained as a result
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13

Kalpazidou, S. "Asymptotic behaviour of sample weighted circuits representing recurrent Markov chains." Journal of Applied Probability 27, no. 3 (September 1990): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214540.

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The asymptotic behaviour of the sequence (𝒞n(ω), wc,n(ω)/n), is studied where 𝒞n(ω) is the class of all cycles c occurring along the trajectory ωof a recurrent strictly stationary Markov chain (ξ n) until time n and wc,n(ω) is the number of occurrences of the cycle c until time n. The previous sequence of sample weighted classes converges almost surely to a class of directed weighted cycles (𝒞∞, ωc) which represents uniquely the chain (ξ n) as a circuit chain, and ω c is given a probabilistic interpretation.
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14

Kalpazidou, S. "Asymptotic behaviour of sample weighted circuits representing recurrent Markov chains." Journal of Applied Probability 27, no. 03 (September 1990): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200039103.

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The asymptotic behaviour of the sequence (𝒞 n (ω), wc,n (ω)/n), is studied where 𝒞 n (ω) is the class of all cycles c occurring along the trajectory ωof a recurrent strictly stationary Markov chain (ξ n ) until time n and wc,n (ω) is the number of occurrences of the cycle c until time n. The previous sequence of sample weighted classes converges almost surely to a class of directed weighted cycles (𝒞∞, ω c ) which represents uniquely the chain (ξ n ) as a circuit chain, and ω c is given a probabilistic interpretation.
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15

Wullur, Christian Wely, and Andriyono Andriyono. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KEKUATAN TARIK ROLLER CHAIN (SUZUKI GENUINE PARTS) DAN (INDOPARTS) SATRIA FU 150." MUSTEK ANIM HA 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/mustek.v8i2.2533.

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Uji Tarik adalah suatu metode yang digunakan untuk menguji kekuatan suatu bahan/material dengan cara memberikan beban gaya yang sesumbu. Hasil yang didapatkan dari pengujian tarik sangat penting untuk rekayasa teknik dan desain produk karena menghasilkan data kekuatan material. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil uji tarik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian pengujian tarik.Dalam proses pengujian menggunakan sampel dari merk Indoparts dan Suzuki Genuine Parts.yang dimana setiap sampel terdiri dari 6 rangkaian rantai, 3 sample rangkaian rantai bermerk Indoparts dan 3 sample rangkaian rantai bermerk Suzuki Genuine Parts, yang seanjutnya dilakukan proses pengujian tarik.Hasil peneitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukan bahwa nilai kekuatan tarik pada 6 sample rangkaian rantai yang masing-masing terdiri dari 3 sample untuk setiap merk yang diuji adalah, sample pertama Indoparts menghasilkan kekuatan tarik sebesar 14900,00 N, sample ke dua sebesar 15700,00 N , kemudian sample ke tiga 10700 N. Setelah mendapat hasil pengujian tarik dari 3 sample Indoparts kemudian dilanjutkan kembali proses pengujian tarik terhadap 3 sample rantai merk Suzuki Genuine Parts. Dari hasil pengujian 3 sample Suzuki Genuine Parts pada sample pertama pengujian tarik menghasilkan nilai tarik sebesar 18700,00 N, sample kedua sebesar 17000,00 N, dan sample ketiga menghasilkan nilai tarik sebesar 18500,0 N. Sesuai data tersebut dapat diketahui hasil uji tarik pada rantai Indopart dan Suzuki Genuine Parts, nilai rata-rata uji tarik rantai sebesar 18066,7 N adalah rantai dengan hasil uji tarik yang baik.
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16

Li, Jun, Philippe Vignal, Shuyu Sun, and Victor M. Calo. "On Stochastic Error and Computational Efficiency of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method." Communications in Computational Physics 16, no. 2 (August 2014): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.110613.280214a.

