Journal articles on the topic 'Salts in Victoria'
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1
Takamatsu, Nobuki, Naoyuki Kato, Genki I. Matsumoto, and Tetsuya Torii. "The origin of salts in water bodies of the McMurdo Dry Valleys." Antarctic Science 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000534.
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Lithium distributions in lake and pond waters of the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica were studied to elucidate the origin of dissolved salts and the evolutionary history of the lakes and ponds. The EfLi [(Li/Cl)sample/(Li/Cl)seawater] values of the bottom waters in Lakes Bonney and Fryxell were higher than unity (EfLi=4–7), indicating that the salts originated from sea salts (probably relict seawater) and have been subsequently modified by the contribution of meltwaters containing atmospheric fallout and/or rock and soil weathering products. In contrast, extremely high Li concentrations with high EfLi values in the Don Juan Pond water (EfLi = 180) and the bottom waters of Lake Vanda (EfLi = 40) suggest that the salts originated from deep groundwaters influenced mainly by saline water-rock interactions, as supported by the dissolution experiments of granite in NaCl solution. The low Li concentrations of pond waters with high EfLi values in the Labyrinth indicate that the salts are derived from atmospheric fallout. The decrease of the EfLi values with the increase of Cl concentrations can be explained by the repeated cycles of the migration of Li into the ice phase and subsequent ablation of surface ice, as indicated by seawater freezing experiments.
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Healy, M., J. G. Webster-Brown, K. L. Brown, and V. Lane. "Chemistry and stratification of Antarctic meltwater ponds II: Inland ponds in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Victoria Land." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000575.
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Meltwater ponds in the Victoria Valley and in the Labyrinth at the head of the Wright Valley of Victoria Land were sampled in January (summer) and October (late winter) of 2004 to establish their geochemistry and stratification, and to compare this with that of coastal meltwater ponds at a similar latitude near Bratina Island. In summer, vertical profiles were measured in 14 ponds; 10 were thermally stratified (maximum ΔT = 11.5°C) and 12 demonstrated a conductivity increase (∼25x) in the lowest 10–20 cm of the water column. When 11 of these ponds were resampled in October, the ice columns were stratified with respect to conductivity and five ponds had highly saline (up to 148 mS cm−1), oxygenated basal brines present under the ice. Basal brines and summer melt waters were Na-Cl dominated, and Victoria Valley pond meltwaters were enriched in Ca relative to the Labyrinth ponds. Early gypsum precipitation directs the chemical evolution of residual brine during freezing. These ponds were enriched in NO3 relative to the coastal ponds at Bratina Island, due to dissolution of nitrate-bearing soil salts, and the reduced influence of marine aerosols and biological productivity on pond chemistry.
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Azzaro, Maurizio, Maria Papale, Carmen Rizzo, Emanuele Forte, Davide Lenaz, Mauro Guglielmin, and Angelina Lo Giudice. "Antarctic Salt-Cones: An Oasis of Microbial Life? The Example of Boulder Clay Glacier (Northern Victoria Land)." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091753.
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The evaporation of a localized, highly saline water body of the Boulder Clay debris-covered glacier, in the Northern Victoria Land, probably generated the accumulation of mirabilite (Na2SO4 × 10H2O) and thenardite (Na2SO4) in a glacier salt-cone. Such an extremely cold and salty environment resembles the conditions on Mars, so it can be considered a terrestrial analog. The study was aimed at gaining a first glimpse at the prokaryotic community associated with Antarctic mirabilite and thenardite minerals and also to find clues about the origin of the salts. For this purpose, samples were analyzed by a next generation approach to investigate the prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) diversity. Phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria as the main bacterial lineages, in addition to Archaea in the phylum Halobacterota. The genera Arthrobacter, Rhodoglobus, Gillisia, Marinobacter and Psychrobacter were particularly abundant. Interestingly, several bacterial and archaeal sequences were related to halotolerant and halophilic genera, previously reported in a variety of marine environments and saline habitats, also in Antarctica. The analyzed salt community also included members that are believed to play a major role in the sulfur cycle.
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Khoury, N. S., E. J. Holcomb, J. W. White, and M. Rand. "CONTAINER ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY STRATIFICATION IN METROMIX 350 AFTER HARVEST OF TOP- AND SUBIRRIGATED GERANIUMS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 687h—688. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.687h.
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Excessive electroconductivity measurements have been observed in the surface layer of subirrigated substrates. A hydrophilic gel and rockwool were used as pot mulches in order to reduce the surface layer salt buildup by absorbing the salts and/or reducing evaporation. Six treatments of `Crimson Fire' and `Victoria' CVI geraniums were grown in 11 cm. pots. Treatments were: Trt 1 - top irrigation, N source 20-10-20; trt 2 - subirrigation, N source 20-10-20; trt 3 - subirrigation, N source in equal portions of 20-10-20 and CRF, gel mulch; trt 4 - subirrigation, N source CRF, gel mulch; trt 5 - subirrigation, N source in equal portions of 20-10-20 and CRF, wool mulch; trt 6 - subirrigation, all N source CRF, wool mulch. Pots were divided into 3 equal volume portions. Electroconductivity, as a measure of soluble salt (SS) level, was taken. All treatments had increasing SS levels with increasing pot height. Trt 2 had surface layer salt levels significantly higher than trt 1. `Victoria' trts 3,4,5 and 6 surface layers had significantly lower SS levels than trt 1 surface layers. `Crimson Fire' trt 4's surface layer had significantly lower SS levels than the surface layer of trt 1. Trts 4 and 6 bottom layers of both cultivars had significantly lower SS levels than all other treatments.
5
Gardner, Christopher B., and W. Berry Lyons. "Modelled composition of cryogenically produced subglacial brines, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 31, no. 3 (March 29, 2019): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201900004x.
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Polar subglacial hydrologic systems have garnered much interest since the recognition of Lake Vostok in 1996. In Antarctica, these environments are hydrologically diverse, including isolated lakes of different sizes, river–lake flow-through systems, “swamps” and groundwater (Siegert 2016). The refreezing of subglacial meltwater is also an important process beneath a large portion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Bell et al. 2011). As subglacial water refreezes it exsolves salts, potentially leaving behind saline and hypersaline brines. Brines thought to derive from this cryoconcentration process have been observed in the northern polar permafrost regions and in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs) region of Antarctica. Additionally, sediments in the Victoria Land Basin have diagenetic signatures produced by brine movement dating from 3–11 m.y.a, suggesting hypersaline brines have existed in the McMurdo region since at least this time (Staudigel et al. 2018).
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BORGHINI, FRANCESCA, and ROBERTO BARGAGLI. "Changes of major ion concentrations in melting snow and terrestrial waters from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 16, no. 2 (June 2004): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200400197x.
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Concentrations of major ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) were measured in melting snow and water samples from streams and lakes in ice-free areas throughout northern Victoria Land. Most ions in snow and terrestrial water derive from the marine environment and their concentrations are extremely variable in space and time, especially in water systems without melting snow and ice. The distance from the sea, snow sublimation, changes in water inflow, evaporative concentrations, weathering and drainage processes in the catchment, nesting seabirds and aquatic microbiota are among factors which most influence ion composition variability. Comparisons with data from twelve years ago in the same lakes indicate that the warming trend detected at Terra Nova Bay station during this period did not affect the biogeochemistry of water systems. Waters from a lake which recently experienced a lowering of the water level showed a remarkable increase in SO42− concentrations. We hypothesized that the differential mobility of sulphate salts in the Antarctic soils, the biosynthesis of sulphur compounds in the lake, and the progressive decrease of the water volume are factors involved in the increase of SO42− concentrations.
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Aislabie, Jackie, James Bockheim, Malcolm Mcleod, David Hunter, Bryan Stevenson, and Gary M. Barker. "Microbial biomass and community structure changes along a soil development chronosequence near Lake Wellman, southern Victoria Land." Antarctic Science 24, no. 2 (December 15, 2011): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102011000873.
