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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Su, Diansan, John Riley, Willis J. Kiessling, William M. Armstead, and Renyu Liu. "Salvinorin A Produces Cerebrovasodilation through Activation of Nitric Oxide Synthase, κ Receptor, and Adenosine Triphosphate–sensitive Potassium Channel." Anesthesiology 114, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318204e029.

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Background Salvinorin A is a nonopioid, selective κ opioid-receptor agonist. Despite its high potential for clinical application, its pharmacologic profile is not well known. In the current study, we hypothesized that salvinorin A dilates pial arteries via activation of nitric oxide synthase, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, and opioid receptors. Methods Cerebral artery diameters and cyclic guanosine monophosphate in cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid were monitored in piglets equipped with closed cranial windows. Observation took place before and after salvinorin A administration in the presence or absence of an opioid antagonist (naloxone), a κ opioid receptor-selective antagonist (norbinaltorphimine), nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine and 7-nitroindazole), a dopamine receptor D2 antagonist (sulpiride), and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium and Ca-activated K channel antagonists (glibenclamide and iberiotoxin). The effects of salvinorin A on the constricted cerebral artery induced by hypocarbia and endothelin were investigated. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA (n = 5) with statistical significance set at a P value of less than 0.05. Results Salvinorin A induced immediate but brief vasodilatation that was sustained for 30 min via continual administration every 2 min. Vasodilatation and the associated cyclic guanosine monophosphate elevation in cerebrospinal fluid were abolished by preadministration N(G)-nitro-L-arginine, but not 7-nitroindazole. Although naloxone, norbinaltorphimine, and glibenclamide abolished salvinorin A-induced cerebrovasodilation, this response was unchanged by iberiotoxin and sulpiride. Hypocarbia and endothelin-constricted pial arteries responded similarly to salvinorin A, to the extent observed under resting tone. Conclusions Salvinorin A dilates cerebral arteries via activation of nitric oxide synthase, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel, and the κ opioid receptor.

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2

Braida, Daniela, Andrea Donzelli, Roberta Martucci, Valeria Capurro, and Mariaelvina Sala. "Learning and Memory Impairment Induced by Salvinorin A, the Principal Ingredient of Salvia divinorum, in Wistar Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 30, no. 6 (September 29, 2011): 650–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581811418538.

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The effects of salvinorin A ( Salvia divinorum principal ingredient), a potent κ-opioid natural hallucinogen, on learning and memory were investigated. Wistar rats were tested in the 8-arm radial maze, for object recognition and passive avoidance tasks for spatial, episodic, and aversive memory. Attention was assessed using a latent inhibition task. Salvinorin A (80-640 μg/kg subcutaneous [sc]) did not affect short-term memory, but it impaired spatial long-term memory. Episodic and aversive memories were impaired by salvinorin A (160-640 μg/kg). Memory impairment was blocked by the selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine ([nor-B]; 0.5-1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [ip]). Salvinorin A (160 μg/kg) disrupted latent inhibition, after LiCl treatment, such as reduced sucrose intake, suggesting an attention would result in an impairment of cognitive behavior. These findings demonstrate for the first time that salvinorin A has deleterious effects on learning and memory, through a κ-opioid receptor mechanism.

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3

Brito-da-Costa, Andreia Machado, Diana Dias-da-Silva, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira, and Áurea Madureira-Carvalho. "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Salvinorin A and Salvia divinorum: Clinical and Forensic Aspects." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14020116.

