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Journal articles on the topic 'Saltmarsh ecology'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Sommer, Bea. "Australian Saltmarsh Ecology." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 1 (2010): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100071.

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Australia, including its territorial islands, is surrounded by almost 60 000 km of coastline (Geoscience Australia, http://www.ga.gov.au/education/) and, according to Saintilan, coastal saltmarshes occupy some 16 000 km2. Saltmarshes provide valuable ecosystem services and are generally recognized as among the most productive ecosystems on Earth. This is considered to be ecologically important because excess detrital matter exported to marine waters sustains food webs, including important fisheries (i.e., Odum?s [1980] ?outwelling hypothesis?). Although physically and biologically similar to saltmarshes elsewhere, Australian coastal saltmarshes have certain unique characteristics (e.g., the tidal zonation of marsh and mangroves and levels of productivity) that natural resource managers need to be aware of. Perhaps more so than elsewhere, the great majority of the Australian population lives along or near the coast. Consequently, Australian saltmarsh environments have been subject to significant human-driven change since European settlement. In spite of these compelling facts, Australian publications remain under-represented relative to the extent of saltmarsh on the continent. Australian Saltmarsh Ecology does much to correct this situation.

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2

Prahalad, Vishnu, Jamie B. Kirkpatrick, John Aalders, Scott Carver, Joanna Ellison, Violet Harrison-Day, Peter McQuillan, Brigid Morrison, Alastair Richardson, and Eric Woehler. "Conservation ecology of Tasmanian coastal saltmarshes, south-east Australia – a review." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 2 (2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc19016.

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Temperate Australian saltmarshes, including those in the southern island state of Tasmania, are considered to be a threatened ecological community under Australian federal legislation. There is a need to improve our understanding of the ecological components, functional relationships and threatening processes of Tasmanian coastal saltmarshes and distil research priorities that could assist recovery actions. A semisystematic review of the literature on Tasmanian coastal saltmarshes supported by expert local knowledge identified 75 studies from 1947 to 2019. Existing understanding pertains to saltmarsh plants, soils, invertebrates and human impacts with ongoing studies currently adding to this knowledge base. Several knowledge gaps remain, and the present review recommends six key priority areas for research: (1) citizen science–organised inventory of (initially) saltmarsh birds, plants and human impacts with the potential for expansion of datasets; (2) use of saltmarsh by marine transient species including fish and decapods; (3) use of saltmarsh by, and interactions with, native and introduced mammals; (4) invertebrates and their interactions with predators (e.g. birds, fish) and prey (e.g. insects, plants, detritus); (5) historic saltmarsh loss and priority areas for conservation; (6) monitoring changes to saltmarsh due to both localised human impacts (e.g. grazing, eutrophication, destruction) and global change factors (e.g. climate change, sea-level rise). Addressing these research priorities will help in developing a better understanding of the ecological character of Tasmanian coastal saltmarshes and improve their conservation management.

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3

Woodell, S. R. J., and P. Adam. "Saltmarsh Ecology." Journal of Ecology 79, no. 1 (March 1991): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260796.

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4

Long, Steven P., Christopher F. Mason, and B. J. Tomalin. "Saltmarsh Ecology." South African Journal of Zoology 21, no. 4 (January 1986): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1986.11448012.

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5

Wyatt, Tristram, and Paul Adam. "Saltmarsh Ecology." Journal of Animal Ecology 61, no. 3 (October 1992): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5632.

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6

Willis, A. J. "Saltmarsh ecology." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 6 (June 1991): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90219-n.

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7

Gray, Alan. "Saltmarsh Ecology." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 182, no. 1 (September 1994): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(94)90219-4.

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8

Hikouei, Iman Salehi, Jason Christian, S. Sonny Kim, Lori A. Sutter, Stephan A. Durham, Jidong J. Yang, and Charles Gray Vickery. "Use of Random Forest Model to Identify the Relationships Among Vegetative Species, Salt Marsh Soil Properties, and Interstitial Water along the Atlantic Coast of Georgia." Infrastructures 6, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6050070.

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Saltmarshes, known to be ecologically sensitive areas, face disturbances such as vegetation dieback due to anthropogenic activities such as construction. The current construction specifications recommended by state highway agencies do not specifically require documenting or restoring any prior saltmarsh soil/interstitial water properties, nor do they require re-establishing saltmarsh vegetation; restoring the abiotic properties and appropriate vegetation would enhance the long-term functionality and ecology of a disturbed area. In order to have a successful restoration of disturbed saltmarshes with healthy vegetation, the relationship between vegetative species and the properties of saltmarsh soils and interstitial water must be fully understood. In this study, field and laboratory tests were conducted for the soil samples from eight different saltmarsh sites in the Southeastern US Atlantic coastal region, followed by the development of a random forest model; the aim is to identify correlation among saltmarsh predominant vegetation types, redox potential, and salinity. The results reveal that moisture content and sand content are two main drivers for the bulk density of saltmarsh soils, which directly affect plant growth and likely root development. Moreover, it is concluded that deploying modern machine learning algorithms, such as random forest, can help to identify desirable saltmarsh soil/water properties for re-establishing vegetative cover with the reduced time after construction activities.

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9

Saintilan, Neil, and Kerrylee Rogers. "The significance and vulnerability of Australian saltmarshes: implications for management in a changing climate." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 1 (2013): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12212.

