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Journal articles on the topic 'Same-gender friendships'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Veniegas, Rosemary C., and Letitia Anne Peplau. "Power and the Quality of Same-Sex Friendships." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 2 (June 1997): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00113.x.

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Does the quality of same-sex friendship depend on the gender of the friends and the balance of power between friends? Fifty-four men and 60 women undergraduates evaluated two of their same-sex friendships, one equal in power and one unequal in power. The quality of each friendship was rated in terms of emotional closeness, satisfaction, liking, self-disclosure, and rewards. In general, most young adults evaluated their friendships positively. Mixed-model multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) found significant main effects of gender and power on ratings of quality, but no interactions. Consistent with previous research, women generally evaluated their same-sex friendships more positively than did men. Gender differences were relatively small in magnitude and were not found for all indices of relationship quality, however. As predicted, participants rated equal-power friendships significantly higher than unequal-power friendships on all measures of quality. Power appears to be an important but largely neglected element of friendship.

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Hooijsma, Marianne, Gijs Huitsing, Dorottya Kisfalusi, Jan Kornelis Dijkstra, Andreas Flache, and René Veenstra. "Multidimensional similarity in multiplex networks: friendships between same- and cross-gender bullies and same- and cross-gender victims." Network Science 8, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2020.1.

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AbstractSimilar peers are more likely to become friends, but it remains unclear how the combination of multiple characteristics, known as multidimensional similarity, influences friendships. This study aimed to investigate whether similarity in gender (attribute) and bullying or victimization (network position) contributes to friendships. The school-level networks of friendships and victim-bully relationships in 17 Dutch elementary schools (2,130 students) were examined using multiplex longitudinal social network models (RSiena). The results showed that friendships were more likely to occur between same-gender peers and between bullies sharing their targets of victimization. Multidimensional similarity (similarities in gender as well as bullying) increased the likelihood of friendships for same-gender bullies targeting the same victims, but not for same-gender victims sharing bullies. The findings underline the importance of unraveling the interplay between different dimensions of similarity for children’s relationships and surpass unidimensional similarity based on single attributes.

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3

Felmlee, Diane, Elizabeth Sweet, and H. Colleen Sinclair. "Gender Rules: Same- and Cross-Gender Friendships Norms." Sex Roles 66, no. 7-8 (January 12, 2012): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0109-z.

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4

O'Connor, P. "Same-gender and Cross-gender Friendships Among the Frail Elderly." Gerontologist 33, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/33.1.24.

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5

Felmlee, Diane H. "Social Norms in Same- and Cross-Gender Friendships." Social Psychology Quarterly 62, no. 1 (March 1999): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2695825.

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6

Rokeach, Alan, and Judith Wiener. "Friendship Quality in Adolescents With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 8 (October 13, 2017): 1156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054717735380.

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Objective: This study compared the quality of friendships (same- and other-sex) in adolescents with and without ADHD, across age and gender. Method: A community sample of 115 participants (61 ADHD, 54 Comparison), ages 13 to 18, completed a questionnaire assessing perceived levels of social support and negative interactions experienced in their friendships. Results: Ratings of friendship social support diminished across age in youth with ADHD, but increased in typically developing youth. Adolescents with and without ADHD, however, did not differ on ratings of negative interactions experienced in their friendships. Compared with males, females rated their friendships to be more supportive, irrespective of ADHD status. Adolescents with and without ADHD rated their same-sex friendships to be simultaneously more supportive and more conflictual than their other-sex friendships. Conclusion: Assessments of adolescents with ADHD should include a careful examination of their social functioning with particular attention devoted to the quality of their friendships.

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Savickaitė, Rūta, Jan Kornelis Dijkstra, Derek Kreager, Katya Ivanova, and René Veenstra. "Friendships, Perceived Popularity, and Adolescent Romantic Relationship Debut." Journal of Early Adolescence 40, no. 3 (May 22, 2019): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431619847530.

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This study examined the association of friendships and popularity with adolescents’ first-time involvement in a romantic relationship (referred to as romantic relationship debut). The aim of this article was twofold: first, to disentangle the unique effects of friendships and perceived popularity; second, to separate same- and cross-gender peer nominations. Specifically, it was tested whether same- and cross-gender friendships or same- and cross-gender popularity were more likely to increase the likelihood of romantic relationship debut. Using longitudinal data of 590 Dutch adolescents age 12 to 18 (57 % girls) from TRAILS (Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey), results are consistent with the hypothesis that cross-gender friendships and cross-gender popularity increase the chances of a romantic relationship debut. Findings indicate that peer evaluations by cross-gender peers of both friendships and popularity account for adolescents’ romantic relationship debut.

