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Journal articles on the topic 'Saltmarsh environments'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sommer, Bea. "Australian Saltmarsh Ecology." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 1 (2010): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100071.

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Australia, including its territorial islands, is surrounded by almost 60 000 km of coastline (Geoscience Australia, http://www.ga.gov.au/education/) and, according to Saintilan, coastal saltmarshes occupy some 16 000 km2. Saltmarshes provide valuable ecosystem services and are generally recognized as among the most productive ecosystems on Earth. This is considered to be ecologically important because excess detrital matter exported to marine waters sustains food webs, including important fisheries (i.e., Odum?s [1980] ?outwelling hypothesis?). Although physically and biologically similar to saltmarshes elsewhere, Australian coastal saltmarshes have certain unique characteristics (e.g., the tidal zonation of marsh and mangroves and levels of productivity) that natural resource managers need to be aware of. Perhaps more so than elsewhere, the great majority of the Australian population lives along or near the coast. Consequently, Australian saltmarsh environments have been subject to significant human-driven change since European settlement. In spite of these compelling facts, Australian publications remain under-represented relative to the extent of saltmarsh on the continent. Australian Saltmarsh Ecology does much to correct this situation.

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2

Wong, V. N. L., R. E. Reef, C. Chan, and K. S. Goldsmith. "Organic carbon fractions in temperate mangrove and saltmarsh soils." Soil Research 59, no. 1 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr20069.

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Coastal wetlands, such as mangrove and saltmarsh environments, can store significant amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC); however, most studies focus on tropical and subtropical environments. We assessed SOC stocks and fractions in temperate mangrove (two sites) and saltmarsh (sites SM1, SM2 and SM3) environments in southern Australia. The SOC fractions were separated according to particulate organic carbon (POC), humic carbon (HC) and recalcitrant carbon (RC) by size fractionation. Saltmarsh sites generally had the highest SOC content (up to 12.4% SOC). The POC fraction was the highest at the surface in the saltmarsh site and decreased relative to the HC and RC fractions with depth. Conversely, the proportion of POC at the mangrove sites did not decrease with depth, forming up to 76% of the SOC. The vertical displacement of soil of up to 5.8 mm year–1 at the saltmarsh sites, measured using root ingrowth bags, suggest significant contributions of POC via root materials. Retention of these POC inputs are likely to be related to waterlogging, which decreases decomposition rates – with much lower soil moisture content at SM1, where the lowest POC content occurred below the surface, compared with SM2 and SM3.

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3

Fernandez-Nunez, Miriam, Helene Burningham, Pilar Díaz-Cuevas, and José Ojeda-Zújar. "Evaluating the Response of Mediterranean-Atlantic Saltmarshes to Sea-Level Rise." Resources 8, no. 1 (March 9, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010050.

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Saltmarshes provide high-value ecological services and play an important role in coastal ecosystems and populations. As the rate of sea level rise accelerates in response to climate change, saltmarshes and tidal environments and the ecosystem services that they provide could be lost in those areas that lack sediment supply for vertical accretion or space for landward migration. Predictive models could play an important role in foreseeing those impacts, and to guide the implementation of suitable management plans that increase the adaptive capacity of these valuable ecosystems. The SLAMM (sea-level affecting marshes model) has been extensively used to evaluate coastal wetland habitat response to sea-level rise. However, uncertainties in predicted response will also reflect the accuracy and quality of primary inputs such as elevation and habitat coverage. Here, we assessed the potential of SLAMM for investigating the response of Atlantic-Mediterranean saltmarshes to future sea-level rise and its application in managerial schemes. Our findings show that SLAMM is sensitive to elevation and habitat maps resolution and that historical sea-level trend and saltmarsh accretion rates are the predominant input parameters that influence uncertainty in predictions of change in saltmarsh habitats. The understanding of the past evolution of the system, as well as the contemporary situation, is crucial to providing accurate uncertainty distributions and thus to set a robust baseline for future predictions.

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4

Foster, Simon, William Maher, Anne Taylor, Frank Krikowa, and Kristy Telford. "Distribution and Speciation of Arsenic in Temperate Marine Saltmarsh Ecosystems." Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 3 (2005): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05061.