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AbstractFour pedons on each of four drift sheets in the Lake Wellman area of the Darwin Mountains were sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. The four drifts, Hatherton, Britannia, Danum, and Isca, ranged from early Holocene (10 ka) to mid-Quaternary (c. 900 ka). The soil properties of weathering stage, salt stage, and depths of staining, visible salts, ghosts, and coherence increase with drift age. The landforms contain primarily high-centred polygons with windblown snow in the troughs. The soils are dominantly complexes of Typic Haplorthels and Typic Haploturbels. The soils were dry and alkaline with low levels of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Electrical conductivity was high accompanied by high levels of water soluble anions and cations (especially calcium and sulphate in older soils). Soil microbial biomass, measured as phospholipid fatty acids, and numbers of culturable heterotrophic microbes, were low, with highest levels detected in less developed soils from the Hatherton drift. The microbial community structure of the Hatherton soil also differed from that of the Britannia, Danum and Isca soils. Ordination revealed the soil microbial community structure was influenced by soil development and organic carbon.
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De Mora, S. J., R. F. Whitehead, and M. Gregory. "Aqueous geochemistry of major constituents in the Alph River and tributaries in Walcott Bay, Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 3, no. 1 (March 1991): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102091000111.
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Two geochemical surveys of the major constituents of the Alph River, situated in Walcott Bay, Victoria Land, were undertaken in the austral summer of 1987–88. At the same time, tributaries and the runoff from various glaciers were investigated. The Alph River has an average total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 63.5 mgl−1, approximately half that of average world river water. The chemical composition is dominated by Na+ and HCO−3. Glacial melt waters have very low TDS but chemical weathering over the course of a few kilometres causes solute concentrations in the tributaries to exceed those of the Alph River. The composition of the streams is variable, but often Ca2+ is the principal cation. Enrichment factor and mass balance calculations indicate that the salts in the Alph River and its tributaries have a substantial non-marine component. Chemical weathering of calcite, mirabilite, gypsum and halite contribute solutes to the aquatic system. A “Gibbs Plot” [TDS versus Na:(Na+Ca) weight ratio] indicates that water samples from direct glacial runoff fall outside the world water envelope. They have low solute levels but enhanced Ca2+ concentrations, resulting from the aeolian deposition and subsequent dissolution of calcitic material.
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Surapaneni, A., and K. A. Olsson. "Sodification under conjunctive water use in the Shepparton Irrigation Region of northern Victoria: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00179.
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The Shepparton Irrigation Region Land and Water Salinity Management Plan promotes groundwater pumping and re-use for irrigation where groundwater quality and availability allow dilution with channel water (‘conjunctive water use’) to levels that produce minimal production losses from annual and perennial pastures used widely for dairying. In addition, municipal and industrial waste waters are used on a smaller scale for irrigating pastures (and crops). An upper level of irrigation water salinity (expressed as an electrical conductivity of 0.8 dS/m) is currently recommended in the plan. This recommendation is based on empirical data from experiments on unstocked, perennial pasture collected over 2 decades on red-brown earths in the region. While the strategy has, so far, achieved acceptable control of soil salinity levels, while generally maintaining pasture yields, a concern that ‘conjunctive water use’ may not be sustainable in the long term arises from the sodicity of the groundwater and waste waters. The continual addition of sodium to clay soils, initially low in both sodium and electrolytes (upper 0.5 m depth), risks the soils becoming sodified, with attendant soil physical problems should salts be leached to below threshold electrolyte concentrations, as in winter for example. We show that clay soils supporting pastures in the Shepparton Irrigation Region sodify with time under ‘conjunctive water use’. We review evidence for adverse effects of such sodification on soil physical properties affecting plant productivity and hydrologic processes important in the long-term sustainability of the strategy. On-farm management implications of the strategy are discussed and important issues for research are identified.
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Hofstee, Erica H., Dave I. Campbell, Megan R. Balks, and Jackie Aislabie. "Groundwater characteristics at Seabee Hook, Cape Hallett, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000538.
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Seabee Hook is a low lying gravel spit adjacent to Cape Hallett, northern Victoria Land, in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica and hosts an Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) rookery. Dipwells were inserted to monitor changes in depth to, and volume of, groundwater and tracer tests were conducted to estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity and groundwater velocity. During summer (November–February), meltwater forms a shallow, unconfined, aquifer perched on impermeable ice cemented soil. Groundwater extent and volume depends on the amount of snowfall as meltwater is primarily sourced from melting snow drifts. Groundwater velocity through the permeable gravel and sand was up to 7.8 m day−1, and hydraulic conductivities of 4.7 × 10−4 m s−1 to 3.7 × 10−5 m s−1 were measured. The presence of the penguin rookery, and the proximity of the sea, affects groundwater chemistry with elevated concentrations of salts (1205 mg L−1 sodium, 332 mg L−1 potassium) and nutrients (193 mg L−1 nitrate, 833 mg L−1 ammonia, 10 mg L−1 total phosphorus) compared with groundwater sourced away from the rookery, and with other terrestrial waters in Antarctica.
11
Heuperman, AF, AP Repsys, and AH Mehanni. "Salinity control by pumping and re-using groundwater: its effect on watertable levels, soil salinity and farm productivity on a dairy property in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 6 (1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860669.
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The introduction of watertable control by groundwater pumping on a salt-affected dairy farm in the Goulburn Valley resulted in large increases in butter fat production. Since intensive pumping started, in 1981, watertable levels showed an overall downward trend but were still subject to major fluctuations caused by irrigation and rainfall. During this period butterfat production increased from about 300 to 390 kg/ha (of productive land) and yearly pasture production rose from about 560 to 650 t/ha DM. These productivity increases are attributed to both a reduction in average soil salinity in the top 60 cm of the profile from 2400 to 1200 mg total dissolved salts per kg dry soil and an increase in irrigation water use from less than 10 M litre/ha before to nearly 12 M litre/ha after pumping started.
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Bargagli, R., R. I. L. Smith, L. Martella, F. Monaci, J. C. Sanchez-Hernandez, and F. C. Ugolini. "Solution geochemistry and behaviour of major and trace elements during summer in a moss community at Edmonson Point, Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000024.
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Physical and chemical characteristics and solution geochemistry of major and trace elements were investigated in an area of volcanic soil colonized by mosses at Edmonson Point (central Victoria Land) during the international BIOTAS (Biological Investigations of Terrestrial Antarctic Systems) expedition (BIOTEX) in the 1995–96 summer. The broad objective was to study the environmental factors involved in plant colonisation and survival in terrestrial continental Antarctic ecosystems. The results showed that moss distribution and survival throughout the summer was closely dependent on water supply. In Antarctic coastal ecosystems the environmental biogeochemistry is largely dominated by ions of marine origin. At the drier end of a hydrological gradient the dry cushions of Hennediella heimii were encrusted with salts and showed much higher concentrations of soluble ions (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, NO3−) than those in adhering soil particles or in other moss species from wetter parts of the transect. Although salt encrustations may partly derive from sublimation of surface snow, comparisons between concentrations of soluble ions in the dry moss and those in the < 2 mm fraction of surface and deep soil showed an upward migration along the soil profile of soluble ions as the substratum dried out, between December and January, and their accumulation mostly on mosses. At the wet end of the transect messes were less affected by salt encrustations and there was evidence of Ca2+ uptake and an active cycling of nutrients.
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Pratley, James, Nigel Urwin, Rex Stanton, Peter Baines, John Broster, Kerrie Cullis, David Schafer, Joseph Bohn, and Roger Krueger. "Resistance to glyphosate inLolium rigidum.I. Bioevaluation." Weed Science 47, no. 4 (August 1999): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091992.
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Glyphosate is the world's most widely used herbicide. It is nonselective and has been used to control a broad range of weed species for the past 20 yr, without the appearance of resistant weed biotypes. However, a biotype ofLolium rigidumfrom a field in Northern Victoria, Australia, in which glyphosate had been used for the past 15 yr, failed to be controlled by label recommended rates. Based on LD50values from pot dose-response experiments, this biotype exhibited resistance to glyphosate and was nearly 10-fold more resistant compared to the susceptible biotypes tested. The biotype was resistant to three different salts of glyphosate. The biotype was also nearly threefold more resistant to diclofop-methyl but was susceptible to other commonly used selective and broad-spectrum herbicides. Between the two-leaf and tillering stages of development, a susceptible biotype exhibited a small but significant decrease in tolerance to glyphosate, whereas tolerance of the resistant biotype remained unchanged with age. The resistant phenotype was verified in experiments in which seed was germinated in the presence of glyphosate. Observations on shoot and root growth of seedlings in these experiments suggested that the resistance mechanism might be associated more with the shoot than with the root.
