Journal articles: 'Samoa'

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Johnston, Rebecca. "Chief Communications: Communication and Cultural Practices among Samoan Matais." Journal of Intercultural Communication 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v10i1.495.

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Samoa and American Samoa provide researchers a unique opportunity to explore acculturation and intercultural communication practices. However, this region has been the focus of comparatively few studies. This case study of Samoan chiefs provides insight into the way a culture has adapted its discourse practices to include those who have immigrated to other countries. By comparing the structure, context, and function of chiefs’ communication practices both in and out of Samoa, a picture of cultural adaptations emerges.

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Lepou, Misa Vicky. "Samoa’s media freedom climate: ‘Shining the light’." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 23, no. 2 (October 17, 2017): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i2.344.

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Media freedom has had a long, proud history in Samoa. Struggling against the odds, the country’s only daily newspaper, the Samoa Observer, founded in 1978, championed the free media cause under the leadership of its founder, publisher and inaugural editor, Gatoaitele Savea Sano Malifa. Now, as Samoa, enters into a new media generation, there is a pressing need for more training, better salaries, more women involved in media management, better technology facilities and more emphasis on media ethics and values in a Samoan context.

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Rimoni, Fuapepe. "Tama Samoa: Exploring Identities in Secondary School." New Zealand Annual Review of Education 22 (December 19, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v22i0.4151.

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This paper draws on a recent doctoral study which demonstrated ways that Tama Samoa (Samoan boys) enact their identities as Samoans authentically within the New Zealand secondary school context. Identity is complex and is not generally taken into consideration in the literature on education success and achievement of Pacific students in New Zealand. Recognising Pacific identities as being fluid, diverse and multi-dimensional, and engaging with the voices of tama Samoa enables a greater understanding and thus better support for tama Samoa and their educational success within the secondary school context.

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Roach, Elizabeth M. "Transformation of Christian Ritual in the Pacific: Samoan White Sunday." Missiology: An International Review 16, no. 2 (April 1988): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968801600205.

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Nineteenth-century LMS agents brought to Samoa, along with other elements of Christianity, the festival of Pentecost. In its new home, however, the celebration of this festival was changed from May or June each year to October. More important, in Samoa it is also a ritual of status reversal. This article gives a detailed description of Pentecost, referred to in Samoa as White Sunday or as Children's Sunday, in a Western Samoan village and shows how a Christian festival has been reinterpreted in terms of traditional values and meanings.

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Sinaga, Melpayanty, and Virgin Leony. "Penanganan Covid-19 Oleh Pemerintah Samoa Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Human Security." Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54259/mudima.v2i1.343.

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This paper aims to explain the handling of covid-19 by the government of Samoa from the perspective of human security. This study uses qualitative research methods and data collection through literature studies from books, journals, newspapers and news sources. The results of the study are that the handling of Samoa's handling of the Samoan virus is known as preparedness, policies in the land and sea transportation sector, following standard health protocols, learning from the experience of failing to handle the Spanish flu and measles outbreaks. The role of the Samoan government, the ministry of health as well as Miss Samoa community leaders have had a major impact in preventing the spread of COVID-19. This has resulted in the number of deaths due to COVID-19 in Samoa being not confirmed or the number infected with this virus being 0 (zero).

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Melesaine, Jean. "California Islanders." Boom 5, no. 1 (2015): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2015.5.1.38.

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From “Fa'afafines,” (the third gender of Samoa) living in housing projects to teen fathers raising their children, Jean Melesaine’s photographs tells the stories of Pacific Islanders in urban California diasporas. For many of the younger generation in the United States, the complexity of multiple identities is etched in to their skin. For instance, on a drunken night in a garage, a young Samoan man gets the traditional “tatau” (tattoo) symbols of “ancestors” without knowing the symbol’s meaning, his “Blood Killer” tattoo for the Crip gang he belongs to, and the words “Sa'moa,” meaning sacred center, share the same map on his body.

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Shankman, Paul. "The Mead–Freeman Controversy Continues: A Reply to Ian Jarvie." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 48, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393117753067.

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In the Mead–Freeman controversy, Ian Jarvie has supported much of Derek Freeman’s critique of Margaret Mead’s Coming of Age in Samoa, arguing that Samoan society was sexually repressive rather than sexually permissive, that Mead was “hoaxed” about Samoan sexual conduct, that Mead was an “absolute” cultural determinist, that Samoa was a definitive case refuting Mead’s “absolute” cultural determinism, that Mead’s book changed the direction of cultural anthropology, and that Freeman’s personal conduct during the controversy was thoroughly professional. This article calls into question these empirical and theoretical arguments, often using Freeman’s own field research and publications.

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Siu-Maliko, Mercy Ah. "A Public Theology Response to Domestic Violence in Samoa." International Journal of Public Theology 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341428.

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Domestic violence is a serious social problem in Samoa. Some studies have suggested that nearly half of Samoan women have been subject to abuse by intimate partners or parents. The increase in cases of domestic violence in Samoa is slowly raising the public’s awareness of its impacts on the victims, who are overwhelmingly women and children. The growing number of named cases of domestic violence, and many other cases, which are not reported, should make domestic violence a priority issue in theological reflection. This article explores how this pressing issue of domestic violence in Samoa may be seen as a case study for an Oceanic public theology.

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Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. "Embodying Empire: European Tattooing and German Colonial Power*." Past & Present 234, no. 1 (January 29, 2017): 101–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtw047.