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Environmental Context. The pathways by which arsenic is accumulated and transferred in aquatic ecosystems are relatively unknown. Examination of whole marine ecosystems rather than individual organisms provides greater insights into the biogeochemical cycling of arsenic. Saltmarshes with low ecological diversity are an important terrestrial–marine interface about which little is known regarding arsenic concentrations and species distribution. This study examines the cycling of arsenic within Australian saltmarsh ecosystems to further understand its distribution and trophic transfer. Abstract. This paper reports the distribution of total arsenic and arsenic species in saltmarsh ecosystems located in south-east Australia. We also investigated the relationship between arsenic, iron, and phosphorus concentrations in saltmarsh halophytes and associated sediment. Total mean arsenic concentrations in saltmarsh plants, S. quinqueflora and S. australis, for leaves ranged from 0.03 ± 0.05 to 0.67 ± 0.48 μg g−1 and 0.03 ± 0.02 to 0.08 ± 0.06 μg g−1, respectively, and for roots ranged from 2 ± 2 to 6 ± 12 μg g−1 and 0.39 ± 0.20 to 0.57 ± 1.06 μg g−1 respectively. Removal of iron plaque from the roots reduced the arsenic concentration variability to 0.40–0.79 µg g−1 and 0.95–1.05 µg g−1 for S. quinqueflora and S. australis roots respectively. Significant differences were found between locations for total arsenic concentrations in plant tissues and these differences could be partially attributed to differences in sediment arsenic concentrations between locations. For S. quinqueflora but not S. australis there was a strong correlation between arsenic and iron concentrations in the leaf and root tissues. A significant negative relationship between arsenic and phosphorus concentrations was found for S. quinqueflora leaves but not roots. Total mean arsenic concentrations in salt marsh animal tissues (7 ± 2–21 ± 13 µg g−1) were consistent with those found for other marine animals. The concentration of total arsenic in gastropods and amphipods could be partially explained by the concentration of total arsenic in the dominant saltmarsh plant S. quinqueflora. Of the extractable arsenic, saltmarsh plants were dominated by arsenic(iii), arsenic(v) (66–99%), and glycerol arsenoribose (17–35%). Arsenobetaine was the dominant extractable arsenic species in the gastropods Salinator soilda (84%) and Ophicardelus ornatus (89%) and the crab Neosarmatium meinerti (89%). Amphipods contained mainly arsenobetaine (44%) with some phosphate arsenoribose (23%). Glycerol trimethyl arsonioribose was found in both gastropods (0.7–0.8%) and the visceral mass of N. meinerti (0.1%). These results show that arsenic uptake into plants from uncontaminated saltmarsh environments maybe dependent on plant iron uptake and inhibited by high phosphorus concentrations. Arsenic in saltmarsh plants is mainly present as inorganic arsenic, but arsenic in animals that eat plant detritus is present as organo arsenic species, primarily arsenobetaine and arsenosugars. The presence of glycerol trimethyl arsonioribose poses the question of whether trimethylated arsonioriboses are transitory intermediates in the formation of arsenobetaine.

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5

Saintilan, Neil, and Robert J. Williams. "Mangrove transgression into saltmarsh environments in south-east Australia." Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, no. 2 (March 1999): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00133.x.

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6

Johnson, Brian J., Russell Manby, and Gregor J. Devine. "Further Evidence that Development and Buffer Zones Do Little To Reduce Mosquito Nuisance from Neighboring Habitat." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/20-6951.1.

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ABSTRACT Little is known regarding the comparative source–sink relationships between primary mosquito breeding sites (source) and neighboring (sink) environments in heterogeneous landscapes. An exploration of those relationships may provide unique insights into the utility of open-space buffer zone mitigation strategies currently being considered by urban planners to reduce contact between mosquitoes and humans. We investigated the source–sink relationships between a highly productive mosquito habitat and adjacent residential (developed) and rural (undeveloped) coastal environments. Our results suggest that source–sink relationships are unaffected by environment. This conclusion is supported by the high level of synchronicity in daily saltmarsh mosquito abundance observed among all surveyed environments (β = 0.67–0.79, P < 0.001). This synchronicity occurred despite the uniqueness of each surveyed environment and the considerable distances of open water and land (2.2–2.6 km) between them. Trap catches, which we interpret as expected mosquito biting nuisance, were high in both residential and rural coastal landscapes (309.4 ± 52.84 and 405.3 ± 62.41 mosquitoes/day, respectively). These observations suggest that existing and planned open-space buffer zones will do little to reduce the biting burden caused by highly vagile saltmarsh mosquitoes. This strengthens the need for empirically informed planning guidelines that alert urban planners to the real risks of human residential encroachment on land that is close to highly vagile mosquito habitat.

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7

Mao, Yinan, Qingyun Ma, Jiaxin Lin, Ye Chen, and Qiang Shu. "Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Intertidal Sediments of the Rudong Coast, Jiangsu Province, China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090992.

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In this study, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) were measured in surface intertidal saltmarsh and bare tidal flat sediments along the Rudong coast. The distribution and sources of organic carbon were examined under different depositional environments based on C/N ratios and a two-terminal mixing model. The results showed that the average TOC content of the vegetated saltmarsh sediments, bare tidal flat areas near vegetation (BF1), and bare tidal flat areas far from vegetation (BF2) were 4.05, 2.72, and 1.22 mg/g, respectively. The mean δ13C value within the vegetated saltmarsh area was −22.37‰, and the C/N ratio was 9.3; the corresponding values in the BF1 area were −23.27‰ and 7.95, respectively; and in the BF2 area, the corresponding values were −21.91‰ and 5.36, respectively. These C/N ratios reflect an increasing marine contribution with distance from the vegetated zone. Combined with the two-terminal mixing model, the organic carbon in the vegetated saltmarsh sediments was dominated by terrestrial sources, while the bare tidal flat sediments were more influenced by marine sources, and the bare tidal flat sediments nearer to the vegetated zone (BF1) were influenced by a combination of vegetation, marine sources, and other terrestrial factors.

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8

Hurst, Thomas, and Paul I. Boon. "Agricultural weeds and coastal saltmarsh in south-eastern Australia: an insurmountable problem?" Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 4 (2016): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16027.