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We review the distribution, status and ecology of Australian saltmarshes and the mechanisms whereby enhanced atmospheric carbon dioxide and associated climate change have influenced and will influence the provision of ecosystem goods and services. Research in temperate and subtropical saltmarsh has demonstrated important trophic contributions to estuarine fisheries, mediated by the synchronised mass-spawning of crabs, which feed predominantly on the C4 saltmarsh grass Sporobolus virginicus and microphytobenthos. Saltmarshes also provide unique feeding and habitat opportunities for several species of threatened microbats and birds, including migratory shorebirds. Saltmarshes increased in extent relative to mangrove in Australia in both tide- and wave-dominated geomorphic settings through the latter Holocene, although historic trends have seen a reversal of this trend. Australian saltmarshes have some capacity to maintain elevation with respect to rising sea level, although in south-eastern Australia, the encroachment of mangrove and, in Tasmania, conversion of shrubland to herbfield in the past half-century are consistent with changes in relative sea level. Modelling of the impacts of projected sea-level rise, incorporating sedimentation and other surface-elevation drivers, suggests that the survival of saltmarsh in developed estuaries will depend on the flexible management of hard structures and other impediments to wetland retreat.

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10

FAIRWEATHER, PETER G. "Australian Saltmarsh Ecology." Austral Ecology 35, no. 5 (November 23, 2009): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02131.x.

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11

Mazumder, Debashish, Neil Saintilan, and Robert J. Williams. "Trophic relationships between itinerant fish and crab larvae in a temperate Australian saltmarsh." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 2 (2006): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05040.

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Comparisons of zooplankton inputs and outputs for a temperate Australian saltmarsh demonstrate a substantial contribution of crab larvae to the ebbing tide water, particularly during the cooler months. Few crab larvae were present in the incoming tide (mean abundance 4 m−3), whereas many crab larvae were present in the outgoing water (mean abundance 2124.63 m−3). Stomach content analysis of itinerant fish exiting the saltmarsh with the ebbing tide demonstrated extremely high proportions of crab larvae in the gut of glassfish (Ambassis jacksoniensis), as well as flat tail mullet (Liza argentea) and blue eye (Pseudomugil signifer). The results suggest a direct trophic link between secondary production of saltmarsh and itinerant fish, and a significant ecological role for burrowing crabs occupying saltmarshes in temperate Australia in the trophic food web of saltmarsh–estuarine systems.

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12

Prahalad, Vishnu, Violet Harrison-Day, Peter McQuillan, and Colin Creighton. "Expanding fish productivity in Tasmanian saltmarsh wetlands through tidal reconnection and habitat repair." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 1 (2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17154.

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Fish use of coastal saltmarsh wetlands has been documented for many parts of Australia with the notable exception of Tasmania. An initial investigation to examine the diversity, density and patterns of fish use in the Circular Head coast saltmarshes of north-west Tasmania was undertaken. To aid decision making in repair strategies, the effect of saltmarsh condition on fish assemblages was studied using paired sites of predominantly unaltered and altered saltmarshes where levees were present. In all, 851 fish from 11 species were caught in 37 of the 48 pop nets. Three species, Aldrichetta forsteri, Arripis truttaceus and Rhombosolea tapirina, are important to commercial and recreational fisheries and contributed ~20% of the total catch numbers. The mean density of >72 fish per 100m2 is the highest yet reported from Australian studies and indicates that Tasmanian saltmarshes provide higher value habitat for fish compared with elsewhere in Australia, likely due to more frequent and prolonged flooding, and the lack of adjacent mangroves. There was no significant difference in fish assemblages between unaltered and altered marshes. The results suggest that restoring basic saltmarsh structure through tidal reconnection will deliver substantial benefits for fish productivity through habitat expansion.A

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13

Mann, Kenneth H. "Saltmarsh ecology (P. Adam)." Limnology and Oceanography 39, no. 2 (March 1994): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0475a.

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14

Shriver, W. Gregory, Peter D. Vickery, Thomas P. Hodgman, and James P. Gibbs. "Flood Tides Affect Breeding Ecology of Two Sympatric Sharp-Tailed Sparrows." Auk 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.2.552.

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AbstractBreeding synchrony with the lunar cycle has been reported for many marine organisms but is essentially unknown for birds. Most organisms shown to breed synchronously with the lunar cycle provide no parental care to young, and such explosive breeding assemblages are usually promiscuous. Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus) nest exclusively on salt marshes and are subjected to predictable, catastrophic flooding caused during flood tides every 28 days. Here, we show that Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow males were nonterritorial and promiscuous and provided no parental care to young. Breeding behaviors of both sexes were synchronized with the lunar cycle. By contrast, males of a sympatric sister species, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow (A. nelsoni subvirgatus), consistently mate-guarded females, and breeding was not synchronized with the lunar cycle, yielding 21% lower reproductive success compared with Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows. Saltmarsh and Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrows renested 2.9 ± 0.6 (SE) days and 10.3 ± 1.7 days after nest flooding, respectively. Patterns of vicariance between Nelson's and Saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrows may explain the differences in social behavior and nesting ecology. Ancestral sharp-tailed sparrows diverged from Seaside Sparrows (A. maritimus) in tidal wetlands, and Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrows then diverged from Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows in nontidal freshwater wetlands of interior North America. Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrows' range recently expanded into coastal salt marshes, where Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows are better adapted to tidally influenced inundations. Adaptation to tidal flooding partially explains the evolution of the unique Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow mating system.Las Inundaciones Mareales Afectan la Ecología Reproductiva de Dos Especies Simpátricas de Ammodramus

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15

Zedler, Joy B. "Saltmarsh Plant Ecology: A Global View?" Ecology 72, no. 6 (December 1991): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941581.