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Abstract Via an investigation of the broader historical conditions of European tattooing practices, this article argues that the example of the last German Governor of Samoa, Erich Schultz, demonstrates the key role of the body in colonial entanglements. By allowing himself to be tattooed in Samoan style, Schultz signalled his strong affinity with Samoan social practices and politics. Not merely indicative of a subjective shift, his tattooing also furthered his authority as a German colonial official. At a time when other European officials, including Germans in other colonies, shied away from engaging with the cultural and political practices of those they governed, Schultz and other German officials in Samoa self-consciously sought to colonize the Samoans while accepting and employing Samoan symbols of authority.

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Symons, Lisa C., Joseph Paulin, and Atuatasi Lelei Peau. "Challenges of OPA and NMSA Related Responses in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa: NO.1 JI HYUN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2389.

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ABSTRACT: 2017-226 Fa’a-Samoa (the Samoan way) is a living tradition and continues to define the Samoan way of life. It is the foundation of Polynesia’s oldest culture - dating back some 3,000 years. Fa’a-Samoa is interconnected with Samoan lands and waters and by sharing the intact and vibrant traditions, values, and legends that connect the Samoan people to the land and sea, the local community plays an INTEGRAL role in the protection and preservation of natural and cultural resources of the area. Fa’a-Samoa places great importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather than individuals. On April 14, 2016, the 62 ft. FV NO1 JI HYUN lost the main engines and grounded off the west side of Aunu’u Island in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (NMSAS). This area is of ecological and cultural significance for the local residents using hook-and-line, casting nets, spearfishing (non-scuba assisted) and other non-destructive fishing methods including those traditionally used for sustenance and cultural purposes such as gleaning, ‘enu and ola. The village on Aunu’u was extremely wary of inclusion of the waters of Aunu’u in the expansion of the sanctuary being concerned about loss of control of their traditional uses of the nearshore environment. In what became an extension of Fa’a-Samoa, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the American Samoa Territorial government worked, together to address both the pollution hazards from the incident and the impact to the coral reef ecosystem even after the fuel was removed. While a relatively straight forward response were it to happen in the continental U.S., severe weather (Tropical Cyclone Amos), high winds and swells, limitations on site access, daylight high tides, and availability of resources to include tugs, tow lines and trained personnel made this quite challenging. Three removal attempts occurred under Oil Pollution Act (OPA) authorization and three efforts occurred under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), with guidance from a professional salvage master. This prolonged 4-month response has prompted some new dialogue and hopefully new commitment to increase preparedness and spill response capabilities within the territory. The designation of the NMSAS allowed for the use of the combined authorities of OPA and the NMSA, forging new path that protects and preserves both the natural and cultural resources of the region from the impacts of pollution and from future groundings whether large or small.

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Clark, Jeffrey T. "Radiocarbon Dates from American Samoa." Radiocarbon 35, no. 2 (1993): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200065012.

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Between 1988 and 1991, I directed five archaeological research projects in American Samoa. The goal of that research was to reveal changes in the prehistoric settlement system of Samoa, from initial colonization of the archipelago to the time of significant European contact. The chronological placement of key sites was an essential facet of the research. A secondary goal was to locate sites with ceramic components, particularly sites with Lapita ceramics, and relate the ceramic assemblages typologically and chronologically to those known for Western Samoa. These investigations generated 16 14C dates from archaeological contexts. I present here the previously unpublished 14C data from those samples, and briefly summarize their importance for understanding Samoan prehistory.

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A. Cox, P., and T. Elmqvist. "Rebuttal." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 2 (1994): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940088.

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We appreciate the thoughtful commentary of Graham Baines on our essay on ecocolonialism and indigenous controlled reserves in Samoa. We largely agree with his points, and hope that our experiences in Samoa may prove informative to others. While our discussion of the historical and philosophical roots of ecocolonialism may prove tedious to some readers, such as Dr Baines, we felt it important to attempt to provide some explanatory framework for the course of recent events concerning the Samoan preserves. The supremacy of Western culture to all indigenous cultures is so deeply assumed by some, that there is conservation efforts, let along tender them control of conservation efforts as we have sought to do so in Samoa.

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Krek, Janez. "Understanding the Discourse of Early Childhood Education in Coming of Age in Samoa." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824402090208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020902083.

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The apparently readily comprehensible descriptive discourse in Margaret Mead’s famous ethnographic study Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) (CAS) presents a discursive challenge that is greater than one might expect from a book that has gained a wide readership. Through theoretical analysis, and in relation to the notorious Mead/Freeman controversy, we seek to contribute to understanding CAS as discourse, and even more specifically as educational discourse. Three research questions are addressed: How can the account of Samoan culture presented by Mead in CAS be understood as discourse? How can her account of early childhood education be understood in relation to Freeman’s account? Is Mead describing permissive education when describing patterns of early childhood education in Samoa? We argue that Mead produced an overlapping research discourse that has appealed to the wider public because of its cultural suppressed message aimed at the unconscious in culture. Mead’s and Freeman’s contradictory accounts of Samoan cultural patterns in relation to early childhood education can be explained by differences in the perspectives of the social and hierarchical positions of respectable elders and chiefs (Freeman) and of young girls who were caregivers of even younger children (Mead). Finally, we argue that early childhood education in Samoa at that time was clearly not permissive. Young Samoan girls internalized the symbolic Law (Lacan) and were therefore able to act in an authoritative way as caregivers. In the field of education nearly a century later, Mead’s descriptions of early childhood education in Samoa still provide an intricate case study.

