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Academic literature on the topic 'Salts in'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 February 2023

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Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Salts in":

1

Zhang, Cheng-Pan, Ze-Yu Tian, and Yu Ma. "Alkylation Reactions with Alkylsulfonium Salts." Synthesis 54, no. 06 (October 25, 2021): 1478–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1677-5971.

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AbstractThe application of alkylsulfonium salts as alkyl-transfer reagents in organic synthesis has reemerged over the past few years. Numerous heteroatom- and carbon-centered nucleophiles, alkenes, arenes, alkynes, organometallic reagents, and others are readily alkylated by alkylsulfonium salts under mild conditions. The reactions feature convenience, high efficiency, readily accessible and structurally diversified alkylation reagents, good functional group tolerance, and a wide range of substrate types, allowing the facile synthesis of various useful organic molecules from commercially available building blocks. This review summarizes alkylation reactions using either isolated or in situ formed alkylsulfonium salts via nucleophilic substitution, transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, and photoredox processes.1 Introduction2 General Methods for the Synthesis of Alkylsulfonium Salts3 Electrophilic Alkylation Using Alkylsulfonium Salts4 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Alkylation Using Alkylsulfonium Salts5 Photoredox-Catalyzed Alkylation Using Alkylsulfonium Salts6 Conclusion

2

Hassan, Khalida Abdul-Karim, Farhad Ali Hashim, and Sarwar Mohammed Rasheed. "Influence of Magnetic Treated Saline Water on Salts Leaching from Salt Affected Soil." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 18, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10460.

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Hermann Dekpaho Gnahe, Jean Didier Kouassi-Koffi, Hermann Antonin Kouassi, and Emma Fernande Assemand. "Survey on the "plant salts" production and consumption in the west of Ivory Coast." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.6.1.0002.

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A field survey was carried out to increase knowledge on salts produced from plants in the west of Ivory Coast. This work intends to serve as a basis for a real promotion of "plant salts" as a food additive in domestic and industrial production. It would also like to provide an alternative to severe low-sodium diets. It is produced in the west of Ivory Coast, salty products made from plants and used as a substitute of sodium chloride. These "edible plant salts" are differentiated from each other by the type of plant (and even organ) used and the manufacturing process. Two manufacturing processes, resulting in physically different salts, were identified. The first, used by the non-native Malinke, gives the lumpy "potash" commonly sold at the markets. The second, practiced by the native Dan, Guere an Wobe peoples, gives a better developed fine "plant salts". The main “edible plant salts” found in this area are produced from palm or coconut branches. The salts from reeds and many forest trees such as kapok trees are also very appreciated, only they are rare. "Plant salts" are in greater demand for health reasons, hence their qualification as "salts of the sick people". They are consumed as a cooking ingredient or in pharmacopoeia and the elderly are their first consumers. Due to weak demand, productions are very irregular and in low quantities. These products are unknown to populations and industrialists although they could be useful in food and health sectors.

4

Kaduk, James A. "Terephthalate salts: salts of monopositive cations." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 56, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768199014718.