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AbstractIn Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations, thermal equilibria quantities are estimated by ensemble average over a sample set containing a large number of correlated samples. These samples are selected in accordance with the probability distribution function, known from the partition function of equilibrium state. As the stochastic error of the simulation results is significant, it is desirable to understand the variance of the estimation by ensemble average, which depends on the sample size (i.e., the total number of samples in the set) and the sampling interval (i.e., cycle number between two consecutive samples). Although large sample sizes reduce the variance, they increase the computational cost of the simulation. For a given CPU time, the sample size can be reduced greatly by increasing the sampling interval, while having the corresponding increase in variance be negligible if the original sampling interval is very small. In this work, we report a few general rules that relate the variance with the sample size and the sampling interval. These results are observed and confirmed numerically. These variance rules are derived for the MCMC method but are also valid for the correlated samples obtained using other Monte Carlo methods. The main contribution of this work includes the theoretical proof of these numerical observations and the set of assumptions that lead to them.
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17

Kostrzynska, M., M. Sankey, E. Haack, C. Power, J. E. Aldom, A. H. Chagla, S. Unger, et al. "Three sample preparation protocols for polymerase chain reaction based detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples." Journal of Microbiological Methods 35, no. 1 (February 1999): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7012(98)00106-7.

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18

Qu, Sanyin, Chen Ming, Qin Yao, Wanheng Lu, Kaiyang Zeng, Wei Shi, Xun Shi, Ctirad Uher, and Lidong Chen. "Understanding the Intrinsic Carrier Transport in Highly Oriented Poly(3-hexylthiophene): Effect of Side Chain Regioregularity." Polymers 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080815.

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The fundamental understanding of the influence of molecular structure on the carrier transport properties in the field of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) is a big challenge since the carrier transport behavior in conducting polymers reveals average properties contributed from all carrier transport channels, including those through intra-chain, inter-chain, inter-grain, and hopping between disordered localized sites. Here, combining molecular dynamics simulations and experiments, we investigated the carrier transport properties of doped highly oriented poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films with different side-chain regioregularity. It is demonstrated that the substitution of side chains can not only take effect on the carrier transport edge, but also on the dimensionality of the transport paths and as a result, on the carrier mobility. Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) study as well as temperature-dependent measurements of the electrical conductivity clearly showed ordered local current paths in the regular side chain P3HT films, while random paths prevailed in the irregular sample. Regular side chain substitution can be activated more easily and favors one-dimensional transport along the backbone chain direction, while the irregular sample presents the three-dimensional electron hopping behavior. As a consequence, the regular side chain P3HT samples demonstrated high carrier mobility of 2.9 ± 0.3 cm2/V·s, which is more than one order of magnitude higher than that in irregular side chain P3HT films, resulting in a maximum thermoelectric (TE) power factor of 39.1 ± 2.5 μW/mK2 at room temperature. These findings would formulate design rules for organic semiconductors based on these complex systems, and especially assist in the design of high performance OTE polymers.
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Jang, Hyung Seok. "Identification of Mycobacteria Using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sputum Sample." Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science 47, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2015.47.2.83.

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20

Elalouf, Amir, Sharon Hovav, Dmitry Tsadikovich, and Liron Yedidsion. "Minimizing operational costs by restructuring the blood sample collection chain." Operations Research for Health Care 7 (December 2015): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orhc.2015.08.004.

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21

Blakkolb, B., C. Logan, L. Jandura, A. Okon, M. Anderson, I. Katz, G. Aveni, et al. "Organic cleanliness of the Mars Science Laboratory sample transfer chain." Review of Scientific Instruments 85, no. 7 (July 2014): 075111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4890279.

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22

Chabert, Max, Kevin D. Dorfman, Patricia de Cremoux, Johan Roeraade, and Jean-Louis Viovy. "Automated Microdroplet Platform for Sample Manipulation and Polymerase Chain Reaction." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 22 (November 2006): 7722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac061205e.

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23

De Beuckelaer, Alain, and Stephan M. Wagner. "Small sample surveys: increasing rigor in supply chain management research." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 42, no. 7 (August 3, 2012): 615–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600031211258129.

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24

Mbu, Sunday Agbor, and Maurice Ayuketang Nso. "Implication of Ethics in Supply Chain Function." Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ajir2135.

