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Journal articles on the topic 'Samoans'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Armstrong, Karen. "American Exceptionalism in American Samoa." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.v33i2.116437.

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American Samoa has been a territory of the United States for 108 years. For fifty ears of this period, American Samoa was administered by the U.S. Navy. Thepolicies of the naval administration established practices of militarization—that is, integrating the military and its values into the lives of the locals—that continue today. Significant numbers of American Samoans serve in the various branches of the U.S. military; Samoans participate in, and support, the ‘incoherent empire’ of the United States. The ideology of ‘American exceptionalism’—the incorporation of democracy, freedom and human rights as features purportedly distinguishing U.S. imperialist practice from its colonizing forebears—was never effectively part of the administration of American Samoa. Nevertheless, when debating their future political status, Samoans choose to keep the present political arrangement as long as they can control their land and titles system and practice faʻaSamoa, the Samoan way.

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Steele, Matthew S., and Stephen T. McGarvey. "Expression of Anger by Samoan Adults." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1339.

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A modified version of Spielberger's 1988 Anger Expression Inventory including four Samoan culture-specific anger terms was administered to 593 adult American and Western Samoans, 25 to 55 years, to assess intrasample age, sex, and location differences and to examine its cross-cultural utility by an exploratory factor analysis. American Samoans men's and women's scores showed greater difficulty controlling anger than Western Samoan men and women, American Samoan males scored higher on Anger-Out and Samoan anger expression than Western Samoan men, and Western Samoan women scored higher on Anger-Out and higher on Samoan anger expression than Western Samoan men. Factor analysis showed that Spielberger's original factor structure was replicated in all subpopulations except American Samoan women. Control of anger, a Samoan cultural core value, appears to be more difficult in modern American Samoans of both sexes compared with the more traditional Western Samoans. Among American Samoan women, we speculate that role expansion may be responsible for their heterogeneous factor structure of anger expression.

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3

Vaa, Leulu Felise. "The Future of Western Samoan Migration to New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100206.

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The history of Samoan migration to New Zealand, a demographic profile of the migrants, and the future of such migration are discussed. Migration became a serious phenomenon after independence in 1962, with primarily young, unskilled workers moving to take up jobs in the agricultural and service sectors. Remaining essentially unchanged since 1962, New Zealand's immigration policy gives preferential treatment to Western Samoans and recognizes their valuable labor contribution. The future of migration to New Zealand is discussed in the context of the costs and benefits to Western Samoa. Contrary to some observers, the author argues that emigration has been beneficial rather than deleterious to Western Samoa's development and predicts the continuation of Samoan migration to New Zealand, Australia, United States and other countries, with increased emphasis on family reunion.

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Norris, Pauline, Marianna Churchward, Fuafiva Fa'alau, and Cecilia Vaai. "Understanding and use of antibiotics amongst Samoan people in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 1, no. 1 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc09030.

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INTRODUCTION: Use of antibiotics is high in Samoa and this may affect the expectations and patterns of antibiotic use of Samoans in New Zealand. AIM: This study examined the understanding and reported use of antibiotics amongst Samoans in New Zealand. METHODS: In-depth interviews were held with 13 Samoans in New Zealand. These interviews were analysed and used to develop a questionnaire that was administered to 112 Samoans attending health care facilities in New Zealand. RESULTS: Many participants had little understanding of antibiotics. Less than 2% identified the correct purpose for antibiotics, and 66% thought they were used to relieve pain. Respondents regarded a wide range of medicines (including some which they regularly took) as antibiotics. They frequently attributed colds and flu to environmental conditions (96%), and regarded antibiotics as a useful treatment for them (81%). They reported stopping taking antibiotics before finishing the course. Very few (8%) were aware of antibiotic resistance. DISCUSSION: Health care practitioners cannot assume that patients share a Western scientific understanding of which illnesses are caused by microbes, or what antibiotics are or do. People may have significant confusion about the medicines they take. Samoans, whether they are born in New Zealand or not, may hold traditional Samoan views about health and illness. KEYWORDS: Antibiotics, lay knowledge, URTI (upper respiratory tract infections), Samoa, New Zealand

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van der Elsen, Melanie. "The Paradox of Liminality: American Samoa’s Attenuated Sovereignty in the Twenty-First-Century American Empire." aspeers: emerging voices in american studies 12 (2019): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54465/aspeers.12-04.

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American Samoa, an unincorporated, unorganized US insular territory in the Pacific, is faced with a ‘paradox of liminality.’ On the one hand, the US unincorporation doctrine denies American Samoans basic rights, such as the right to vote in federal elections, fair representation in government, and American citizenship, in effect subjecting them to what Lea Ypi regards as the primary wrong of colonialism: the refusal of “equality and reciprocity in decision making.” On the other hand, American Samoa’s liminal status as unincorporated, unorganized territory protects indigenous Samoan culture (Fa‘a Sāmoa) and the traditional system of governance (Fa‘amatai) in ways that full legal integration would not. This paradox of liminality creates clear tensions between conditions of subjugation and protection. How do the argument of moral wrongs and the protection of indigenous culture relate to one another? This paper addresses this complexity by tracing the discursive practices and historical roots that comprise the foundation for US rule over American Samoa. By analyzing American Samoa’s idiosyncrasies, this paper shows how its peculiar status problematizes decolonization processes informed by either/or thinking. Ultimately, I call for a rethinking of the process and progress of the dissolution of American empire by encouraging both/and approaches.