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16

Finlayson, C. M. "N. Saintilan, (ed.) Australian Saltmarsh Ecology." Wetlands 30, no. 1 (January 12, 2010): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0012-3.

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17

Lara, Rubén José. "N. Saintilan (ed.): Australian saltmarsh ecology." Wetlands Ecology and Management 18, no. 1 (June 25, 2009): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-009-9152-8.

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18

Prahalad, Vishnu N., Jamie B. Kirkpatrick, and Richard E. Mount. "Tasmanian coastal saltmarsh community transitions associated with climate change and relative sea level rise 1975 - 2009." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 8 (2011): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11206.

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Coastal saltmarshes are reputed to be one of the most vulnerable communities to global warming, with widespread evidence of retreat and movement of lower marsh vegetation into areas previously occupied by upper marsh vegetation in response to rising sea levels, and potential changes in community composition from changes in rainfall, temperature and wind. We undertook an investigation of decades scale change in the distributions of saltmarsh communities defined by dominant species, using historic vegetation maps, remote sensing imagery and extensive field data collection. Our study area in south-eastern Tasmania has suffered a marked increase in temperatures and wind speeds and a marked decrease in rainfall since 1975, with sea level rising at a rate of 0.8 mm per annum. We therefore tested the hypothesis that these changes would result in a shift in saltmarsh community composition towards more salt- and inundation-tolerant communities and salt scalds. Eighteen percent of the 1975 marsh was lost to direct human modification and a net 4% was lost to coastal retreat. One large marsh was cut off from the sea then burned, then reconnected with the sea. The vegetation change between 1975 and 2009 in other parts of the saltmarshes occurred in 21% of their 1975 area. Most of the community transitions were consistent with increasing aridity. Thus, our results indicate that global warming has already caused marked changes in community composition in saltmarsh in Tasmania.

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19

Platell, Margaret E., and Peter Freewater. "Importance of saltmarsh to fish species of a large south-eastern Australian estuary during a spring tide cycle." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 9 (2009): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08164.

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The dietary compositions of fish species over saltmarsh in a large south-eastern Australian estuary (Brisbane Water) were explored to ascertain the importance of this habitat type to the fish community of that estuary. Following tidal inundation, 12 fish species (<120 mm total length) were obtained using fyke nets, with Ambassis jacksoniensis being particularly abundant. The stomachs of all fish contained undigested prey, implying that they fed while on the saltmarsh. Three species (A. jacksoniensis, Atherinosoma microstoma and Redigobius macrostoma) fed nearly exclusively on the crab zoeae that were released in high numbers by saltmarsh crabs. The diets of these three species significantly differed from those of the other species, which comprised mainly foraminiferans, copepods, crabs, polychaetes, terrestrial insects and/or detritus. Substantial partitioning of food resources also occurred between the other nine species. With increasing body size, A. jacksoniensis fed more on benthic prey (polychaetes and copepods) and less on crab zoeae. This study highlights the importance of saltmarsh as providing both protection and food resources for fish species during even short periods of tidal inundation by its provision of a superabundant food source (crab zoeae) and other prey, and underscores the need for recognition of saltmarsh in management plans for fish.

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20

Zhao, Z., L. Zhang, L. Yuan, and TJ Bouma. "Saltmarsh seeds in motion: the relative importance of dispersal units and abiotic conditions." Marine Ecology Progress Series 678 (November 11, 2021): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13891.

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Propagule dispersal is fundamental to the colonization of new habitats, metapopulation connectivity, and gene flow and thus enables saltmarsh species to cope with global change. In this study, mesocosm and flume experiments were used to quantify the effects of different dispersal units (i.e. seed, spikelet, inflorescence, and plant fragment-containing seeds) and abiotic conditions on the dispersal processes of 4 globally distributed saltmarsh species: Salicornia europaea, Scirpus maritimus, Spartina anglica, and Elymus athericus. The results showed that (1) moving seawater has a species-specific effect on buoyancy, leading to prolonged floatability of high tidal-flat species E. athericus and reduced floatability of pioneer species; (2) tidal currents increase dispersal speed, whereas wind can have additive or antagonistic effects on current-dominated dispersal speed depending on its direction; (3) wave action reduces dispersal speed, but this effect becomes smaller with increasing wave magnitudes and/or applied co-directional wind; (4) dispersal speed may vary depending on the physical forcing and type and morphology of the dispersal units, but the largest species effect is related to the period in which units remain buoyant; and (5) the dispersal potential of saltmarsh species in wind wave-dominated coastal environments can be ordered as follows: E. athericus > S. maritimus > S. anglica > S. europaea. This study provides valuable guidance for future numerical hydrodynamic models of saltmarsh dispersal and establishment, allowing more accurate prediction of the distributional responses of saltmarsh species to climate change, thereby supporting appropriate management and restoration strategies.