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This research study examines the importance of ethics in supply chain management functions. The data sample consisted of 30 respondents collected using a questionnaire administered randomly to firms’ employees or representatives. Results show, there is no strong and sufficient evidence to infer the existence of unethical behaviours and the significance of ethics in a supply chain function within the players or parties in a supply chain relationship. Thus, this study recommends that parties in a supply chain relationship should act ethically right for long lasting relationship within the supply chain functions in firms or companies. Essentially all businesses to including banking and non-banking firms have needs that require the use of supply chains. have responsibilities that require the use of supply chains. Therefore, the outcome of this study is useful applicable to all sorts of business entities.
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Hinkes, Cordula, and Günter Peter. "Traceability matters." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 11, no. 7 (February 3, 2020): 1159–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-04-2019-0145.

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Purpose Sustainability certification of agricultural commodities might be one measure to ensure deforestation-free supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to add to previous assessments of soy certification systems with respect to “zero deforestation” criteria by focusing on the aspect of traceability. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework for assessing certification systems is proposed based on a literature review. This concept is applied to 16 soy certification systems, considering previous studies and available chain-of-custody certification options. Findings Among the sample, five certification systems may contribute to ensuring deforestation-free soy supply chains, as they have relatively high “zero deforestation” and assurance requirements and support at least segregation. Other chain-of-custody systems are insufficient in terms of traceability, but still dominate the market. Research limitations/implications The assessment considers only certification systems that have been benchmarked according to criteria developed by the European feed industry. Regular updates and further assessments of certification systems for other commodities are recommended. Practical implications Supply chain actors and policymakers are informed about certification systems that may ensure deforestation-free sourcing. However, different factors influence the implementation of zero deforestation commitments, such as adverse effects, economic trade-offs and new certification and traceability concepts. Social implications The implementation of deforestation-free supply chains should contribute to achieving sustainable development goals. Potential adverse social effects need to be considered. Originality/value This study focuses on the so far rather neglected but essential aspect of traceability, which is required for ensuring deforestation-free sourcing along the whole supply chain.
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Dinh, Pham Thi, Mai Thi Huyen, Nong Huu Tung, Bui Anh Tu, and Pham Van Hung. "Factors affecting Lychee supply chain linkage and business performance." Uncertain Supply Chain Management 10, no. 1 (2022): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2021.10.011.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between supply chain linkage and business performance in the lychee supply chain in Vietnam. The study collected 395 matched samples after sample screening. Partial least squares (PLS) algorithm is used to process the data. Research results show a link between supply chain linkage and business performance. Furthermore, research shows that risk supply chain, quality management, and business strategy also impact supply chain linkages and business performance.
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Hashmi, Aamir. "Factors Affecting the Supply Chain Resilience and Supply Chain Performance." South Asian Journal of Operations and Logistics 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.57044/sajol.2022.1.2.2212.

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The key objective of this research study is to delve into the factors affecting supply chain resilience to enhance supply chain performance through the mediation of supply chain resilience. To perform this particular research, a quantitative method of research was applied. The process of data collection was performed by using the questionnaire technique. As it was impossible to collect data from every member of the targeted population thus, a sample of data was calculated using G*power software and obtained a sample size of 129 respondents. It was concluded that supply chain artificial intelligence, adaptive capability, and supply chain collaboration have a positive and significant influence on supply chain resilience and supply chain performance. At the same time, supply chain resilience also has a positive impact on supply chain performance. Thus, organizational and supply chain performance can be enhanced by adopting supply chain resilience and other organizational dynamic capacities. This particular research study provides insight to the practitioners and managers of manufacturing firms for improving their level of resilience in the supply chain. This specific research study plays a significant role in literature by highlighting the concept of supply chain resilience & supply chain performance of organizations.
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Fayazbakhsh, K., M. Sepehri, and M. Razzazi. "Supply chain coordination with flow networks." South African Journal of Business Management 40, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v40i2.538.

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A mechanism for supply chain coordination models the entire supply chain with multiple members in four stages to satisfy customer demand with minimum total costs. Previous coordination mechanisms research applied restrictive assumptions on the number in the supply chain stages and members in each stage, disallowing a case of multi-product. Flow networks concept is proposes as a coordination mechanism for supply chains with multiple members, multiple stages and multi-products, where each product is composed of several basic components. A supply chain optimizer (SCO), actually an e-hub, gathers supply chain state information. After necessary computations, it informs members of the supply chain of optimal decisions for their orders. Results from sample cases using the mechanism show above 20% reduction in total costs of the supply chain.
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Rodchenko, Serafim, Alina Amirova, Mikhail Kurlykin, Andrey Tenkovtsev, Sergey Milenin, and Alexander Filippov. "Amphiphilic Molecular Brushes with Regular Polydimethylsiloxane Backbone and Poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline Side Chains. 2. Self-Organization in Aqueous Solutions on Heating." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010031.