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The crystal structures of dilithium, disodium and diammonium terephthalate (1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) have been solved ab initio using Monte Carlo simulated annealing techniques, and refined using synchrotron powder data. The structures of dipotassium terephthalate, potassium hydrogen terephthalate and ammonium hydrogen terephthalate have been refined using single-crystal techniques. Li2C8H4O4 crystallizes in P2 1/c, with a = 8.35921 (5), b = 5.13208 (2), c = 8.48490 (5) Å, β = 93.1552 (4)°, V = 363.451 (3) Å3, Z = 2. The Li anions are tetrahedrally coordinated and the packing of the terephthalate anions resembles the γ-packing of aromatic hydrocarbons. Na2C8H4O4 crystallizes in Pbc2 1, with a = 3.54804 (5), b = 10.81604 (16), c = 18.99430 (20) Å, V = 728.92 (2) Å3, Z = 4. The coordination of the two independent Na is trigonal prismatic and the terephthalate packing resembles the β packing of hydrocarbons. (NH4)2C8H4O4 also crystallizes in Pbc21, with a = 4.0053 (5), b = 11.8136 (21), c = 20.1857 (24) Å, V = 955.1 (2) Å3, Z = 4. The cations and planar anions are linked by hydrogen bonds and the packing is a looser version of the β packing. K2C8H4O2 crystallizes in P21/c, with a = 10.561 (4), b = 3.9440 (12), c = 11.535 (5) Å, β = 113.08 (3)°, V = 442.0 (3) Å3, Z = 2. The K is trigonal prismatic and the packing is also β. Both KHC8H4O4 and (NH4)HC8H4O4 crystallize in C2/c, with a = 18.825 (4) and 18.924 (4), b = 3.770 (2) and 3.7967 (9), c = 11.179 (2) and 11.481 (2) Å, β = 98.04 (3) and 94.56 (5)°, V = 816.8 (3) and 790.9 (3) Å3, respectively, and Z = 4. The packing in the hydrogen-bonded acid salts is also β. Electrostatic interactions among the terephthalate anions appear to be important in determining the crystal packing.

5

Ngoc, Binh Vu. "Characteristics of Clay Soft Soil in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and Improvement Result with Cement." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 1A (January 31, 2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1a.5ms-2022-01-24.

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The results of research on the characteristics of soft clay soils distributed in some provinces of the Mekong Delta show that most of the soils are contaminated with easily soluble salts, containing organic matter, pH < 7. Sandy clay, clay in An Giang, and clay mud in Tien Giang are less acidic, not salty, and contamination of salts in the form of sulfate- chloride. Clay mud in Hau Giang is less acidic, less salt, and contamination of salts in the form of chloride-sulfate. Clay mud in Bac Lieu and Ca Mau are lots of salty soil, contaminated with chloride of salts. Peat soil in Kien Giang is strongly acidic, not salty, contaminated with sulfate -chloride. All of them have a large compression coefficient, small load capacity, therefore they should be reinforced when construction works. Unconfined compressive strength of reinforced soils with cement showed that sandy clay in An Giang is the best, and then is soft clay in An Giang and clay mud in Tien Giang, Hau Giang, Bạc Lieu, and Ca Mau. Peat soil in Kien Giang has a low strength at different contents and days of age (with a concents 400 kg/m3 at 91 days has unconfined compressive strength qu = 201 kPa), only 12.8 to 23.0% compared to the soil elsewhere. The curing time process samples show that the compressive strength of the peat soil mixed cement is increased initially, then they were decreased over a period of 28 days.

6

Schumacher, Ricardo F., Benhur Godoi, Carla K. Jurinic, and Andrei L. Belladona. "Diorganyl Dichalcogenides and Copper/Iron Salts: Versatile Cyclization System To Achieve Carbo- and Heterocycles from Alkynes." Synthesis 53, no. 15 (March 24, 2021): 2545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1463-4098.

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AbstractOrganochalcogen-containing cyclic molecules have shown several promising pharmacological properties. Consequently, different strategies have been developed for their synthesis in the past few years. Particularly due to the low cost and environmental aspects, copper- and iron-promoted cyclization reactions of alkynyl substrates have been broadly and efficiently applied for this purpose. This short review presents an overview of the most recent advances in the synthesis of organochalcogen-containing carbo- and heterocycles by reacting diorganyl disulfides, diselenides, and ditellurides with alkyne derivatives in the presence of copper and iron salts to promote cyclization reactions.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocycles via Reactions of Alkynes with Diorganyl Dichalcogenides and Copper Salts3 Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocycles via Reactions of Alkynes with Diorganyl Dichalcogenides and Iron Salts4 Conclusions

7

Lui, Matthew Y., Lorna Crowhurst, Jason P. Hallett, Patricia A. Hunt, Heiko Niedermeyer, and Tom Welton. "Salts dissolved in salts: ionic liquid mixtures." Chemical Science 2, no. 8 (2011): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1sc00227a.