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Salvia divinorum Epling and Játiva is a perennial mint from the Lamiaceae family, endemic to Mexico, predominantly from the state of Oaxaca. Due to its psychoactive properties, S. divinorum had been used for centuries by Mazatecans for divinatory, religious, and medicinal purposes. In recent years, its use for recreational purposes, especially among adolescents and young adults, has progressively increased. The main bioactive compound underlying the hallucinogenic effects, salvinorin A, is a non-nitrogenous diterpenoid with high affinity and selectivity for the κ-opioid receptor. The aim of this work is to comprehensively review and discuss the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, highlighting their psychological, physiological, and toxic effects. Potential therapeutic applications and forensic aspects are also covered in this review. The leaves of S. divinorum can be chewed, drunk as an infusion, smoked, or vaporised. Absorption of salvinorin A occurs through the oral mucosa or the respiratory tract, being rapidly broken down in the gastrointestinal system to its major inactive metabolite, salvinorin B, when swallowed. Salvinorin A is rapidly distributed, with accumulation in the brain, and quickly eliminated. Its pharmacokinetic parameters parallel well with the short-lived psychoactive and physiological effects. No reports on toxicity or serious adverse outcomes were found. A variety of therapeutic applications have been proposed for S. divinorum which includes the treatment of chronic pain, gastrointestinal and mood disorders, neurological diseases, and treatment of drug dependence. Notwithstanding, there is still limited knowledge regarding the pharmacology and toxicology features of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, and this is needed due to its widespread use. Additionally, the clinical acceptance of salvinorin A has been hampered, especially due to the psychotropic side effects and misuse, turning the scientific community to the development of analogues with better pharmacological profiles.

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4

Socała, Katarzyna, Urszula Doboszewska, and Piotr Wlaź. "Salvinorin A Does Not Affect Seizure Threshold in Mice." Molecules 25, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051204.

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The κ-opioid receptor has recently gained attention as a new molecular target in the treatment of many psychiatric and neurological disorders including epilepsy. Salvinorin A is a potent plant-derived hallucinogen that acts as a highly selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. It has unique structure and pharmacological properties, but its influence on seizure susceptibility has not been studied so far. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salvinorin A on seizure thresholds in three acute seizure tests in mice. We also examined its effect on muscular strength and motor coordination. The obtained results showed that salvinorin A (0.1–10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly affect the thresholds for the first myoclonic twitch, generalized clonic seizure, or forelimb tonus in the intravenous pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold test in mice. Likewise, it failed to affect the thresholds for tonic hindlimb extension and psychomotor seizures in the maximal electroshock- and 6 Hz-induced seizure threshold tests, respectively. Moreover, no changes in motor coordination (assessed in the chimney test) or muscular strength (assessed in the grip-strength test) were observed. This is a preliminary report only, and further studies are warranted to better characterize the effects of salvinorin A on seizure and epilepsy.

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5

Hill, Sarah J., Aurélien U. C. M. Brion, and Ryan A. Shenvi. "Chemical syntheses of the salvinorin chemotype of KOR agonist." Natural Product Reports 37, no. 11 (2020): 1478–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0np00028k.

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6

Ostrozhenkova, E. G. "Biosynthesis of salvinorin A." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 613 (December 23, 2020): 012101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/613/1/012101.

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7

Munro, Thomas A., Douglas M. Ho, and Bruce M. Cohen. "Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 11 (October 27, 2012): o3225—o3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812043449.

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8

Hagiwara, Hisahiro, Takashi Nojima, Yuhki Suka, Takashi Hoshi, and Toshio Suzuki. "First Total Synthesis of the Neo-Clerodane Diterpenoid Salvinorin F." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 3 (March 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600306.

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9

Line, Nathan J., Aaron C. Burns, Sean C. Butler, Jerry Casbohm, and Craig J. Forsyth. "Total Synthesis of (−)-Salvinorin A." Chemistry - A European Journal 22, no. 50 (November 4, 2016): 17983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201604853.

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10

Tsujikawa, Kenji, Kenji Kuwayama, Hajime Miyaguchi, Tatsuyuki Kanamori, Yuko T. Iwata, Takemi Yoshida, and Hiroyuki Inoue. "Determination of salvinorin A and salvinorin B in Salvia divinorum-related products circulated in Japan." Forensic Science International 180, no. 2-3 (September 2008): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.07.008.

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11

Hagiwara, Hisahiro, Yuhki Suka, Takashi Nojima, Takashi Hoshi, and Toshio Suzuki. "Second-generation synthesis of salvinorin A." Tetrahedron 65, no. 25 (June 2009): 4820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.053.

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12

Paton, K. F., N. Kumar, R. S. Crowley, J. L. Harper, T. E. Prisinzano, and B. M. Kivell. "The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Salvinorin A analogue β-tetrahydropyran Salvinorin B in mice." European Journal of Pain 21, no. 6 (February 3, 2017): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1002.