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The behavior of amphiphilic molecular brushes in aqueous solutions on heating was studied by light scattering and turbidimetry. The main chain of the graft copolymers was polydimethylsiloxane, and the side chains were thermosensitive poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline. The studied samples differed in the length of the grafted chains (polymerization degrees were 14 and 30) and, accordingly, in the molar fraction of the hydrophobic backbone. The grafting density of both samples was 0.6. At low temperatures, macromolecules and aggregates, which formed due to the interaction of main chains, were observed in solutions. At moderate temperatures, heating solutions of the sample with short side chains led to aggregation due to dehydration of poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline and the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In the case of the brush with long grafted chains, dehydration caused the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and the compaction of molecules and aggregates. The lower critical solution temperature for solutions of the sample with long side chains was higher than LCST for the sample with short side chains. It was shown that the molar fraction of the hydrophobic component and the intramolecular density are the important factors determining the LCST behavior of amphiphilic molecular brushes in aqueous solutions.
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IBRAHIM, SALAM A. "Agglutination Behavior of Mesophilic Starter Cultures as a Function of Proteolysis." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.7.855.

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Seven mesophilic starter cultures were grown separately in sterilized skim milk for 8 h at 25°C. At the end of the incubation period, samples were analyzed for agglutination behavior by using microscopic examination. Samples were also assayed for proteolytic activity by the spectrophotometric o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) methods. This experiment was replicated three times in a randomized block design. Microscopic examination showed that some cultures existed as single cells, diplococci, or short chains; other cultures tended to form long chains. Short-chain-forming cultures had high proteolytic activities, whereas long-chain-forming cultures had low proteolytic activities as measured by the TNBS and OPA methods. Proteolysis measured by both methods ranked starter cultures in the same order (R2 = 0.82). Low detectability values (obtained by dividing the standard error of the sample estimate for each method by its slope ratio) for OPA and TNBS methods indicated that the two assays do not differ significantly (P > 0.05).
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Alhalalmeh, Mohammad Izzat. "The impact of supply chain 4.0 technologies on its strategic outcomes." Uncertain Supply Chain Management 10, no. 4 (2022): 1203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2022.8.008.

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The aim of this study is to explore the impact of supply chain 4.0 technologies (e.g., big data and Internet-of-things) of the strategic outcomes of supply chain 4.0. The required data was collected via a questionnaire from a sample consisting of 211 employees from construction companies in Jordan. The results point out that big data and the Internet of things have significant impacts on the strategic outcomes of supply chain 4.0. Hence, it was concluded that supply chain technologies are pivotal drivers of supply chain strategic outcomes. Based on these results companies are called to adopt and integrate Industry 4.0 technologies into their supply chains to improve supply chain long-run performance. Scholars were also encouraged to investigate the impact of supply chain 4.0 technologies on other constructs such as supply chain resilience.
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Mollee, Peter, Jill Tate, Goce Dimeski, and Devinder Gill. "Falsely Low Serum Free Light Chain Concentration in Patients with Monoclonal Light Chain Diseases." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 5077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5077.5077.