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8

BANK, BARBARA J., and SUZANNE L. HANSFORD. "Gender and friendship: Why are men's best same-sex friendships less intimate and supportive?" Personal Relationships 7, no. 1 (March 2000): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00004.x.

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9

Fankhauser, Peter. "Novel Findings on Gender Differences in Self- Disclosure: The Sharing of Personal Information in Japanese Students’ Close Friendships." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2018-0001.

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Abstract Contrary to common findings on self-disclosure and gender, male students at a Japanese university that were questioned for this study reported significantly higher disclosure to close friends than their female colleagues-overall as well as for various individual topics (N = 479). Two different measures of self-disclosure were used, both yielding similar results. The gender differences were especially pronounced in cross-gender friendships. In accordance with previous literature, subjective feeling of closeness and respondents’ trust in the stability of the friendship were found to be positively associated with self-disclosure. While both closeness and trust in relationship stability were greater in same-gender friendships, no gender differences were found in this regard. The conclusion discusses the possibility of these findings being connected to shifting images of masculinity and femininity among Japanese youth, as well as changing interaction patterns between genders.

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10

Aboud, Frances E., Morton J. Mendelson, and Kelly T. Purdy. "Cross-race peer relations and friendship quality." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 2 (March 2003): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000164.

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Intergroup contact and friendship are keystones to the reduction of prejudice, yet most available data on this topic are based on indices that do not actually reflect contact or relationships. This study examined various indices of peer relations (viz., interactive companions, mutual friendships, and the stability and perceived qualities of mutual friends) for elementary school students who differed in grade, gender, and racial background; and it explored whether racial attitudes were associated with befriending or avoiding classmates. Cross-race mutual friendships declined with grade, and among fifth-graders were less likely to show 6-month stability than same-race friendships. Despite overall same-race selectivity, mutual cross-race friends, once selected, did not differ significantly from same-race ones in friendship functions such as loyalty and emotional security; only with respect to intimacy were they rated lower. Finally, racial prejudice was most strongly related to the number of excluded classmates, while children with less biased attitudes had more cross-race interactive companions and more positive perceptions of their friends.

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11

Mazur, Elizabeth. "Predicting Gender Differences in Same-Sex Friendships from Affiliation Motive and Value." Psychology of Women Quarterly 13, no. 3 (November 1989): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb01002.x.

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In order to explore factors that influence gender differences in same-sex friendship behaviors, the present study examined how affiliation motive, as measured by thematic apperception to same-sex cues, and affiliation value, obtained from a modified Edwards (1957) Personal Preference Scale, determined type of friendship situation (unstructured, structured, or group) and its particular qualities for 37 female and 31 male undergraduates. Men consistently had lower affiliation motivation and affiliation values than women. Subjects' reports of actual friendship episodes showed gender differences in type of friendship episode, self-disclosure, and involvement. However, there were no gender differences in mood and levels of meaningfulness, pleasantness, and satisfaction with the episodes, suggesting that the sexes differed in their manner of engaging in friendship, but not in subjective outcomes. Regression analyses indicated that some of these differences were partially a function of gender differences in personality determinants of friendship behavior.

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12

McGuire, Jessica E., and Campbell Leaper. "Competition, Coping, and Closeness in Young Heterosexual Adults’ Same-Gender Friendships." Sex Roles 74, no. 9-10 (January 8, 2016): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0570-1.

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13

Duck, Steve, and Paul H. Wright. "Reexamining gender differences in same-gender friendships: A close look at two kinds of data." Sex Roles 28, no. 11-12 (June 1993): 709–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289989.

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14

Sharabany, Ruth, Yohanan Eshel, and Caesar Hakim. "Boyfriend, girlfriend in a traditional society: Parenting styles and development of intimate friendships among Arabs in school." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 1 (January 2008): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407084053.