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Rimoni, Fuapepe. "Tama Samoa: Exploring Identities in Secondary School." New Zealand Annual Review of Education 22 (December 19, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v22i0.4151.

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This paper draws on a recent doctoral study which demonstrated ways that Tama Samoa (Samoan boys) enact their identities as Samoans authentically within the New Zealand secondary school context. Identity is complex and is not generally taken into consideration in the literature on education success and achievement of Pacific students in New Zealand. Recognising Pacific identities as being fluid, diverse and multi-dimensional, and engaging with the voices of tama Samoa enables a greater understanding and thus better support for tama Samoa and their educational success within the secondary school context.

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7

Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. "Embodying Empire: European Tattooing and German Colonial Power*." Past & Present 234, no. 1 (January 29, 2017): 101–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtw047.

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Abstract Via an investigation of the broader historical conditions of European tattooing practices, this article argues that the example of the last German Governor of Samoa, Erich Schultz, demonstrates the key role of the body in colonial entanglements. By allowing himself to be tattooed in Samoan style, Schultz signalled his strong affinity with Samoan social practices and politics. Not merely indicative of a subjective shift, his tattooing also furthered his authority as a German colonial official. At a time when other European officials, including Germans in other colonies, shied away from engaging with the cultural and political practices of those they governed, Schultz and other German officials in Samoa self-consciously sought to colonize the Samoans while accepting and employing Samoan symbols of authority.

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8

Thode-Arora, Hilke. "“The Samoans Are Here!”: Samoan Ethnic Shows, 1895–1911." East Central Europe 47, no. 2-3 (November 9, 2020): 233–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-04702004.

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Abstract Between 1895 and 1911, three groups of Samoans traveled to Germany to take part in ethnic shows. There were titled and high-ranking persons in each of the groups. This article explores the recruiting, organizing, and reception of the shows, contextualizing the European and Samoan perspectives, which differed significantly. In addition to written, visual, and material sources in Samoan, New Zealand, and European archives and museums, the research is based on interviews with descendants of the Samoan travelers who could still be traced.

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Schmidt-Vaivao, Dorothy Etimani, Genesis Lutu, Alisi Tulua-Tata, Marion Hannemann, and Diana M. Tisnado. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Educational Workshops for Breast Cancer Prevention and Early Detection among Samoan and Pacific Islander Women in Southern California." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 8, SI (December 15, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v8isi.2038.

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Background: Samoans experience among the worst five-year breast cancer survival rates in the U.S., largely due to late stage diagnosis. There is great potential for screening interventions to reduce cancer mortality among Samoans. This paper examines the effectiveness of a culturally and linguistically tailored breast cancer education workshop for Samoan and other Pacific Islander women in Southern California. Methods: Educational workshops were conducted in churches, homes, and the Samoan National Nurses Association office to Pacific Islander women. Effectiveness was assessed using pre- and post-tests. Selfadministered questionnaires queried participants about demographics, access, personal or family breast cancer history, screening knowledge and behaviors, and plans to obtain screening (n=495). Results: Participants were predominantly Samoan, with 57% reporting they were ≥40 years of age. At pre-test, half of the participants did not know how to perform Breast Self Examination (BSE), 40% never had a Clinical Breast Examination (CBE), and 30% never had a mammogram. Less than 40% reported having a mammogram in the past two years. At post-test, 98% reported increased knowledge. Older women were more likely to report plans for screening at post-test. Conclusions: Health educators in Samoan and other Pacific Islander communities must recognize and appropriately address screening barriers such as cultural beliefs and lack of knowledge, and should consider working with important institutions such as the church.

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10

O'Donnell, David, and Bronwyn Tweddle. "Naked Samoans." Performance Research 8, no. 1 (January 2003): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2003.10871909.

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11

Kammholz, Grace, Dana Craven, Ramona Boodoosingh, Safua Akeli Amaama, Jyothi Abraham, and Sarah Burkhart. "Exploring Food Literacy Domains in an Adult Samoan Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 3587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073587.

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Samoan food systems have undergone a dramatic nutrition transition, with dietary patterns changing concurrently with increased rates of obesity and non-communicable disease. Whilst policy action and environmental interventions play an important role in improving access to and consumption of healthy food, the success of these relies on a greater understanding of individuals’ food knowledge and behaviours. This study aimed to explore these behaviours using the construct of food literacy in an adult Samoan population. A cross-sectional interviewer-administered questionnaire of a convenience sample of 150 adult Samoans (≥20 years) assessed the four domains of food literacy: plan/manage, select, prepare, and eat. Participants generally plan to include healthy food (87%) and budget money for food (87%). The majority know where to find nutrition labels (68%), of which 43% always use them to inform their food choices. Participants were mostly confident with cooking skills, although food storage practices require further investigation. Over 90% agreed or strongly agreed that food impacts health, although understanding of the Pacific Guidelines for Healthy Living was lacking. Understanding the ability of Samoans to plan/manage, select, prepare, and eat food is an important consideration for future interventions aiming to assist this population in navigating the modern-day food system.