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Alan Cox, Paul, and Thomas Elmqvist. "Ecocolonialism and indigenous knowledge systems: village controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 1 (1994): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc930006.

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Ecocolonialism, the imposition of European conservation paradigms and power structures on indigenous villagers, is incompatible with the principles of indigenous control of village rainforest preserves. Since 1988, four rainforest reserves in Western Samoa and one US National Park in American Samoa have been created on communal lands using the principles of indigenous control, preserving a total of 30 000 hectares of lowland rainforest and associated coral reef. The reserves in Western Samoa are owned, controlled, administered and managed by the villagers. While these reserves appear to be robust approaches to preserve establishment within the communal land tenure system of Samoa, the concept of indigenous control appears to conflict with ecocolonialist attitudes that disparage the traditional knowledge, culture, political systems, and integrity of indigenous peoples. We discuss problems that have occurred in the Samoan village preserves and offer suggestions for the establishment of future village-controlled preserves in other areas of the South Pacific.

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Kirch, P. V., T. L. Hunt, and Jason Tyler. "A Radiocarbon Sequence from the Toaga Site, Ofu Island, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 31, no. 1 (1989): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044568.

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The Samoan Archipelago occupies a critical position for understanding the dispersal of early Austronesian-speaking peoples into the southwestern Pacific, including the initial colonization by humans of the Polynesian triangle. To date, the most easterly reported site of the Lapita cultural complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1984; Kirch & Hunt, 1988) is the Mulifanua site on Upolu Island, Western Samoa (Green & Davidson, 1974). Lapita colonists settled the larger, western Samoan Islands by the end of the second millennium bc. Archaeologic and linguistic evidence also suggest that the islands of Eastern Polynesia (eg, Marquesas, Society and Cook Islands) were settled, at least in part, from Samoa. However, the timing of this movement into Eastern Polynesia has not yet been dated to earlier than ca 150 bc on the basis of radiocarbon dating of cultural materials from the Marquesas Islands (Kirch, 1986; Ottino, 1985). This has raised the issue of whether there was a “long pause” between the settlement of Samoa (and the other islands of Western Polynesia, such as Tonga, Futuna, and ‘Uvea) and that of Eastern Polynesia (Irwin, 1981; Kirch, 1986; Terrell, 1986).

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Butcher, Hayley, Sarah Burkhart, Nicholas Paul, Ulusapeti Tiitii, Karibanang Tamuera, Taati Eria, and Libby Swanepoel. "Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 7356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187356.

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Edible seaweeds have significant potential to contribute to sustainable diets that promote health of Pacific Islanders in ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable ways. No studies to date have investigated motivators for and the consumption of edible green seaweed from the genus Caulerpa (sea grapes) in Samoa and Kiribati. An observational, cross-sectional study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire to explore consumption behaviors and the role of sea grapes in the current diets of individuals in Samoa and Kiribati. Of the total 145 participants (n = 79, 54.5% Samoa; n = 66, 45.5% Kiribati), half (n = 76, 52%) reported consuming sea grapes. A significantly greater proportion of Samoans (n = 56, 70.9%) reported consumption than I-Kiribati participants (n = 20, 30.3%). A greater proportion of consumers were male (n = 47, 61.8%). Samoan consumers reported consumption of sea grapes with a higher diversity of foods and being related to traditional events or ceremonies. Motivators for consumption varied between countries, with Samoan consumers reporting strong agreement for taste and value for money, and identified sea grapes as nutritious food, as influences on consumption. Easy access was a motivator in Kiribati only. The findings of this study are underpinned by the degree of food security and differences in culture in Samoa and Kiribati. Future public health efforts to integrate traditional fresh food into local food systems will need to work within the existing social parameters in each respective country.

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Armstrong, Karen. "American Exceptionalism in American Samoa." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.v33i2.116437.

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American Samoa has been a territory of the United States for 108 years. For fifty ears of this period, American Samoa was administered by the U.S. Navy. Thepolicies of the naval administration established practices of militarization—that is, integrating the military and its values into the lives of the locals—that continue today. Significant numbers of American Samoans serve in the various branches of the U.S. military; Samoans participate in, and support, the ‘incoherent empire’ of the United States. The ideology of ‘American exceptionalism’—the incorporation of democracy, freedom and human rights as features purportedly distinguishing U.S. imperialist practice from its colonizing forebears—was never effectively part of the administration of American Samoa. Nevertheless, when debating their future political status, Samoans choose to keep the present political arrangement as long as they can control their land and titles system and practice faʻaSamoa, the Samoan way.

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Tofaeono, Va’atausili, Lana Sue I. Ka’opua, Angela Sy, Tyran Terada, Rachelann Taliloa-Vai Purcell, Salote Aoelua-Fanene, Katherine Tong, et al. "Research Capacity Strengthening in American Samoa: Fa’avaeina le Fa’atelega o le Tomai Sa’ili’ili i Amerika Samoa." British Journal of Social Work 50, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz160.