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The development of intimate same- and other-sex friendships in Arab children and adolescents in Israel was investigated in relation to their perceived parenting styles. It was hypothesized that girls would show higher levels of intimacy than boys, and that cross-sex intimacy in both groups would increase with age, whereas same-sex intimate friendship maintains rather stable over the school years. We hypothesized further that intimate friendship would be contingent more readily on perceived parental authoritative style rather than on either permissive or authoritarian styles. Participants were 723 Arab students drawn from four schools, and from the 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th grades. The Parental Authority Questionnaire and Intimate Friendship Scale were employed as measures. Findings indicated that girls were more intimate with their female friends than boys were with their male friends, especially in the higher grades, replicating previous studies. However, boys tended to score higher than girls on intimacy with the other gender. Girls equaled their level of intimacy only at the 11th grade. These findings suggest that traditional societies may foster specific characteristics of intimate friendship. A novel finding is the central role of the authoritative parenting style in determining intimate friendships. Results are discussed in terms of universal aspects of friendship and of their expression in the investigated cultural setting.

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Leaper, Campbell. "Young Adults’ Conversational Strategies During Negotiation and Self-Disclosure in Same-Gender and Mixed-Gender Friendships." Sex Roles 81, no. 9-10 (February 21, 2019): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-1014-0.

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16

Bowman, Jonathan M. "Gender Role Orientation and Relational Closeness: Self-Disclosive Behavior in Same-Sex Male Friendships." Journal of Men's Studies 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 316–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.1603.316.

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17

Shechtman, Zipora. "The effect of group psychotherapy on close same-gender friendships among boys and girls." Sex Roles 30, no. 11-12 (June 1994): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01544234.

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18

Stevens, Nan L., and Theo G. Van Tilburg. "Cohort differences in having and retaining friends in personal networks in later life." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 28, no. 1 (November 15, 2010): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386191.

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Friendship has increased in importance during the last few decades. The study examines whether friendship has become more prevalent in personal networks of older adults. Three cohorts of older persons have been followed since 1992 for 17 years in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. The younger cohort had friends more often and retained friends longer than two older cohorts. The differences are related to personal choice, relational competence and greater structural opportunities for making and keeping friends that were available to the younger cohort. Women retained same-sex friends longer than men. The oldest women lost cross-sex friends more often than did men. This is related to different gender-specific survival rates and to women’s tendency to retain friendships longer.

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19

Schwartz-Mette, Rebecca A., Hannah R. Lawrence, Jessica Shankman, Eliot Fearey, and Aubrey Dueweke. "Birds of a Feather Want to Talk Together: The Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Initial Stages of Friendship Formation in Older Adolescence." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 10 (December 2018): 769–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.769.

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Introduction: Peer relationships play a vital role in adolescents’ lives and are considered to be especially critical for youth who experience elevated depressive symptoms. Unfortunately, depressed youth tend to have difficulties with existing friendships (e.g., fewer and lower quality friendships), which may exacerbate their symptoms. Little is known, however, about how depressed youth approach the initial stages of friendship formation, which may have implications for the types of social support they can access. Method: Using a conversation task designed to build intimacy, older adolescents (N = 228, M age = 19.54 years) with and without elevated depressive symptoms interacted with a previously unknown, same-gender partner. Results: Results suggested that adolescents with elevated symptoms experienced interactions differently (e.g., speculated more about their conversation partner and thought their partner was speculating more about them, experienced more negative affect) than nondepressed peers. The depression status of the potential friend also mattered, as participants paired with partners of similar emotional adjustment status wanted to talk more and felt closer to one another than did mismatched partners. Discussion: Findings underscore that depressive symptoms impact even the earliest stages of friendship formation. From the perspective of interpersonal theories of depression, implications for bolstering depressed adolescents’ relationships are discussed.

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20

Holmstrom, Amanda J. "Sex and Gender Similarities and Differences in Communication Values in Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Friendships." Communication Quarterly 57, no. 2 (May 18, 2009): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463370902889455.

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21

Ackermann, Katharina, Anne Martinelli, Anka Bernhard, Kathrin Ueno, Christine M. Freitag, Gerhard Büttner, Florian Schmiedek, and Christina Schwenck. "Validation of the Network of Relationship Inventory in Female and Male Adolescents." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 2 (March 2020): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000508.