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Tillman, R. W., and A. Surapaneni. "Some soil-related issues in the disposal of effluent on land." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00133.
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There is increasing environmental pressure to dispose of waste effluents on land, rather than discharging them directly into surface waterways. In addition to reducing impacts on water quality, land disposal of effluents offers the possibility of beneficial recycling of water and essential plant nutrients. Frequently, however, waste water contains high concentrations of dissolved salts, particularly sodium, that can affect the levels of salinity and sodicity in soils. This, in turn, can diminish the utility of soils for productive agriculture. Astute soil management can often ameliorate these adverse affects but this may require land-use practices that reduce the commercial return from farming activities. It is therefore important to identify the main purpose of effluent disposal areas and to compensate land users appropriately when the operation of the effluent disposal scheme affects farm profitability. If farmers are forced by commercial pressures to adopt inappropriate land use practices on areas used for effluent disposal, the operation of the scheme will be compromised, and there may even be the risk of complete failure. The results of a limited number of experiments investigating the application of effluents to land in northern Victoria are used to demonstrate these risks. The effects on soil chemical properties of applying saline–sodic waste water to land are now well understood. Considerably less certain are the effects of these changes on soil chemical properties, on the physical properties of soils and the way soils behave under various land uses — such as cultivation or grazing by heavy animals. Various approaches to modelling and predicting the impacts on soil of irrigation with saline–sodic waste water are discussed. A number of simple, classification models, based on practical experience and empirical equations, currently provide valuable assistance for land managers. More complex, mechanistic models have been developed that describe successfully the movement of water and salts through soils, given appropriate soil measurements as input parameters. The major limitations now are the availability of soil data at an appropriate scale and an understanding of the ways changes in soil chemical properties affect soil physical properties and subsequent soil behaviour. In particular there is a need to investigate those critical zones at the soil surface or the top of the B horizon where water movement is impeded in sodic soils.
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Zolin, V. V., O. P. Os’kina, V. V. Solodky, M. N. Eremina, G. F. Davydov, and T. A. Gosteva. "Assessment of the Viability of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus on Various Types of Test Surfaces, as Well as in Drinking and Sea Water." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-2-108-113.
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The aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of the residual infectious activity of the SARSCoV-2 virus on various types of surfaces, including banknotes and coins, in samples of drinking dechlorinated water and samples imitating seawater, with a concentration of sodium chloride salts of 0.9 and 3.5 % at a temperature of 24–28 ºC.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out using the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus strain nCoV/Victoria/1/2020, from the collection of the SSC VB “Vector”, the initial titer being (6.0±0.2) lg TCD50/ml. We used a Vero E6 cell culture from the collection of the SSC VB “Vector” in the form of a 2-day monolayer with a confluence of 95–100 %, grown in 96-well culture plates.Results and conclusions. The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is viable in both fresh and sea water, regardless of its salinity, for at least 48 hours, and the degree of preservation of the residual infectious activity of the virus depends on the water temperature: the lower it is, the better the virus is preserved. It was found that at a temperature of 24–28 C, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is able to maintain infectious activity on all types of test surfaces studied for at least 48 hours, while the degree of the residual infectious activity of the virus depends on the type of surface. The virus is best preserved on stainless steel, plastic and glass. It is demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 virus activity is retained on the surface of paper money and coins for longer than 24 hours. The conducted studies have confirmed the ability of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus to maintain its infectious activity in the environment under favorable conditions and, accordingly, to pose an epidemiological threat to the population.
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Akmentins, Mauricio Sebastián, and Marcos Vaira. "Reptilia, Squamata, Dipsadidae, Tomodon orestes Harvey and Muñoz, 2004: distribution extension, new country record." Check List 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/6.2.248.
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We report the first record of Tomodon orestes Harvey and Muñoz, 2004 for Argentina. An adult male was collected in November 2008 in an open grassland habitat in the locality of Vallecito, Santa Victoria department, Salta province, Argentina. This new record is the southernmost locality for the species extending its distribution range ca. 95 km straight-line south from type locality.
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Bormann, C., C. Long, S. Menges, C. Hanna, G. Foxworth, M. Westhusin, V. Pliska, et al. "145 REESTABLISHMENT OF AN EXTINCT STRAIN OF SHEEP UTILIZING ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab145.
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The objective of this study was to reestablish an extinct strain of sheep that exhibits spontaneous X-linked factor VIII deficiency closely mimicking human hemophilia A. Twenty female carriers of the trait, produced in a previous study (Bormann et al. 2006 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 18, 201–202), were backcrossed using 3 straws of semen from their affected sire using either IVF or multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET). Eleven oocyte donors were synchronized with CIDRs (15 days) and superovulated with a declining dose of FSH (204 mg) twice daily for 3.5 days. Nine MOET donors were synchronized using CIDRs (14 days), superovulated with a declining dose of FSH (184 mg) BID for 3 days with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG; 200 IU) given with the final dose of FSH, and given 1000 IU of hCG 12 h post-CIDR removal. Recipient ewes were synchronized using sponges (Ovakron, HeriotAgvet, Rowville, Victoria, Australia) containing 30 mg of flugestone acetate (14 days) and given PMSG (400 IU) at sponge removal, followed by 1000 IU of hCG 12 h post-sponge removal. Oocytes were collected via follicular aspiration during midventral laparotomy and matured as previously reported. Semen for IVF was prepared by centrifugation on a Percoll gradient. Oocytes and sperm were incubated in mTALP with 20% estrus sheep serum (modified from Bavister et al. 1977 Bio. Reprod. 16, 228–237) for 20 h, then vortexed to remove cumulus cells, and cultured in G1.3 medium (Vitrolife, Englewood, CO) with BSA until transfer. Embryos were surgically transferred into oviducts of recipients 24 to 48 h following IVF. The 9 MOET donors were surgically inseminated at the uterotubal junction with approximately 1–2.0 � 106 spermatazoa. Oviducts of eight of these ewes were flushed 48 h post-insemination with warm M199 containing Hanks salts, 25 mm HEPES, 10% FBS, and 0.5 µg mL–1 gentamicin. MOET embryos were surgically transferred to synchronized recipients within 5 h. One MOET donor was not flushed due to poor response and did not produce an offspring. Utilizing 140 ova, IVF produced 54 embryos for an embryo/oocyte rate of 38.6%. All IVF embryos were transferred into 15 recipients resulting in 3 lambs for a lamb/embryo rate of 5.5%. The MOET donors produced 38 embryos and 13 apparently unfertilized ova, generating an embryo/oocyte rate of 74.5%. MOET embryos were transferred into 21 synchronized recipients. MOET produced 16 lambs for a lamb/embryo rate of 42.1%. Co-transfer of 1 IVF and 1 MOET embryo into a single recipient produced one offspring. Utilizing multiple reproductive technologies over a two-year period, 8 hemophilic offspring (7 females and 1 male), 6 carrier females, and 6 unaffected males were produced. This strain of sheep will be used to produce affected offspring for stem cell-based therapies.
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Rodriguez, D., J. Nuttall, V. O. Sadras, H. van Rees, and R. Armstrong. "Impact of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin on fine-textured soils of the southern Victorian Mallee." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04133.
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The APSIM-Wheat module was used to investigate our present capacity to simulate wheat yields in a semi-arid region of eastern Australia (the Victorian Mallee), where hostile subsoils associated with salinity, sodicity, and boron toxicity are known to limit grain yield. In this study we tested whether the effects of subsoil constraints on wheat growth and production could be modelled with APSIM-Wheat by assuming that either: (a) root exploration within a particular soil layer was reduced by the presence of toxic concentrations of salts, or (b) soil water uptake from a particular soil layer was reduced by high concentration of salts through osmotic effects. After evaluating the improved predictive capacity of the model we applied it to study the interactions between subsoil constraints and seasonal conditions, and to estimate the economic effect that subsoil constraints have on wheat farming in the Victorian Mallee under different climatic scenarios. Although the soils had high levels of salinity, sodicity, and boron, the observed variability in root abundance at different soil layers was mainly related to soil salinity. We concluded that: (i) whether the effect of subsoil limitations on growth and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee is driven by toxic, osmotic, or both effects acting simultaneously still requires further research, (ii) at present, the performance of APSIM-Wheat in the region can be improved either by assuming increased values of lower limit for soil water extraction, or by modifying the pattern of root exploration in the soil profile, both as a function of soil salinity. The effect of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin can be expected to be higher during drier than wetter seasons. In this region the interaction between climate and soil properties makes rainfall information alone, of little use for risk management and farm planning when not integrated with cropping systems models.