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21

SAINTILAN, NEIL. "Biogeography of Australian saltmarsh plants." Austral Ecology 34, no. 8 (December 2009): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02001.x.

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22

Duke, Norman C., Colin Field, Jock R. Mackenzie, Jan-Olaf Meynecke, and Apanie L. Wood. "Rainfall and its possible hysteresis effect on the proportional cover of tropical tidal-wetland mangroves and saltmarsh–saltpans." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 8 (2019): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18321.

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Mangrove–saltmarsh tidal wetlands are highly dynamic ecosystems, responding and adapting to climate and physical conditions at all spatial and temporal scales. Knowledge of the large-scale ecosystem processes involved and how they might be influenced by climate variables is highly relevant today. For tidal-wetland sites well within the latitudinal range of the mostly tropical mangrove communities, we confirm that average annual rainfall influences vegetative cover, as well as species composition and biomass of tidal wetlands. On the basis of 205 largely unmodified, tropical and subtropical estuaries of northern Australia, a sigmoidal relationship, with a centroid inflection point ~1368mm, was derived between rainfall and the relative amounts of high-biomass mangroves and low-biomass saltmarsh–saltpan vegetation. The presence and probability of observed combinations of these community types were quantified using the wetland cover index, which is the ratio of total mangrove area to that of mangroves plus intertidal saltmarsh and saltpans. Accordingly, periodic changes in rainfall trends are likely manifest as either encroachment or dieback of mangroves along the ecotones separating them from tidal saltmarsh–saltpans. Presented is a new conceptual framework and model that describes how such ecosystem-scale processes take place in tropical and subtropical tidal wetlands.

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23

Hughes, R. G. "Saltmarsh erosion and management of saltmarsh restoration; the effects of infaunal invertebrates." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0755(199901/02)9:1<83::aid-aqc323>3.0.co;2-9.

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24

Gonsalves, Leroy, Susan Lamb, Cameron Webb, Bradley Law, and Vaughan Monamy. "Do mosquitoes influence bat activity in coastal habitats?" Wildlife Research 40, no. 1 (2013): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12148.

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Context Conservation of insectivorous bat populations requires appropriate management of foraging habitats and the prey resources they sustain. Endangered coastal saltmarsh communities support a diverse range of aquatic and terrestrial arthropods, including the saltmarsh mosquito (Aedes vigilax Skuse), an important vector of mosquito-borne viruses and a potentially important prey resource for insectivorous bats. Prey detectability by bats is considered to be limited with low-frequency echolocation, particularly in cluttered habitats, that may render abundant Ae. vigilax populations unavailable to some bat species. Aims To investigate relationships between availability of Ae. vigilax and non-mosquito prey, and the activity of foraging insectivorous bats in a range of coastal habitats. Methods We measured nightly bat activity and the abundance of prey (mosquito and non-mosquito) concurrently during neap and spring tides in saltmarsh, urban and forest habitats. Comparisons were made between tidal cycle and habitats, and relationships between bat activity and the abundance of prey were examined. Key results Whereas prey abundances were generally greatest in saltmarsh and forest habitats, bat activity was greatest in the forest habitat. However, proportional feeding activity was greatest in saltmarsh. Prey abundance was positively correlated with total bat activity only in the open saltmarsh, where an absence of clutter would maximise prey detectability and thus availability. Positive correlations between Ae. vigilax abundance and bat activity, across all habitats, were restricted to bats of the Vespadelus genus, which are small-sized bats that employ high-frequency echolocation suitable for detection of small prey along edges. Conclusions These findings suggest that Ae. vigilax may be an important prey resource for small, high-frequency echolocating bats capable of discerning small prey within cluttered forest as well as exploiting abundant prey in the open saltmarsh. Implications Small, high-frequency echolocating bats should be the focus of future studies investigating the importance of small prey, such as Ae. vigilax, to the diets of foraging bats.

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25

Zhang, Jing, Yan Zhang, Huw Lloyd, Zhengwang Zhang, and Donglai Li. "Rapid Reclamation and Degradation of Suaeda salsa Saltmarsh along Coastal China’s Northern Yellow Sea." Land 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080835.

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Suaeda salsa saltmarshes are an important coastal wetland habitat of China’s northern Yellow Sea, which plays a critical role in sequestering carbon (blue carbon), protecting shorelines, maintaining biodiversity, and has substantial economic value (e.g., ecotourism). However, the area of S. salsa has been rapidly declining due to several different threats from reclamation and invasive species that impact its natural succession. Here, we map the changes in the distribution of the S. salsa saltmarshes along the northern Yellow Sea of China (NYSC) at 5-year intervals by applying the supervised maximum likelihood method to analyze Landsat images from 1988 to 2018 and investigate the potential impact of three important factors on habitat change by analyzing the temporal changes in S. salsa saltmarshes with other land covers. S. salsa saltmarsh areas have decreased by 63% (264 km2 ha to 99 km2), and the average loss of S. salsa saltmarshes was 5.5 km2/year along the NYSC over the past three decades. There have been many dramatic declines in the two main distribution areas of S. salsa saltmarshes with a 77% loss of habitat area in Liaodong Bay (from 112 km2 to 26 km2) and a 52% loss in the Yellow River Delta wetland-Guangli-Zhima estuarine wetland (from 137 km2 to 65 km2). Land reclamation is the most important impact factor in the loss of S. salsa saltmarshes, while there have been limited effects of natural succession and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) invasion. In light of the important ecological services and economic value of the S. salsa habitat, emergency conservation actions (e.g., habitat restoration, strictly supervision) are needed to limit the rapid habitat loss, which should include the immediate cessation of extensive land reclamation along the NYSC.