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Abstract. Friendships and their different qualities have been shown to be important for adolescents’ socio-emotional development and psychological adjustment. In empirical research on such friendship qualities, the Network of Relationship Inventory – Relationship Quality Version (NRI-RQV) is a widely used questionnaire. Here, we conduct an extensive validation of a German version of the NRI-RQV, investigating its factor structure, reliability, and concurrent validity, in a sample of N = 679 adolescents aged 13–18 years. Applying multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, we further test whether the factor structure of the friendship quality construct holds across groups of males and females. Results showed that a structure with nine correlated first-order factors fit the data well, indicating nine distinct friendship qualities in males and females. Measurement invariance testing suggested the same underlying friendship quality construct, albeit differences in mean scores per gender. As evidence for concurrent validity, closeness and discordant friendship qualities showed expected correlations with empathy and social problems, respectively, but not with aggressive behavior. Overall, results indicate good psychometric properties for the German version of the NRI-RQV as a measure of friendship qualities in both males and females.

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22

Zhang, Tianxin, and Christina M. Frederick. "Busting the Myth of the Non-Social Gamer: Comparing Friendship Quality Between Gamers and Non-Gamers." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621169.

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Beyond the use of social media, people now often connect with people around the globe through online gaming. There are more than one billion people worldwide who play online games, and almost one-half of the population in the U.S are video gamers (Liu, Li, & Santhanam. 2013). There are still common stereotypes that gamers lack “real” friends and hide away from social activities as social isolates because the online world is not conducive to healthy social connections (Nie, 2001, Shen & Williams, 2010; Williams, 2006). However, there are also studies showing that online connections between gamers are healthy. Research with MMORPG players found that game play helped created strong online friendships, and social motives drove player participation (Griffiths et al., 2011). A German study showed that there was no significant difference between gamers and non-gamers in terms of how to socialize with other people online (Domahidi, Festl & Quandt, 2014). To gain a better understanding of gamers’ social characteristics, the present study examined friendships in online and offline domains in a gamer group and a non-gamer group. Ninety-two gamers and fifty-nine non-gamers completed the McGill Friendship Questionnaire (Mendelson & Aboud, 2014). for their closest online and offline friend, and a general measure of personal happiness using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Hills and Argyle, 2002). Within group comparison found that for gamers the online friendship was of significantly higher quality than the offline friendship. For non-gamers, the opposite results were found. Of particular importance and interest in this study was the finding that the closest online friendship for the gamer group was not significantly different on any friendship dimension than the closest offline friendship for the non-gamer group, and both groups also showed no difference in general life happiness. In essence, the closest face to face friendship non-gamers enjoy looks the same as the closest online friendship reported by gamers. The results support the conclusion that gamers do have close and important friendships with other people, and that these occur online rather than face to face. The explanation could be that for gamers, their comfort in the online environment allows them to meet and grow close to others within this milieu, even though they may never meet their closest friend face to face. For further study, it will be valuable to see how this finding varies by personal qualities, such as gender, age or loneliness level.

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23

Kirmayer, Miriam H., Thomas H. Khullar, and Melanie A. Dirks. "Initial Development of a Situation‐based Measure of Emerging Adults’ Social Competence in their Same‐gender Friendships." Journal of Research on Adolescence 31, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jora.12616.

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24

Morman, Mark T., Paul Schrodt, and Michael J. Tornes. "Self-disclosure mediates the effects of gender orientation and homophobia on the relationship quality of male same-sex friendships." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30, no. 5 (November 21, 2012): 582–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407512463991.

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25

Koekoek, Jeroen, and Annelies Knoppers. "Gender Categorizations During Group Work in Physical Education." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0189.

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Purpose: To explore how the use of gender categorizations inform children’s preferences of working with others in physical education. Method: Draw, write, and tell procedures were used to elicit the thoughts and feelings of 42 children, across four schools, about their peers and working together in groups. The children, aged between 11 and 13 years, were distributed across 14 focus groups to talk about conditions in group work that they thought facilitated and inhibited their learning. Results: Two meta-themes—(a) classmates and friendships and (b) work intention and trust—emerged from the interview data about their preferences for the ways groups were constituted. The results indicated that these children created or constructed categories of their peers based on gender but using gender-neutral words. Conclusion: Their constructions of working with others in PE contributed to an implicit curriculum consisting of different expectations for the same gender and for other gender groups.

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26

Bartle-Haring, Suzanne, and Richelle Echelberger Strimple. "Association of Identity and Intimacy: An Exploration of Gender and Sex-Role Orientation." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1255.