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12

Sikorski, Michael J., Sachin N. Desai, Siaosi Tupua, Robert E. Thomsen, Jane Han, Savitra Rambocus, Susana Nimarota-Brown, et al. "Tenacious Endemic Typhoid Fever in Samoa." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_2 (July 29, 2020): S120—S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa314.

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Abstract Background Typhoid fever has been endemic on the island nation of Samoa (2016 population, 195 979) since the 1960s and has persisted through 2019, despite economic development and improvements in water supply and sanitation. Methods Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from the 2 hospitals with blood culture capability and matched patient demographic and clinical data from January 2008 through December 2019 were analyzed. Denominators to calculate incidence by island, region, and district came from 2011 and 2016 censuses and from 2017–2019 projections from Samoa’s Bureau of Statistics. Data were analyzed to describe typhoid case burden and incidence from 2008 to 2019 by time, place, and person. Results In sum, 53–193 blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases occurred annually from 2008 to 2019, without apparent seasonality. Typhoid incidence was low among children age < 48 months (17.6–27.8/105), rose progressively in ages 5–9 years (54.0/105), 10–19 years (60.7–63.4/105), and 20–34 years (61.0–79.3/105), and then tapered off; 93.6% of cases occurred among Samoans < 50 years of age. Most typhoid cases and the highest incidence occurred in Northwest Upolu, but Apia Urban Area (served by treated water supplies) also exhibited moderate incidence. The proportion of cases from short-cycle versus long-cycle transmission is unknown. Samoan S. Typhi are pansusceptible to traditional first-line antibiotics. Nevertheless, enhanced surveillance in 2019 detected 4 (2.9%) deaths among 140 cases. Conclusions Typhoid has been endemic in Samoa in the period 2008–2019. Interventions, including mass vaccination with a Vi-conjugate vaccine coadministered with measles vaccine are planned.

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13

Butcher, Hayley, Sarah Burkhart, Nicholas Paul, Ulusapeti Tiitii, Karibanang Tamuera, Taati Eria, and Libby Swanepoel. "Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 7356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187356.

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Edible seaweeds have significant potential to contribute to sustainable diets that promote health of Pacific Islanders in ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable ways. No studies to date have investigated motivators for and the consumption of edible green seaweed from the genus Caulerpa (sea grapes) in Samoa and Kiribati. An observational, cross-sectional study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire to explore consumption behaviors and the role of sea grapes in the current diets of individuals in Samoa and Kiribati. Of the total 145 participants (n = 79, 54.5% Samoa; n = 66, 45.5% Kiribati), half (n = 76, 52%) reported consuming sea grapes. A significantly greater proportion of Samoans (n = 56, 70.9%) reported consumption than I-Kiribati participants (n = 20, 30.3%). A greater proportion of consumers were male (n = 47, 61.8%). Samoan consumers reported consumption of sea grapes with a higher diversity of foods and being related to traditional events or ceremonies. Motivators for consumption varied between countries, with Samoan consumers reporting strong agreement for taste and value for money, and identified sea grapes as nutritious food, as influences on consumption. Easy access was a motivator in Kiribati only. The findings of this study are underpinned by the degree of food security and differences in culture in Samoa and Kiribati. Future public health efforts to integrate traditional fresh food into local food systems will need to work within the existing social parameters in each respective country.

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Harris, Daniel N., Michael D. Kessler, Amol C. Shetty, Daniel E. Weeks, Ryan L. Minster, Sharon Browning, Ethan E. Cochrane, et al. "Evolutionary history of modern Samoans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 17 (April 14, 2020): 9458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913157117.

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Archaeological studies estimate the initial settlement of Samoa at 2,750 to 2,880 y ago and identify only limited settlement and human modification to the landscape until about 1,000 to 1,500 y ago. At this point, a complex history of migration is thought to have begun with the arrival of people sharing ancestry with Near Oceanic groups (i.e., Austronesian-speaking and Papuan-speaking groups), and was then followed by the arrival of non-Oceanic groups during European colonialism. However, the specifics of this peopling are not entirely clear from the archaeological and anthropological records, and is therefore a focus of continued debate. To shed additional light on the Samoan population history that this peopling reflects, we employ a population genetic approach to analyze 1,197 Samoan high-coverage whole genomes. We identify population splits between the major Samoan islands and detect asymmetrical gene flow to the capital city. We also find an extreme bottleneck until about 1,000 y ago, which is followed by distinct expansions across the islands and subsequent bottlenecks consistent with European colonization. These results provide for an increased understanding of Samoan population history and the dynamics that inform it, and also demonstrate how rapid demographic processes can shape modern genomes.