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Kaye, Richard A. "THE WILDE MOMENT." Victorian Literature and Culture 30, no. 1 (March 2002): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150302301177.
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IS THERE A VICTORIAN WRITER who has won as much attention in the last few years, critical or popular, as Oscar Wilde? One or two decades ago, Hardy, Dickens, and the Brontës were the Victorians that large numbers of people wanted to read, discuss, and see on film and stage. It seems like another era that saw Nicholas Nickelby ruling on the Great White Way. The decline of Dickens’s mass appeal was probably signaled some time ago with an episode of the TV series Law and Order in which a murder case resulted from a business feud over a disastrous Broadway production of Bleak House. The Brontës have fared no better; the musical Jane Eyre, after some of the worst reviews ever to have greeted a musical, recently closed on Broadway, its producers in its last weeks having resorted to advertising on milk cartons. Although Hardy reportedly continues to top the sales of nineteenth-century British classics, Michael Winterbottom’s 2001 film adaptation of The Mayor of Casterbridge, set during the California Gold Rush, played to mixed reviews and nearly empty theaters, its gloomy fealty to the spirit of Hardy’s fiction, not unlike Winterbottom’s brooding version of Jude the Obscure, an evident obstacle for most audiences.
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Boelsen-Robinson, Tara, Liliana Orellana, Kathryn Backholer, Ariana Kurzeme, Alethea Jerebine, Beth Gilham, Alexandra Chung, and Anna Peeters. "Change in drink purchases in 16 Australian recreation centres following a sugar-sweetened beverage reduction initiative: an observational study." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e029492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029492.
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ObjectiveTo assess the impact of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) reduction initiative on customer purchasing patterns, including volume sales of healthy and unhealthy packaged drinks and sales value of all packaged drinks, in a major Australian aquatic and recreation provider, YMCA Victoria.DesignProspectiveSetting16 aquatic and recreation centres in Victoria, Australia.InterventionsThe SSB-reduction initiative aimed to remove all SSBs (excluding sports drinks) and increase healthier drink availability over a 1-year period.Primary and secondary outcome measuresItemised monthly drink sales data were collected for 16 centres, over 4 years (2 years preimplementation, 1 year implementation and 1 year postimplementation). Drinks were classified as ‘green’ (best choice), ‘amber’ (choose carefully) or ‘red’ (limit). Interrupted time series analysis was conducted for each centre to determine the impact on volume sales of ‘red’ and ‘green’ drinks, and overall sales value. A novel meta-analysis approach was conducted to estimate the mean changes across centres.ResultsFollowing implementation, volume sales of ‘red’ drinks reduced by 46.2% across centres (95% CI: −53.2% to −39.2%), ‘green’ drink volume did not change (0.0%, 95% CI: −13.3% to 13.2%) and total drink sales value decreased by 24.3% (95% CI: −32.0% to −16.6%).ConclusionsThe reduction of SSBs in health-promoting settings such as recreation centres is a feasible, effective public health policy that is likely to be transferable to other high-income countries with similarly unhealthy beverage offerings. However, complementary strategies should be considered to encourage customers to switch to healthier alternatives, particularly when translating policies to organisations with less flexible income streams.
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SHUTT, ALLISON K. "THE SETTLERS' CATTLE COMPLEX: THE ETIQUETTE OF CULLING CATTLE IN COLONIAL ZIMBABWE, 1938." Journal of African History 43, no. 2 (July 2002): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853701008155.
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This paper examines the 1938 cattle culling and sales in Gutu and Victoria reserves, colonial Zimbabwe. What began as a routine culling very quickly became a crisis of authority for the Native Affairs Department since critics of the Department forced an inquiry into the sales. The criticism and defence of the culling facilitated a debate on state and personal justice, as well as a dialogue about the proper behaviour towards Africans, settlers and animals. The critics of the cullings as well as the colonial officers all believed themselves to be experts in African affairs. Thus what began as a criticism of cattle culling revealed tensions within white society, and in particular the need to refashion boundaries of expertise and authority within the Native Affairs Department. A close examination of the scope and development of the ensuing commission of inquiry reveals the importance of etiquette to the colonial enterprise in colonial Zimbabwe.
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Smith, D. Ian. "Effect on Casualty Traffic Accidents of Changing Sunday Alcohol Sales Legislation in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Drug Issues 20, no. 3 (July 1990): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269002000303.
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CALVERT, CHERYL, MIKE O'CONNOR, and JOHN BENTLEY. "BUSINESS OWNERS'/MANAGERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE INTERNET: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Enterprising Culture 06, no. 02 (June 1998): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495898000126.
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This paper details an Australian study, conducted by the Small Business Research Unit at Victoria University of Technology, of Internet usage by small business. The objectives of this study were to: explore the expectations of small businesses setting up webpages on the Internet; analyse the commercial impact of the Internet; determine any benefits from using the Internet; and to ascertain any problems associated with using the Internet. The methodology involved a questionnaire distributed either via electronic mail or the World Wide Web. The main findings indicated that the average number of Internet sales inquiries per month appeared low compared to other countries such as the UK and USA. The majority of businesses received less than 20 sales inquiries per month via the Internet and only half of the respondent businesses indicated that sales had increased as a direct result of being on the Internet. Despite this, there existed optimism regarding business use of the Internet with the majority of business owners/managers claiming that the benefits of being on the Internet outweighed the costs, and that their expectations were met in using the Internet. Businesses involved in the computing industry had the highest level of optimism.
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Richmond, Vivienne. "Rubbish or riches? Buying from church jumble sales in late‐Victorian England." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 2, no. 3 (August 10, 2010): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17557501011067851.
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Dugan, H. A., P. T. Doran, B. Wagner, F. Kenig, C. H. Fritsen, S. A. Arcone, E. Kuhn, N. E. Ostrom, J. P. Warnock, and A. E. Murray. "Stratigraphy of Lake Vida, Antarctica: hydrologic implications of 27 m of ice." Cryosphere 9, no. 2 (March 4, 2015): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-439-2015.
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Abstract. Lake Vida, located in Victoria Valley, is one of the largest lakes in the McMurdo dry valleys and is known to contain hypersaline liquid brine sealed below 16 m of freshwater ice. For the first time, Lake Vida was drilled to a depth of 27 m. Below 21 m the ice is marked by well-sorted sand layers up to 20 cm thick within a matrix of salty ice. From ice chemistry, isotopic composition of δ18O and δ2H, and ground penetrating radar profiles, we conclude that the entire 27 m of ice formed from surface runoff and the sediment layers represent the accumulation of surface deposits. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating limit the maximum age of the lower ice to 6300 14C yr BP. As the ice cover ablated downwards during periods of low surface inflow, progressive accumulation of sediment layers insulated and preserved the ice and brine beneath, analogous to the processes that preserve shallow ground ice. The repetition of these sediment layers reveals hydrologic variability in Victoria Valley during the mid- to late Holocene. Lake Vida is an exemplar site for understanding the preservation of subsurface brine, ice, and sediment in a cold desert environment.
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Stevens, Craig, Won Sang Lee, Giannetta Fusco, Sukyoung Yun, Brett Grant, Natalie Robinson, and Chung Yeon Hwang. "The influence of the Drygalski Ice Tongue on the local ocean." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 74 (April 2017): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.4.