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Abstract Capacity-building partnerships are central to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), the UN’s blueprint for achieving global health equity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues endorses the SDG and underscores the need for global partnerships that respect local leadership and culture. Innovations that weave or integrate Indigenous and Western knowledges are emphasised. These recommendations guided the INdigenous Samoan Partnership to Initiate Research Excellence (INSPIRE). INSPIRE is led by investigators from American Samoa and supported by US co-investigators. In project year one, INSPIRE queried: What weaving approaches are feasible for promoting community access to INSPIRE’s research hub and for training Indigenous researchers? Weaving procedures involved interlacing Samoan and Western knowledges. Cultural tailoring strategies were used to customise communications. Formative evaluation suggests the feasibility of INSPIRE’s efforts. Evidential tailoring provided information on American Samoa (A.S.) social determinants of health; trainees indicated increased research commitment. Linguistic and sociocultural relevance tailoring were positively received; trainees reported increased interest in research praxis and initiated an A.S. research capacity-strengthening model. Social work assured knowledge parity in development/delivery of the training curriculum and culturally safe discussions on social determinants of health, territorial status and Samoan survivance. Findings are context-specific yet offer considerations for capacity-strengthening partnerships seeking to advance health equity.

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Faletolu, Tautalamaleavailumaotamalii (Tala) Anastasia. "Assumed Voices of Samoa." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 22, no. 4 (July 8, 2016): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol22iss4id32.

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"I know who I am however (at times) it can be frustrating and difficult when explaining to others and I don’t mind that (so much) ... what I don’t like is when people assume that they know who I am and proceed to relate to me with their assured understanding and ignorance" (Anonymous). In this article I will be giving you an overview of the research that I undertook titled ‘The Assumed Voices of Samoa’, and the founding conclusions that I made in answer to the research question of ‘What are some appropriate ways of working social work with Samoan people from a Samoan client’s perspective?’ Accounts from participants will be shared to highlight the importance of understanding cultures to avoid miscommunication, disempowerment and disrespect. Finally the ‘So’otaga Model’ will be explained to show required skills, knowledge, resources and supports when working with Samoan families.

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Hunt, T. L., and P. V. Kirch. "Radiocarbon Dates from two Coastal Sites in the Manu'a Group, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 29, no. 3 (1987): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043800.

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Samples of inshore marine shell species (various taxa, see description below) were collected from controlled excavation of ceramic-bearing strata of two archaeologic sites in the Manu'a Island group, American Samoa. Located on the closely adjacent islands of Ta'u and Ofu (14° 14’ 30” S, 169° 30’ 40” E and 14° 10’ 55” S, 169° 39’ 0” E, respectively), these sites represent human occupation along shorelines undergoing a parallel depositional sequence of calcareous sand dune development and concomitant seaward progradation. Our primary objective was to obtain an initial age estimate for prehistoric ceramics from eastern Samoa. On stylistic and technologic criteria, the ceramics recovered from our excavations can be classified as thick-coarse Polynesian Plainware. Based on previous studies in Western Samoa, Polynesian Plainware represents a terminal phase of prehistoric pottery manufacture in the Samoan Islands, believed to date from ca 200 bc to ad 300 (Green & Davidson, 1974).

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Janni, Kevin. "Plants in Samoan Culture. The Ethnobotany of Samoa." Economic Botany 56, no. 1 (January 2002): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0100:piscte]2.0.co;2.

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Chand, Anand. "Contribution of Yazaki (Samoa) Ltd. to Samoan economy." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 16, no. 2 (2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2012.047116.

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Huffer, Elise, and Asofou So'o. "Beyond Governance in Samoa: Understanding Samoan Political Thought." Contemporary Pacific 17, no. 2 (2005): 311–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2005.0054.

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Kemmer, Teresa M., Rachel Novotny, A. Sam Gerber, and Ianeta Ah Ping. "Anaemia, its correlation with overweight and growth patterns in children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 5 (May 2009): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000800270x.

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AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of anaemia, identify the predictors of anaemia, compare the prevalence of anaemia among children living in American Samoa to those found in children living in the USA, and compare the growth patterns obtained from this study to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data and data obtained earlier in American Samoan children.DesignCross-sectional.SettingAmerican Samoa, a Pacific Island.SubjectsIn all, 208 children aged 5–10 years.ResultsAnaemia (Hb < 11·5 g/dl) prevalence was 17·3 %. There was a significant difference in mean Hb levels in children within American Samoa as compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data (P< 0·05). In children with BMIZ-score (BMIZ) (P< 0·05) and weight-for-ageZ-score (WAZ) (P< 0·05) >2·0, females had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than males. Females with a WAZ > 2·0 had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than females with a WAZ ≤ 2·0 (P< 0·03). Risk factors for anaemia were mother having less than a high school education (P= 0·02), no car (P< 0·01) and no phone (P= 0·02). The BMIZ (P< 0·000), height-for-ageZ-score (P< 0·000) and WAZ (P< 0·000) were significantly different from the distribution of CDC reference data and that found in children previously assessed in American Samoa.ConclusionsAnaemia is high among children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa. Growth patternZ-scores reveal that American Samoan children are, on average, taller, heavier and more overweight. Further examination into the causes of anaemia and overweight is warranted.

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So'o, Asofou. "Samoa." Contemporary Pacific 12, no. 1 (2000): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2000.0034.

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So'o, Asofou. "Samoa." Contemporary Pacific 13, no. 1 (2001): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2001.0032.

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So'o, Asofou. "Samoa." Contemporary Pacific 14, no. 1 (2002): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2002.0032.

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So'o, Asofou. "Samoa." Contemporary Pacific 16, no. 1 (2004): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2004.0030.

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Khoo, Chris, Nico Schulenkorf, and Daryl Adair. "The benefits and limitations of using cricket as a sport for development tool in Samoa." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 6, no. 1 (September 9, 2014): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i1.3737.