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This study examined Erikson's psychosocial crises of identity versus identity diffusion and intimacy versus isolation, focusing specifically on how sex-role orientation contributes to gender differences in the resolution of these two crises. Perceptions of competence in self-disclosure and emotional support in both same-sex friendships and relationships with heterosexual dating partners, along with achievement of ideological and interpersonal identity, were included in the study so that differences could be examined. First-year and fourth-year college students ( n = 135) at a large midwestern university responded to measures assessing identity, capacity for intimacy, and sex-role orientation. When controlling for sex-role orientation, the relationship between identity and intimacy was nonsignificant for men but significant for women.

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27

MARKSON, ELIZABETH W., and CAROL A. TAYLOR. "The mirror has two faces." Ageing and Society 20, no. 2 (March 2000): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007680.

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Have changing demographics, increased life expectancy and findings about gender similarities and differences, altered portrayals of older people in American feature films during the past 65 years? We identified 3,038 films made between 1929 and 1995 in which actors and actresses, nominated at least once during their lifetimes for an Oscar award, appeared when aged 60 years or older. Academy Award nominees were selected because they offered a sample of ‘notable’ performers and an accessible database. We selected an eight per cent random sample for a content analysis of their roles. Throughout this period, men were more likely to be depicted as vigorous, employed and involved in same-gender friendships and adventure (whether as hero or villain). Women remained either peripheral to the action or were portrayed as rich dowagers, wives/mothers, or lonely spinsters. Despite changing gender roles in later life since the 1930s and despite social and economic changes for older Americans (earlier retirement age and better health are but two examples), their film roles have remained remarkably static in age and gender stereotyping. In feature films, the mask of ageing differs by gender. Male masks veil inactivity and physical changes, while female masks reveal ageist and sexist stereotypes.

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Sanchagrin, Kenneth, Karen Heimer, and Anthony Paik. "Adolescent Delinquency, Drinking, and Smoking." Youth & Society 49, no. 6 (December 18, 2014): 805–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x14563050.

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Youths who have deviant and delinquent friends are more likely to engage in delinquency. Interestingly, most quantitative studies of the association between deviant peers and deviant behavior have assumed that all peer connections have similar effects. Yet, it is possible that peer influence may vary depending on the characteristics of peers. Using social network data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study examines the impact of same-sex and cross-sex friendships on deviance and delinquency in adolescent networks. The findings demonstrate that peer association is a significant predictor of delinquency for males, although its effects depend on the gender of boys’ friends. For females, by contrast, the link between associating with deviant peers and behavior is minimal once the stable characteristics of individuals are taken into account. Rather, social bonds are the most important predictors of delinquency.

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29

McDougall, Patricia, and Shelley Hymel. "Same-Gender versus Cross-Gender Friendship Conceptions: Similar or Different?" Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 53, no. 3 (2007): 347–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2007.0018.

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30

Reisman, John M. "Intimacy in same-sex friendships." Sex Roles 23, no. 1-2 (July 1990): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289880.

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31

Williams, Dorie Giles. "Gender, masculinity-femininity, and emotional intimacy in same-sex friendship." Sex Roles 12, no. 5-6 (March 1985): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00288179.

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Morgan, Elizabeth M., and Elisabeth Morgan Thompson. "Young Women's Sexual Experiences Within Same-Sex Friendships." Journal of Bisexuality 6, no. 3 (December 2006): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j159v06n03_02.

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Smith, Sanne. "Befriending the same differently: ethnic, socioeconomic status, and gender differences in same-ethnic friendship." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. 11 (September 14, 2017): 1858–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2017.1374168.

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34

Zarbatany, Lynne, Ryanne Conley, and Susan Pepper. "Personality and gender differences in friendship needs and experiences in preadolescence and young adulthood." International Journal of Behavioral Development 28, no. 4 (July 2004): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000514.

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Personality and gender differences in close same-sex friendship needs and experiences were investigated in two samples. Participants were 312 university students (217 women, M age 1/4 19.5) and 491 preadolescents (269 girls, M age 1/4 11.87). Participants completed several questionnaires yielding scores for communion and agency (personality), communal and agentic friendship needs, actual communal and agentic provisions of a best friendship, and affective functioning (satisfaction with the best friendship, loneliness). Findings revealed that close friendship serves both communal (connection) and agentic (social prominence) needs. Agency and/or communion predicted friendship needs and experiences and affective correlates of failure to meet friendship needs (friendship satisfaction, loneliness). Thus, friendship is not a homogeneous experience, but is shaped by the dispositions of the individuals who comprise it. Gender differences emerged in communal and agentic friendship needs and experiences; however, consensus among male and female participants regarding the functions of close friendship fails to support strong claims regarding gender-differentiated “worlds.”