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It is often assumed that saline coastal wetlands experience environmental conditions so severe that they are largely immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The belief is implicit in many older reviews of threats to mangroves and coastal saltmarshes, where a limited range of vascular plant taxa, often focussing on *Spartina, (throughout the paper an asterisk denotes an introduced (exotic) species as per Carr 2012) have been invoked as the major species of concern. Even though the weed flora of southern Australia is derived largely from agriculture and horticulture, neither of which includes many species tolerant of waterlogged, variably saline environments, a recent assessment of Victorian saline coastal wetlands indicated that exotic plants were the third-most pervasive threat, after land ‘reclamation’ and grazing. Tall wheat grass, *Lophopyrum ponticum (Podp.) A.Love., is one of the most severe and widely distributed weeds of saline coastal wetlands in south-eastern Australia. It is promoted by the agricultural extension arm of the Victorian government as a salt-tolerant pasture grass; however, its broad ecological amplitude and robust life form make it a most serious invader of upper saltmarsh in Victoria. We assessed the effectiveness of different control measures, including slashing and herbicides, for the management of *L. ponticum infestations (and their side effects on saltmarsh communities) in the Western Port region of Victoria. A nominally monocot-specific herbicide widely used to control *Spartina, Fluazifop-P, was ineffective in controlling *L. ponticum. The broad-spectrum systemic herbicide glyphosate was more effective in controlling *L. ponticum, but had undesirable impacts on native plant species. Controlling weeds in coastal wetlands using available herbicides for use near coastal waterways would seem to remain problematic.

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9

Huang, Jing, Shao Lei, Liang Tang, Aihua Wang, and Zhanghua Wang. "Mid-Holocene environmental change and human response at the Neolithic Wuguishan site in the Ningbo coastal lowland of East China." Holocene 30, no. 11 (July 15, 2020): 1591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941070.

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Coastal wetlands provided a favorable settling site for Neolithic people because of their highly exploitable biomass, but were vulnerable to marine hazards such as coastal flooding. The Chinese Hemudu culture persisted for ~2000 years (7200–5300 cal. year BP) in the Ningbo coastal lowland of East China. This study explores the Hemudu people’s survival strategy using sedimentological and chronological records, and organic and acetic-acid-leachable alkaline-earth (Ca, Sr, and Ba) chemistry on a well-dated profile from the coastal Wuguishan site in the Ningbo Plain. Analyses of alkaline-earth elements in surficial sediments collected from present-day alluvial plain, tidal river, and saltmarsh/tidal flat environments in the Ningbo Plain were also undertaken to explain sedimentary environmental changes and their linkage to Hemudu activity at the Wuguishan site. Results indicate high sediment acetic-acid-leachable Ca and Sr contents with high Sr/Ba ratios, and high sediment total inorganic carbon contents at the site during 6300–6000 cal. year BP, which coincided with a marine incursion at the nearby Neolithic Yushan site. However, the increasing sediment total organic carbon contents and decreasing δ13C values suggest that the Wuguishan site evolved from an upper tidal flat to a saltmarsh environment, attracting settlement by the prehistoric Hemudu people after ~6200 cal. year BP. Sr and Ca contents and Sr/Ba ratios decreased after ~6000 cal. year BP, indicating that the site developed into a low-salinity marsh in the supratidal environment after rapid accumulation caused by a storm event at ~6020 cal. year BP. Furthermore, the high Sr and Ba contents in the layers of Hemudu Culture Period III indicate the Hemudu people’s consumption of seafood and their adaption strategy for living in the vulnerable coastal wetland.

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10

McPhee, Jack J., Peter Freewater, William Gladstone, Margaret E. Platell, and Maria J. Schreider. "Glassfish switch feeding from thalassinid larvae to crab zoeae after tidal inundation of saltmarsh." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 11 (2015): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14202.

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Saltmarsh-dwelling grapsid crabs release free-swimming larvae (i.e. zoeae) into ebbing tides during spring-tide cycles that inundate saltmarshes, where initial inundation is a cue for larval release on subsequent inundations. In a saltmarsh environment, crab zoeae are the main food for fish (including the glassfish, Ambassis jacksoniensis), which ‘fast’ at other times. This saltmarsh-feeding model was tested by obtaining glassfish from near saltmarshes in a reasonably unmodified tributary of a large temperate estuary on flood and ebb tides during the night in two spring-tide events in austral autumn of 2009. Glassfish fed only on ebbing tides, with stomachs being similarly full on both spring-tide events. Thalassinid larvae (including Trypaea australiensis) dominated the dietary volumes, especially on the night before saltmarsh inundation, presumably being released during inundation of intertidal mud and sand habitats. Although glassfish progressively ‘switched’ to feeding on greater volumes of crab zoeae (presumably released after inundation of a saltmarsh) over both spring-tide cycles, such zoeal contributions never exceeded those of thalassinid larvae. The above differences highlight that, although ebb tides trigger feeding by glassfish, this ambassid focuses on different prey in a reasonably unmodified environment. The ability of glassfish to switch prey, and thus accommodate environmental differences, helps explain their high abundance in estuaries of this region.

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11

Deforce, Koen, Annelies Storme, Jan Bastiaens, Sofie Debruyne, Luc Denys, Anton Ervynck, Erwin Meylemans, Herman Stieperaere, Wim Van Neer, and Philippe Crombé. "Middle-Holocene alluvial forests and associated fluvial environments: A multi-proxy reconstruction from the lower Scheldt, N Belgium." Holocene 24, no. 11 (August 21, 2014): 1550–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683614544059.

