Dissertations / Theses: 'Same-sex marriage – United States'

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Pickler, Jennifer A. "Factors contributing to increased support for state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage withing the fifty United States /." View online version, 2009. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/317.

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Curme, Christopher M. "Same-sex, different response to marriage: Does legal marriage matter for same-sex couples in the United States?" Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1461846075.

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Dunlop, Samuel Everett Christian. "Exploring Connections Between Efforts to Restrict Same-Sex Marriage and Surging Public Opinion Support for Same-Sex Marriage Rights: Could Efforts to Restrict Gay Rights Help to Explain Increases in Public Opinion Support for Same-Sex Marriage?" PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1785.

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Scholarly research on the subject of the swift pace of change in support for same-sex marriage has evolved significantly over the last ten years. The shift has gone beyond the scholarship's initial description amongst demographic groups on how opinion has changed on gay rights issues, like same-sex marriage, to an examination of why the change has occurred. A great deal of the initial research on the topic seemed to focus on demographic traits that suggested a greater propensity toward support for same-sex marriage as time went on. Is the existent literature sufficient to explain why such a dramatic change in public opinion has occurred in the United States? My goal in this paper is to explore the plausibility that electoral events and the public dialogue/debate that surround them have accelerated the impact described in the four predominant theories, cohort succession, contact theory, intracohort theory, and media exposure. This paper includes three separate hypotheses to explore the possible connections between efforts to restrict gay rights at the ballot box and the ever-increasing support for same-sex marriage in public opinion polls. The results provide some preliminary indication that there are plausible connections between individual statewide efforts to restrict gay rights and increases in national public opinion support for same-sex marriage. The first analysis examines electoral events concerning gay rights in states where these issues have faced voters most frequently; California, Maine, and Oregon. The first hypotheses posits a potential connection between exposure to gay rights at the ballot box and greater support for gay rights in subsequent elections concerning gay rights in the same state. No clear or consistent pattern of support emerges for successive electoral measures concerning gay rights where voters have been previously exposed to gay rights question in an electoral context. The second analysis explores national public opinion support for same-sex marriage as statewide ballot measures increase in popularity across the United States. The second hypotheses posits a connection between an increase in statewide electoral events concerning questions of same-sex marriage and an increase in national public opinion support for same-sex marriage with state-to-nation diffusion occurring and prodding upward national public opinion support for same-sex marriage simultaneously. The hypotheses is confirmed by data that suggests as election events on same-sex marriage increase across the United States at the state level, so too increases national public opinion support for same-sex marriage. The third analysis explores the rate of change in support for legal same-sex marriage across the three states where gay rights referenda and ballot initiatives have been most frequent; it posits that in states where voters have greater familiarity with gay rights at the ballot because of previous exposure to them, their support will be greater over time than public opinion measured in other states that have similar political cultures but have not faced the same level of electoral activity on gay rights. The final hypothesis is inconclusive because of the fluid nature of the same-sex marriage debate in the universe of states within the United States. States are handling this salient issue in a number of ways; some legislatures now seem to be taking steps to legalize same-sex marriage statutorily; others may take no action to propel the provision of same-sex marriage equality or end constitutional bans on the practice; while another group of states are leaving activists to litigate the policy in Federal courts or shift the debate toward statewide popular votes on the issue of authorizing same-sex marriage at the ballot box via ballot initiative or referendum.

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Plesa, Claudia. "Race, Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions in the United States." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/242.

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Recent political and cultural trends have led to an evaluation of the meaning of marriage within American society, and especially marriage as it concerns couples of the same sex. However, little research has been done to find out how attitudes toward same-sex marriage might vary according to race and ethnicity. Drawing on data from the 2004 National Politics Study, the author investigates same-sex marriage attitudes and tests hypotheses concerning the attitudes of various American race-ethnic groups. This study employs multinomial logistic regression analysis to compare attitudes of African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Results indicate that even when socio demographic factors such as education and gender are controlled for, ethnic groups still differ in their attitudes toward this topic. Analyses also indicate that the relationship between race/ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex unions does not vary by gender and that foreign birth explains the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex marriage.

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Park, Andrew. "Litigation and Social Change in the United States : The Case of Same-Sex Marriage." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508654.