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35

Sinclair, Samantha, Rickard Carlsson, and Fredrik Björklund. "The role of friends in career compromise: Same-gender friendship intensifies gender differences in educational choice." Journal of Vocational Behavior 84, no. 2 (April 2014): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.12.007.

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36

Knickmeyer, Nicole, Kim Sexton, and Nancy Nishimura. "The Impact of Same-Sex Friendships on the Weil-Being of Women." Women & Therapy 25, no. 1 (May 23, 2002): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v25n01_03.

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37

Rose, Suzanna, and Laurie Roades. "Feminism and Women's Friendships." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 2 (June 1987): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00787.x.

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The ideology of “sisterhood” within the feminist movement suggests that feminists' and nonfeminists' same-sex friendships would differ profoundly. This assumption was tested by examining the friendships of 45 heterosexual nonfeminists, 43 heterosexual feminists, and 38 lesbian feminists from a large midwestern city. Participants ranged in age from 19 to 46. Using objective measures, differences were found between feminists and nonfeminists for some structural dimensions of friendship, including number of cross-generational friendships, degree of equality, and amount of privacy preferred with a best friend. Lesbian feminists preferred more privacy with their friends than nonfeminists, but rated their friends as lower on relationship quality and degree of equality than heterosexual feminists and nonfeminists. The three groups did not differ on the affective content of friendship, including liking, loving, satisfaction and commitment. However, feminists subjectively perceived their feminism as having contributed to both structural and affective changes in their friendships.

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Barth, Robert J., and Bill N. Kinder. "A theoretical analysis of sex differences in same-sex friendships." Sex Roles 19, no. 5-6 (September 1988): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289842.

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39

Wada, Minoru. "Effects of gender and physical distance with an old friend on same-sex friendship." Japanese journal of psychology 72, no. 3 (2001): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.72.186.

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40

Ma, Rong, Anita Atwell Seate, and Nick Joyce. "The effects of prototypicality and gender salience on liking and friendship potential of a female interlocutor." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 1 (August 22, 2017): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517726395.

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Drawing on self-categorization theory, this article examines the indirect effects of gender salience and prototypicality on friendship potential through increasing liking of a female interlocutor. We manipulated biographies of the fictitious interlocutor to change perceptions of prototypicality. For women, gender salience interacted with prototypicality to directly predict liking and the desire to become friends with the interlocutor indirectly through liking. Specifically, there was an interaction between prototypicality and gender salience, such that as gender salience increased, the prototypical interlocutor was liked significantly more and had higher friendship potential. For men, the same relationships did not appear. We discuss the implications of our study as well as directions for future research on intragroup communication and intergroup contexts with regard to power asymmetry.

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Sevimli, D. "The Effect of Same and Opposite Gender Friendship on Regular Physical Activity and Cigarette Smoking Habits." Anthropologist 24, no. 2 (May 2016): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892034.

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Bigdow, Brian J., and John H. Lewko. "Sport-Involved Children's Friendship Expectations." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11, no. 2 (June 1989): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.2.152.

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The effect of selected aspects of sport involvement on children's friendship expectations (FEs) was investigated by having 80 sport-involved children, grouped equally by gender from ages 9 through 12, complete a 40-item Likert questionnaire. The questionnaire contained eight FEs adapted to each of five discrete sport contexts reflecting team-sport involvement, team-sport non-involvement, same-team membership, opposing-team membership, and poorer players. MANOVAs showed that the sport context was the principal effect. Posttesting revealed that the children agreed that team sport and same-team membership promotes friendship relations. They were relatively undecided whether non-involvement, opposite-team membership, or lack of skill interferes with friendship relations, although they agreed that the poorer player has more friendship problems in sport. Age, sex, and FE item interactions were comparatively small. Older children were more tolerant of the effects of opposing-team membership, older girls were more tolerant of lack of skill, and FE contrasts between sport contexts had good construct validity.