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Cain, S., and PI Boon. "Cellular osmotica of plants in relation to sediment nitrogen and salt content in mangroves and saltmarshes at Western Port, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 6 (1987): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870783.

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Sediments from mangrove and saltmarsh areas at Yaringa, Western Port contained high concentrations of chloride (c. 330-2100 mmol per litre of interstitial water) and sodium (c. 320-1900 mmol 1-1). The concentrations recorded during the study were highest in March and lowest in July-August; salinity in the marsh during summer was considerably higher than that commonly reported for saltmarshes in other parts of the world. Sediment ammonium contents (c. 180-580 nmol per cm3 of fresh sediment) were variable across the marsh and throughout the sampling period, with there being little overall pattern to these changes. In contrast, concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite were low (< 100 nmol cm3) for most of the year except for a period in March when they were extremely high (c. 1100-1800 nmol cm-3). The leaf-cell sap of all saltmarsh and mangrove plants contained high concentrations of chloride (c. 300-1200 mmol per litre of cell sap), sodium (c. 280-900 mmol l-1) and potassium (c. 40-200 mmol l-1). Glycinebetaine was accumulated in the leaf-cell sap to concentrations of up to about 90 mmol l-1 by Atriplex paludosa, Avicennia marina, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Sclerostegia arbuscula and Suaeda australis. Proline and glycinebetaine were accumulated by Limonium australe, Samolus repens, Selliera radicans and Triglochin striata, but no species accumulated proline alone. Concentrations of inorganic osmotica in the foliage were generally highest in March, whereas glycinebetaine and proline were at their most concentrated in April. No significant relationship was detected between concentrations of organic osmotica in the plants and that of salt or inorganic nitrogen in the sediments.

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27

Saintilan, Neil, and Debashish Mazumder. "Fine-scale variability in the dietary sources of grazing invertebrates in a temperate Australian saltmarsh." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 5 (2010): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09187.

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Saltmarsh floristic diversity declines with increasing latitude on the Australian east coast, with the dominant tropical C4 grass Sporobolus virginicus being replaced progressively by a suite of mostly succulent C3 species. The temperate Towra Point saltmarsh consists of a mosaic of vegetation communities, including stands of the C4 saltmarsh grass Sporobolus virginicus, and the C3 succulents Suaeda australis and Sarcocornia quinqueflora. The contrasting stable isotope signatures of these plants provide an opportunity to determine the extent to which plant material is contributing to the diet of grazing invertebrates inhabiting these communities. The grazing crabs Parasesarma erythrodactyla and Helograpsus haswellianus, and the snail Littoraria luteola, were sampled for their carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures. In the Sarcocornia communities, crab and snail δ13C signatures could not be matched to the signature of dominant plants, but were close to the fine benthic material on the marsh surface. In the Sporobolus community, the δ13C signatures of the same species were enriched and closer to that of the dominant plant. Results suggest that grazing herbivores feed over very small spatial ranges within mosaics of vegetation on locally sourced benthic material, with S. virginicus plant material making a contribution to dietary carbon where present.

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28

Laegdsgaard, Pia. "Ecology, disturbance and restoration of coastal saltmarsh in Australia: a review." Wetlands Ecology and Management 14, no. 5 (October 2006): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-005-8827-z.

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29

Moyo, Sydney, Hayat Bennadji, Danielle Laguaite, Anna A. Pérez-Umphrey, Allison M. Snider, Andrea Bonisoli-Alquati, Jill A. Olin, et al. "Stable isotope analyses identify trophic niche partitioning between sympatric terrestrial vertebrates in coastal saltmarshes with differing oiling histories." PeerJ 9 (July 16, 2021): e11392. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11392.

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Bioindicator species are commonly used as proxies to help identify the ecological effects of oil spills and other stressors. However, the utility of taxa as bioindicators is dependent on understanding their trophic niche and life history characteristics, as these factors mediate their ecological responses. Seaside sparrows (Ammospiza maritima) and marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) are two ubiquitous terrestrial vertebrates that are thought to be bioindicators of oil spills in saltmarsh ecosystems. To improve the utility of these omnivorous taxa as bioindicators, we used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to quantify their trophic niches at saltmarshes in coastal Louisiana with differing oiling histories. We found that rats generally had lower trophic positions and incorporated more aquatic prey relative to seaside sparrows. The range of resources used (i.e.,trophic niche width) varied based on oiling history. Seaside sparrows had wider trophic niches than marsh rice rats at unoiled sites, but not at oiled sites. Trophic niche widths of conspecifics were less consistent at oiled sites, although marsh rice rats at oiled sites had wider trophic niches than rats at unoiled sites. These results suggest that past oiling histories may have imparted subtle, yet differing effects on the foraging ecology of these two co-occurring species. However, the temporal lag between initial oiling and our study makes identifying the ultimate drivers of differences between oiled and unoiled sites challenging. Even so, our findings provide a baseline quantification of the trophic niches of sympatric seaside sparrows and marsh rice rats that will aid in the use of these species as indicators of oiling and other environmental stressors in saltmarsh ecosystems.