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Madigan, Corinne James. "The "M" Word: An Analysis of Gay Marriage in the United States." Thesis, Boston College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/698.

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Thesis advisor: Donald Hafner
There is perhaps no issue more controversial in the so-called American culture war than that of gay marriage. In the last five years, four states have legalized same-sex marriages and several more appear poised to follow suit. This paper creates an analytical framework with which to evaluate the chances of successful gay marriage initiatives in any given state. Demographics, political institutions, and state-specific variables make up the three parts of the framework, which is then applied to three case studies in which gay marriage has already been addressed: Massachusetts, Vermont, and California. A fourth case, Maine, serves as a prediction state to test the validity of the framework. The paper’s conclusions indicate that, in the current political and cultural domain, there is a set of factors that tend to promote the legalization of gay marriage. The demographics of a population need to be such that they qualify as a “tolerant citizenry,” people who are hesitatingly accepting of gay marriage and can be persuaded to support that legalization. On the political side, a positive evaluation of gay marriage by the state supreme court that then passes on responsibility to the state legislature is the most conducive to legalization. The court provides the constitutional and legal grounds for gay marriage, while the legislature acts as an intermediary between the justices and the wider population. Finally, states in which the constitutions are difficult to amend, and which amendment procedures are controlled by the legislature, are the most likely to legalize gay marriage. The application of the framework to the three case studies illustrates this complex process
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science Honors Program
Discipline: Political Science

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Musser, Lauren. "An Examination of Same-Sex Marriage After Lawrence v. Texas." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/720.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies

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Stambolis-Ruhstorfer, Michael. "The culture of knowledge : constructing "expertise" in legal debate on marriage and kinship for same-sex couples in France and the United States." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0111.

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Comment et pourquoi les décideurs, en France et aux États-Unis, mobilisent-ils différentes formes de « savoir » lors des débats législatifs et judiciaires sur la reconnaissance des couples homosexuels et de l'homoparentalité ? qui sont les « experts » qui présentent ce savoir, pourquoi interviennent-ils dans les débats, et que pensent-t-ils de leurs rôles ? Pour répondre a ces questions, cette thèse utilise cinq types de données se concentrant sur les débats publics entre 1990 et 2013 : 1) 14 000 pages d'archives législatives et judicaires ; 3) 2 335 articles parus dans Le Monde et the New York Times ; 4) l'observation participante de congrès et colloques scientifiques et publiques ; 5) 72 entretiens avec des individus auditionnés par des tribunaux et assemblées législatives ainsi qu'avec des élus et avocats ayant fait appel à eux. Définissant « l'expertise » de façon inductive comme la parole de toute personne interrogée par les institutions décisionnelles, ce travail analyse le savoir véhicule non seulement par des professionnels et universitaires mais aussi des religieux, des militants, et des citoyens ordinaires. On observe que certains savoirs, comme l'économie aux États-Unis et la psychanalyse en France, sont présents dans un contexte, mais absents dans l'autre. De plus, certains types d'experts utilisent des savoirs différents selon le pays. Par exemple, les représentants religieux américains font appel aux textes sacrés alors qu'en France ils mobilisent les sciences sociales. On peut attribuer ces différences aux conditions nationales de la production du savoir ainsi qu'aux logiques institutionnelles qui favorisent des experts ayant des savoirs spécifiques
This dissertation asks how and why american and french decision-makers—and those striving to persuade them-use specific kinds of "experts" and "expertise" when debating if same-sex couples should have the right (or not) to marry and found families. To answer these questions, I analyze archival, interview, and ethnographic data to study "expertise"—conceived broadly—in media, legislative, and judicial debates on the U. S. State, U. S. Federal, french, and european levels from 1990 to 2013. I find that, despite addressing the same issues, decision-makers draw on divergent categories of "experts" mobilizing types of knowledge that follow systematic cross-national patterns. For instance, french institutions hear professors and intellectuals who discuss gay family rights in the abstract while U. S. Institutions hear ordinary citizens whose lived experiences ground academic testimony. Furthermore, some "expertise", such as economics in the U. S. Or psychoanalysis in France, is pervasive in one context but absent in the other. I argue that nationally specific patterns in "expertise" are due to embedded institutional logics, legal structures, and knowledge production fields that impact how information is produced, made available, and rendered legitimate nationally and historically

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Bosley-Smith, Emma R. "Before and After `I Do': Marriage Processes For Mid-Life Gay and Lesbian Married Couples." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1490879787728175.