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Maican, Cătălin Ioan, and Elena Cocoradă. "Computers, Internet and Smartphone Attitudes Among Romanian University Students." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p85-92.

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Higher education institutions encourage the use of computers and of the internet for accessing content, assignments, exam results and collaborative learning work. Our study focuses on the university students’ attitudes towards the use of computers, internet and smartphones in relationship with the field of studies, age, gender, academic performance. The research is a descriptive and correlational one. The participants were 685 female and male university students, enrolled in Sciences and Humanities, distributed in two studies which conducted at a distance of four years. The instruments used were the following: CARS, (Heinssen, Glass, - Knight, 1987), the IAS (Nickel and Pinto (1986), CAS (Compeau, - Higgins, 1995), some scales of MTUAS ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISSN" : "0747-5632", "PMID" : "25722534", "abstract" : "Current approaches to measuring people's everyday usage of technology-based media and other computer-related activities have proved to be problematic as they use varied outcome measures, fail to measure behavior in a broad range of technology-related domains and do not take into account recently developed types of technology including smartphones. In the present study, a wide variety of items, covering a range of up-to-date technology and media usage behaviors. Sixty-six items concerning technology and media usage, along with 18 additional items assessing attitudes toward technology, were administered to two independent samples of individuals, comprising 942 participants. Factor analyses were used to create 11 usage subscales representing smartphone usage, general social media usage, Internet searching, e-mailing, media sharing, text messaging, video gaming, online friendships, Facebook friendships, phone calling, and watching television in addition to four attitude-based subscales: positive attitudes, negative attitudes, technological anxiety/dependence, and attitudes toward task-switching. All subscales showed strong reliabilities and relationships between the subscales and pre-existing measures of daily media usage and Internet addiction were as predicted. Given the reliability and validity results, the new Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale was suggested as a method of measuring media and technology involvement across a variety of types of research studies either as a single 60-item scale or any subset of the 15 subscales.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Rosen", "given" : "L D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Whaling", "given" : "K", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Carrier", "given" : "L M", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Cheever", "given" : "N A", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Rokkum", "given" : "J", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Computers in human behavior", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "6", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013", "11", "1" ] ] }, "page" : "2501-2511", "publisher" : "NIH Public Access", "title" : "The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale: An empirical investigation.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "29" }, "uris" : [ "http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=61676b79-6d78-39cc-84fd-a029b36d7adf" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Rosen, Whaling, Carrier, Cheever, - Rokkum, 2013)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Rosen, Whaling, Carrier, Cheever, - Rokkum, 2013)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Rosen, Whaling, Carrier, Cheever, - Rokkum, 2013)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Rosen, Whaling, Carrier, Cheever, - Rokkum, 2013) and of USLS (Rung, Wranke, and Mattheos, 2014). The results showed significant differences between male and female students concerning the use and attitudes towards computers, internet and smartphones. But the self-efficacy is the same with males and females, conventional and nonconventional students, respectively. The positive and negative attitudes and task switching are equal for the two genders, and the academic performance is associated with a part of the activities performed on Facebook. The findings are discussed in connection with the learning situations, the multitasking tendencies and the use of technologies for social and private activities.

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Stefanek, Elisabeth, Dagmar Strohmeier, and Rens van de Schoot. "Individual and class room predictors of same-cultural friendship preferences in multicultural schools." International Journal of Behavioral Development 39, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414538556.

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This study was an investigation of individual and contextual predictors for same-cultural friendship preferences among non-immigrant ( N = 125), Turkish ( N = 196) and former Yugoslavian ( N = 256) immigrant youths ( M age = 14.39 years) in 36 multicultural classes. At the individual level age, gender, cultural group, number of friends, and acculturation variables, such as immigrant status, cultural pride and racist victimization were investigated. At the class level, predictors drawn from contact theory such as cultural diversity and multicultural education were analyzed. Multilevel analyses have revealed that being a former Yugoslavian first and second generation immigrant, being a Turkish first generation immigrant, having fewer friends, a high level of cultural pride and a high level of cultural diversity in classes are related to more same-cultural friendship preferences. The present findings highlight the importance of acculturation-related and contextual factors for same-cultural friendship preferences.