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8

Salchner, Robert, Volker Kahlenberg, Thomas Gelbrich, Klaus Wurst, Martin Rauch, Gerhard Laus, and Herwig Schottenberger. "Hexaethylguanidinium Salts." Crystals 4, no. 3 (September 5, 2014): 404–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst4030404.

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9

McCrory, P. "Smelling salts." British Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 8 (April 12, 2006): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.029710.

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Antoniou, T., and D. N. Juurlink. ""Bath salts"." Canadian Medical Association Journal 184, no. 15 (August 20, 2012): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.121017.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salts in":

1

Goff, Kenneth Michael. "The transport of cadmium through molten salts." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13409.

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2

Forsyth, Stewart Alexander 1975. "Novel organic salts." Monash University, School of Chemistry, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5833.

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DiGuilio, Ralph Michael. "The thermal conductivity of molten salts and concentrated aqueous salt solutions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11847.

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4

Amanuma, Kazushi. "Dielectric properties of PFN-PFT solid solution synthesized by the molten salt method." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020152/.

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5

Parshad, Henrik. "Design of poorly soluble drug salts : pharmaceutical chemical characterization of organic salts /." [Cph.] : Department of Pharmaceutics, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2003. http://www.dfh.dk/phd/defences/henrikparshad.htm.

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Hammond, Timothy G. "Hepatotoxicity of bile salts." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496893.

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Akwi, Faith Mary. "Scalable chemistry involving diazonium salts." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6909.

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Herein an alternative approach aimed at reducing the cost of numbering up technique as a scale up strategy for chemical processes from the laboratory bench top to the industry is explored. The effect of increasing channel size on the reaction conversion of the synthesis of azo compounds is investigated. This was achieved via a systematic investigative understanding of the synthesis in microreactors where a proof of concept study was performed to determine the optimum reaction parameters in azo coupling reactions involving couplers with aminated or hydroxylated groups in Little Things Factory-MS microreactors (Channel diameter: 1.0 mm) It was found that at slightly alkaline conditions (pH 8.55) and at a temperature of 25 °C, excellent conversions were attained in the azo coupling reaction of the diazonium salt solution of 2,4-dimethylaniline to 2-naphthol. On the other hand, the azo coupling reaction of the diazonium salt solution of p-nitroaniline to diphenylamine was found to thrive at a pH of 5.71 and at a temperature of 25 °C. Using, these optimized reaction parameters, the in-situ and reactive quench of diazonium salts in LTF-MS microreactors was investigated where it was found that at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min, 0.03 ml/min and 0.07 ml/min of diazotizable amine & HCl, sodium nitrite and coupler solutions respectively, a conversion of 98% is achieved in approximately 2.4 minutes. A library of azo compounds was thus generated under these reaction conditions from couplers with aminated or hydroxylated aromatic aromatic systems. The scaled up synthesis of these compounds in a homemade PTFE tubing (ID 1.5 mm) reactor system was thereafter investigated and comparable conversions were observed. Capitalizing on the benefits of a large surface area and the short molecular diffusion distances observed in microreactors, in-situ phase transfer catalyzed azo coupling reaction of diphenylamine to p-nitroaniline was also explored. In this investigation a rapid and easy optimization protocol that yielded a 99%, 22% and 33% conversion of diphenylamine, carbazole and triphenylamine respectively in approximately 2.4 minutes using Chemtrix microreactors was established. On increasing the microreactor channel internal diameter in the scaled up synthesis approach, it was found that a 0.5 mm increase in channel internal diameter does result in lower reaction conversions.

8

Smith, David Hans Croyden. "Thiazolium salts as thiamin models." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305504.

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Nam, Moon-Sun. "Magnetotransport in BEDT-TTF salts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342589.