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O'Connor, Daniel J. "Sex signs: transsexuality, autobiography, and the languages of sexual difference in the United Kingdom and United States of America, 1950-2000." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2454/.

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This dissertation explores the relationship between transsexuality, autobiography and ideas of sexual difference in the United Kingdom and the United States of America between the years 1950 and 2000. This dissertation argues that rather than viewing sex and gender in hierarchic fashion, transsexual autobiography allows us to see their relationship as mutually legitimating. Both biological sex and psychological gender acted as historically contingent ‘sex signs’ which worked to show the autobiographer as man or woman, despite having been born in the opposite sex. I argue that far from biology dictating gender, or gender defining sex, both were used equally and strategically by transsexuals in order to fluently speak a language of sexual difference which their ‘audiences’ – be they medical professionals, legal scholars, newspaper journalists, or close friends and family members – could understand. This fluency permitted belief in them as the men or women they knew themselves to be. At some times, and in some company, genital sex signs were the most appropriate way of signifying sexual difference, whist in a different place and with different people, certain gender traits were more useful. Always, though, was the transsexual’s signification of him- or her-self as man or woman delimited by public discourses of sexual difference which impacted upon ‘non-transsexuals’ also. In closely reading transsexual autobiographies we are better able to see the construction, and naturalisation, of sexual difference in the second half of the twentieth century. By looking both at the strategic uses of transsexual autobiographies and the wider public reactions to such life stories (and the individuals who tell them), this dissertation shows how the languages of sexual difference, of ‘man’ and ‘woman’ were in a constant state of flux during the period in question.

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Peterson, Sarahfina Aubrey. "The Effect of Social Media on Public Awareness and Extra-Judicial Effects: The Gay Marriage Cases and Litigating for New Rights." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2086.

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When the Supreme Court grants new rights, public awareness is a crucial part of enforcement. Gerald N. Rosenberg and Michael J. Klarman famously criticized minority rights organizations for attempting to gain new rights through the judiciary. The crux of their argument relied heavily on the American media's scanty coverage of Court issues and subsequent low public awareness of Court cases. Using the 2013 United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry rulings as a case study, I suggest that the media environment has changed so much since Rosenberg and Klarman were writing that their theories warrant reconsideration. Minority rights groups now have access to social media, a potentially powerful tool with which to educate the public about the Supreme Court and new rights granted by the Court.

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Morris, Robert Nathanael. "Surfing the Tide of Sex Anarchy: How Sexual Co-Revolutionaries Remade Evangelical Marriage, 1960-1980." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6328.

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This project examines the conservative evangelical response to 1960s era sexual revolution in order to explain how and why evangelicals both resisted and adapted tenets of sexual modernity in a process that transformed the theological foundations underlying the conception of Christian marriage and sexuality. Though evangelicals and conservatives are typically portrayed as resistors to cultural and sexual change, my research reveals the ways in which conservative evangelicals agreed with key critiques of the sexual status quo in the 1960s, and deliberately worked to change Christian teachings and attitudes to keep them vibrant and attractive to postwar generations. Previous examinations of evangelical thought on sexuality has focused on rhetorical analysis and social history to the exclusion of examinations of the close ties between evangelical marital theology, sexual practice, and political activism. This project seeks to integrate all three into a cohesive historical framework that reveals evangelical response to sexual revolution as more complex and adaptive than it is typically described. Close readings of conservative evangelical texts from 1960 to 1980 combine the long term editorial trajectory of Christianity Today magazine with ideological and theological texts from the 1960s with popular, practical texts from the 1970s to demonstrate that the evangelical marriage project was deliberate, deeply rooted in a modern hermeneutic of Biblical interpretation, and nimble in its ability and willingness to adapt changing sexual attitudes to accommodate Christian theology and practice. The resulting portrait of evangelical response to sexual revolution is more complex, contextualized, and nuanced than previous narratives.

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Abnet, Dustin A. "RADICAL UNION: GENDER, PERSONALITY, AND POLITICS IN THE MARRIAGE OF META AND VICTOR BERGER." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1155073333.