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Abstract Introduction: Measurement of serum free light chains (FLC) is useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of nonsecretory myeloma, AL amyloidosis (AL) and light-chain myeloma (LCMM). Long-term monitoring of monoclonal FLC disease requires reproducible assay performance. We assessed the FLC assay performance in regard to falsely low FLC values. Methods: We assessed: FLC immunoreactivity and, FLC assay recovery on sample dilution. FLC concentration was measured in serial serum samples collected from patients with AL and LCMM, using a kit assay (The Binding Site Ltd., Birmingham, UK) with the IMMAGETM (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) and Hitachi Modular P (Roche Diagnostics) analysers. Monoclonal paraprotein was detected by serum and/or urine protein electrophoresis (Sebia, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) and immunofixation. Results: FLC immunoreactivity. Of 23 patients with LCMM, one patient had discordant Bence Jones protein (BJP) and FLC results. The patient was a 70-year-old male with kappa LCMM where changes in the level of KBJP correlated with the KFLC concentration and the serum kappa to lambda (K/L) FLC ratio in samples measured between 2002 and mid 2004. Thereafter the FLC ratio remained within the reference range despite increasing urine KBJP. Subsequent investigations revealed that the patient’s monoclonal KFLC had failed to react with three different lot numbers of kit reagent. A fourth reagent lot, however, gave elevated KFLC concentration and K/L ratio consistent with disease relapse. A partial response to the patient’s monoclonal KFLC was observed for the same samples using the Modular assay (i.e., KFLC concentration was approximately 50% or less of the IMMAGE value). FLC recovery. In four patients with AL or LCMM the monoclonal FLC was underestimated when using the manufacturer’s recommended 1:10 on-line dilution and gave higher recoveries at 1:20 to 1:110 sample dilution. Values for the monoclonal FLC differed by up to 100% and recovery on dilution did not parallel the standard curve response. Conclusions: We report the first case of non-reaction of a monoclonal kappa FLC in a patient with LCMM. Urinary BJP monitoring remains necessary in patients with LCMM. Dilutional non-linearity of FLC suggests that the immunoreactive response of some monoclonal FLC does not parallel that of polyclonal calibration materials. This may result in falsely low FLC results. While the FLC assay represents a major advance for these diseases, clinicians should be aware of the assay’s limitations.
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Wiesner, Brigitte, Benjamin Kohn, Mandy Mende, and Ulrich Scheler. "Polymer Chain Mobility under Shear—A Rheo-NMR Investigation." Polymers 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10111231.

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The local dynamics in polymer melts and the impact of external shear in a Couette geometry have been investigated using rheological nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The spin-spin relaxation time, T2, which is sensitive to chain-segment motion, has been measured as a function of shear rate for two samples of poly(dimethylsiloxane). For the low-molecular-weight sample, a mono-exponential decay is observed, which becomes slightly faster with shear, indicating restrictions of the polymer chain motion. For the high-weight sample, a much faster bi-exponential decay is observed, indicative of entanglements. Both components in this decay become longer with shear. This implies that the free polymer segments between entanglements become effectively longer as a result of shear.
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34

Pinho Santos, Liane, and João F. Proença. "Developing Return Supply Chain: A Research on the Automotive Supply Chain." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 6587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116587.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate and discuss the challenges namely, the barriers and solutions to developing return supply chain policies in automotive industry. This industry has been suffering governmental pressure to achieve sustainability in all industrial processes. The solution is to reorganize the supply chain and rethink the product from the beginning (closed-loop supply chain evolving to cradle-to-cradle supply chain); however, the literature about this process is scarce. This paper presents exploratory research into the automotive supply chain in order to study the processes developed to achieve more sustainable supply chains. A strategic business net is used as theoretical sample to collect data. The results show that climate change concerns and governmental guidelines lead to sustainable organizational culture. It was found that sustainability is integrated in all processes, which affects business interaction with partners. The business interaction is difficulted by total product recycling. To overcome this barrier, innovation strategies, strategic alliances and governmental politics are presented as enhancers to return supply chain policies development. Organizational and cultural elements were presented as difficulties, but could be easily mitigated with the enhancers, alongside commitment and proactivity of companies. The research shows that when the challenges are overcome, the companies can integrate cradle-to-cradle design frameworks into their supply chains. This reorganization is necessary to achieve sustainability and accomplish governmental guidelines.
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35

Adi Wibowo, Seto Sulaksono, and Aditya Wirangga. "SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE DAN KINERJA PERUSAHAN." JOURNAL OF APPLIED MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jama.v3i1.1113.

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This study aims to examine the effect of supply chain performance on firm performance. Supply chain performance is proxyed using inventory turnover and days of supply as independent variables, while company performance is proxyed using the net profit margin as the dependent variable. This research use manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2014-2016 period as samples. The purposive sampling method is used to matches the sample criteria. The analysis technique used in this study is multiple regression analysis using the t test. The results of the study found that the inventory turnover variable has a positive influence on company performance, while the days of supply variable has a negative influence on company performance.
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Kenten, J. H., J. Casadei, J. Link, S. Lupold, J. Willey, M. Powell, A. Rees, and R. Massey. "Rapid electrochemiluminescence assays of polymerase chain reaction products." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.9.1626.