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Analyses of pollen, plant macrofossils (seeds, fruits, wood and mosses), molluscs, diatoms and vertebrate (mainly fish) remains allowed a detailed reconstruction of a middle-Holocene alluvial forest and its associated hydrological conditions. The use of multiple proxies resulted in a taxonomically more detailed and environmentally more comprehensive understanding of terrestrial as well as aquatic habitats. The results demonstrate possible biases in palaeoecological reconstructions of alluvial and estuarine environments drawn from single proxies. Many locally occurring woody taxa were underrepresented or remained undetected by pollen analyses. Seeds and fruits also proved to be inadequate to detect several locally important taxa, such as Ulmus and Hedera helix. Apparently brackish conditions inferred from diatoms, pollen and other microfossils conflicted strikingly with the evidence from molluscs, fish bones and botanical macroremains which suggest a freshwater environment. Brackish sediment (and the microfossil indicators) is likely to have been deposited during spring tides or storm surges, when estuarine waters penetrated more inland than usual. Despite the reworking and deposition of estuarine and saltmarsh sediment well above the tidal node at such events, local salinity levels largely remained unaffected.

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12

Mazumder, Debashish, and Neil Saintilan. "A comparison of sampling techniques in the assessment of burrowing crab abundance in saltmarsh and mangrove environments." Wetlands Australia 21, no. 1 (January 8, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/wa.247.

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13

Sullivan, Martin J. P., Anthony J. Davy, Alastair Grant, and Hannah L. Mossman. "Is saltmarsh restoration success constrained by matching natural environments or altered succession? A test using niche models." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 3 (November 22, 2017): 1207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13033.

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14

Catling, Paul M., Raymond Hutchinson, and Paul M. Brunelle. "Use of Saltmarsh by Dragonflies (Odonata) in the Baie des Chaleurs Region of Quebec and New Brunswick in Late Summer and Autumn." Canadian Field-Naturalist 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i4.348.

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During late summer and autumn, in the Baie des Chaleurs region of Quebec, 18 species of adult dragonflies were recorded during one or more visits of at least 2 hours each to 14 saltmarshes. Three species, Aeshna canadensis, Sympetrum danae and S. internum, were present in more than half of the sites. The most abundant species was S. internum with over 100 seen at some locations. Adults of several species, including Aeshna canadensis, A. umbrosa, Enallagma civile, E. hageni, Ischnura verticalis, Lestes disjunctus, Libellula quadrimaculata, Sympetrum danae, S. internum and S. obtrusum, occurred in relatively high frequencies in both Baie des Chaleurs saltmarshes and in those elsewhere in Acadia. Within Baie des Chaleurs observations of emergence and/or presence of larvae, as well as regional abundance, were recorded for Aeshna canadensis, A. umbrosa, Ischnura verticalis, Sympetrum costiferum, S. internum and S. vicinum. Oviposition in saltmarsh pools was recorded for Aeshna canadensis, Enallagma civile, E, hageni, Ischnura verticalis, Lestes congener and Sympetrum danae. The saltmarsh dragonfly fauna of Baie des Chaleurs is significantly different from that of the rest of Acadia based on frequencies predicted from the latter region. To a large extent this difference is a result of significantly increased use of saltmarsh habitat by adults of six species including Lestes congener, Sympetrum danae, Aeshna canadensis, Sympetrum costiferum, Lestes disjunctus, and Sympetrum internum (in order of decreasing significance) in Baie des Chaleurs in comparison with saltmarshes elsewhere in Acadia. Local amelioration of salty conditions in certain saltmarshes, superimposed on regional amelioration as a result of protection from storms and saltwater dilution in the Baie des Chaleurs estuary, may contribute to an environment where adaptation can occur or where already tolerant species can exist. Dragonflies use saltmarsh habitat on the northeast coast of North America more extensively than is currently documented.

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15

Griffiths, David, and Helene Burningham. "Comparison of pre- and self-calibrated camera calibration models for UAS-derived nadir imagery for a SfM application." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 43, no. 2 (July 24, 2018): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133318788964.

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Structure from Motion (SfM) is a tool being increasingly utilised in geosciences for high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of landscapes. However, a number of authors have demonstrated that broad-scale systematic deformations, in the form of ‘doming’ and ‘bowling’, can occur when applied to linear (low-amplitude, feature-limited) topographies. In such contexts, a more rigorous lens calibration and ground control point acquisition process is required, which means that application of SfM to environments such as tidal flats or desert plains can be challenging. Uncertainties in elevation models generated through SfM were investigated here in the context of the low elevation, micro-topographic environment of saltmarsh. Eight digital surface models (DSMs) were generated for a saltmarsh site in the Deben Estuary (Suffolk, UK) using imagery acquired by a low-cost consumer grade unmanned aerial system (UAS). The results provide clear illustration of the systematic bowling effect following self-calibration during bundle adjustment. This was due to poor estimations of distortion parameters in the camera model. Deformation was most pronounced when UAS-GPS data were used for georeferencing. The use of dGPS-determined ground control points improved the DSM, but did not fully mitigate the deformations. By introducing a pre-calibrated model, derived using a typical checkerboard routine, deformation was significantly mitigated. These results were tested in both the commercial Agisoft PhotoScan® and open-source Micmac software. When self-calibration was used, Micmac generated significantly more accurate DSMs because a more complex lens distortion model could be implemented. The results show that when mapping flat topographies, pre-calibration of the camera model out-performs self-calibration. However, if pre-calibration is not possible, a complex distortion model (such as Micmac’s Four model) can be utilised to limit deformation. The results of the software analysis concluded there is no one-size fits all software solution, and therefore customisable open-source systems offer many potential benefits.