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Le, Strat Franck. "Electroreductive cyclisations of arenediazonium salts." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273906.

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Books on the topic "Salts in":

1

C, Mebane Robert. Salts & solids. New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1995.

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2

Chehimi, Mohamed Mehdi, ed. Aryl Diazonium Salts. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527650446.

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3

NATO Advanced Study Institute on Molten Salt Chemistry (1986 Camerino, Italy). Molten salt chemistry: An introduction and selected applications. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1987.

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Blagrave, Mark. Silver salts: A novel. Toronto: Cormorant Books, 2008.

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Fleck, Michel, and Aram M. Petrosyan. Salts of Amino Acids. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06299-0.

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6

Avery, K. R. A dose of salts. Devon: Merlin Books, 1988.

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Hammond, Timothy G. Hepatotoxicity of bile salts. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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Tomkins, R. P. T. 1938- and Bansal Narottam P, eds. Gases in molten salts. Oxford: Pergamon, 1991.

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9

Schaumann, E., and Dieter Enders. Amines and ammonium salts. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2009.

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Kjelle, Marylou Morano. The properties of salts. New York: Rosen Pub. Group's PowerKids Press, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Salts in":

1

Fischer, Gabriele, Annemarie Unger, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Cécile Viollet, Jacques Epelbaum, Daniel Hoyer, Ina Weiner, et al. "Lithium Salts." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 719. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_3351.

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Ginsberg, A. P., C. R. Sprinkle, J. F. Russell, F. N. Tebbe, and E. L. Muetterties. "Nonahydridorhenate Salts." In Inorganic Syntheses, 219–25. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132449.ch45.

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Shamir, Jacob, Jehuda Binenboym, J. G. Malm, and C. W. Williams. "Dioxygenyl Salts." In Inorganic Syntheses, 39–42. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132456.ch8.

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Ryan, Jack L., D. G. Durrett, H. J. Sherrill, and J. Selbin. "Hexahalouranate Salts." In Inorganic Syntheses, 235–43. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132463.ch50.

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Christe, Karl O., William W. Wilson, Carl J. Schack, Richard D. Wilson, and R. Bougon. "Tetrafluoroammonium Salts." In Inorganic Syntheses, 39–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132555.ch13.

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Schmidpeter, Alfred, Siegfried Lochschmidt, Alan H. Cowley, and Marek Pakulski. "Triphosphenium Salts." In Inorganic Syntheses, 253–58. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132586.ch50.

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Aruna, Singanahally T., and K. C. Patil. "Hydrazine Salts." In Inorganic Hydrazine Derivatives, 37–82. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118693599.ch02.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Epsom Salts." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 272. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4480.

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Tryon, Philip F., W. V. Fackler, and L. F. Audrieth. "Hydroxylammonium Salts." In Inorganic Syntheses, 81–85. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132340.ch21.

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Rhoades, J. D. "Soluble Salts." In Agronomy Monographs, 167–79. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Salts in":

1

Eun, Hee-Chul, Hee-Chul Yang, Yung-Zun Cho, Hwan-Seo Park, Han-Soo Lee, and In-Tae Kim. "Separation of Rare Earth Precipitates From LiCl-KCl Eutectic Salts by a Distillation at a Reduced Pressure." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16162.

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Distillation and condensation characteristics of LiCl-KCl eutectic salts containing rare earth precipitates were investigated to separate the rare earth precipitates from the salts effectively. The distillation flux of the salts was increased by about 1,000 times by reducing the ambient pressure from 760 Torr to 0.5 Torr. The salt vapors were almost changed into salt lumps during a salt distillation at the ambient pressure of 0.5 Torr and they were collected in the condensed salt storage. However, fine salt particles were formed when the salt distillation was processed at 10 Torr and it is difficult for them to be recovered. Therefore, it is thought that a salt vacuum distillation and condensation should be processed to recover almost all of the vaporized salts at a pressure below 0.5 Torr.