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13

Munro, Thomas A., and Mark A. Rizzacasa. "Salvinorins D−F, New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids fromSalviadivinorum,and an Improved Method for the Isolation of Salvinorin A." Journal of Natural Products 66, no. 5 (May 2003): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0205699.

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14

Tidgewell, Kevin, Wayne W. Harding, Mark Schmidt, Kenneth G. Holden, Daryl J. Murry, and Thomas E. Prisinzano. "A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 14, no. 20 (October 2004): 5099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.081.

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15

Kutrzeba, Lukasz M., Vardan T. Karamyan, Robert C. Speth, John S. Williamson, and Jordan K. Zjawiony. "In vitrostudies on metabolism of salvinorin A." Pharmaceutical Biology 47, no. 11 (October 19, 2009): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880200903002222.

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16

Hernández-Alvarado, R. Bruno, Abraham Madariaga-Mazón, Alfredo Ortega, and Karina Martinez-Mayorga. "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Salvinorin A." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 11, no. 23 (November 9, 2020): 3979–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00608.

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17

Lingham, Anthony R., Helmut M. Hügel, and Trevor J. Rook. "Studies Towards the Synthesis of Salvinorin A." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 5 (2006): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05338.

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Salvinorin A 1, a psychoactive neoclerodane diterpenoid from the Mexican sage S. divinorum, has gained interest as a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. Non-racemic 3-furylamines 9a and 9b have been prepared from (+)-pseudoephedrine and (–)-ephedrine for application in the stereoselective synthesis of the ketone ring of 1. Diels–Alder reaction of 9b with methyl acrylate in aqueous media, followed by selective ether bridge cleavage, has allowed access to the cyclohexenone 17 with preservation of stereochemistry at C2. A model route to the lactone ring has also been achieved through a one-pot deconjugation/esterification procedure of 2-bromocrotonyl chloride 20 to the furyl alcohol 19 followed by Reformatski-mediated ring closure.

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18

Munro, Thomas A., Glenn W. Goetchius, Bryan L. Roth, Timothy A. Vortherms, and Mark A. Rizzacasa. "Autoxidation of Salvinorin A under Basic Conditions." Journal of Organic Chemistry 70, no. 24 (November 2005): 10057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo051813e.

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19

Kutrzeba, Lukasz M., Vardan T. Karamyan, Robert C. Speth, John S. Williamson, and Jordan K. Zjawiony. "In vitrostudies on metabolism of salvinorin A." Pharmaceutical Biology 00, no. 00 (August 20, 2009): 090820030439076–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200903002222.

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20

Carvalho, Paulo, Ruslan Bikbulatov, Jordan K. Zjawiony, and Mitchell A. Avery. "Unusual hemiacetal structure derived from Salvinorin A." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 64, no. 7 (June 28, 2008): o1370—o1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680800144x.

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21

Giner, José-Luis, David J. Kiemle, Lukasz Kutrzeba, and Jordan Zjawiony. "Unambiguous NMR spectral assignments of salvinorin A." Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 45, no. 4 (2007): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1972.

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22

Zimdars, Patrick, Yuzhou Wang, and Peter Metz. "A Protecting‐Group‐Free Synthesis of (−)‐Salvinorin A." Chemistry – A European Journal 27, no. 29 (May 2, 2021): 7968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202100560.

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23

T. Taylor, George, and Francesca Manzella. "Kappa Opioids, Salvinorin A and Major Depressive Disorder." Current Neuropharmacology 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666150727220944.

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24

Prisinzano, Thomas E., and Richard B. Rothman. "Salvinorin A Analogs as Probes in Opioid Pharmacology." Chemical Reviews 108, no. 5 (May 2008): 1732–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0782269.

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25

Siebert, Daniel J. "Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43, no. 1 (June 1994): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90116-3.

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26

John, Trentini F., Larry G. French, and Joseph S. Erlichman. "The antinociceptive effect of Salvinorin A in mice." European Journal of Pharmacology 545, no. 2-3 (September 2006): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.077.