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Perkins, Kym C., Robert Ware, Lemalu Felise Tautalasoo, Ranandy Stanley, Lote Scanlan-Savelio, and Lisa Schubert. "Dietary habits of Samoan adults in an urban Australian setting: a cross-sectional study." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 5 (August 25, 2015): 788–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015001998.

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AbstractObjectiveTo describe key characteristics of the dietary habits of Samoans residing in Logan, Queensland and to compare these characteristics with comparable populations.DesignDietary intake was measured using a self-administered structured questionnaire between December 2012 and March 2013. Demographic characteristics included age and sex. Questionnaire results were compared with data from samples of Brisbane residents of similar social and economic characteristics and Pacific Islanders in New Zealand. The association between demographic characteristics and diet was investigated.SettingLogan, Queensland, Australia.SubjectsSamoans aged 16 years and older.ResultsA total of 207 Samoans participated, ninety-six (46 %) of whom were male. Of the participants, seventy-nine (38 %) were aged 16–29 years, sixty-three (30 %) were aged 30–49 years and sixty-five (31 %) were aged ≥50 years. Younger adults were significantly more likely to eat hamburgers, pizza, cakes, savoury pastries, potato crisps, sweets and soft drinks (all variablesP<0·001). Among Samoans, 44·7 % consumed two or more pieces of fruit daily, compared with 43·8 % of comparable Brisbane residents (relative risk=1·0; 95 % CI 0·8, 1·2). Three or more servings of vegetables each day were consumed by 9·2 % of Samoans compared with 36·6 % of comparable Brisbane residents (relative risk=3·8; 95 % CI 2·5, 6·0).ConclusionsSamoans are consuming significantly fewer vegetables and more discretionary foods than other populations. Socio-economic factors, length of stay in Australia and cultural practices may impact upon Samoans’ diets. Further comprehensive studies on Samoans’ dietary habits in Australia are recommended.

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Boon-Nanai, Juliet, Sandra Thaggard, and El-Shadan Tautolo. "E le sauaina tatou tagata matutua: Re-examining abuse through cultural lens of the fonofale model." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2021.109.

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Introduction Cultural paradigms are emerging as the appropriate way to examine Samoans’ life experiences. In this study, it proposes to employ the fonofale model to explore and examine the notion of abuse among Pacific elders main from a Samoan lens. Methodology In framing this study, the talanoa approach was deemed culturally appropriate. Twelve Samoan tagata matutua (elderly people) were asked to talanoa (discuss) their experiences of what abuse means to them. Findings suggest that, initially, abuse of Samoan elders was at first contested. That it is not the fa’asamoa(Samoan way). However, as the talanoa gathered mafana (warmth) and malie (maintained good social relationships), most agreed that physical abuse was uncommon within an aiga (familial) context, but other forms of abuse were apparent. Conclusion For these tagata matutua, six different forms of abuse were identified; with particular emphasis on cultural and spiritual abuse. Following the fonofale paradigm, which reflects the Samoan worldview, this article informs the perception of spiritual abuse for Samoan elders and is relevant within the wider Pacific context.

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Acoba, Jared David, and Nicholas E. Simon. "Impact of race on gastric adenocarcinoma outcomes in a multiracial population." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2017): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.4_suppl.196.

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196 Background: Gastric adenocarcinoma continues to be a major health issue, with a high prevalence among Asian and Pacific Islander populations. We performed a comprehensive analysis to evaluate outcomes and prognostic factors in a multiracial population with a focus on Whites, Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos), and Pacific Islanders (Native Hawaiians, Samoans). Methods: We collected data from 615 consecutive patients with gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2000 and 2015. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models for survival were built adjusting for race, age at diagnosis, stage, number of lymph nodes resected, histologic grade, HER2 status, systemic treatment, and insurance status for the entire study population and for those with resectable cancer. Results: Pacific Islanders presented at a younger age, higher stage, and more often were underinsured. White patients were more often diagnosed with proximal tumors. Analysis of the entire population demonstrated that older age, underinsured status, higher tumor grade, and advanced stage but not race were poor prognostic factors. Among patients with resectable cancers, the Filipino and Samoan racial sub-groups were adversely associated with survival even after adjusting for other prognostic factors. Furthermore, among Asians, Filipinos had worse outcomes compared with other Asian sub-groups. Overall, 9.5% of the 118 tumors tested for HER2 were deemed HER2(+), however the rate varied by race being as high as 43% among Samoans. Conclusions: No racial survival disparity was detected for gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, however among resectable and potentially curable patients, Filipinos and Samoans fared worse. This could be in part due to differences in tumor biology such as HER2 expression. Further study in this area should be pursued. Within the Asian race, Filipinos demonstrated poorer survival than other sub-groups. Given the differences in survival within the Asian race, studies exploring the relationship between race and cancer should consider analysis by sub-group.

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SHORE, BRADD. "Reading Samoans through Tahitians." Ethos 33, no. 4 (December 2005): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/eth.2005.33.4.487.

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MACPHERSON, CLUNY. "Will the ‘Real’ Samoans Please Stand Up? Issues in Diasporic Samoan Identity." New Zealand Geographer 55, no. 2 (October 1999): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.1999.tb00542.x.