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Abstract We demonstrate the first use of an electrochemiluminescent (ECL) label, [4-(N-succimidyloxycarbonylpropyl)-4'-methyl-2,2'- bipyridine]ruthenium(II) dihexafluorophosphate (Origen label; IGEN Inc.), in DNA probe assays. This label allows rapid (less than 25 min) quantification and detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified products from oncogenes, viruses, and cloned genes. For the PCR, we used labeled oligonucleotide primers complementary to human papiloma virus and the Ha-ras oncogene. These samples were followed by ECL analysis or hybridization with specific, Origen-labeled oligonucleotide probes. These studies demonstrate the speed, specificity, and effectiveness of the new ECL labels, compared with 32P, for nucleic acid probe applications. We describe formats involving conventional methodologies and a new format that requires no wash step, allowing simple and rapid sample analysis. These rapid assays also reduce PCR contamination, by requiring less sample handling. Improvements in ECL detectability are currently under investigation for use in DNA probe assays without amplification.
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Zhu, Chun-Yan, and Dong-Liang Zhang. "An Empirical Study on the Mechanism of Dynamic Capacity Formation in the Supply Chain." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 15044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215044.

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Supply chain dynamic capability is becoming an indispensable core competency for organizations. However, it is still unknown how dynamic capability functions during actual use. Based on this reason, this study compiles research on supply chain dynamic capability, proposes the formation mechanism of supply chain dynamic capability, and validates it using data from Chinese companies. The results of structural equation modeling based on a sample of 162 Chinese companies show that environmental turbulence profoundly affects supply chain dynamic capabilities through direct and indirect effects. The dimensions of supply chain synergy have an important mediating effect on the dynamic capability of supply chains. Supply chain flexibility and agility, as the external manifestation of supply chain dynamic capability, are not only influenced by environmental turbulence and supply chain synergy, but also, the supply chain flexibility affects the supply chain agility. Based on these results, the formation mechanism of supply chain dynamic capability was further proposed.
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38

Khairurizal, Khairurizal. "Perbandingan Pengaruh Kombinasi Latihan Hold Relax Dan Open Kinetic Chain Dengan Latihan Hold Relax Dan Close Kinetic Chain Terhadap Peningkatan Kemampuan Fungsional Pasien Osteoartritis Knee." Nusantara Medical Science Journal 4, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/nmsj.v4i2.6564.

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Osteoartritis knee adalah salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh faktor degenerasi yang paling sering dijumpai pada penyakit musculoskeletal. Keluhan yang sering dialami yaitu kombinasi antara nyeri sendi, kekakuan, ketidakstabilan, pembengkakan, dan kelemahan otot. Osteoartritis knee merupakan salah satu faktor predisposisi yang menyebabkan kecacatan dan penurunan level fungsional seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh kombinasi latihan hold relax dan open kinetik chain dengan latihan hold relax dan close kinetic chain terhadap peningkatan kemampuan fungsional pada pasien osteoartritis knee. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi experimental dengan one group pretest-postetst design. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 26 orang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 2 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok perlakuan 1 hold relax dan open kinetic chain sebanyak 13 orang, kelompok perlakuan 2 hold relax dan close kinetic chain sebanyak 13 orang. Kedua kelompok sampel diukur kemampuan fungsionalnya menggunakan WOMAC. Latihan dilakukan sebanyak 9 kali perlakuan selama 3 minggu. Analisis pengaruh dilakukan dengan uji paired sample T test pada kelompok 1 dan pada kelompok 2. Uji paired sample t-test pada kelompok 1 hold relax dan open kinetic chain diperoleh nilai p=0,000 ( p<0,05 ). Sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan 2 hold relax dan close kinetic chain diperoleh nilai p=0,000 (p<0,05) yang berarti ada pengaruh pada kemampuan fungsional sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Dari hasil pengujian dengan Independent t-test didapatkan nilai p=0,000 (p<0,05) yang berarti ada perbedaan pengaruh hold relax dan open kinetic chain dengan hold relax dan close kinetic chain terhadap peningkatan kemampuan fungsional pasien osteoartritis knee.
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39

Xu, XiaoGuang, Yue Guo, YongMin Fu, ZhengWei Wang, and XuDong Zhao. "Nonlinear discrete system model of tobacco supply chain information." Nonlinear Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2022-0029.