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This study investigates benefits and challenges associated with the use of sport – in this case cricket – as a community development tool in Samoa. This Pacific Island nation, like others in the region, has been the focus of various development programs in the post-colonial era, with developed economy neighbours like Australia and New Zealand providing aid funding. Some of that has involved sport as a development tool, underpinned either by funding from the national government, foreign aid agencies, or a combination of both. The present paper, by focusing on a cricket for development (CFD) program in Samoa, aims to explore outcomes and limitations associated with the use of sport as a community engagement tool. The paper pursues that goal by examining the activities of relevant sport and government organisations, and – most crucially – it interviews key stakeholders involved in the CFD process in Samoa. In short, the prime purpose of this paper is to identify and interpret – from the perspective of locals – whether the CFD program has brought benefits to Samoan communities, and the challenges and limitations they see thus far. This is important because, to date, there has been an absence of qualitative inquiry into the efficacy of sport for development (SFD) programs in Samoa, and very limited research in a Pacific Islands context.

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Tcherkézoff, Serge. "Le mana, le fait «total» et l'«esprit» dans la chose donnée." Anthropologie et Sociétés 21, no. 2-3 (September 10, 2003): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015491ar.

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Résumé RÉSUMÉ Le mana. /e fait « total » et l'« esprit » dans la chose donnée. Marcel Mauss. les « cadeaux à Samoa » et la méthode comparative en Polynésie Le démarche anthropologique repose sur un paradoxe que Lévi-Strauss fut le premier à expliciter : la généralisation doit précéder la comparaison. Mauss en fut un utilisateur avant la lettre, en particulier dans son Essai sur le don. publié en 1925. C'est ce qui explique le fait que Mauss adopte l'exemple des îles Samoa pour ouvrir son enquête. En effet, grâce à cet exemple. Mauss peut poser sa généralisation sur la « notion de propriété-talisman » et aborder ensuite les autres exemples, comme la cas célèbre des Maori et de « l'esprit » dans la chose donnée. Clarifier la méthode comparative maussienne à propos de l'exemple samoan dans l'£ssa/ sur le don permet de mieux comprendre ce que l'auteur visait à montrer. C'est toute l'affaire du « mana » bien plus que celle du hau maori : le « mana » comme concept sociologique développé par Mauss et non pas une théorie locale sur les forces « spirituelles ». L'analyse passe ensuite du modèle à l'ethnographie. La confrontation avec les données disponibles aujourd'hui sur Samoa permet d'apercevoir la portée de l'intuition maussienne. Mots clés : Tcherkézoff. Samoa, symbolisme, don. Mauss. méthode comparative. Polynésie

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Siose, Taniela K., and Danilo F. Guinto. "Performance of improved sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivars under different soil types of Samoa." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 35, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp17001.

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There is need to diversify crop production in Samoa which currently depends mainly on taro crop, that has proved to be susceptible to fungus and other diseases, to as safeguard against risks of crop failures and adapt to climatic changes. The potential of introducing sweetpotato as a second staple food in Samoa is explored in this study. The study analyses the suitability of sweetpotato cultivars in Samoan agro-environment and major soil types. For this purpose a twenty week pot experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of three improved sweetpotato cultivars (IB/PR/12, IB/PR/13 and IB/PH/03) on four different types of soils in Samoa (Savaia calcareous sandy loam, Matafa’a red acidic, Faleula silty clay and Saleimoa silty clay) in a factorial arrangement of treatments in randomised complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that soil type had a significant effect on vine growth, and storage root yield with the best yield obtained in the silty clay soils having high K content. Retarded plant growth observed under the acidic soil having low K content resulted in lowest storage root yield. A significant varietal difference was recorded in sweetpotato growth and yield. IB/PH/03 was inferior in vine length, but produced comparatively highest number of vines per plant, and storage root yield attesting its adaptability in all the four tested soil types of Samoa and has potentiality to be promoted for wider adoption. A follow-up field study is needed to verify our preliminary results under pot culture on different soil types of Samoa.

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Lameko, Viali. "Obesity in Samoa: Culture, History and Dietary Practices." Journal of Samoan Studies Volume 10 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47922/gcri1637.

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This paper provides an overview, from an historical perspective, to identify the structural factors that have created an ‘obesogenic’ environment in contemporary Samoa. The prevalence of obesity among Samoan adults had dramatically increased over the past four decades and is now affecting about 59 % of men and 81 % of women in this small island country, respectively. More alarming is the association of obesity with prevalent non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, stroke, cancer and heart attack. There are multiple factors at work which include, but not limited to, behaviour related to a nutrition transition, limited physical activities, sedentary lifestyle and cultural food practices. The question is why and how the people of Samoa changed their traditional diet, consisting mostly of taro, breadfruit, coconut, and fish, to meals consisting of mainly imported, processed food items laden with sugar, saturated fat and salt. This dietary change has not occurred because Samoan customs and culture of food has changed; it is the food that has changed. Keywords: obesity, culture, dietary practices, nutrition transition.

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Munroe, Robert L. "Altruism and Collectivism: An Exploratory Study in Four Cultures." Cross-Cultural Research 52, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397117733450.