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Katrak, G., S. Dittmann, and L. Seuront. "Spatial variation in burrow morphology of the mud shore crab Helograpsus haswellianus (Brachyura, Grapsidae) in South Australian saltmarshes." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 10 (2008): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08044.

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Burrowing by crabs is an important component of their functional role in mangrove and saltmarsh habitats. The grapsid crab Helograpsus haswellianus (Whitelegge, 1889) is one of the more conspicuous burrowing organisms in the saltmarshes of southern Australia. To evaluate intraspecific differences in burrowing behaviour among saltmarshes on a regional scale, we compared vegetation cover, sediment composition and burrow morphology at four sites using resin casts. Six burrow morphology characters were measured (burrow depth, number, lengths and diameter of the shafts, ratio of the shafts, number and diameter of the burrow openings), and the overall 3D burrow complexity was described using a single parameter, the fractal dimension D. Apart from the number of shafts, all morphological characters of the burrows differed significantly among sites. Analyses of the fractal dimensions lead to the identification of three groups of burrows based on D: a group of highly complex burrows (one site), a group of burrows of intermediate complexity (two sites) and a group of less complex burrows (one site). Burrow morphology variation was correlated with non-dominant vegetation, plant matter in the soil and very coarse sand in the sediment. Site-specific differences in burrows caution against generalising the functional role of crabs across sites.

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Walker, Julie E., Christine Angelini, Ilgar Safak, Andrew H. Altieri, and Todd Z. Osborne. "Effects of Changing Vegetation Composition on Community Structure, Ecosystem Functioning, and Predator–Prey Interactions at the Saltmarsh-Mangrove Ecotone." Diversity 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11110208.

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Decreasing frequency of freeze events due to climate change is enabling the poleward range expansion of mangroves. As these tropical trees expand poleward, they are replacing herbaceous saltmarsh vegetation. Mangroves and saltmarsh vegetation are ecosystem engineers that are typically viewed as having similar ecosystem functions. However, few studies have investigated whether predation regimes, community structure, and ecosystem functions are shifting at the saltmarsh-mangrove ecotone. In this study, we manipulated predator access to marsh and mangrove creekside habitats to test their role in mediating vegetation and invertebrate structure and stability in a two-year experiment. We also conducted a survey to evaluate how shifting vegetation is modifying structural complexity, invertebrate communities, and ecosystem functioning at the ecotone. Excluding larger (> 2 cm diameter) predators did not affect vegetation or invertebrate structure or stability in either saltmarsh or mangrove habitats. The survey revealed that the two habitat types consistently differ in structural metrics, including vegetation height, inter-stem distance, and density, yet they support similar invertebrate and algal communities, soil properties, and predation rates. We conclude that although mangrove range expansion immediately modifies habitat structural properties, it is not altering larger predator consumptive effects, community stability, community composition, or some other ecosystem functions and properties at the ecotone.

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Wilson, J. Bastow, and Robert J. Whittaker. "Assembly Rules Demonstrated in a Saltmarsh Community." Journal of Ecology 83, no. 5 (October 1995): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261417.

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Tyrrell, Megan C., Michele Dionne, and Jessica A. Edgerly. "Physical factors mediate effects of grazing by a non-indigenous snail species on saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in New England marshes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 5 (February 27, 2008): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn009.

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Abstract Tyrrell, M. C., Dionne, M., and Edgerly, J. A. 2008. Physical factors mediate effects of grazing by a non-indigenous snail species on saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in New England marshes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 746–752. In the southeastern US, grazing by a common indigenous littorinid snail has caused large declines in the biomass of saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). In northeastern marshes, a closely related but non-indigenous snail may also negatively affect production of this key marsh-building plant. We manipulated densities of the gastropod Littorina littorea at two sites to investigate the effect of its grazing on plant production and sediment accumulation. The effects of the manipulation differed between sites. The site with longer inundation periods, lower elevation, and poorer drainage attributable to smaller sediment grain size had more stressful conditions for S. alterniflora. At that site, protection from snail grazing resulted in higher end-of-season plant biomass than all the other treatments and controls. Rates of sediment accumulation were also lower at that site, and the difference between sites increased as the season progressed. At the site where physical conditions were benign, snail manipulation had no effect on S. alterniflora biomass. The nature of the physical conditions at a site may influence the susceptibility of S. alterniflora to grazing pressure by this ubiquitous snail species. Accelerating anthropogenic impacts, such as sea-level rise, could further stress saltmarsh plants, leaving them increasingly susceptible to herbivory.

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Gjerdrum, Carina, Chris S. Elphick, and Margaret Rubega. "Nest Site Selection and Nesting Success in Saltmarsh Breeding Sparrows: The Importance of Nest Habitat, Timing, and Study Site Differences." Condor 107, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.4.849.