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27

Vortherms, T. A., and B. L. Roth. "Salvinorin A: From Natural Product to Human Therapeutics." Molecular Interventions 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mi.6.5.7.

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28

Munro, Thomas A. "Confirmation of the NMR assignments of salvinorin A." Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 45, no. 9 (2007): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.2020.

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29

Wang, Yulin, Yong Chen, Wei Xu, David Y. W. Lee, Zhongze Ma, Scott M. Rawls, Alan Cowan, and Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen. "2-Methoxymethyl-Salvinorin B Is a Potent κ Opioid Receptor Agonist with Longer Lasting Action in Vivo Than Salvinorin A." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 324, no. 3 (December 18, 2007): 1073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.132142.

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30

Paulzen, Michael, and Gerhard Gründer. "Toxic Psychosis After Intake of the Hallucinogen Salvinorin A." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, no. 9 (September 30, 2008): 1501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0919c.

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31

Nozawa, Masato, Yuhki Suka, Takashi Hoshi, Toshio Suzuki, and Hisahiro Hagiwara. "Total Synthesis of the Hallucinogenic Neoclerodane Diterpenoid Salvinorin A." Organic Letters 10, no. 7 (April 2008): 1365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol800101v.

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32

Paudel, Madan Kumar, Osamu Shirota, Seiichi Sakamoto, Satoshi Morimoto, and Hiroyuki Tanaka. "An immunochromatographic assay for rapid etection of salvinorin A." Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry 38, no. 4 (June 2, 2017): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2017.1324797.

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33

Yadav, Prem N., Jennifer Whistler, and Bryan L. Roth. "ISDN2012_0285: Cellular mechanisms of salvinorin A action in vivo." International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 30, no. 8 (December 2012): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.10.056.

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34

Valdés, Leander J. "Salvia divinorumand the Unique Diterpene Hallucinogen, Salvinorin (Divinorin) A." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26, no. 3 (July 1994): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1994.10472441.

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35

Rothman, Richard B., Daniel L. Murphy, Heng Xu, Jonathan A. Godin, Christina M. Dersch, John S. Partilla, Kevin Tidgewell, Matthew Schmidt, and Thomas E. Prisinzano. "Salvinorin A: Allosteric Interactions at the μ-Opioid Receptor." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 320, no. 2 (October 23, 2006): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.113167.

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36

Tidgewell, Kevin, Wayne W. Harding, Anthony Lozama, Howard Cobb, Kushal Shah, Pavitra Kannan, Christina M. Dersch, et al. "Synthesis of Salvinorin A Analogues as Opioid Receptor Probes." Journal of Natural Products 69, no. 6 (June 2006): 914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060094b.

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37

van de Wetering, Ross, Amy Ewald, Susan Welsh, Lindsay Kornberger, Samuel E. Williamson, Bryan D. McElroy, Eduardo R. Butelman, Thomas E. Prisinzano, and Bronwyn M. Kivell. "The Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist 16-Bromo Salvinorin A Has Anti-Cocaine Effects without Significant Effects on Locomotion, Food Reward, Learning and Memory, or Anxiety and Depressive-like Behaviors." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 19, 2023): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124848.

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Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have preclinical antipsychostimulant effects; however, adverse side effects have limited their therapeutic development. In this preclinical study, conducted in Sprague Dawley rats, B6-SJL mice, and non-human primates (NHPs), we evaluated the G-protein-biased analogue of salvinorin A (SalA), 16-bromo salvinorin A (16-BrSalA), for its anticocaine effects, side effects, and activation of cellular signaling pathways. 16-BrSalA dose-dependently decreased the cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in a KOR-dependent manner. It also decreased cocaine-induced hyperactivity, but had no effect on responding for cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule. Compared to SalA, 16-BrSalA had an improved side effect profile, with no significant effects in the elevated plus maze, light–dark test, forced swim test, sucrose self-administration, or novel object recognition; however, it did exhibit conditioned aversive effects. 16-BrSalA increased dopamine transporter (DAT) activity in HEK-293 cells coexpressing DAT and KOR, as well as in rat nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatal tissue. 16-BrSalA also increased the early phase activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, as well as p38 in a KOR-dependent manner. In NHPs, 16-BrSalA caused dose-dependent increases in the neuroendocrine biomarker prolactin, similar to other KOR agonists, at doses without robust sedative effects. These findings highlight that G-protein-biased structural analogues of SalA can have improved pharmacokinetic profiles and fewer side effects while maintaining their anticocaine effects.