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Forrester, Deanna L., Doug P. VanderLaan, Paul L. Vasey, and Jessica L. Parker. "Male Sexual Orientation and Avuncularity in Canada: Implications for the Kin Selection Hypothesis." Journal of Cognition and Culture 11, no. 3-4 (2011): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853711x591288.

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AbstractAndrophilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult males, whereas gynephilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult females. The Kin Selection Hypothesis (KSH) posits that genes for male androphilia can persist if androphilic males offset the fitness costs of not reproducing directly by enhancing indirect fitness. In theory, by directing altruistic behavior toward kin, androphilic males can increase the reproduction of kin, thereby enhancing indirect fitness. Evidence supporting the KSH has been documented in Samoa. Samoan transgendered, androphilic males, known locally as fa’afafine, are socially accepted by the majority of Samoans. In contrast, no supportive evidence has been garnered from other cultures (i.e., USA, UK, Japan) that are characterized by less social tolerance toward male androphiles. Tests of the KSH in Canada might be more likely to yield findings consistent with Samoa because Canadian social and political attitudes toward male androphiles are markedly more tolerant and accepting. Here, we compared the willingness of Canadian androphilic men, gynephilic men, and androphilic women to invest in nieces and nephews as well as in non-kin children. Consistent with the KSH and findings from Samoa, androphilic men exhibited a significantly greater cognitive dissociation between altruistic tendencies directed toward kin versus non-kin children relative to gynephilic men and androphilic women. The present study, therefore, provides some tentative support for the KSH from a culture other than Samoa. Findings and future directions for research are considered within the context of the existing cross-cultural literature.

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GALANIS, DANIEL J., STEPHEN T. McGARVEY, CHRISTINE QUESTED, BRENDA SIO, and SALEI' AAFELE-FA'AMULI. "Dietary Intake of Modernizing Samoans." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99, no. 2 (February 1999): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00044-9.

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Zeeman, Bert. "Samoa (American Samoa, Western Samoa, Samoans Abroad)97515H.G.A. Hughes. Samoa (American Samoa, Western Samoa, Samoans Abroad). Oxford/Santa Barbara: ABC‐Clio 1997. lxxxix + 345 pp, ISBN: 1 85109 253 6 £75.00 World Bibliographical Series." Reference Reviews 11, no. 8 (August 1997): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.1997.11.8.45.515.

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Kolone-Collins, Su’eala. "Fagogo—A Literary Cultural Perspective." World Journal of Educational Research 10, no. 6 (December 19, 2023): p221. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v10n6p221.

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This article discusses Fagogo (story telling at night) in the Samoan context and authors assessment and evaluation of the tool, its significance, appropriateness and applicability to classroom teaching and student interaction. In relation to ‘Fagogo a few publications had widely researched this tool from a Samoan perspective. Few Samoan academics highlighted Fagogo in their writings and research, but I have drawn from the available literature and my own experience as a Samoan raised within the context of Fagogo in the Samoan culture.Freire (1970, 1987) and Skutnabb-Kangas (2000) have provided the lens through which people and students of indigenous cultures are inspired to have strength and faith in their own language and culture to equip them in combatting obstacles and barriers they face in education and survival. Both authors remind people to take pride in one’s identity and be empowered through one’s knowledge and understanding of one’s own language and culture. Freire’s (1978) work in Chile and Brazil became extremely influential in the lives of the landless people. Samoans have drawn from his ideas to better understand the importance of not devaluing one’s heritage, language, and the culture but to seek the removal of the source of disempowerment knowledge and strength.

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Rivara, Anna, Alysa Pomer, Abigail Wetzel, Satupaitea Viali, Take Naseri, Muagututia Seifuiva Reupena, Erin E. Kershaw, Stephen T. McGarvey, and Nicola L. Hawley. "Associations between diabetes-related symptoms, glycemic control, and health-related quality of life in adult Samoans." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 10 (December 20, 2022): 638–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2022.142.

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Aim The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in Samoa has increased substantially over the last 30 years. Identifying common symptoms in those living with diabetes may be instrumental in directing those at risk to seek early evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. Additionally, identifying associations between diabetes experiences and health-related quality of life is useful for understanding the lived experience of having diabetes in this setting. Here we present the first description of diabetes-related symptoms in an adult cohort of Samoans with diabetes and prediabetes and describe associations between symptom presence and sex, glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8.0%), and health-related quality of life (HRQL). We also assessed whether reported symptoms were independently associated, when adjusting for other factors, with increased odds of having diabetes. METHODS Analyses were conducted on n = 123 adult Samoan participants selectively sampled from the observational cohort Soifua Manuia study, and who were living with either prediabetes or diabetes. Participants completed a series of anthropometric, biochemical, and questionnaire measures including the Revised Diabetes Symptoms Checklist (DSC-R) questionnaire between 2017-2019. Differences in symptom presence by sex, diabetes status (prediabetes vs. diabetes), glycemic control (HbA1c < or ≥ 8.0%), and HRQL were assessed using Independent Sample T-tests, Mann Whitney U tests and Chi-square tests of association. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess which symptoms, when controlling for other factors, were associated with increased odds of having diabetes. RESULTS In a small sample of adult Samoans, we observed high symptom burdens among those with prediabetes and diabetes, and sex differences in the reported impact of diabetes symptoms on health-related quality of life. We identified three specific symptoms – frequent urination, difficulty thinking clearly, and chest/heart pains – that may be useful indicators of diabetes in this setting. DISCUSSION A high prevalence of symptoms was observed among those with prediabetes and among those with diabetes. It is recommended that individuals experiencing any of the measured symptoms seek early evaluation and engage in diabetes self-care behaviors to prevent diabetes-related complications and/or progression to diabetes among those in the early stages of the disease.