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Abstract We examined nest-site selection and nesting success in Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (Ammodramus caudacutus) and Seaside Sparrows (A. maritimus), at seven sites in Connecticut. We found 160 Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow nests and 23 Seaside Sparrow nests, and compared characteristics of their locations to each other and to random locations. We tracked success of all nests, quantified nest productivity and causes of nest losses, and tested for habitat differences between successful and unsuccessful nests. Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows nested in higher than average locations, where the vegetation was taller and more dense than at random locations, where there was a deep layer of thatch, and where saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) dominated the vegetation. There was little evidence that habitat characteristics influenced the success of nesting birds, but the timing of nest initiation relative to spring tides was important. Seaside Sparrow nests occurred in even taller vegetation, that was more sparse than average and dominated by the tall form of smooth cordgrass (S. alterniflora). Habitat influenced the success of Seaside Sparrow nests, but timing did not; on average, successful nests occurred in taller vegetation. Model comparisons suggest that vegetation structure influences site selection more than species composition or inherent differences among marshes. Overall, our results indicate that nest flooding is a major threat to successful reproduction in both species, but they have different strategies to avoid flooding. Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows time their reproduction to avoid especially high tides, while Seaside Sparrows avoid flooding spatially by nesting in tall vegetation.

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O'Callaghan, M. "The saltmarsh vegetation of Langebaan Lagoon." Bothalia 24, no. 2 (October 10, 1994): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v24i2.774.

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The saltmarshes of Langebaan Lagxn arc the most extensive in southern Africa. These marshes, as sampled along six transects, are described. A general marsh, consisting o f three species assemblages, was recognized and elevation above mean sea level (MSL) is discussed as a probable determinant of species distributions. However, minor variations in species distributions have been induced by changes in soil characteristics, the effects of wind on inundation depth and differences in water salinity.

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Tinsley, Matthew C., and Stephen D. Reilly. "Reproductive ecology of the saltmarsh-dwelling marine ectoparasite Paragnathia formica (Crustacea: Isopoda)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, no. 1 (February 2002): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315402005192.

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Adults of the isopod Paragnathia formica inhabit burrows in saltmarsh banks from which they release larvae during autumn high tides. Larvae pass through three moult stages, each of which feeds ectoparasitically on estuarine fish (including Pomatoschistus microps), before a final moult to a non-feeding adult stage. The entire energetic reserves for survival and reproduction up to nine months (females) or 16 months (males) later are therefore acquired during these three brief periods of parasitism. Application of a plankton sampling technique showed larval density in the water to vary considerably between successive high tides. High densities of larvae (1 per 1·2 l) occurred on only one tide during a week-long study, when a corresponding peak in parasite prevalence in the fish population (10%) was recorded. Peak larval release was observed as the tide rose, at a time when host fish have been reported to be in greatest abundance. Considerable larval longevity was demonstrated in the laboratory in the absence of food (mean=43 d). Data are interpreted, in conjunction with field observations, in relation to larval parasitism opportunities post-birth.

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Rowbottom, R., S. Carver, L. A. Barmuta, P. Weinstein, and G. R. Allen. "How do local differences in saltmarsh ecology influence disease vector mosquito populations?" Medical and Veterinary Entomology 34, no. 3 (February 20, 2020): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12433.

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Shriver, W. Gregory, James P. Gibbs, Peter D. Vickery, H. Lisle Gibbs, Thomas P. Hodgman, Peter T. Jones, and Christopher N. Jacques. "Concordance Between Morphological and Molecular Markers in Assessing Hybridization Between Sharp-Tailed Sparrows in New England." Auk 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.1.94.

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Abstract Hybridization is pivotal in framing ideas about species concepts and has the potential to produce novel genotypes that may serve as starting points for new evolutionary trajectories. Presently, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrows (Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus) and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows (A. caudacutus caudacutus) are in contact in salt marshes of Maine, New Hampshire, and northern Massachusetts. These two species hybridize, but the extent and direction of introgression has not been determined. We assessed morphological and genetic variation of 123 sharp-tailed sparrows from 5 salt marshes in New England. We used six morphological variables, including a plumage-scoring index, and five mic-rosatellite primers to assess the extent of introgression and to determine whether there was concordance between phenotypic and genotypic variation. We identified apparent hybrids and each of the two sharp-tailed sparrow species using a plumagescoring index. In general, we found that hybrids were more similar morphologically and genetically to Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows. The alleles of hybrids were 62% Saltmarsh and 38% Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrows, supporting the asymmetrical hybridization hypothesis. Concordancia entre Marcadores Morfológicos y Moleculares al Evaluar la Hibridación entre Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus y A. caudacutus caudacutus en Nueva Inglaterra

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Maynard, Clare, John McManus, Robert M. M. Crawford, and David Paterson. "A comparison of short-term sediment deposition between natural and transplanted saltmarsh after saltmarsh restoration in the Eden Estuary (Scotland)." Plant Ecology & Diversity 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2011.560198.

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DiQuinzio, Deborah A., Peter W. C. Paton, William R. Eddleman, and J. Brawn. "Site Fidelity, Philopatry, and Survival of Promiscuous Saltmarsh Sharp-Tailed Sparrows in Rhode Island." Auk 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 888–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.4.888.