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16

Adam, Paul. "Saltmarshes in a time of change." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 1 (March 2002): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000048.

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Saltmarshes are a major, widely distributed, intertidal habitat. They are dynamic systems, responding to changing environmental conditions. For centuries, saltmarshes have been subject to modification or destruction because of human activity. In this review, the range of factors influencing the survival of saltmarshes is discussed. Of critical importance are changes in relative sea level and in tidal range. Relative sea level is affected by changes in absolute sea level, changes in land level and the capacity of saltmarshes to accumulate and retain sediment. Many saltmarshes are starved of sediment because of catchment modification and coastal engineering, or exposed to erosive forces, which may be of natural origin or reflect human interference. The geographical distribution of individual saltmarsh species reflects climate, so that global climatic change will be reflected by changes in distribution and abundance of species, although the rate of change in communities dominated by perennial plants is difficult to predict. Humans have the ability to create impacts on saltmarshes at a range of scales from individual sites to globally. Pressures on the environment created by the continued increase in the human population, particularly in developing tropical countries, and the likely consequences of the enhanced greenhouse effect on both temperature and sea level give rise to particular concerns. Given the concentration of population growth and development in the coastal zone, and the potential sensitivity of saltmarsh to change in sea level, it is timely to review the present state of saltmarshes and to assess the likelihood of changes in the near (25 years) future. By 2025, global sea level rise and warming will have impacts on saltmarshes. However, the most extensive changes are likely to be the direct result of human actions at local or regional scales. Despite increasing recognition of the ecological value of saltmarsh, major projects involving loss of saltmarshes but deemed to be in the public interest will be approved. Pressures are likely to be particularly severe in the tropics, where very little is known about saltmarshes. At the local scale the cumulative impacts of activities, which individually have minor effects, may be considerable. Managers of saltmarshes will be faced with difficult choices including questions as to whether traditional uses should be retained, whether invasive alien species or native species increasing in abundance should be controlled, whether planned retreat is an appropriate response to rising relative sea level or whether measures can be taken to reduce erosion. Decisions will need to take into account social and economic as well as ecological concerns.

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17

Doody, J. P. "The saltmarshes of the Firth of Clyde." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 90 (1986): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005200.

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SynopsisThe saltmarshes of the Firth of Clyde are restricted both in area and number. Despite this they exhibit considerable variation in terms of their physical environment, floristic composition and range of plant communities. The absence of grazing at most of the sites has resulted in their exhibiting plant communities atypical of most of the other saltmarshes of western Scotland. Like many other saltmarsh areas they have suffered from reclamation of the older, upper marsh. However, despite this, there are still important transitional communities to non-tidal vegetation. The prevention of further incursions into the sites for roads, industrial development, caravans and the like, is important if these sites are to remain as examples of natural habitats.

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18

Mazumder, Debashish, Robert J. Williams, Dennis Reid, Neil Saintilan, and Ron Szymczak. "Variability of Stable Isotope Ratios of Glassfish (Ambassis jacksoniensis) from Mangrove/Saltmarsh Environments in Southeast Australia and Implications for Choosing Sample Size." Environmental Bioindicators 3, no. 2 (August 19, 2008): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15555270802266003.

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19

Hansen, Jens Morten, Jens Stockmarr, Ingelise Møller, Merete Binderup, Birger Larsen, Troels Aagaard, Lars Nielsen, and Jan Hammer Larsen. "Continuous record of Holocene sea-level changes and coastal development of the Kattegat island Læsø (4900 years BP to present)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 64 (January 29, 2016): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2016-64-01.