2

Zhang, Ye, and Peiwen Li. "Analysis of the Heat Transfer and Criterion of Freezing of Molten Salt Startup Flow in Relatively Cold Pipes." In ASME 2022 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2022-81902.

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Abstract Currently, most of the modern concentrated solar thermal power plants employ molten salts as the heat transfer fluid to carry the thermal energy from solar concentrators and deliver to thermal storage systems or thermal power plants for the need of power generation. For the startup operation of solar concentrators, molten salts need to be pumped to flow into the pipes which may have lower temperature than the molten salt due to cold ambient overnight or over the suspend period of operation. As the freezing point of various molten salts ranges from 220 °C to 430 °C, preventing the freezing of molten salt flowing in cold pipe is a very important requirement for the safe operation of a concentrated solar thermal power plant. In this work, the authors have conducted a basic heat transfer analysis of transient heat exchange between molten salts and the flow pipe to find a criterion or the critical condition of preventing molten salt from freezing. The effects of molten salt flow velocity, heat capacities of molten salt and pipe, dimensions of pipes, and the initial temperatures of salts and cold pipes are all correlated theoretically in the analysis through modeling of transient heat transfer between a pipe and the fluid. The results are very helpful to the understanding and management of a safe startup of hot molten salt flowing in cold pipes on cyclic operations.

3

Hathaway, Brandon J., Masanori Honda, and Jane H. Davidson. "Improved Switchgrass Gasification Using Molten Carbonate Salts." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54327.

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The use of concentrated solar energy for gasification of biomass is an efficient means for production of hydrogen rich synthesis gas. Utilizing molten alkali-carbonate salts as a reaction and heat transfer medium offers enhanced heat transfer, faster kinetics, and stability for solar transients. The effect of the molten salts on gasification of switchgrass is examined in terms of the reaction rates and product composition. Experiments were carried out in an electrically heated molten salt reactor. Switchgrass was gasified with steam at 1200 K in an inert gas and with salt. Reactivity indexes were calculated from measured gas production rates. Product composition was established via mass spectrometry. In salt, the total useful syngas production increased by 30% while reducing net carbon dioxide production. Reactivity increased 81%. Secondary products, in the form of condensable tar and unreacted char, were reduced by 77%.

4

Wang, Xiaoxin, Qichao Hu, Gil-Pyo Kim, Xiankun Xu, Peiwen Li, and Dominic Gervasio. "Experimental Study of Hygroscopy of Single and Different Mixtures of MgCl2, KCl, NaCl, ZnCl2 for Application As Heat Transfer Fluids in CSP." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86416.

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Eutectic molten chloride salts by MgCl2, ZnCl2, KCl, and NaCl are considered as promising high temperature heat transfer and thermal storage fluid in concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. However, chloride salts MgCl2 and ZnCl2 are water affinity, so they can absorb water from surroundings easily. This will increase the corrosion of metals when the molten salts stay with metals at high temperatures. Our study also found that the presence of trace water in the solid salt caused vapor pressure of the molten salts increase. The current work presents studies about the kinetic processes of water absorption and removal from single and different mixture of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and ZnCl2 salts. The process of water uptake from ambient air and removal through heating are measured quantitatively. Water removal from molten salts through sparging with argon gas was employed as a further treatment method.

5

Devaradjane, Ramaprasath, and Donghyun Shin. "Enhanced Heat Capacity of Molten Salt Nano-Materials for Concentrated Solar Power Application." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87737.