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Garcia, Adan Martin. "Same-Sex Marriage and the States: Policy and its Determinants." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297582.

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Same-sex marriage has become one of the most discussed and most quickly evolving political issues of the past two decades, partly due to rapid changes in public opinion and increasing gay rights-related action on both sides of the political aisle. Though national interest is substantial, marriage has traditionally been regulated by the states, resulting in unequal rights and privileges for homosexual couples across states. The short amount of time in which allowances of same-sex marriage have been adopted makes it difficult to determine which factors contribute most heavily to state marriage policy preferences, but institutional attributes may help explain this process. Types of courts, partisanship configurations within state legislatures, and the availability of direct democracy mechanisms impact state marriage policy to varying degrees, especially when regional and ideological trends are taken into account. In tracking similarities between states that have adopted same-sex marriage policy, it may be possible to predict the future preferences of other states.

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Pratt, Lisa Michelle. "SAME SEX ADOPTION AND PARENTING IN THE UNITED STATES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197265.

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Bal, Surinder. "The Lived Experiences of South Asian Same-Sex Attracted Women Residing in the United States." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10240458.

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South Asian same-sex attracted women in the United States experience discrimination and marginalization that puts them at an increased risk for mental health issues. Research shows their rates of counseling and psychotherapy use are low due to perceptions of stigma, lack of knowledge, and concerns about culturally insensitive treatment plans. Mental health providers lack the literature needed to inform culturally sensitive treatment plans to address these concerning gaps in services, and an extensive literature review found no studies on the lived experiences of this population. Guided by feminist theory, this research study examined how discrimination, oppression, and marginalization mold women’s lived experiences; this knowledge aims to serve as a means to advocate for social and political change for this population. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of this population. An emergent hand coding analysis, using experiential anecdotes, of data collected from interviews of 10 participants generated 10 major themes and 25 subthemes of experiences. Themes included importance of cultural values; familial relationships; marital life plan; intersectionality; and discrimination from gender disparity, patriarchal hierarchy, and sexual modesty. The study contributes to social change initiatives by providing culturally and contextually practical information to mental health professionals, counselor educators, and educational institutions that provide services to this population.

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Bal, Surinder Kaur. "The Lived Experiences of South Asian Same-Sex Attracted Women Residing in the United States." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2953.

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South Asian same-sex attracted women in the United States experience discrimination and marginalization that puts them at an increased risk for mental health issues. Research shows their rates of counseling and psychotherapy use are low due to perceptions of stigma, lack of knowledge, and concerns about culturally insensitive treatment plans. Mental health providers lack the literature needed to inform culturally sensitive treatment plans to address these concerning gaps in services, and an extensive literature review found no studies on the lived experiences of this population. Guided by feminist theory, this research study examined how discrimination, oppression, and marginalization mold women's lived experiences; this knowledge aims to serve as a means to advocate for social and political change for this population. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of this population. An emergent hand coding analysis, using experiential anecdotes, of data collected from interviews of 10 participants generated 10 major themes and 25 subthemes of experiences. Themes included importance of cultural values; familial relationships; marital life plan; intersectionality; and discrimination from gender disparity, patriarchal hierarchy, and sexual modesty. The study contributes to social change initiatives by providing culturally and contextually practical information to mental health professionals, counselor educators, and educational institutions that provide services to this population.

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Bergsten, Hanna. "A matter of equality, religion or politics? : The proliferation of same-sex marriage legislationamong the member states in the European Union." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37391.

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This thesis has investigated the effect of political influence, religious denomination, and level of equality regarding same-sex marriage legislation among the 28 member states of the European Union (EU). Furthermore, prior research has been related to the topics: same-sex marriage cases within the EU court, religious influence on approval of homosexuality, Conservative, Liberal, and Social democratic ideas regarding same-sex marriage and research about Feminism and equality. It has used a quantitative, comparative, and causal analysis to test the six hypotheses by using Cox Regression. The thesis has concluded that religious influence had a negativeeffect on the same-sex marriage legislation, disregarding denomination, and the level of social cohesion and equality had a positive effect on the legislation. Additionally, the result has shown that among the member states of the EU, the phenomenon of same-sex marriage was not a politically polarised, but that there were rather possible other variables not included in the analysis that could explain why half of the member states have legislated same-sex marriage. However, the predicted hazard rate of no legislation has increased and if the trend would continue there could possibly be a consensus among the members of the EU in the future.