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Goggins, William B., and Grace K. C. Wong. "Poor Survival for US Pacific Islander Cancer Patients: Evidence From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database: 1991 to 2004." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 36 (December 20, 2007): 5738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.13.8271.

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Purpose Although racial and ethnic differences in cancer survival in the United States have been studied extensively, little is known about cancer survival in US Pacific Islanders (PIs), a fast-growing and economically disadvantaged minority group. Methods Using data from the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, we compared cause-specific and all-cause survival for female breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer for Native Hawaiians, Samoans, other PIs (including Tongans, Guamanians, and others), African Americans, and Native Americans with non-Hispanic whites using Cox proportional hazards models. Separate models were fitted adjusting for demographic factors only and demographic and disease severity variables. Results Among all groups, Samoans were the most likely to present with advanced disease and had the worst cause-specific survival for all sites considered. Samoans had particularly poor results (adjusted for demographic variables only) for female breast (relative risk [RR] = 3.05; 95% CI, 2.31 to 4.02), colorectal (RR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.41) and prostate (RR = 4.82; 95% CI, 3.38 to 6.88) cancers. Native Hawaiians and other PIs also had significantly worse cause-specific survival than did non-Hispanic whites for most sites, but generally had better survival than African Americans or Native Americans. Conclusion Much of the survival disadvantage for PI groups appears to be a result of late diagnosis, and thus targeted interventions have much potential to reduce cancer mortality in this group. More research is needed to find explanations for the particularly poor cancer survival for Samoans in the United States.

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Jaworowska, Mirosława. "PATRIOTISM OF THE SAMOAN YOUTH IN THE CONTEXT OF UNIVERSALIZATION OF GLOBAL VALUES. BASED ON RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN SAMOA." Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 85 (March 20, 2023): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.3287.

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The main goal of this research paper is an attempt to interpret the concept of patriotism expressedby interviewed Samoans as a specific semantic and interpretive-narrative construction, embeddedin the historical and cultural conditions of the 21st century, as well as to identify its constitutivefeatures. As a result of her reflections, the author considers the patriotism of Samoan youth asa well-founded concept, in the context of the universalisation of values, as well as the possibility ofdeveloping this patriotism in the context of globalisation.The Author has demonstrated that Samoan youth is not indifferent to cultural universals, despiteattempting to co-create them in course of a multi-cultural dialogue and globalization processes.Thanks to electronic means of communication the young Samoan generation of the early 21stcentury has access to the values of global culture. At the same time, young people are avid advocatesof preserving and nurturing traditional culture.The results of research conducted by means of local observations and an interview questionnairein Samoa found clear support for the thesis that a process of universalization of cultural changesin specific areas of life has been occurring there. The type of authority was found to have beentransforming from a chief-tribal one into a state-family model (law and family) with a tendencytowards further democratization. The parochial political culture (clan and tribe) has been changinginto a servile culture (family and school), manifesting the tendencies of political transformationtowards a participatory culture. The dominance of men when it comes to the rights in public ortribal life has been also heading towards equality. The clan-tribal attitude toward a life territoryhas been transforming into a family-state attitude and forming as certain fatherland patriotism.The openness to the world which formerly was limited to sailing to other islands nowadaysencompasses the entire globe.

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Hune, Shirley, and Jeomja Yeo. "How Do Pacific Islanders Fare in U.S. Education? : A Look Inside Washington State Public Schools with a Focus on Samoans." AAPI Nexus Journal: Policy, Practice, and Community 8, no. 1 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus8.1_1-16_huneetal.

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This study examines demographic and educational characteristics of Pacific Islander students in Washington State’s public schools, with a focus on Samoans. Using statewide and Seattle Public Schools data, it uncovers disparities that hinder high school completion and college attendance. Findings suggest that Pacific Islander students in Washington are at a great disadvantage with lower levels of academic performance and school engagement. Samoans perceive discrimination, an uncaring school climate, and generational conflicts as major obstacles to their educational fulfillment. Disaggregated data for Pacific Islanders and case studies of their ethnic groups using qualitative methods provide a more accurate picture of their educational experiences.

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Holmes, David. "BMI-increasing variant identified in Samoans." Nature Reviews Endocrinology 12, no. 10 (August 5, 2016): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.129.

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BYARD, P. J. "Modernization and Health: The Changing Samoans." Science 237, no. 4810 (July 3, 1987): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.237.4810.87-a.