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Læsø is the largest island of the Kattegat–Skagerrak region and exposes a vast array of relative sealevel (RSL) indicators, mainly raised beach ridges, swales, lagoons and saltmarshes. The physical environment of continuous glacial rebound, excessive supply of sediment, shallow surrounding waters, low amplitudes of near-shore waves, and micro-tidal conditions produced numerous sealevel proxies of both barrier coasts and saltmarshes. About 1200 RSL/age index points reflect not only short-term sea-level highstands as in most other parts of Europe, but also short-erm sea-level lowstands, which in less regressive environments have normally been removed by coastal erosion or obscured by berms from subsequent highstands. Based on a high-precision lidar digital terrain model, the beach ridges have been mapped, typified, levelled and correlated relative to their order of appearance. Transformation of this relative chronology to a robust absolute age model of the RSL changes has been made on the basis of 119 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) datings, 14C datings, and tree-ring datings. By ground penetrating radar (GPR) and terrain analyses, the height of the swash zone (run-up) has been determined in order to transform the ridge elevations to a detailed curve of the RSL/age relation. The curve reveals eight centennial sea-level oscillations of 0.5–1.1 m superimposed on the general trend of the RSL curve, including a Little Ice Age lowstand of 0.6 m at 1300 AD. The island grew from now eroded landscapes of Weichselian glacio-marine deposits, including the oldest known post-Weichselian forested area in Scandinavia. During the last 4900 years new coastal landscapes have formed continuously, resulting in around 4000 km of still visible, raised palaeo-shorelines in mostly uncultivated landscapes. After formation of the oldest preserved beach-ridge complex, numerous sea-level proxies formed in a strongly regressive environment caused by glacial rebound supplemented with local uplift due to extensive erosion during Boreal and Atlantic time of the 1700 km2 glacio-marine platform upon which the island is still being built. The combined uplift produced a relative sea-level fall of 10.3 m, corresponding to a mean vertical regression rate of 2.1 mm/year and a mean horizontal regression rate of 2 m/year, and formed eight distinct types of raised coastal landscapes where well separated beach ridges and saltmarshes developed continuously. The oldest preserved part of Læsø appeared 4900 years BP as the eastern tip of a 10 km long barrier-spit system growing from a raised glacio-marine landscape, now represented only by boulder reefs west and north-west of the present island. Around 4000 years BP another barrier-spit system appeared to the south, growing northwards from another raised glacio-marine landscape at the raised boulder reefs in the town of Byrum and the abrasion landscapes of Rønnerne. Around 3000 years BP these two inital barrier-spit systems united and formed one major barrier between the present towns Vesterø and Byrum. To the north-east, a third glacio-marine landscape provided materials for the development of the eastern end of the island. Thus, around 2500 BP the island had become one triangular, completely detached island (’the old triangle’) between Vesterø, Byrum and Bansten Bakke. From this detached stage, nine subsequent barrier-spit systems grew to the east and formed the present Østerby peninsula, while a series of nine barrier-island complexes developed south-west of ’the old triangle’. To the south and south-east, low-energy coasts developed and formed low beach ridges and saltmarsh landscapes.

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Yau, C. C., V. N. L. Wong, and D. M. Kennedy. "Soil chemistry and acidification risk of acid sulfate soils on a temperate estuarine floodplain in southern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 7 (2016): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15174.

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The distribution and geochemical characterisation of coastal acid sulfate soils (CASS) in Victoria in southern Australia is relatively poorly understood. This study investigated and characterised CASS and sulfidic material at four sites (wetland (WE), swamp scrub (SS), woodland (WO) and coastal tussock saltmarsh (CTS)) on the estuarine floodplain of the Anglesea River in southern Australia. Shell material and seawater buffered acidity generated and provided acid-neutralising capacity (up to 10.65% CaCO3-equivalent) at the sites located on the lower estuarine floodplain (WO and CTS). The SS site, located on the upper estuarine floodplain, can potentially acidify soil and water due to high positive net acidity (>200molH+t–1) and a limited acid-neutralising capacity. High titratable actual acidity in the SS and WO profiles (>270molH+t–1) were the result of high organic matter in peat-like layers that can potentially contribute organic acids in addition to acidity formed from oxidation of sulfidic sediments. The results of the present study suggest that the environments and chemistry of acid sulfate soils in southern Australia are distinct from those located in eastern Australia; this may be related to differences in estuarine processes that affect formation of acid sulfate soils, as well as the geomorphology and geology of the catchment.

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21

Styles, Richard, and Michael A. Hartman. "Effect of Tidal Stage on Sediment Concentrations and Turbulence by Vessel Wake in a Coastal Plain Saltmarsh." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060192.

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Vessel generated waves can impact shoreline stability and habitat structure in many waterways. Sheltered regions, such as coastal plain saltmarshes, support fragile ecosystems and can be particularly vulnerable to the effects of unregulated vessel operations. Instruments for measuring currents and sediment concentration were deployed in a coastal plain saltmarsh to examine the small-scale physical characteristics of the vessel wake generated by recreational craft typical of this environment. The response to vessel wake varied sharply depending upon the stage of the tide. At low tide, waves breaking on the exposed bank produced high concentrations of suspended material that were transported offshore through turbulent diffusion. When the water elevation exceeded the toe of the marsh scarp, the concentration and turbulent kinetic energy exhibited less of a statistically significant variation in response to vessel passage. For the most energetic flows, the vessel orbital velocities were dwarfed by turbulent fluctuations generated by the sheared tidal boundary layer. While further research is required, preliminary findings indicate that the dissipation of vessel wake energy may stimulate or enhance shear generated turbulence if the characteristic wave period is similar to the characteristic time scale of the energy containing eddies.

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22

Newell, Steven Y. "Autumn distribution of marine Pythiaceae across a mangrove–saltmarsh boundary." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-237.

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Zoosporic fungi of the Pythiaceae, especially Halophytophthora vesicula, were present at high frequency (≥ 90%) on autumn-shed leaves both north and south of a mangrove–saltmarsh boundary (Florida–Georgia, U.S.A.). Submerged, decaying leaves of mangroves (three species), other trees (including conifers), shrubs, and vines bore H. vesicula. Halophytophthora bahamensis was also found north of the mangrove belt but at frequencies ≤ 10%. Halophytophthora kandeliae was found only within the mangrove environment. Leaves of intertidal grasses (Spartina and Juncus) yielded low frequencies (≤ 20%) of Halophytophthora spp., but Pythium grandisporangium exhibited frequencies of up to 40–43% on leaves of trees and of Spartina alterniflora. Key words: marine oomycetes, mangrove, saltmarsh, Avicennia germinans, Halophytophthora vesicula, Pythium grandisporangium.