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ABSTRACT The Drygalski Ice Tongue presents an ~80 km long floating obstacle to alongshore flows in the Victoria Land coastal ocean region of the Western Ross Sea. Here we use oceanographic data from near to the tongue to explore the interplay between the floating glacier and the local currents and stratification. A vessel-based circuit of the glacier, recording ocean temperature and salinity profiles, reveals the southwest corner to be the coldest and most complex in terms of vertical structure. The southwest corner structure beneath the surface warm, salty layer sustains a block of very cold water extending to 200 m depth. In this same location there was a distinct layer at 370 m not seen anywhere else of water at ~−1.93°C. The new observations broadly, but not directly, support the presence of a coherent Victoria Land Coastal Current. The data suggest the northward moving coastal current turns against the Coriolis force and works its way anticlockwise around the glacier, but with leakage beneath the glacier through the highly ‘rippled’ underside, resulting in a spatially heterogeneous supply to the Terra Nova Bay Polynya region – an important location for the formation of high-salinity shelf water.
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Lal, Anita, Mohammad Siahpush, and Michelle Scollo. "The economic impact of smoke-free policies on sales in restaurants and cafés in Victoria." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 27, no. 5 (October 2003): 557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2003.tb00834.x.
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Dugan, H. A., P. T. Doran, B. Wagner, F. Kenig, C. H. Fritsen, S. Arcone, E. Kuhn, N. E. Ostrom, J. Warnock, and A. E. Murray. "27 m of lake ice on an Antarctic lake reveals past hydrologic variability." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 23, 2014): 4127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-4127-2014.
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Abstract. Lake Vida, located in Victoria Valley, is one of the largest lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Unlike other lakes in the region, the surface ice extends at least 27 m, which has created an extreme and unique habitat by isolating a liquid-brine with salinity of 195 g L−1. Below 21 m, the ice is marked by well-sorted sand layers up to 20 cm thick, within a matrix of salty ice. From ice chemistry, isotopic abundances of 18O and 2H, ground penetrating radar profiles, and mineralogy, we conclude that the entire 27 m of ice formed from surface runoff, and the sediment layers represent the accumulation of fluvial and aeolian deposits. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating limit the maximum age of the lower ice to 6300 14C yr BP. As the ice cover ablated downwards during periods of low surface inflow, progressive accumulation of sediment layers insulated and preserved the ice and brine beneath; analogous to the processes that preserve shallow ground ice. The repetition of these sediment layers reveals climatic variability in Victoria Valley during the mid- to late Holocene. Lake Vida is an excellent Mars analog for understanding the preservation of subsurface brine, ice and sediment in a cold desert environment.
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Briggs, SV, MT Maher, and CC Davey. "Hunter Activity and Waterfowls Havests in New South Wales, 1977-82." Wildlife Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850515.
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The results of six annual surveys of waterfowl hunters in New South Wales by mail card are reported. The aims of the survey were to ascertain reported distribution of hunting effort, size and composition of hunters' bags, and state of hunter origin. Hunting effort and waterfowl harvests were highest in southern inland New South Wales. Seasonal bag sizes varied between 15.8 and 27.2 ducks per hunter. Pacific black duck, grey teal and maned duck made up 88.6% of hunters' bags. About half the hunters in New South Wales originated from Victoria. Bag size and species composition, effect of reducing bag size on total harvest, regional bias in hunting effort and harvest, and annual variation in licence sales are discussed.
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Cayuela, Anne. "Mechtild Albert, Victoria Aranda Arribas, Leonardo Coppola (eds.), La narrativa de Alonso Jerónimo de Salas Barbadillo." Bulletin hispanique, no. 123-2 (December 20, 2021): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bulletinhispanique.14599.
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Atlas, Allan W. "Ladies in the Wheatstone Ledgers: The Gendered Concertina in Victorian England, 1835–1870." Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 39 (2006): 1–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14723808.2006.10541013.
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Victorian England held firm convictions about which instruments were appropriate for middle- and upper-class women, whether professionals or well-bred amateurs. Conventional wisdom holds that, until the informal ban on women playing the violin began to loosen in the 1870s, only three instruments were deemed suitable: piano, harp, and guitar. There was, however, a fourth instrument to which women had recourse: the English concertina, developed by the physicist Charles Wheatstone circa 1830.This study looks at the 978 women for whom there are 1,769 transactions-about 12% of the total-recorded in nine extant Wheatstone & Co. sales ledgers that list the firm's day-to-day sales from April 1835 to May 1870. It is in two parts: (1) an Introduction, which analyses the data presented in the Inventory from a demographic-sociological point of view and places Wheatstone's commerce with women into the context of its business activity as a whole; and (2) the Inventory (with three appendices), which lists every transaction for each of the 978 women, identifies as many of them as possible, and offers a miscellany of comments about both the women and the transactions. Briefly, the roster of Wheatstone's female customers reads like a list of Victorian England's rich-and-famous: the Duchess of Wellington and 146 other members of the titled aristocracy (more than twice as many as their male counterparts), the fabulously wealthy philanthropist Angela Burdett Coutts, members of the landed gentry, and such mainstays of London's musical life as the guitarist Madame R. Sidney Pratten, the organist Elizabeth Mounsey, and the contralto Helen Charlotte Dolby, as well as a large number of Professors of Concertina.
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Ibañez Palacios, Gloria Patricia, Ana Lía Ahumada, Mario Arnaldo Toledo, and Silvia Verónica Páez . "Cuantificación del patrimonio geológico de una potencial georuta interpretativa en la sierra de Santa Victoria, Salta, Argentina." PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 18, no. 3 (July 2018): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.043.
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Nájera Luna, Juan Abel, Oscar Alberto Aguirre Calderón, Eduardo Javier Treviño Garza, Javier Jiménez Pérez, Enrique Jurado Ybarra, José Javier Corral Rivas, and Benedicto Vargas Larreta. "IMPACTOS DE LAS OPERACIONES FORESTALES DE DERRIBO Y ARRASTRE EN EL SALTO, DURANGO." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales 3, no. 10 (March 6, 2019): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v3i10.524.
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El abastecimiento forestal incide tanto sobre la vegetación residual, como en el suelo y en las fuentes de agua de las áreas de aprovechamiento. Para cuantificar los impactos del derribo y arrastre sobre el arbolado residual y el suelo forestal en la región de El Salto, Durango, se realizó el seguimiento de dichas operaciones en 320 árboles comerciales en los ejidos El Brillante, La Campana, San Pablo y La Victoria. Se registraron los efectos directos en el fuste, la copa de los individuos residuales y en el suelo. La evaluación de los disturbios originados a este último se hizo en 1,182 puntos de control en las áreas de corta de los ejidos bajo estudio, en los cuales se midieron 50 huellas de arrastre por ejido para estimar el volumen de suelo removido. Los resultados mostraron que la efectividad del derribo es del 80%, por lo que constituye la operación con mayor incidencia en el arbolado residual. Se calcularon 3.5 árboles dañados por cada individuo derribado, y las especies más afectadas fueron las del género Pinus, con 42% del total. Se determinó que las alteraciones consideradas de moderadas a fuertes se presentaron en 24% de las áreas bajo aprovechamiento y por metro cúbico de madera arrastrada se remueven 0.481 m3 de suelo y materia orgánica.
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Nájera Luna, Juan Abel, Oscar Alberto Aguirre Calderón, Eduardo Javier Treviño Garza, Javier Jiménez Pérez, Enrique Jurado Ybarra, José Javier Corral Rivas, and Benedicto Vargas Larreta. "RENDIMIENTO VOLUMÉTRICO Y CALIDAD DIMENSIONAL DE LA MADERA ASERRADA EN ASERRADEROS DE EL SALTO, DURANGO." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales 2, no. 4 (June 20, 2019): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v2i4.610.