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38

Peet, Mary Melissa, and Lisa E. Baker. "Salvinorin B derivatives, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, produce stimulus generalization in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate salvinorin A." Behavioural Pharmacology 22, no. 5 and 6 (September 2011): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0b013e328349fc1b.

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39

Vasiljevik, Tamara, Chad E. Groer, Kurt Lehner, Hernan Navarro, and Thomas E. Prisinzano. "Studies toward the Development of Antiproliferative Neoclerodanes from Salvinorin A." Journal of Natural Products 77, no. 8 (July 30, 2014): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np5002048.

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40

Roth, B. L., K. Baner, R. Westkaemper, D. Siebert, K. C. Rice, S. Steinberg, P. Ernsberger, and R. B. Rothman. "Salvinorin A: A potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous opioid selective agonist." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 18 (August 21, 2002): 11934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182234399.

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41

Tsujikawa, K., K. Kuwayama, H. Miyaguchi, T. Kanamori, Y. T. Iwata, and H. Inoue. "In vitrostability and metabolism of salvinorin A in rat plasma." Xenobiotica 39, no. 5 (April 7, 2009): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498250902769967.

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42

Kutrzeba, Lukasz, Franck E. Dayan, J’Lynn Howell, Ju Feng, José-Luis Giner, and Jordan K. Zjawiony. "Biosynthesis of salvinorin A proceeds via the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway." Phytochemistry 68, no. 14 (July 2007): 1872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.034.

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43

Cunningham, Christopher W., Richard B. Rothman, and Thomas E. Prisinzano. "Neuropharmacology of the Naturally Occurring κ-Opioid Hallucinogen Salvinorin A." Pharmacological Reviews 63, no. 2 (March 28, 2011): 316–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003244.

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44

Ma, Zhongze, Gang Deng, and David Y. W. Lee. "Novel neoclerodane diterpene derivatives from the smoke of salvinorin A." Tetrahedron Letters 51, no. 39 (September 2010): 5207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.144.

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45

Polepally, Prabhakar R., Kate White, Eyal Vardy, Bryan L. Roth, Daneel Ferreira, and Jordan K. Zjawiony. "Kappa-opioid receptor-selective dicarboxylic ester-derived salvinorin A ligands." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 23, no. 10 (May 2013): 2860–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.111.

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46

Valle, Marta, Ana Maqueda, José Carlos Bouso, Montse Puntes, Maria Rosa Ballester, Maite Garrido, Mireia González, et al. "Naltrexone inhibits the subjective effects of salvinorin-A in humans." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (January 2015): e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.706.

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47

Caspers, Michael J., Todd D. Williams, Kimberly M. Lovell, Anthony Lozama, Eduardo R. Butelman, Mary Jeanne Kreek, Matthew Johnson, Roland Griffiths, Katherine MacLean, and Thomas E. Prisinzano. "LC-MS/MS quantification of salvinorin A from biological fluids." Analytical Methods 5, no. 24 (2013): 7042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40810h.

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48

Lanfranchi, Don Antoine, Christophe Bour, and Gilles Hanquet. "Enantioselective Access to Key Intermediates for Salvinorin A and Analogues." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2011, no. 15 (April 7, 2011): 2818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201100207.

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49

Martinho, Ana, Sara M. Silva, and Eugenia Gallardo. "Cytotoxic Effects of Salvinorin A, A Major Constituent of Salvia divinorum." Medicinal Chemistry 12, no. 5 (June 23, 2016): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406411666151005105617.

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50

Scheerer, Jonathan R., Jonathan F. Lawrence, Grace C. Wang, and David A. Evans. "Asymmetric Synthesis of Salvinorin A, A Potent κ Opioid Receptor Agonist." Journal of the American Chemical Society 129, no. 29 (July 2007): 8968–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja073590a.

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