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23

Finlayson, C. M. "N. Saintilan, (ed.) Australian Saltmarsh Ecology." Wetlands 30, no. 1 (January 12, 2010): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0012-3.

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24

Mason, Lucy R., Alastair Feather, Nick Godden, Chris C. Vreugdenhil, and Jennifer Smart. "Are agri‐environment schemes successful in delivering conservation grazing management on saltmarsh?" Journal of Applied Ecology 56, no. 7 (May 23, 2019): 1597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13405.

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25

Rowbottom, Raylea, Scott Carver, Leon A. Barmuta, Philip Weinstein, and Geoff R. Allen. "Mosquito distribution in a saltmarsh: determinants of eggs in a variable environment." Journal of Vector Ecology 42, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12251.

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26

Marcar, NE. "Salt tolerance in the genus Lolium (ryegrass) during germination and growth." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 2 (1987): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870297.

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Two studies were undertaken, one to evaluate the degree of genotypic variation for salt tolerance within the Lolium (ryegrass) genus, and the other to compare the responses of three representative ryegrass species (Wimmera (L. rigidum), Italian (L. muttiforum) and perennial (L. perenne) ryegrass) with those of two known salt-tolerant grasses, tall wheat grass (Elytrigia pontica) and saltmarsh grass (Puccinellia ciliafa). Both germination and growth responses to increasing concentrations of NaCl were assessed under controlled environment conditions: seeds were germinated in petri dishes, and plants were grown in pots containing coarse river sand. In the first study, significant intra- and inter-specific variation for salt tolerance was demonstrated, particularly during germination. However, there was no apparent adaptation for salt tolerance in field collected accessions from saline sites. In the second study, all species were shown to be relatively insensitive to NaCl up to 200 mol m-3 during germination, but higher concentrations were tolerated only by saltmarsh grass, tall wheat grass and Italian ryegrass. Only the latter two grasses maintained their high tolerance during vegetative growth, whereas the ryegrasses were moderately tolerant. It was clear from both studies that relative salt tolerance ranking differed for germination and growth phases. Shoot concentrations of Na, Cl and K did not relate to the degree of salt tolerance.

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Rogers, Kerrylee, and Ken W. Krauss. "Moving from Generalisations to Specificity about Mangrove –Saltmarsh Dynamics." Wetlands 39, no. 6 (August 6, 2018): 1155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1067-9.

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28

Kostka, Joel E., and George W. Luther. "Seasonal cycling of Fe in saltmarsh sediments." Biogeochemistry 29, no. 2 (May 1995): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00000230.

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29

Green, Joanne, Amanda Reichelt-Brushett, Don Brushett, Peter Squires, Lyndon Brooks, and Surrey Jacobs. "Soil Algal Abundance in a Subtropical Saltmarsh After Surface Restoration." Wetlands 30, no. 1 (December 9, 2009): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0014-1.

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30

Bloomfield, A. L., and B. M. Gillanders. "Fish and invertebrate assemblages in seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, and nonvegetated habitats." Estuaries 28, no. 1 (February 2005): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02732754.

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31

Pagès, Jordi F., Stuart R. Jenkins, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Elwyn Sharps, and Martin W. Skov. "Opposing Indirect Effects of Domestic Herbivores on Saltmarsh Erosion." Ecosystems 22, no. 5 (November 30, 2018): 1055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0322-5.

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32

Norris, K., and P. W. Atkinson. "Declining populations of coastal birds in Great Britain: victims of sea-level rise and climate change?" Environmental Reviews 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-011.

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Is sea-level rise and (or) climate change responsible for current declines in important coastal bird populations in Great Britain, and how might these processes affect bird populations in future? We review the current status of coastal bird populations in Britain and identify two important species, Common Redshank (Tringa totanus) and Twite (Carduelis flavirostris), whose populations are currently declining. We then review the evidence relating to the causes of these declines. There is evidence that habitat loss, driven by sea-level rise and climate change (e.g., an increase in wind and wave energy reaching the coast due to an increase in the frequency of storms), could have contributed to the decline in Twite. Common Redshank numbers are declining because of changes in grazing management, not sea-level rise. Populations that are currently stable or increasing, such as wintering waders and wildfowl, might in future experience declines in abundance because there is a link between climate, food supply, and bird abundance. There are insufficient reliable data at present to allow us to predict future changes with any confidence. Sea-level rise and climate change are currently important issues facing coastal zone management in Great Britain, and these issues may become even more pressing in future. But, in addition to these environmental processes, coastal bird populations are affected by a range of other anthropogenic factors. Conservationists, therefore, need to identify important bird populations that are (or could be in future) detrimentally affected by any of these activities rather than focusing exclusively on single issues such as sea-level rise. Allowing the sea to breach existing sea defences, thereby creating new saltmarsh, provides a way forward but is not without its practical and political difficulties.Key words: coastal birds, sea-level rise, climate change, population decline, habitat loss, saltmarsh.

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33

Chenhall, B. E., I. Yassini, and B. G. Jones. "Heavy metal concentrations in lagoonal saltmarsh species, Illawarra region, southeastern Australia." Science of The Total Environment 125 (September 1992): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90392-6.

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34

Reis, Alice, Marcos Krull, Lara R. S. Carvalho, and Francisco Barros. "Effects of Tropical Saltmarsh Patches on the Structure of Benthic Macrofaunal Assemblages." Wetlands 39, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01155-w.