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This exploratory study tries to interpret the results of a test of altruism among almost 200 children from four small-scale societies in Belize, Kenya, Nepal, and American Samoa. Samoan children and, to a lesser extent, Nepalese Newar children were altruistic in a dictator game test. We considered evidence that the four settlements varied according to a collectivistic dimension and that such collectivism may have strongly influenced responses to the test. Not only did test results correspond fully to degree of community collectivism across the four cultures (rank-order correlation coefficient = 1.00, p < .05, N = 4), but Samoan children also scored at the highest level across each age group from 3 to 9 years of age, and the Nepalese Newar participants scored at the second highest level at all ages. We posit that social and material conditions in Samoa and Nepal were likely sources of collectivism and, concomitantly, the strong altruistic tendencies but acknowledge that in exploratory research there will always be issues concerning interpretation.

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Qiao, Yifan. "The Relationship Between Adverse Life Events and Subjective Well-being among High School Students in Samoa: The Mediation Effect of Hope, Grit, and Rumination." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 17, no. 1 (October 26, 2023): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/17/20231232.

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The correlation between adverse life events and subjective well-being (SWB) has been verified by numerous studies. However, most of these studies are based on samples from developed countries, neglecting the situation in developing countries like Samoa. To address this gap, this study examined the relationship between adverse life events and SWB in Samoan high school students and investigated the mediating effects of hope, grit, and rumination. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by 179 high school students in Samoa. The results implied that adverse life events had a negative effect on SWB and that both hope and rumination played a mediating role in the relationship between adverse life events and SWB. Conversely, grit did not play a mediating role, as it had no significant effect on SWB despite being negatively correlated with adverse life events. These findings suggest that enhancing hope and grit while reducing rumination could help improve the level of SWB among Samoan high school students in the face of adversity.

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Freeman, Derek. "Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa and Boasian Culturalism." Politics and the Life Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 2000): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400008947.

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The history of Margaret Mead's Samoan research is an important anthropological issue. In 1925, Franz Boas, “the father of American anthropology,” faced by what he called “the difficulty of telling what part of our behavior is socially determined and what is generally human,” arranged for his 23-year-old-student, Margaret Mead, to go to Samoa in Western Polynesia. Her task was to obtain, under his direction, an answer to “the problem of which phenomena of adolescence are culturally and which physiologically determined.” In 1928, in Coming of Age in Samoa, after a woefully inadequate period of fieldwork, Mead concluded, unreservedly, that the phenomena of adolescence are due not to physiology, but to “the social environment.”

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Paudel, Sulav, Sean D. G. Marshall, Nicola K. Richards, George Hazelman, Pueata Tanielu, and Trevor A. Jackson. "Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle in Samoa: Review of a Century-Old Invasion and Prospects for Control in a Changing Future." Insects 13, no. 5 (May 23, 2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050487.

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It is now more than 100 years since the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros L.) was first detected in the Pacific Island state of Samoa. The exotic pest from Asia became the principal pest of coconut palms in Samoa and, from this first point of invasion, spread to several surrounding countries in the South-West Pacific Ocean. An intensive control operation was initiated, but the beetle could not be eliminated. Various pest management strategies were attempted but had limited success until the introduction of a biological control agent (BCA), Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV), during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The biocontrol release was very successful and became the prime example of “classical biological control” of an insect pest by a virus. Changing economic and social conditions in Samoa and other islands of the Pacific require a re-evaluation of the threat of CRB to coconut production to suggest how the IPM system may be modified to meet future needs. Therefore, it is timely to review the history of CRB in Samoa and summarize experiences in development of an integrated pest management (IPM) system limiting the impact of the pest. We also present results from a recent study conducted in 2020 on the island of Upolu to define the current status of the CRB population and its BCA, OrNV. The lessons from Samoa, with its long history of containment and management of CRB, are applicable to more recent invasion sites. Recommendations are provided to modify the IPM programme to enhance the sustainable control of CRB and support the ongoing coconut replantation program promoted by the Samoan government.

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Beissel, Adam S. "Transnational Corporations of Football Kin: Migration, Labor Flow, and the American Samoa MIRAB Economy." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519867684.

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In the U.S. territory of American Samoa, gridiron football has emerged as an important driver of a stock-flow relationship in which the stock of overseas-resident migrant athletic laborers sustains the flow of remittances to their extended family in their homeland. Within this article, I consider the significance of gridiron football within American Samoa’s MIRAB ( Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy) economy, a model of Pacific Island microeconomies characterized by migration, remittances, foreign aid, and public bureaucracy. Based on a series of personal interviews with high school football players between the ages of 15 and 18 years on the Eastern football team squad, as well as more than a dozen coaches, parents, educator, and directors associated with the production of American Samoan High School football ( n = 60), I critically examine the social, cultural, and economic determinants involved in the collective decision-making process of footballers to emigrate to the U.S. mainland. I find that family units in the American Samoa operate as, to rephrase Bertram and Watters, transnational corporations of football kin, working collectively to develop and train skilled football laborers toward the accumulation of various forms of economic and social remittances for the benefit of the individual and extended family unit. More broadly, gridiron football in American Samoa produces a stock-flow relationship whereby a stock of Samoan gridiron footballers migrates to U.S. colleges and universities to support the flow of remittances and aid that sustains the island’s MIRAB economy.

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Lawson, Stephanie. "Governance in Samoa: Pulega i Samoa (review)." Contemporary Pacific 14, no. 1 (2002): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2002.0021.

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Fairbairn, Te'o I. J. "Samoa mo Samoa: A less troubled present?" Journal of Pacific History 28, no. 2 (November 1993): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349308572739.

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Mayer, Carol E. (Carol Elizabeth). "Samoan Art & Artists: O Measina a Samoa (review)." Contemporary Pacific 17, no. 1 (2005): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2005.0022.