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Se realizó la evaluación del rendimiento volumétrico y la calidad dimensional de la madera en cinco aserraderos de El Salto, Durango, México. Para tal efecto, se dio seguimiento a los productos generados a partir de 412 trozas de pino con un volumen de 293.73 m3 rollo sin corteza; de ellas se obtuvieron 7,085 tablas de diferentes dimensiones y clases equivalentes a 169.01 m3 , con un rendimiento en madera aserrada de 57.5%, correspondientes a 244 pies tablares (pt) por metro cúbico de madera en rollo aserrada. El rendimiento volumétrico más alto por calidad se observó en tablas de la clase número 5 con 86.49 pt, mientras que por grueso nominal fue para las tablas de (7/8”) con 95 pt. Respecto a la calidad dimensional, el espesor promedio al que se asierra la madera no fue suficiente para obtener madera seca y cepillada con dimensión final de 22.23 mm (7/8”), en tanto que para el grueso de 31.75 mm (5/4”), las tablas aserradas en el ejido El Brillante resultaron sobredimensionadas y las tablas de 34.10 mm (6/4”) del ejido La Victoria tuvieron espesores compatibles con la dimensión óptima de corte estimada. Con base en los resultados de este estudio, se sugiere establecer un sistema de control que asegure una buena calidad dimensional en los productos aserrados.
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Testa Tacchino, Alejo, Paolo Gyssels, Mariano Corral, Mariana Pagot, Constanza Vargas, Héctor D. Farías, and Andrés Rodriguez. "Modelación hidráulica bidimensional de los desbordes el Chañaral y la garrapata del río Pilcomayo." Aqua-LAC 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2016): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29104/phi-aqualac/2016-v8-2-07.
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Este trabajo pretende obtener los caudales de desborde de El Chañaral y La Garrapata del Río Pilcomayo. Para lograr este objetivo se realizó una modelación numérica bidimensional permanente a fondo fijo y sin transporte de sedimentos de la hidráulica del tramo. La zona de estudio se localiza en la zona que se conoce como Pilcomayo Superior, parte de la cuenca baja del río Pilcomayo, 13 km al noroeste de la localidad Santa Victoria en la provincia de Salta Argentina. Para realizar la modelación se han analizado imágenes satelitales, hidrogramas, aforos durante crecidas, topografías e imágenes de radar SRTM. En una primera etapa se analizó la topografía e imágenes SRTM para elaborar el modelo digital del terreno, posteriormente se seleccionaron las condiciones de contorno del modelo con la ayuda de imágenes satelitales y series hidrométricas, y finalmente se evaluaron los resultados de las simulaciones numéricas para determinar los caudales que desbordan y los que continúan aguas abajo por el Río Pilcomayo. Con los resultados del modelo se pudo obtener una aproximación de los caudales que activan los desbordes y los caudales desbordados
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Zhen-Wu, Bi Yun. "Índices de calidad del agua en la microcuenca de la quebrada Victoria, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (2007-2008)." UNED Research Journal 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v2i1.221.
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Se evaluó, durante el año hidrológico 2007-2008, la calidad del agua de la quebrada Victoria, Costa Rica, mediante la aplicación de los índices de calidad del agua del Reglamento costarricense para la evaluación y clasificación de la calidad de cuerpos de agua superficiales (IHCA-CR) y el de la Fundación Nacional de Sanidad de los Estados Unidos (ICA-U.S.NSF), para establecer una línea base para los programas de seguimiento de su calidad y de los efectos del desarrollo geotérmico. La red de muestreo comprendió 15 sitios. Se encontró en el agua de la quebrada una contaminación incipiente (entre 4 y 6 puntos), según el IHCA-CR, y un calidad buena (entre 71 y 90 puntos), según el ICA-U.S.NSF. El agua según su dureza total como carbonato de calcio se clasificó en moderadamente dura (entre 68mgL-1 y 82mgL-1 de CaCO3) en 87% de los sitios y blanda (entre 33mgL-1 y 52mgL-1 de CaCO3) en 13% de los sitios. El tipo de agua según la caracterización geoquímica que predominó en la época seca del 2008, fue la sulfatada cálcica-magnésica (47% de los sitios), seguida de la sulfatada cálcica (27% de los sitios) y los sitios remanentes (26%) en mezclas de aguas hidrogenocarbonatas y sulfatadas. Para los programas de seguimiento de la calidad del agua de la quebrada y de efectos del desarrollo geotérmico en la microcuenca, debe incluir los siguientes indicadores: de contaminación fecal, los coliformes fecales; de calidad física, la turbiedad; del estado de los sistemas acuáticos, el porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno disuelto; del contenido de sales disueltos, la conductividad; de contaminación térmica, la temperatura del agua; de trazador de aguas geotérmicas, el cloruro.
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Ryan, Angela, Oliver Huse, Miranda R. Blake, Tara Boelsen-Robinson, Kia Noble, and Anna Peeters. "The long-term effectiveness and acceptability of the retailer-led removal of unhealthy drinks from display in a self-service café." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 10 (April 13, 2020): 1832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019004610.
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AbstractObjective:In 2015, beverages were removed from display at a self-service café within a major health service, resulting in fewer purchases of unhealthy beverages. This initiative was continued following initial evaluation of the results. The current study aimed to determine customer acceptability of the initiative, and whether healthier purchases had continued, at 18 months following implementation.Design:Drinks were categorised as ‘green’ (best choices), ‘amber’ (choose carefully) and ‘red’ (limit), based on the state government nutrient profiling system, for intervention and analysis purposes. In 2015, unhealthy ‘red’ drinks were removed from display. In 2017, weekly beverage sales were counted, through stock-taking, for 6 weeks, and customer surveys were conducted over 2 days.Setting:A café located within a major Victorian health service.Participants:Café customers (hospital staff, patients and visitors).Results:Eighteen months after the implementation of the initiative, the proportion of ‘red’ beverages sold was 7 % of total drink sales (compared with 33 % before the removal of unhealthy beverages from display in 2015 (P < 0·001), and 10 % immediately following the removal of unhealthy beverages from display). Customer surveys revealed high levels of acceptability for the initiative and low levels of awareness of the initiative.Conclusions:The removal of unhealthy beverages from display can result in customers making healthier purchases, and this appears to continue over the long-term. Such interventions have the potential to contribute to the sustained shift in population purchases and consumption needed to make meaningful improvements to population health.
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BERGAMASCO, A., V. DEFENDI, G. BUDILLON, and G. SPEZIE. "Downslope flow observations near Cape Adare shelf-break." Antarctic Science 16, no. 2 (June 2004): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004001981.
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The analysis of two high resolution hydrological datasets acquired during the 1997 and 2001 summers across the Antarctic continental shelf-break near Cape Adare (Ross Sea) is presented. The main focus of these cruises was the investigation of the overflow of the High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW). This dense and salty water mass forms along Victoria Land and flows northward, descending the slope near Cape Adare. Water types characterizing the study area are detected through vertical salinity profiles and by the horizontal distributions of the temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity hydrological sections obtained by means of objective analysis method well describe the water masses interactions at the shelf/slope edge. The 1997 dataset shows evidence of a strong HSSW signature on the slope, but it is difficult to quantify the spatial scales involved in the spreading mechanism, because the overflow takes place at the edge of the investigation area. The 2001 data, collected at the same position with improved spatial and temporal resolution, clearly indicates the absence of a “true” HSSW downslope process. Even though no estimation of the amount of downslope flow can be given at present due to the resolution of the available dataset, it is possible to get a better phenomenological picture of the process by comparing the two years.
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Sethuraman, Kannan, and Devanath Tirupati. "Melbourne Pathology." Asian Case Research Journal 11, no. 01 (June 2007): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927507000850.
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Melbourne Pathology, a subsidiary of Sonic Health Care, provided a comprehensive range of pathology services as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of patients in Melbourne and Central Victoria. In a capped funding and highly regulated market such as the pathology service market in Australia, the only way in which the sales of a provider could grow was usually at the expense of another provider. To combat this situation, Melbourne Pathology opted to compete by providing higher quality service and faster turnaround time. The recent results of Melbourne Pathology, however, indicated that although the average turnaround time was within the promised targets, significant percentage of jobs in routine category and over 10% of jobs in the urgent category failed to meet the established targets. The case is primarily intended to illustrate the impact of demand distortions in a service setting that arise due to lack of coordination among various entities in the service value chain and a failure to have an integrated perspective that aligns all departments towards a common goal. This phenomenon is similar to the bullwhip effect in supply chains of manufactured products which has received considerable attention during the past decade. The case provides opportunities for students to develop corrective actions to mitigate this problem.
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Kennedy, Andrea. "The beauty of Victorian beasts: illustration in the Reverend J. G. Wood's Homes without hands (W. T. Stearn Prize 2012)." Archives of Natural History 40, no. 2 (October 2013): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2013.0168.