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35

Liu, Zezheng, Sergio Fagherazzi, Xu Ma, Chengjie Xie, Jin Li, and Baoshan Cui. "Consumer control and abiotic stresses constrain coastal saltmarsh restoration." Journal of Environmental Management 274 (November 2020): 111110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111110.

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36

Więski, Kazimierz, and Steven C. Pennings. "Climate Drivers of Spartina alterniflora Saltmarsh Production in Georgia, USA." Ecosystems 17, no. 3 (December 19, 2013): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9732-6.

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37

Roe, Rebecca A. L., Richard Man Kit Yu, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, and Geoff R. MacFarlane. "Towards adverse outcome pathways for metals in saltmarsh ecosystems – A review." Journal of Hazardous Materials 416 (August 2021): 126252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126252.

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38

Morris, James T. "Ecological engineering in intertidial saltmarshes." Hydrobiologia 577, no. 1 (February 2007): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0425-4.

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39

Zhang, Qun, Shiyun Qiu, Yi Zhu, Xinhong Cui, Qiang He, and Bo Li. "Propagule types and environmental stresses matter in saltmarsh plant restoration." Ecological Engineering 143 (January 2020): 105693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.105693.

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40

Crinall, S. M., and J. S. Hindell. "Assessing the use of saltmarsh flats by fish in a temperate Australian embayment." Estuaries 27, no. 4 (August 2004): 728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02907656.

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41

Paquette, Cynthia H., Karen L. Sundberg, Roelof M. J. Boumans, and Gail L. Chmura. "Changes in saltmarsh surface elevation due to variability in evapotranspiration and tidal flooding." Estuaries 27, no. 1 (February 2004): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02803562.

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42

Shafiqul Islam, Md, Alam Pervez, M. Aminur Rahman, and Md Habibur Rahman Molla. "Eco-engineering of coastal environment through saltmarsh restoration towards climate change impact mitigation and community adaptation in Bangladesh." Regional Studies in Marine Science 46 (July 2021): 101880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101880.

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43

Bartholdy, Jesper, Lara Brivio, Anders Bartholdy, Daehyun Kim, and Mikkel Fruergaard. "The Skallingen spit, Denmark: birth of a back-barrier saltmarsh." Geo-Marine Letters 38, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-017-0523-5.

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44

Mitwally, Hanan M., and John W. Fleeger. "Long-term nutrient enrichment elicits a weak density response by saltmarsh meiofauna." Hydrobiologia 713, no. 1 (April 6, 2013): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1496-7.

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45

Mahmoudi, Nagissa, Teresita M. Porter, Andrew R. Zimmerman, Roberta R. Fulthorpe, Gabriel N. Kasozi, Brian R. Silliman, and Greg F. Slater. "Rapid Degradation ofDeepwater HorizonSpilled Oil by Indigenous Microbial Communities in Louisiana Saltmarsh Sediments." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 23 (November 19, 2013): 13303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4036072.

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46

McCorry, M. J., and M. L. Otte. "Ecological effects of <i>Spartina anglica</i> on the macro-invertebrate infauna of the mud flats at Bull Island, Dublin Bay, Ireland." Web Ecology 2, no. 1 (October 26, 2001): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-2-71-2001.

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Abstract. Spartina anglica (C. E. Hubbard) is a relatively new invasive perennial grass species in Ireland. It is well adapted to the intertidal mudflat environment and forms mono-specific swards. There have been concerns about its potential to impact negatively the ecosystems of mud flats and salt marshes. This ongoing project investigates the ecological effects of S. anglica, and its control, on the mudflats and saltmarsh at Bull Island, and the implications for management of S. anglica. The diversity and density of the macro-invertebrate infauna and some physical factors of the sediment were compared in: a) clumps of S. anglica, b) areas vegetated by Salicornia spp., c) an adjacent area of bare mud, and d) an unvegetated area. Presence of S. anglica had a significant effect on the density and diversity of macro-invertebrate infauna species. The results suggest that clumps of S. anglica can provide a habitat that supports a macro-invertebrate infauna as abundant and species rich as areas vegetated by Salicornia spp.

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47

Mateos-Naranjo, Enrique, Jesús Alberto Pérez-Romero, Susana Redondo-Gómez, Jennifer Mesa-Marín, Eloy Manuel Castellanos, and Anthony John Davy. "Salinity alleviates zinc toxicity in the saltmarsh zinc-accumulator Juncus acutus." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 163 (November 2018): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.092.

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48

Nunes da Silva, Marta, Ana P. Mucha, A. Cristina Rocha, Catarina Teixeira, Carlos R. Gomes, and C. Marisa R. Almeida. "A strategy to potentiate Cd phytoremediation by saltmarsh plants – Autochthonous bioaugmentation." Journal of Environmental Management 134 (February 2014): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.004.

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49

Wilson, James G., and Violetta Koutsagiannopolou. "Abundance, biomass, and productivity of invertebrate hyperbenthos in a temperate saltmarsh creek system." Hydrobiologia 728, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1813-9.

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50

Lee, Xuhui, Gaboury Benoit, and Xinzhang Hu. "Total gaseous mercury concentration and flux over a coastal saltmarsh vegetation in Connecticut, USA." Atmospheric Environment 34, no. 24 (January 2000): 4205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00487-2.

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