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Hrubcová, Pavla, and Václav Vavryčuk. "Contact of the Samoan Plume with the Tonga Subduction from Intermediate and Deep-Focus Earthquakes." Surveys in Geophysics 42, no. 6 (November 2021): 1347–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09679-9.

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AbstractThe Tonga subduction zone in the south-west Pacific is the fastest convergent plate boundary in the world with the most active mantle seismicity. This zone shows unique tectonic features including Samoan volcanic lineament of plume-driven origin near the northern rim of the Tonga subducting slab. The proximity of the Samoa hotspot to the slab is enigmatic and invokes debates on interactions between the Samoa plume and the Tonga subduction. Based on long-term observations of intermediate and deep-focus Tonga earthquakes reported in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalog, we provide novel detailed imaging of this region. Accurate traveltime residua of the P- and S-waves recorded at two nearby seismic stations of the Global Seismographic Network are inverted for the P- and S-wave velocities and their ratio and reveal their pronounced lateral variations. In particular, they differ for the southern and northern parts of the Tonga subduction region. While no distinct anomalies are detected in the southern Tonga segment, striking low-velocity anomalies associated with a high Vp/Vs ratio are observed in the northern Tonga segment close to the Samoa plume. These anomalies spread through the whole upper mantle down to depths of ~ 600 km. Together with the fast extension of the northern back-arc Lau Basin, slab deformation and geochemical enrichment in the northern Tonga region, they trace deep-seated magmatic processes and evidence an interaction of the Tonga subduction with the Samoa plume.

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Forrester, Deanna L., Doug P. VanderLaan, Paul L. Vasey, and Jessica L. Parker. "Male Sexual Orientation and Avuncularity in Canada: Implications for the Kin Selection Hypothesis." Journal of Cognition and Culture 11, no. 3-4 (2011): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853711x591288.

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AbstractAndrophilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult males, whereas gynephilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult females. The Kin Selection Hypothesis (KSH) posits that genes for male androphilia can persist if androphilic males offset the fitness costs of not reproducing directly by enhancing indirect fitness. In theory, by directing altruistic behavior toward kin, androphilic males can increase the reproduction of kin, thereby enhancing indirect fitness. Evidence supporting the KSH has been documented in Samoa. Samoan transgendered, androphilic males, known locally as fa’afafine, are socially accepted by the majority of Samoans. In contrast, no supportive evidence has been garnered from other cultures (i.e., USA, UK, Japan) that are characterized by less social tolerance toward male androphiles. Tests of the KSH in Canada might be more likely to yield findings consistent with Samoa because Canadian social and political attitudes toward male androphiles are markedly more tolerant and accepting. Here, we compared the willingness of Canadian androphilic men, gynephilic men, and androphilic women to invest in nieces and nephews as well as in non-kin children. Consistent with the KSH and findings from Samoa, androphilic men exhibited a significantly greater cognitive dissociation between altruistic tendencies directed toward kin versus non-kin children relative to gynephilic men and androphilic women. The present study, therefore, provides some tentative support for the KSH from a culture other than Samoa. Findings and future directions for research are considered within the context of the existing cross-cultural literature.

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Oosterman, Allison. "Malcolm Ross and the Samoan ‘troubles’ of 1899." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v14i2.950.

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New Zealand journalist Malcolm Ross was a witness to the international rivalries over Samoa between Germany, Britain and the United States, which came to a head in 1899. Civil war had broken out after the death of King Malietoa Laupepa in August 1898 over who would be his successor. The United States and Britain stepped in and supported Laupepa’s son while Germany supported a rival claimant, Mataafa. Malcolm Ross went to Samoa in late January to report on the ‘troubles’ for three New Zealand daily newspapers, the Otago Daily Times, The Press and the Evening Post. The Samoan trip was Ross’s first experience as a war correspondent, although not everybody saw the conflict as war. This article examines Ross’s coverage of four months of the conflict until the cessation of hostilities when a three-man commission was established to look into the troubles and offer a solution. The article will assess Ross’s work as a journalist in a ‘war zone’. The freedom with which he was able to operate in Samoa was not to be repeated, especially once he had become the country’s official war correspondent during World War I.

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Aina, Sefa. "Fa'a Samoa." Amerasia Journal 28, no. 3 (January 2002): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/amer.28.3.bj731223p065767p.

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Williams, Shaun, Ausetalia Titimaea, Cyprien Bosserelle, Lameko Simanu, and Gegar Prasetya. "Reassessment of Long-Term Tsunami Hazards in Samoa Based on Sedimentary Signatures." Geosciences 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10120481.

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Investigating tsunamis and cyclones from depositional records enables an understanding of the long-term hazards to coastal communities. In Samoa, whilst a long-term record of tsunamis and cyclones spanning the last few millennia has been previously suggested based on preliminary sediment core/trench studies, a detailed assessment of the characteristics distinguishing these events has not been presented. This study reevaluates the depositional evidence available for Samoa and offers a more robust interpretation of the temporal and spatial records of tsunami events preserved in the Samoan sedimentary record. Tsunami inundation and runup records of the 2009 South Pacific tsunami along with differences in depositional settings, and sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of the associated deposits provide modern analogies for interpreting comparable older event-type deposits deeper in the Samoan geological record. These are aided by the 1990/1991 Cyclones Ofa and Val deposits previously suggested at some sites, which provides a modern analogy for interpreting cyclone-related deposits. Available radiocarbon and radiometric dates for the core/trench sites provide time-indicators to identify contemporaneous events, which we use to interpret the long-term record of tsunamis in this island region.