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Grard, Adeline, Anton Kunst, Mirte Kuipers, Matthias Richter, Arja Rimpela, Bruno Federico, and Vincent Lorant. "Same-Sex Friendship, School Gender Composition, and Substance Use: A Social Network Study of 50 European Schools." Substance Use & Misuse 53, no. 6 (November 30, 2017): 998–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1392976.

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Herbst, Uta, Hilla Dotan, and Sina Stöhr. "Negotiating with work friends: examining gender differences in team negotiations." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 32, no. 4 (May 2, 2017): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2015-0250.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate whether a team of females negotiates differently than a team of males, and whether (workplace) friendship moderates the relationship between single-gender team composition and negotiation outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The authors used two laboratory studies and paired 216 MBA students into single-gender teams of friends and non-friends, and then engaged them in several dyadic multi-issue negotiations. Findings The results show that on average, male teams of non-friends reached significantly better outcomes than female teams of non-friends. However, and interestingly, female teams of friends perform equally to male teams of friends. Research limitations/implications The authors contribute both to the negotiations and the workplace friendship literature because very little research has examined negotiation among friends at work and in particular team negotiations. In addition, the authors also contribute to the literature on gender differences in negotiations because existing research has rarely examined the differences between all-male and all-female teams and especially the relationship between same-sex teams and their effects on negotiation outcomes. Practical implications This research has clear implications to managers with regard to team composition. Specifically, a winning all-female team should not be changed! Originality/value This is the first study to examine the relationship between workplace friendship, gender and negotiation outcomes.

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Sulaimani, Amjjad. "Gender Representation in EFL Textbooks in Saudi Arabia: A Fair Deal?" English Language Teaching 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n6p44.

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This study explores gender representation in an international English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbook that has been specifically adapted for the Saudi Arabian context. It aims to investigate gender frequencies in conversations in three dimensions: gender relations, subject positions, and contents. The quantitative data were analysed using critical discourse analysis (CDA) as a model. The results indicate that the textbook is biased in terms of gender. Women are underrepresented in the textbook. They have been totally excluded from half of the units in the textbook. Also, the equal relations between the two genders are limited to friendship. Although both genders are positioned in the same subjects and contents, women are less frequently characterised than men.

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Delice, Serkan. "Friendship, sociability, and masculinity in the Ottoman Empire: An essay confronting the ghosts of historicism." New Perspectives on Turkey 42 (2010): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600005598.

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AbstractThis paper explores the historical transformation of masculinity and male intimacy in the Ottoman Empire, with a special emphasis on ethnic, class and gender subtexts of same-sex relationships. Focusing on two significant historical narratives—one written by the historian Mustafâ Âlî in the late sixteenth century, the other by the nineteenth-century historian Cevdet Paşa—I will discuss the ways in which both historians produced narratives of transition and decadence and deployed a problematic historicism that does identify same-sex intimacy. Coming to terms with the inadequacies of both essentialist/identity-based and constructivist approaches for understanding historically specific gender and sexual identifications, I will argue for a new set of concepts that will allow us to appreciate the continuing instrumental significance of same-sex intimacy in a wider discussion of friendship, masculinity and conduct. I will also interrogate the extent to which we might read historical narratives, in spite of their historicist, silencing effects, from a new perspective on subjectivity—a perspective that accounts for the potential of historical subjects to weave webs of identification and sociability, as well as to create relational modes that escape the regulatory, hetero-normalizing agenda of historicism.

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Mellinger, Christopher, and Ronald F. Levant. "Moderators of the Relationship Between Masculinity and Sexual Prejudice in Men: Friendship, Gender Self-Esteem, Same-Sex Attraction, and Religious Fundamentalism." Archives of Sexual Behavior 43, no. 3 (January 31, 2014): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0220-z.

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Hahn, Youjin, Asadul Islam, Eleonora Patacchini, and Yves Zenou. "Friendship and Female Education: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Bangladeshi Primary Schools." Economic Journal 130, no. 627 (November 5, 2019): 740–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez064.

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Abstract We randomly assigned 115 primary schools in Bangladesh to one of two settings: children studying in groups with friends and children studying in groups with peers. The groups consisted of four people with similar average cognitive abilities and household characteristics. While the achievement of male students was not affected by the group assignment, low-ability females with friends outperformed low-ability females working with peers by roughly 0.4 standard deviations of the test score distribution. This is not due to the fact that friends tend to be of the same gender or to a higher frequency of interactions among friends.

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