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Mitchell, Ethel Whitfield. "A comparison of achievement and attendance of fifth grade African American male and female students attending same-gender classes and coeducational classes in two inner city schools." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40152.

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Jensen, Karla E. "An Exploration of Perspectives on the Events Leading to the Adoption of the Same-Sex Liturgy in the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America." Thesis, Brandman University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10637459.

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Purpose. At the time, the subject of this study was selected, little to no information was available regarding why the Episcopal Church had decided at the 2012 General Convention had adopted a liturgy to provide a sacramental blessing to same-sex unions. The purpose of this study was to determine what factors and organizational culture elements the Bishops believed led to the adoption of the liturgy.

Methodology. A qualitative case study methodology was employed to collect the data needed to answer the research questions. This data included responses from 12 bishops to 13 semi-structured questions aligned with Edgar Schein’s theoretical, cultural analysis model. Respondents replies were recorded; the recordings were transcribed, and the transcribed data was inputted into NVivo 11 software for analysis. Triangulation included the literature review, transcriptions, and the collected documentation.

Findings. Major themes were identified for each research question. The finding (or themes) for Research Question 1 were justice, inclusion and equality. Themes for Research Question 2 were relationship, room at the table, long-term and autonomy Research 3 leadership in the church is bishops composed of each Episcopal Bishop, rather than a single spearhead.

Conclusions. (a) Schein’s methodology for culture analysis proved to be valid for this case study, (b) Schein’s theory of culture resting on a single leader did not lend itself to this study, and, (c) the Episcopalian’s three-pronged discernment method allows the Church to remain relevant in this ever-changing world.

Implementation for Action. The Episcopal Church should: (a) remain an active voice in human rights issues, (b) provide guidance to other religious groups struggling with marital equity, (c) continue to utilize the current discernment process to remain relevant (d) persist in reconciling people to each other, (e) provide communal decision-making workshops for community business leaders to encourage active employee participation and f) open their church to function as a haven for the marginalized and refugees.

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Taylor, James Benjamin. "Do Wedge Issues Matter?: Examining Persuadable Voters and Base Mobilization in the 2004 Presidential Election." unrestricted, 2009. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04172009-110253/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.
Title from file title page. Sean Richey, committee chair; Richard Engstrom , Jason Reifler , committee members. Description based on contents viewed July 22, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-41).

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Chalmers, Jennifer Joan. "Why marry? : an economic analysis of the male marriage premium." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146116.

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"City of desire: A history of same-sex desire in New Orleans, 1917-1977." Tulane University, 2009.

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This dissertation examines same-sex desire through the course of the twentieth century in the city of New Orleans. In some ways the history of same-sex desire and homosexuality in New Orleans is unique and in other ways it is demonstrative of the rest of the country. Chapter one introduces the city itself as a character in this history so that the unique and the ubiquitous can be more easily discerned. Chapter two examines same-sex desire in the 1920s and suggests that same-sex desire existed in many forms and places without an overarching culture of homosexuality. Chapter three discusses cross-dressing at carnival and the implications for the history of same-sex desire in New Orleans. Chapter four and five examine the regulation of homosexuality through formal and informal methods and suggests that 1958 was a pivotal year in the history of homosexuality in New Orleans. Finally, chapter six qualifies the dominant narrative of political activism in the historiography of homosexuality and describes New Orleans's unique contribution to the history of same-sex desire in the United States. The appendix is a discussion of the regulation of same-sex desire and physical acts of sexuality through legislation in Louisiana
acase@tulane.edu

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Duncan, Simon, and M. Phillips. "New families? Tradition and change in partnering and relationships." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2239.

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No
The family as a social institution is often said to be undergoing rapid change or even crisis. Commentary in the media and by policy-makers sometimes claims a `breakdown¿ of the family, asserting that intimate ties of loving and caring are becoming more individualised and self-centred, even selfish. Some scholars see this as part of a broader process whereby traditional social ties such as class, religion and family are fading away. Instead, they argue, people are `compelled to choose their own biographies¿ and personal relationships are being individually and actively chosen from a diverse range of possibilities. Statistically speaking, marriage is decreasing in popularity, whilst living alone, cohabitation and births outside marriage are increasing. But what do trends like this mean? Does this mean `family breakdown¿ or, as much in-depth family research has argued, just that the outward form of families is changing but the inner core - the value people attach to their family relationships ¿ remains central? This project tried to answer this question by examining the British public¿s attitude to different family relationships and parenting arrangements. It looked particularly at cohabitation and marriage, partnering, divorce, solo living, living apart together, same sex relationships and friends.