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Storage of thermal energy using molten salt materials has been widely explored for concentrating solar power. Since these power plants use thermodynamic cycle, the overall system cycle efficiency significantly relies on the thermal energy storage temperature. Therefore, increasing the thermal energy storage temperature and decreasing the amount of material needed can result in reducing the cost of solar energy. Molten salts are stable up to 700°C, relatively cheap, and safe to the environment. However, the heat capacity of the molten salts is typically low (∼1.5 J/gK) compared to other thermal storage materials. The low heat capacity of molten salts can be improved by dispersing nanoparticles. In this study, we synthesized molten salt nanomaterial by dispersing oxide nanoparticles into selected molten salts. Heat capacity measurements were performed using a modulated differential scanning calorimeter. Materials characterization studies were performed using a scanning electron microscopy. Hence, we evaluated the use of the molten salt nanomaterials as thermal energy storage media in concentrated solar power applications. Increase in the specific heat capacity of the molten salt is also demonstrated on addition with Nano materials of specific size and quantity.

6

Wu, Yu-ting, Nan Ren, Chong-fang Ma, and Tao Wang. "Experimental Study on Thermal Performance of Mixed Nitrate and Carbonate Salts." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23081.

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Although molten salts have been used in large scale in the experimental or commercial solar thermal power plants, systematic studies on thermal performence of mixed-salts are lacking. Four eutectic nitrate salts with low melting point were choosed by the analysis of the TG curve and DSC curves with nine binary mixtures of salts with different mass ratio, the specific heat-temperature curve were obtained after further analysis of the DSC curve and experimental correlations were fitted. Potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate are mixed in accordance with the different proportions, 36 kinds of mixed molten salt are obtained. The data of melting point, decomposition temperature, specific heat, latent heat and use temperature range were obtained by the analysis of the TGA and DSC curves of 36 salts.

7

Iverson, Brian D., Joseph G. Cordaro, and Alan M. Kruizenga. "Thermal Property Testing of Nitrate Thermal Storage Salts in the Solid-Phase." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54159.

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Implementation of molten salt compounds as the heat transfer fluid and energy storage medium provides specific benefits to energy collection and conversion. Nitrate salts have been identified as a strong candidate for energy transfer and storage and have been demonstrated for use in these applications over time. As nitrate salts have solidification temperatures above ambient, concern for recovery from salt freezing events has instigated efforts to understand and predict this behavior. Accurate information of salt property behavior in the solid-phase is necessary for understanding recovery from a freeze event as well as for phase change thermal energy storage applications. Thermal properties for three representative salts (that span the range of melting temperatures from approximately 90–221 °C), have been obtained. These properties include specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. Specific heat and thermal conductivity were measured using differential scanning calorimetry.

8

Liu, Hongtao, Yiyang Liu, and Tao Su. "An Instrument Established for the High Temperature Measurement of Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectra of Molten Fluoride Salt Behaving As Coolant in the Molten Salt Reactor." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82013.

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Abstract:

Molten salts were widely used in nuclear and solar power field due to the excellent heat transfer and storage. Molten fluoride salts were selected as primary and secondary coolants in the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Therefore, it is dramatically important to study the physical and chemical properties of molten fluoride salts that impact on the design of reactor core and thermohydraulics. The molecular structure directly determines the physical and chemical properties of matter, so it is also essential to study the structure of molten salts. Spectroscopy has been proven to be a very useful tool for investigating molten salts structures. However, the standard instrument is inapplicable for measurement of the high temperature molten salts, especially for molten fluoride salts. To obtain the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra of molten salts at high temperature, an instrument was designed to study the structures of molten salts in situ. The instrument is mainly composed of a vertical pit furnace connecting with a glovebox and an assembled cuvette which can operate from room temperature up to 800°C. The assembled cuvette is made of Hastelloy C/N as the main body with a reverse ‘T’ contour and diamond or crystalline CaF2 etc. as the window plates, so it can withstand the corrosion produced by the sample and allow the interest light passing through. The effective spectral range of this instrument is from 200 to 1000 nm. Performances of the instrument are testified by spectral studies on water under room temperature and molten salts under high temperature.

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Myers, Philip D., Abhinav Bhardwaj, D. Yogi Goswami, and Elias Stefanakos. "Chloride Salt Systems for High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage: Properties and Applications." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49460.