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Verner, Vladimir, Pavel Novy, Jan Tauchen, Lukas Huml, Julian Wong Soon, Tomas Kudera, Fiti Laupua, and Ladislav Kokoska. "Diversity, Economic Value and Regional Distribution of Plant Food Products at Local Tropical Markets: A Samoa Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 10014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310014.

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Local markets are still an integral part of the food system in developing economies of tropical regions including Samoa. This small South Pacific country is largely dependent on the production of crops in village agriculture, where traditional markets play an important role in sustainability of food supply. Similarly as many small island developing economies, Samoa is currently facing several challenges such as food security and high dependence on food imports. Therefore, we decided to monitor the diversity of plant foods on Samoan local markets and their economic and geographic indicators through interviews with the vendors. Our results suggest that assortment and economical value of plant food products have potential to increase sustainable food security of the local population and support economic growth of the region. For example, underutilized crops available at local markets are prospective species for development of new food products with beneficial nutritional and health properties. Moreover, certain commodities (e.g., papaya, kava and Samoan cocoa) seem to be promising for export. In addition, our findings suggest that development of appropriate processing technologies and the optimization of the logistics of crop products sold at local markets can contribute to an increase in efficiency of the regional agricultural sector.

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Zeeman, Bert. "Samoa (American Samoa, Western Samoa, Samoans Abroad)97515H.G.A. Hughes. Samoa (American Samoa, Western Samoa, Samoans Abroad). Oxford/Santa Barbara: ABC‐Clio 1997. lxxxix + 345 pp, ISBN: 1 85109 253 6 £75.00 World Bibliographical Series." Reference Reviews 11, no. 8 (August 1997): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.1997.11.8.45.515.

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Rowe, Mark. "A difficult balancing act: the Samoan experience with money laundering regulation." Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-08-2020-0096.

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Purpose This paper aims to examines the trade-offs that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) must make in navigating an inappropriate elite-driven global anti-money laundering anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML-CFT) order. This paper examines the case of Samoa, an under-researched Pacific Island nation. It is hoped that this paper will have a wider resonance for policymakers from other developing nations facing similar challenges. Design/methodology/approach It draws on the latest Samoan domestic source material and Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering Mutual Evaluation Reports to highlight the difficult balancing act that SIDS face in complying with complex global norms within their limited regulatory capacity and competing development priorities of financial inclusion and affordable remittance flows. Findings Samoa and other SIDS in balancing the existential risks of “blacklisting” with the significant regulatory opportunity costs of compliance undertake an expensive form of AML-CFT window-dressing. Policymakers need to be more sensitive to the needs and regulatory opportunity costs of small jurisdictions, particularly when questions about the effectiveness of the AML-CFT remain open. Research limitations/implications The author notes Samoa’s offshore center’s role in raising its risk profile. However, owing to this paper's limited scope offshore center (OFCs) will not be explored in depth. Further research is needed in this area. Originality/value There is a dearth of contemporary academic research into AML-CFT regulation in the South Pacific and Samoa specifically. This paper presents through its Samoan case study insights into the cost-benefit calculations that small jurisdictions must make in seeking to comply with elite global AML-CFT norms vis-à-vis competing policy goals such as financial inclusion and ready access to remittance flows.

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Every, Alice, Beatriz Cuesta-Briand, Dyxon Hansell, Shelley Burich, Fuamatala Tofilua, Gregory B. Crawford, and Aileen Collier. "A qualitative study of Samoan cancer patients’ experiences." International Journal of Palliative Nursing 30, no. 7 (July 2, 2024): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2024.30.7.380.

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To investigate the palliative care experiences of Samoan patients with cancer and the impact these experiences have on their quality of life. Methods: This qualitative interview study was part of a larger study that interviewed19 participants recruited among patients with cancer registered with Samoa Cancer Society, or patients recently discharged from the main tertiary hospital in Samoa. Interview transcripts were reviewed, and the research team identified the key palliative-care-related themes. Results: Analysis led to the generation of the following key themes: living with pain; resource constraints; support from family and faith; and interactions with healthcare professionals. Most participants were experiencing unresolved pain as a result of poor health knowledge, lack of access to medications and practical issues, such as financial limitations and lack of transport. Participants also reported a lack of resources, including financial constraints, as a significant barrier to effective healthcare. Sources of support for patients with cancer were most commonly strong family relationships and religious faith. Although it was difficult for the participants to access care from healthcare professionals, they found that honest communication about their condition was comforting. However, they were frustrated if they felt communication was unsatisfactory. Conclusion: This study provides much needed evidence on the issues that affect the quality of life patients with cancer receiving palliative care and their families in Samoa. It also highlights the intersectionality of these issues and how this compounds the patient experience. Practical recommendations for improving palliative care lie in a few key areas, including a need for improved access to opioids and support for family caregivers. However, from a systemic perspective, the way forward should lie in harnessing the strengths of Samoan culture, including the strong sense of family and the role of religion, to provide support and care for palliative patients.

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ARMSTRONG, GREGORY L., IAN T. WILLIAMS, SATUPAITEA VIALI, UTOOFILI ASOFA’AFETAI MAGA, WENDI L. KUHNERT, and STEPHEN T. McGARVEY. "HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IN SAMOA AND AMERICAN SAMOA." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.261.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Samoa'

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