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Abstract In order to understand the real environment and specific needs of China’s current tobacco industry, master the signal information in the tobacco supply chain, and timely discover the source of the tobacco supply chain, this paper puts forward the detection method of anti-counterfeiting at the source of the tobacco supply chain. Based on this, this article constructs a nonlinear discrete system model, which mainly studies the logistics information existing in the tobacco supply chain, utilizes the noise existing in the tobacco supply chain information obtained by EKF filtering, and combines it with Support vector machine data analysis method. The results showed that out of 450 sample tests, 0 real sample errors and 1 misuse of 49 false samples, with a total detection rate of up to 100% was achieved. The results show that the nonlinear discrete system model is better, has higher detection effect of tobacco supply source, and improves the detection accuracy.
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40

Ahmad, Hanandeh. "Factors affecting supply chain integration and customer satisfaction." Uncertain Supply Chain Management 10, no. 3 (2022): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2022.2.008.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of supply chain integration (SCI) on customer satisfaction in the potash supply chain in Jordan. 320 samples are collected after completing the sample checking process. The research study uses partial least squares for processing of data. Study outcomes show a connection among the integration of supply chain and customer satisfaction. In addition, the study shows that enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, business strategy, and suppliers have impacts on the integration of supply chain and customer satisfaction.
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41

Sutanto, J. E., Eric Harianto, and Nilay Balkan. "The effect of supply chain organizational and supply agility on supply chain performance: The mediation role of supply chain strategy in retail shops." Uncertain Supply Chain Management 11, no. 1 (2023): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2022.11.002.

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This research aims to analyze the effect of supply chain organizational and supply agility on the performance of supply chain performance through the mediation role of the supply chain strategy in the retail industry. Retail business design creates novelty, it is very important for manufacturers to stay focused on producing goods. The presence of a retail shop will make it easier for consumers to get the goods and services they want. The research sample includes 180 companies or respondents. The results indicate that the supply chain strategy had no significant effect on the supply chain operational performance, while the other hypotheses were stated to be significant, and the supply chain strategy as a mediator had a positive and significant effect on the supply chain operations performance of retail shops. The research includes discovering that supply chain strategy bridges organizational supply chains and supplier agility performance in retail outlets. The research will directly contribute to the growing literature on innovation in supply chain management implementation of retail shops in Indonesia and other countries.
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42

Tamegai, T., M. Matsui, Y. Tokunaga, N. Kameda, H. Aoki, and M. Tokunaga. "Visualization and Control of Vortex Chains in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+y." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 18n20 (August 10, 2003): 3401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203021083.

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We visualize the vortex chains in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+y by Bitter decorations and differential magneto-optical observations. Bitter decorations on a sample with intentionally introduced field gradient enable us to determine the transition field from the vortex chain state to chain + lattice state. We also demonstrate using magneto-optical technique that we can control the density and the direction of vortex chains by the strength and the direction of the in-plane field. Precise determination of the spacing between vortex chains offers a unique way to quantitatively estimate the anisotropy parameter in highly anisotropic superconductors.
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43

Liu, Yong, Min Xiong, Chunqing Wu, Dongyang Wang, Yingwen Liu, Jiangfang Ding, Anqi Huang, et al. "Sample caching Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to boson sampling simulation." New Journal of Physics 22, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 033022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab73c4.

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44

Soshko, Oksana. "Inventory Management in Multi Echelon Supply Chain using Sample Average Approximation." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Computer Sciences 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10143-010-0006-x.