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Abstract:

There is substantial potential to increase the operating temperatures of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, thereby increasing the Carnot efficiency. Coupled with viable thermal energy storage (TES) strategies, this would bring us closer to achieving the goals of the U.S. Department of Energy Sunshot Initiative. Current TES media employ molten inorganic salts (namely, nitrate salts) for thermal storage, but they are limited in application to lower temperatures: generally, below 600°C. While sufficient for parabolic trough power plants, these materials are inadequate for use with the higher operating temperatures achievable in solar power tower-type CSP plants. For these higher temperatures, chloride salts are more ideal candidate storage media, either for sensible heat storage in the molten salt (e.g, a dual-tank storage arrangement) or for sensible and latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) as phase change materials (PCMs). Their melting points and those of their eutectic mixtures cover a broad range of potential operating temperatures, up to and including 800.7°C, the melting point of pure NaCl. This paper examines these salt systems and presents relevant properties and potential applications in high temperature (>400°C) utility scale solar thermal power generation. A preliminary screening of pure chloride salts based on available literature yields a list of promising candidate salts. Eutectic mixtures of these salts are also considered; the eutectic systems were modeled using the thermodynamic database software, FactSage. Thermophysical properties (melting point, latent heat) are summarized for each salt system. Radiative properties are also addressed, since at these temperatures, thermal radiation can become a significant mode of heat transfer. Candidate containment materials and strategies are discussed, along with the attendant potential for corrosion. Finally, cost data for these systems are presented, allowing for meaningful comparison among these systems and other materials in the context of utility scale thermal energy storage units.

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Jiang, S., M. Perez-Ferragut, Z. Fu, and J. K. Hohorst. "Application of RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD4.1 to the Analysis of Advanced Reactor/Fluid Systems With Liquid Molten Salt in the Presence of Non-Condensable Gases." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82041.

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Abstract:

In recent years, organizations both at home and abroad are actively carrying out a research on the Molten Salt Reactor systems (MSRs). For example, the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), is currently involved in the design and development of a 10MWth Solid Fuel Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR-SF1). SINAP started their analysis of TMSR using an earlier version of RELAP/SCDAPSIM, MOD4.0. MOD4.0 included models and correlations for molten salts but was unable to treat molten salts in the presence of non-condensable gases. Since that time SINAP and ISS have worked in parallel to extend the models and correlations for such systems. The SINAP modified code, using SINAP proprietary models and correlations, is described in the “open literature” under the name RELAP5-MSR. More general, but comparable, models developed by ISS for liquid metals/salts in the presence of non-condensable have been incorporated into RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD4.1. This extended option is currently being implemented for Li-Pb, Pb-Bi, molten salts, and Na.

Reports on the topic "Salts in":

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Ezell, N. Dianne, Ryan Gallagher, and Can Agca. Thermal property characterization ofMolten Salt Reactor relevant salts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1844891.

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2

Drake, Greg, Tommy Hawkins, Kerri Tollison, Adam Brand, and Milton McKay. Low Melting Salts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412027.

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Toni Y Gutknecht and Guy L Fredrickson. Fundamental Properties of Salts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1076538.

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Chang, Do R. Microemulsion of Molten Salts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada233054.

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P. Mariner. Precipitates/Salts Model Sensitivity Calculation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836343.

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P. Mariner. In-Drift Precipitates/Salts Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837131.

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P. Mariner. In-Drift Precipitates/Salts Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828239.

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P. Mariner. In-Drift Precipitates/Salts Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/840433.

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Groshens, Thomas, and Richard Hollins. Organic Perfluorohalogenate Salts; New Energetic Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada604532.

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Suraneni, Prannoy, Jonathan Monical, Erol Unal, Yaghoob Farnam, Chiara Villani, Timothy Barrett, and W. Jason Weiss. Performance of Concrete Pavement in the Presence of Deicing Salts and Deicing Salt Cocktails. Purdue University, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316350.

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