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The Reverend John George Wood (1827–1889) was a successful popularizer of natural history in the Victorian era. His Illustrated natural history (1853) and Common objects series (1857–1858) have been written about extensively. However, historians have largely ignored his most successful book, Homes without hands, in spite of its exquisite designs and profound connections with natural domesticity. In addition, little research has been conducted on the illustrations that appear across Wood's publications, despite their great popularity during his lifetime. This article examines the creation, popularization and methods of communication of this beautiful natural history book. A work explicitly about animal dwellings, Homes without hands was exceedingly popular during its time, as will be shown through an analysis of previously unpublished impression and sales records from the Longman's publishing archive at Reading University. Furthermore, this article will reveal Wood's use of advanced methods in printing and engraving technologies, which made Homes without hands more accessible to the public, particularly through the use of electrotype. In addition, Wood adapted his illustrations for the sake of uniting pleasing aesthetics with scientific representations. Wood's proactive involvement in the illustrative processes of the book ensured that his vision was fully enacted in the final designs. There were elements of danger and domesticity present throughout Wood's work, which functioned as a method for enticing readership and communicating social and religious messages. This will be revealed through a close analysis of a few specific illustrations. Wood dynamically united illustration and text to create a useful domestic piece of natural history, for and about the home. This article seeks to combine methods of examination of both natural history illustration and literature through the investigation of a single book, to better communicate how works of Victorian natural history functioned as a whole.
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Farina, Jonathan V. "LITERARY HISTORIES OF THE NATURAL HISTORICAL BOOK." Victorian Literature and Culture 44, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150315000704.
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Inspired in part by the coincident bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the sesquicentennial of The Origin of Species in 2009, scholars have been hard at work these last ten years writing substantial histories of nineteenth-century natural history and geology. These histories include exceptional books by scholars trained primarily in literary studies: Cannon Schmitt's Darwin and the Memory of the Human (2009); Daniel Brown's The Poetry of Victorian Scientists (2013); and Gowan Dawson's Darwin, Literature and Victorian Respectability (2007). With a few notable exceptions, however, the books I was invited to review here are written mostly by historians of science. And yet they are no less literary for that. All are marked by a tacit, pragmatic adoption of actor-network theory; by the extraordinary resources of the Darwin Correspondence Project and online databases of British periodicals; and often, too, by glossy illustrations. Further, nearly all of these histories share a methodological investment in what we call the history of the book, including all the economics of publishing (formats, sizes, fonts, prices, print runs, reviews, sales, generic conventions) and a political and heuristic stake in popularization and the general reading public. While Darwin (and Lyell, Herschel, Hooker, Huxley, and Spencer) remain at the center of the discussion, the empirically-minded history-of-the-book approach and investment in everyday readers reconstructs and legitimates a robust popular science that was engaged with, but not subordinate to, and often more liberal than the elite science of the X Club, the Royal Society, and other exclusive institutions. With the help of museums, lectures, tour guides, and other natural scientific literature, everyday readers produced their own knowledge of evolution, stratigraphy, speciation, animal emotion, and the sex life of plants.
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George, Simon. "Victor Brand." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 27, no. 4 (October 2002): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920020407.
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Victor India Ltd (VCIL) was established in 1989 as a public limited company for manufacturing and marketing cocoa-based products, mainly chocolates. The company launched its cocoa-based brown milk beverage brand Victor in 1996 and expected that it would be able to do well in the market against established and aggressive competitors leveraging on the costing and pricing advantage. However, Victor's sales in the initial year could not reach the expected target. In 2000, the company initiated a brand-building programme to revitalize the brand by making interventions in the brand's attributes, benefits, and package leading to. modifications in positioning. The results were encouraging but the brand was still struggling to break even. The company was reviewing the costing of the product as well as its promotion strategies. The case focuses on the challenges faced by VCIL in its brandbuilding programme.
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Dauvergne, Peter. "Is the Power of Brand-Focused Activism Rising? The Case of Tropical Deforestation." Journal of Environment & Development 26, no. 2 (April 4, 2017): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496517701249.
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Four trends would seem to be empowering environmentalists who target corporations with global brands: the increasing reach of social media, growing numbers of campaigns, the corporate turn toward “sustainability” to create brand value and manage supply chains, and the spread of eco-consumerism. Campaigns since 2007 to demand that brands stop buying palm oil linked to tropical deforestation confirm the rising influence over corporate policies and market demand. Many activists are portraying the outcomes as “victories” toward saving rainforests. Yet, three factors are limiting the value for improving on-the-ground management: industry influence over, and governance limits of, palm oil certification; ongoing sales of uncertified palm oil as demand shifts to nonbrand buyers; and illegalities and weak regulatory enforcement in producer countries, notably Indonesia and Malaysia. Theoretically, this analysis demonstrates the importance, when evaluating activist campaigns, of distinguishing between the influence on corporate policies and markets and the effectiveness for environmental outcomes.
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Rugoho, Innocent, Hayden Lewis, Muhammad Islam, Andrew McAllister, Gemma Heemskerk, Andrew Gourley, and Cameron Gourley. "Quantifying dairy farm nutrient fluxes and balances for improved assessment of environmental performance." Animal Production Science 58, no. 9 (2018): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16440.
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Excess nutrients are challenging the long-term sustainability of grazing-based dairy farming. Whole-farm nutrient-mass balance (NMB) is a well recognised approach to improve on-farm nutrient management decisions. In the present paper, we use a standardised approach for quantifying NMB on grazing-based dairy farms, using a newly developed online tool. Preliminary evaluation, using selected farm data from a previous Australia-wide dairy-farm nutrient study, demonstrated highly comparable estimates of farm area, nutrient fluxes and NMB, with substantial efficiencies in time and sample analysis. Nutrient mass balances were also determined on 16 diverse dairy farms across the five major dairy regions of Victoria, Australia. These results highlighted the importance of purchased feed, fertiliser and milk sales, as major sources of nutrient inputs and outputs, with whole-farm NMB for the 16 dairy farms ranging from 185 to 481 kg/ha for nitrogen, 12–59 kg/ha for phosphorus, 9–244 kg/ha for potassium and –6–55 kg/ha for sulfur. Current industry adoption of the NMB tool has confirmed the benefits of a standardised and efficient collation and processing of readily available farm data to inform nutrient management decisions on commercial dairy farms. We suggest that the standardised assessment of nutrient fluxes, balances and efficiency, as well as feed- and milk-production performance at the whole-farm level, provides dairy farmers, farm advisors and industry and policy analysts with the ability to determine industry-wide goals and improve environmental performance.
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Cameron, Adrian J., Amy Brown, Liliana Orellana, Josephine Marshall, Emma Charlton, Winsfred W. Ngan, Jaithri Ananthapavan, Jasmine Isaacs, Miranda Blake, and Gary Sacks. "Change in the Healthiness of Foods Sold in an Australian Supermarket Chain Following Implementation of a Shelf Tag Intervention Based on the Health Star Rating System." Nutrients 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14122394.