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Abstract We investigated site fidelity and apparent survival in a promiscuous population of Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) in southern Rhode Island. Based on capture–recapture histories of 446 color-banded sparrows studied from 1993 to 1998 at our primary study site, Galilee, we observed significant variation in apparent survival rates among years, but not between sexes. Return rates of adult males (37.6%) and females (35.6%) were not significantly different during any year. Juveniles exhibited high return rates, ranging from 0 to 44%, with males (61% of returns) more likely to return than females (35%). In addition, we monitored movements of 404 color-banded sparrows at nine satellite marshes in 1997 and 1998, which supported our findings at Galilee and documented intermarsh movements by 10% of all banded birds. Lack of gender-bias in adult dispersal and strong natal philopatry of sparrows in Rhode Island occurs regularly among passerines possessing a variety of mating systems. Despite emancipation from parental and resource defense duties, adult male Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows exhibited apparent survival rates similar to adult females. Availability of high-quality breeding habitat, which is patchy and saturated, may be the most important factor limiting dispersal for Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows in Rhode Island.

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DiQuinzio, Deborah A., Peter W. C. Paton, and William R. Eddleman. "Nesting ecology of Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows in a tidally restricted salt marsh." Wetlands 22, no. 1 (March 2002): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0179:neosst]2.0.co;2.

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Hollingsworth, Anna, and Rod M. Connolly. "Feeding by fish visiting inundated subtropical saltmarsh." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 336, no. 1 (August 2006): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.04.008.

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Brownstein, Gretchen, J. Bastow Wilson, and David J. Burritt. "Waterlogging tolerance on a New Zealand saltmarsh." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 446 (August 2013): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2013.05.025.

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Stevens, PW, CL Montague, and KJ Sulak. "Fate of fish production in a seasonally flooded saltmarsh." Marine Ecology Progress Series 327 (December 7, 2006): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps327267.

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Pagès, Jordi F., Stuart R. Jenkins, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Elwyn Sharps, and Martin W. Skov. "Opposing Indirect Effects of Domestic Herbivores on Saltmarsh Erosion." Ecosystems 22, no. 5 (November 30, 2018): 1055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0322-5.

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Domínguez-Valenzuela, José Alfredo, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz, Candelario Palma-Bautista, José Guadalupe Vázquez-García, Hugo E. Cruz-Hipolito, and Rafael De Prado. "Non-Target Site Mechanisms Endow Resistance to Glyphosate in Saltmarsh Aster (Aster squamatus)." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091970.

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Of the six-glyphosate resistant weed species reported in Mexico, five were found in citrus groves. Here, the glyphosate susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were evaluated in saltmarsh aster (Aster squamatus), a weed that also occurs in Mexican citrus groves. The R population accumulated 4.5-fold less shikimic acid than S population. S plants hardly survived at 125 g ae ha−1 while most of the R plants that were treated with 1000 g ae ha−1, which suffered a strong growth arrest, showed a vigorous regrowth from the third week after treatment. Further, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate basal and enzymatic activities did not diverge between populations, suggesting the absence of target-site resistance mechanisms. At 96 h after treatment, R plants absorbed ~18% less glyphosate and maintained 63% of the 14C-glyphsoate absorbed in the treated leaf in comparison to S plants. R plants metabolized twice as much (72%) glyphosate to amino methyl phosphonic acid and glyoxylate as the S plants. Three non-target mechanisms, reduced absorption and translocation and increased metabolism, confer glyphosate resistance saltmarsh aster. This is the first case of glyphosate resistance recorded for A. squamatus in the world.

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Russell, TL, BH Kay, and GA Skilleter. "Environmental effects of mosquito insecticides on saltmarsh invertebrate fauna." Aquatic Biology 6 (June 2, 2009): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00156.

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Foster, N. R., B. M. Gillanders, A. R. Jones, J. M. Young, and M. Waycott. "A muddy time capsule: using sediment environmental DNA for the long-term monitoring of coastal vegetated ecosystems." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 8 (2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19175.

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Seagrass, saltmarsh and mangrove habitats are declining around the world as anthropogenic activity and climate change intensify. To be able to effectively restore and maintain healthy coastal-vegetation communities, we must understand how and why they have changed in the past. Identifying shifts in vegetation communities, and the environmental or human drivers of these, can inform successful management and restoration strategies. Unfortunately, long-term data (i.e. decades to hundreds of years) on coastal vegetated ecosystems that can discern community-level changes are mostly non-existent in the scientific record. We propose implementing DNA extracted from coastal sediments to provide an alternative approach to long-term ecological reconstruction for coastal vegetated ecosystems. This type of DNA is called ‘environmental DNA’ and has previously been used to generate long-term datasets for other vegetated systems but has not yet been applied to vegetation change in coastal settings. In this overview, we explore the idea of using sediment eDNA as a long-term monitoring tool for seagrass, saltmarsh and mangrove communities. We see real potential in this approach for reconstructing long-term ecological histories of coastal vegetated ecosystems, and advocate that further research be undertaken to develop appropriate methods for its use.

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Baily, Brian, and Robert Inkpen. "Assessing historical saltmarsh change; an investigation into the reliability of historical saltmarsh mapping using contemporaneous aerial photography and cartographic data." Journal of Coastal Conservation 17, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11852-013-0250-7.

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Saintilan, Neil, and Robert J. Williams. "Mangrove transgression into saltmarsh environments in south-east Australia." Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, no. 2 (March 1999): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00133.x.

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