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Pearson, J. D. "Attitudes and perceptions concerning elderly Samoans in rural Western Samoa, American Samoa, and urban Honolulu." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00116577.

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Singh, Gopal K., and Jessica N. DiBari. "Marked Disparities in Pre-Pregnancy Obesity and Overweight Prevalence among US Women by Race/Ethnicity, Nativity/Immigrant Status, and Sociodemographic Characteristics, 2012–2014." Journal of Obesity 2019 (February 10, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2419263.

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This study examines racial/ethnic, nativity, and sociodemographic disparities in the prevalence of pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight in the United States. Logistic regression was fitted to the 2012–2014 national birth cohort data to derive unadjusted and adjusted differentials in pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30), severe obesity (BMI ≥40), and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25) prevalence among 10.4 million US women of childbearing age. Substantial racial/ethnic differences existed, with pre-pregnancy obesity rates ranging from 2.6% for Chinese and 3.3% for Vietnamese women to 34.9% for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs) and 60.2% for Samoans. Pre-pregnancy overweight/obese prevalence ranged from 13.6% for Chinese women to 61.7% for AIANs and 86.3% for Samoans. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, women in all Asian subgroups had markedly lower risks of pre-pregnancy obesity, severe obesity, and overweight/obesity, whereas Samoans, Hawaiians, AIANs, blacks, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Central/South Americans had significantly higher risks. Immigrant women in each racial/ethnic group had lower rates of pre-pregnancy obesity than the US-born. Sociodemographic risk factors accounted for 33–47% of racial/ethnic disparities and 12–16% of ethnic-immigrant disparities in pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight/obesity. Further research is needed to assess the effects of diet, physical inactivity, and social environments in explaining the reported ethnic and nativity differences in pre-pregnancy obesity.

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Mokuau, Noreen. "Human Sexuality of Native Hawaiians and Samoans." Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality 4, no. 3 (March 2, 1986): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j291v04n03_04.

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Janes, Craig R., and Ivan G. Pawson. "Migration and biocultural adaptation: Samoans in California." Social Science & Medicine 22, no. 8 (January 1986): 821–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(86)90236-4.

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Stanley, Glenda, and Judith Kearney. "The experiences of second generation Samoans in Australia." Journal of Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36251/josi124.

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Australia is a culturally diverse country with increasing numbers of people with Samoan heritage immigrating in search of better educational and employment opportunities. Indicators such as under-representation in university courses and employment outcomes point to adaptation difficulties for many second generation Australians with Samoan heritage, setting them apart from some other immigrant groups in Australia. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the experiences of this Samoan cohort of young people and to suggest ways or pathways to better opportunities and outcomes. This is achieved through content analysis of eleven in-depth interviews. The findings reveal two key themes: protective factors for strong cultural identity and social connectedness; and constraints on educational opportunities. Findings also showed that some interactions with churches, friends and parents constrain educational opportunities. The paper concludes by reflecting on a suggestion that parents of Samoan young people reconsider traditional practices that might limit communicative interactions with their children. It also recommends a collaborative response from parents, families and church groups to help resolve competing demands on young people of Samoan heritage in Australia.

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Baruffi, Gigliola, Charles Hardy, Carol Waslien, Sue Uyehara, Dmitry Krupitsky, and Jennette Silao. "Association of Pregnancy Weight Gain with Infant Birth Weight and Postpartum Weight Retention." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v3i4.1788.

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Purpose: To investigate weight gain during pregnancy and its association with birth weight and weight retention postpartum (PP) among women of different ethnic backgrounds. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 5,863 women participating in the Hawai`i Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in 1997 and 1998. Postpartum weight and height were measured by WIC staff, weight gain during pregnancy and infant birth weight were self-reported. Ethnicity was also selfreported. The Institute of Medicine guidelines for pregnancy weight gain in relation to levels of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) were followed. The analysis included bivariate tests of association between prepregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain, PP weight retention, infant birth weight and ethnicity. Multivariable analysis was conducted to estimate the independent association of the study variables with PP weight retention, birth weight, and ethnicity. SAS was used to analyze the data. Results: The largest ethnic groups were Hawaiian (29.9%), Caucasian (27.2%), and Filipino (19.8%). Asians, Blacks, Samoans, and Other represented smaller percentages. Thirty percent of women were overweight or obese before pregnancy. There were significant ethnic differences in prepregnancy BMI. Samoans had the highest mean prepregnancy BMI (29.7). Filipinos had the lowest mean prepregnancy BMI (22.5). There were significant differences in pregnancy weight gain. Samoans had the highest mean weight gain (37.3 lbs). Asians had the lowest mean weight gain (29.1bs). Almost one half of women (48.1%) gained more than the IOM recommended pregnancy weight. The average weight retention was 9.4 lbs at five to six months postpartum, and 7.4 lbs after eight months postpartum. There were significant ethnic differences in weight retention with Samoans having the largest average weight retention (17.5 lbs) and Asians the lowest (9.6 lbs). Infant birth weight differed significantly by ethnicity. Birth weight was significantly associated with prepregnancy BMI and pregnancy weight gain. Conclusions: In spite of large racial/ethnic differences, on the average there was almost a two-thirds pound adjusted PP weight retention for each pound of weight gained during pregnancy. Our study suggests a need for integrated women’s health services to include nutritional support during the pre and post conceptual period. Findings of this study will provide guidance in the development of culturally sensitive interventions and counseling.