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Introduction: Most people in Australia buy most of their food in supermarkets. Marketing techniques promoting healthy foods in supermarkets can be important to encourage healthy eating at a population level. Shelf tags that highlight the healthiness of products have been identified as one such promising initiative. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the healthiness of foods sold in an Australian supermarket chain following implementation of a shelf tag intervention based on the Australian Health Star Rating (HSR) system. Methods: A controlled, non-randomised trial was undertaken in seven supermarkets (intervention: n = 3; control: n = 4) of a single chain in Victoria, Australia, over 12 weeks (4 weeks baseline, 8 weeks intervention period) between August and November 2015. The intervention involved provision of a shelf tag indicating the HSR of all packaged products that scored 4.5 or 5 stars (‘high-HSR products’) using the Australian HSR system. Posters indicating the healthiness of fresh fruits and vegetables (not eligible for an HSR rating, as they are not packaged) were also installed. Weekly per store sales data were provided by the retailer. In an intention-to-treat analysis (with intervention status of individual products based on their eligibility to be tagged), the proportion (%) of all ‘high-HSR’ packaged food sold and the volume of key nutrients (saturated fat, total fat, sodium, total sugar, protein, carbohydrates and energy) per 100 g sold were assessed. Difference-in-difference analyses were conducted to determine the difference between intervention and control stores in terms of mean outcomes between baseline and intervention periods. Customer exit surveys (n = 304) were conducted to evaluate awareness and use of the shelf tags and posters. Results: The proportion of ‘high-HSR products’ sold increased in the intervention period compared to the baseline period in each of the three intervention stores (average increase of 0.49%, 95% CI: −0.02, 0.99), compared to a decrease of −0.15% (−0.46, 0.15) in control stores (p = 0.034). The overall increase in intervention compared to control stores (difference-in-difference) of 0.64% represents an 8.2% increase in the sales of ‘high-HSR products’. Sales of total sugar, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, sodium, protein and total energy in packaged food all decreased significantly more in intervention stores compared to control stores. Sales of fresh fruits and vegetables decreased in intervention stores compared to control stores. Customer surveys found that 34.4% noticed the shelf tags. Of those who noticed the tags, 58% believed the shelf tags influenced their purchases. Conclusions: With this study, we found that the use of shelf tags that highlight the healthiest packaged foods in a supermarket setting showed promise as a mechanism to improve the healthiness of purchases. Opportunities to scale up the intervention warrant exploration, with further research needed to assess the potential impact of the intervention on overall population diets over the longer term.
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Wellings, Martin. "‘Pulp Methodism’ Revisited: The Literature and Significance of Silas and Joseph Hocking." Studies in Church History 48 (2012): 362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001443.
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Writing pseudonymously in the New Age in February 1909, Arnold Bennett, acerbic chronicler of Edwardian chapel culture, deplored the lack of proper bookshops in English provincial towns. A substantial manufacturing community, he claimed, might be served only by a stationers shop, offering ‘Tennyson in gilt. Volumes of the Temple Classics or Everyman. Hymn books, Bibles. The latest cheap Shakespeare. Of new books no example, except the brothers Hocking.’ Bennett’s lament was an unintended compliment to the ubiquity of the novels of Silas and Joseph Hocking, brothers whose literary careers spanned more than half a century, generating almost two hundred novels and innumerable serials and short stories. Silas Hocking (1850–1935), whose first book was published in 1878 and last in 1934, has been described as the most popular novelist of the late nineteenth century. By 1900 his sales already exceeded one million volumes. The career of Joseph Hocking (1860–1937) was slightly shorter, stretching from 1887 to 1936, but his output was equally impressive. The Hockings’ works have attracted interest principally among scholars of Cornish life and culture. It will be argued here, however, that they have significance for the history of late Victorian and Edwardian Nonconformity, both reflecting and reinforcing the attitudes, beliefs and prejudices of their large and appreciative readership.
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Berg, Håkan, Deogratias Mulokozi, and Lars Udikas. "A GIS Assessment of the Suitability of Tilapia and Clarias Pond Farming in Tanzania." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050354.
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Aquaculture production in Tanzania has increased in recent years, responding to an increased demand for fish, but the scale and productivity of smallholder aquaculture remains below the level needed to support significant sector growth in Tanzania. This study assesses, through geospatial analyses, the suitability for freshwater pond farming of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in Tanzania, by assessing the geographical distribution of seven criteria (water availability, water temperature, soil texture, terrain slope, availability of farm inputs, potential farm-gate sales, and access to local markets) identified as important for fish pond farming. The criteria were developed and standardized from 15 sub-criteria, which were classified into a four-level suitability scale based on physical scores. The individual weights of the different criteria in the overall GIS suitability assessment were determined through a multi-criteria evaluation. The final results were validated and compared through field observations, interviews with 89 rural and 11 urban aquaculture farmers, and a questionnaire survey with 16 regional fisheries officers. Our results indicate that there is a good potential for aquaculture in Tanzania. Almost 60% of Tanzania is assessed as being suitable and 40% as moderately suitable for small-scale subsistence pond farming, which is the dominating fish farming practice currently. The corresponding figures for medium-scale commercial farming, which many regions expect to be the dominating farming method within ten-years, were 52% and 47% respectively. The availability of water was the most limiting factor for fish pond farming, which was confirmed by both farmers and regional fisheries officers, and assessed as being “suitable” in only 28% of the country. The availability of farm-gate sales and local markets were “moderate suitable” to “suitable” and were seen as a constraint for commercial farms in rural areas. The availability of farm inputs (agriculture waste and manure) was overall good (26% very suitable and 32% suitable), but high-quality fish feed was seen as a constraint to aquaculture development, both by farmers and regional fisheries officers. Soil, terrain, and water temperature conditions were assessed as good, especially at low altitudes and in regions close to the sea and south of Lake Victoria.
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Bartl, Bárbara. "‘La yaquispala’: prácticas locales, memoria y conservación." Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 54, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 451–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v54.n3.25369.
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Introducción y objetivos: ‘Yaquispala’ es el nombre local que recibe Puya yakespala en la zona del Municipio de Iruya, provincia de Salta, Argentina. Se trata de una planta endémica del norte de la provincia, declarada desde organismos del Estado como especie amenazada y a ser protegida. Si bien en los catálogos florísticos ha sido mencionada únicamente para el Departamento de Santa Victoria, esta investigación se desarrolla en el Departamento de Iruya, donde hemos observado su presencia. Este trabajo busca ser un primer acercamiento etnobotánico a los usos contextualizados de la ‘yaquispala’, así como a las prácticas de manejo locales asociadas a esta planta. M&M: Se realizó trabajo de campo de carácter etnográfico, con observaciones en diferentes contextos, así como entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas con 25 personas (sobre este tema en particular) en el pueblo de Iruya y Rodeo Colorado. Se recolectó a su vez material vegetal de referencia. Resultados: Se describen en términos locales la planta misma y las prácticas vinculadas con esta especie en la zona; con respecto a las prácticas, se describen los usos dados a esta especie teniendo en consideración contextos, momentos y memorias con los que se encuentran vinculados; por último, se focaliza en las prácticas de manejo locales de esta especie, fundamentalmente las quemas y la recolección. Conclusiones: A partir de este caso se pretende aportar en las discusiones referidas a las prácticas locales y la relevancia de considerarlas en los debates, normativas y políticas asociadas a la conservación de la diversidad biocultural.
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Nieto Calleja. "RECUPERACIÓN DE LA FIGURA DE TOMÁS LUIS DE VICTORIA DESDE LOS PRIMEROS AÑOS DEL SIGLO XX. UNA VISIÓN A TRAVÉS DE LOS TEXTOS DE VICENTE SALAS VIU." Revista de Musicología 35, no. 1 (2012): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41959413.
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Glukhova, A. M., S. O. Koroleva, and N. I. Naumova. "ON THE QUALITY OF FRESH TABLE GRAPES." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2018-0-3-36-41.
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Each year, out of more than 350 thousand tons of grapes entering the industrial centers of Russia, a part of the production turns out to be non-standard due to a high percentage of spoilage of berries en route, especially grapes of own production, and a significant part of the harvested and harvested crop does not reach the consumer due to quality loss and presentation in the period of transportation. The aim of the research was to evaluate the quality of fresh table grapes sold in retail chains of the city of Chelyabinsk. It is established that the quality of fresh table grapes sold in the shops of the Molniya trade network was at a higher level. So, samples of grapes «Victoria» corresponded to the requirements of the highest commodity grade, the sample of grapes «Kishmish Zhemchuzhina» - the first grade. The presence of bunches with decayed berries in the grapes «White Miracle» allowed him to refer it to «waste». Table grapes sold in stores «Magnet», was less competitive. Thus, in the samples of the «Julian» grapes, a significant (2.9 %) content of crumbled berries was found, in the samples of «Taifi» grapes - bunches with cracked berries (1.7 %). Grapes «Julian» additionally determined a relatively high percentage (6.8 %) of non-integer grapes. Also found are copies of grape bunches with decayed and crushed berries, which is not allowed by regulated requirements. The revealed necessity of additional pre-sale preparation and sorting of fresh table grapes sold in chain stores will allow to increase not only the quality and safety of products, customer service culture, but also extend the shelf life of commodity lots, increase turnover and sales of fresh products in general.