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Inventory Management in Multi Echelon Supply Chain using Sample Average ApproximationAn optimization model of multiechelon supply chain is presented in this paper. The decisions to be made are the amount of beer to be ordered in every echelon of supply chain in each echelon over the time horizon of one year. Since demand of the end customer is stochastic and presented by means of scenarios, the problem is solved by using sample average approximation method. This method uses only a subset of the scenarios, randomly sampled according to the distribution over scenarios, to represent the full scenario space. An important theoretical justification for this method is that as the number of scenarios sampled increases, the solution to the approximate problem converges to an optimal solution in the expected sense. The computational results are presented for two cases. First target level is chosen as a decision variable and then order size is chosen as a decision variable of the problem. The target level strategy is based on making inventory for each echelon; in its turn order strategy is based on determination of optimal order quantity, which is independent from scenarios. However target level strategy provides high service at low cost, but it offers less reality under uncertain demand than order strategy. Practical experiments on finding the optimal SAA parameters are presented in the paper and as well as the analysis of their impact on solution quality.
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45

Uematsu, Chihiro, Ikuko Makino, Takahito Matsunaga, and Kunio Harada. "An automated liquid handling system for polymerase chain reaction sample preparation." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 97, no. 6 (January 2004): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70233-9.

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46

Belgrader, Phillip, Joseph M. Devaney, Susie A. Del Rio, Kelly A. Turner, Kristal R. Weaver, and Michael A. Marino. "Automated polymerase chain reaction product sample preparation for capillary electrophoresis analysis." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 683, no. 1 (August 1996): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(96)00165-x.

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47

Jacobs, Joannes F. M., Rein M. J. Hoedemakers, Elisa Teunissen, Renate G. van der Molen, and Henk te Velthuis. "Effect of sample dilution on two free light chain nephelometric assays." Clinica Chimica Acta 413, no. 19-20 (October 2012): 1708–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2012.04.032.

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48

Hijjawi, Ghufran Saed. "Impact of Green Supply Chain on Supply Chain Performance." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (January 18, 2022): 442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.40.

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The purpose of this paper is empirically assessment of the impact of the green supply chain on supply chain performance in terms of social, operational, and environmental, for Jordanian chemical industries. In this paper, the proposed model was developed based on literature review and previous exploratory studies related to GSC and different kinds of SC performance. Tested on sample equal 150 managers of Jordanian detergent manufacturing factories and the returned ones that applicable for analysis were 120 questionnaires, which analyzed using AMOS 27. The results were as follows: there is no impact of green purchase, green production, and green distribution on supply chain performance. While there is an impact of green supply and green design on SC performance, taking into consideration the community and region of study.
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49

Hori, Fumiya, Katsuki Kinjo, Shunksaku Kitagawa, Kenji Ishida, Yudai Ohmagari, and Takahiro Onimaru. "Impurity-Robust Bulk Gapless Excitation in the Yb-Based Zigzag Chain Compound YbCuS2." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2164, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2164/1/012027.

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Abstract We have performed 63Cu-nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements using a lump sample of the Yb zigzag-chain compound YbCuS2 with a small surface area to investigate the sample dependence of low-temperature magnetic properties in YbCuS2 by comparing with the previous study with different powdered sample. The line width of NQR signals in the present lump sample is larger than that in the previous powdered sample. In addition, the transition temperature T N ∼ 0.92 K in the present lump sample is lower than that in the previous powdered sample (∼ 0.95 K). These results suggest that the quality of the present lump sample is worse than that of the previous powdered sample. However, the T-linear behavior of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 was observed below 0.5 K and the value of 1/T 1 T in both samples is almost the same even though the sample quality and sample geometry are different. This suggests that T-linear behavior in 1/T 1 arises from the impurity-robust bulk gapless excitation inherent in YbCuS2 rather than from sample issues such as the sample quality or geometry.
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ZHANG, Y., R. SHI, H. Q. XIONG, Y. ZHAI, and Y. K. SUN. "ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETITE CHAINS OF NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS BY SELF-ASSEMBLY IN MAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 15n17 (July 10, 2005): 2757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031651.

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Magnetite chains of spheres with different radii and lengths were prepared by aging ferrous hydroxide gel with 0.2M KNO3 under different external magnetic fields which induced the ultra-fine magnetite particles to combine into chain structure. The magnetite particle size and the chain length could be adjusted by varying the field intensity. The chains could be deposited on silicon substrates to form aligned structure in magnetic field. The hysteresis loops were measured in different directions by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The structure and magnetic properties were discussed.
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