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Stanley, Glenda, and Judith Kearney. "The experiences of second generation Samoans in Australia." Journal of Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36251/josi.124.

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37

Cho, Ching. "A finger dermatoglyphics of the new Zealand‐Samoans." Korean Journal of Biological Sciences 2, no. 4 (January 1998): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265071.1998.9647453.

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Sinaga, Melpayanty, and Virgin Leony. "Penanganan Covid-19 Oleh Pemerintah Samoa Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Human Security." Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54259/mudima.v2i1.343.

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This paper aims to explain the handling of covid-19 by the government of Samoa from the perspective of human security. This study uses qualitative research methods and data collection through literature studies from books, journals, newspapers and news sources. The results of the study are that the handling of Samoa's handling of the Samoan virus is known as preparedness, policies in the land and sea transportation sector, following standard health protocols, learning from the experience of failing to handle the Spanish flu and measles outbreaks. The role of the Samoan government, the ministry of health as well as Miss Samoa community leaders have had a major impact in preventing the spread of COVID-19. This has resulted in the number of deaths due to COVID-19 in Samoa being not confirmed or the number infected with this virus being 0 (zero).

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Martin, Marjolaine. "L'« esprit du Pacifique » et le rugby – Le Racing Métro 92." Diversité 171, no. 1 (2013): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/diver.2013.3680.

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Tout comme le Racing Métro 92, presque tous les clubs de l’élite du rugby professionnel français comptent dans leur groupe quelques noms aux accents fidjiens, tongiens ou samoans. Ces derniers se mêlent aux autres joueurs étrangers attirés par le championnat français, des Sud-Africains aux Argentins en passant par les Italiens, les Gallois, les Géorgiens, etc. Le cas des joueurs du Pacifique mérite cependant d’être souligné. Ces pays de l’autre bout du monde, aux dimensions et à la population très modestes (un peu plus de 800 000 habitants pour Fidji, le plus grand des trois, et moins de 200 000 pour Samoa et Tonga) envoient tout de même plusieurs centaines de leurs joueurs, en Top 14 et Pro D2 (soit les 1re et 2e divisions professionnelles). Le travail de terrain anthropologique d’où est tiré cet article a été réalisé lors de la saison 2011-2012, de janvier à avril.

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Hiery, Hermann. "West Samoans between Germany and New Zealand 1914–1921." War & Society 10, no. 1 (May 1992): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924792791198986.

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McGarvey, ST, W. Forrest, DE Weeks, G. Sun, D. Smelser, J. Tufa, S. Viali, and R. Deka. "Human leptin locus (LEP) alleles and BMI in Samoans." International Journal of Obesity 26, no. 6 (May 30, 2002): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801996.

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Mishra, Shiraz I., Pat H. Luce-Aoelua, and Lynne R. Wilkens. "Cancer among indigenous populations: The experience of American samoans." Cancer 78, S7 (October 1, 1996): 1553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19961001)78:7+<1553::aid-cncr5>3.0.co;2-f.

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Mishra, Shiraz I., Pat H. Luce-Aoelua, and Lynne R. Wilkens. "Cancer among indigenous populations: The experience of American samoans." Cancer 78, no. 7 (October 1, 1996): 1553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19961001)78:7<1553::aid-cncr31>3.0.co;2-x.

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DiBello, Julia R., Stephen T. McGarvey, Peter Kraft, Robert Goldberg, Hannia Campos, Christine Quested, Tuiasina Salamo Laumoli, and Ana Baylin. "Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Samoans." Journal of Nutrition 139, no. 10 (August 26, 2009): 1933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.107888.

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Shu, Ramsay Leung-Hay. "Kinship System and Migrant Adaptation: Samoans of the United States." Amerasia Journal 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/amer.12.1.g070436668138768.

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Fitzgerald, Maureen H. "The interplay of culture and symptoms: Menstrual symptoms among Samoans." Medical Anthropology 12, no. 2 (March 1990): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01459740.1990.9966019.

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Crosier, Philip S., and Roy Douglas. "The Distribution of HLA in a Polynesian Population - Western Samoans." Tissue Antigens 8, no. 3 (December 11, 2008): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1976.tb00566.x.

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Uperesa, Fa’anofo Lisaclaire. "Fabled Futures: Migration and Mobility for Samoans in American Football." Contemporary Pacific 26, no. 2 (2014): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2014.0045.

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Theodoratus, Robert J. "Not even wrong: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman, and the Samoans." Social Science Journal 34, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(97)90026-4.

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Hubbell, F. Allan, Pat H. Luce, and Juliet M. McMullin. "Exploring beliefs about cancer among American Samoans: focus group findings." Cancer Detection and Prevention 29, no. 2 (January 2005): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cdp.2004.08.007.

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