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CHU, CHIH-WEI, and 朱智偉. "Research on the discourse of "for /against same-sex marriage" in the media: A case study of the Electronic newspapers of China Times, Liberty Times, United Daily News and Apple Daily." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s3529f.

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碩士
慈濟大學
傳播學系碩士班
106
The issue of same-sex marriage is a volatile one in Taiwan. Taiwanese people are either for or against same-sex marriage. In 2017, the Constitutional Court announced the J.Y. Interpretation No. 748 stating that two persons of the same sex shall be allowed to get married. This Interpretation causes the dispute over same-sex marriage even more explosive. By using van dijk’s critical discourse analysis, the purpose of this study is to analyze the power relation and ideology within the news coverage. 　　The news stories were collected from the four mainstream electronic newspapers, namely China Times, Liberty Times, United Daily News, and Apple Daily. 452 news stories and 4 public releases from both sides were analyzed. The results show the two sides have reinforced their strengths and employed their own strategies to convince people that they are the righteous and persecuted groups. However, the news resources are from the limited elite. As a result, the news representations reproduce power inequality in the society.

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Maurer, Anna C. ""Churches in the Vanguard:" Margaret Sanger and the Morality of Birth Control in the 1920s." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/7908.

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Many religious leaders in the early 1900s were afraid of the immoral associations and repercussions of birth control. The Catholic Church and some Protestants never accepted contraception, or accepted it much later, but many mainline Protestants leaders did change their tune dramatically between the years of 1920 and 1931. This investigation seeks to understand how Margaret Sanger was able to use her rhetoric to move her reform from the leftist outskirts and decadent, sexual connotations into the mainstream of family-friendly, morally virtuous, and even conservative religious approval. Securing the approval of religious leaders subsequently provided the impetus for legal and medical acceptance by the late-1930s. Margaret Sanger used conferences, speeches, articles, her magazine (Birth Control Review), and several books to reinforce her message as she pragmatically shifted from the radical left closer to the center and conservatives. She knew the power of the churches to influence their members, and since the United States population had undeniably a Judeo-Christian base, this power could be harnessed in order to achieve success for the birth control movement, among the conservative medical and political communities and the public at large. Despite the clear consensus against birth control by all mainline Christian churches in 1920, including Roman Catholics and Protestants alike, the decade that followed would bring about a great divide that would continue to widen in successive decades. Sanger put forward many arguments in her works, but the ones which ultimately brought along the relatively conservative religious leaders were those that presented birth control not as a gender equity issue, but rather as a morally constructive reform that had the power to save and strengthen marriages; lessen prostitution and promiscuity; protect the health of women; reduce abortions, infanticide, and infant mortality; and improve the quality of life for children and families. Initially, many conservatives and religious leaders associated the birth control movement with radicals, feminists, prostitutes, and promiscuous youth, and feared contraception would lead to immorality and the deterioration of the family. Without the threat of pregnancy, conservatives feared that youth and even married adults would seize the opportunity to have sex outside of marriage. Others worried the decreasing size of families was a sign of growing selfishness and materialism. In response, Sanger promoted the movement as a way for conservatives to stop the rising divorce rates by strengthening and increasing marriages, and to improve the lives of families by humanely increasing the health and standard of living, for women and children especially. In short, she argued that birth control would not lead to deleterious consequences, but would actually improve family moral values and become an effective humanitarian reform. She recognized that both liberals and conservatives were united in hoping to strengthen the family, and so she emphasized those virtues and actively courted those same conservative religious leaders that had previously shunned birth control and the movement. Throughout the 1920s, she emphasized the ways in which birth control could strengthen marriages and improve the quality of life of women and children, and she effectively won over the relatively conservative religious leaders that she needed to bring about the movement’s public, medical, and political progress.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Same-sex marriage – United States'

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