Journal articles: 'Saltbush'

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Norman, Hayley C., Colby Freind, David G. Masters, Allan J. Rintoul, Robyn A. Dynes, and Ian H. Williams. "Variation within and between two saltbush species in plant composition and subsequent selection by sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 9 (2004): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04031.

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This work examines nutritive value and preference by sheep of 2 saltbush species, river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) and old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia). Both species are woody perennials that are native to Australia and used in commercial grazing systems. The hypothesis for this study was that sheep will graze saltbushes with higher nutritive value and lower secondary compounds in preference to bushes with lower nutritive value and higher secondary compounds. This was expected to be found both within and between the old man and river saltbush species. To test the hypothesis, 10-month-old Merino ewes grazed a 10-ha plot containing a mixture of old man and river saltbush in approximately equal proportions. Within the plot, and prior to grazing, 20 bushes of each species were pegged for identification and samples of edible plant material collected for analysis. Each week during the grazing period the bushes were photographed for assessment of preference. Sheep preferred river saltbush to old man saltbush and also showed some preferences for specific bushes within each species. Differences in digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, crude protein, ash, oxalates, and nitrates were not clearly associated with differences in preference. Although the reasons for preferences were not demonstrated, the analysis of the plant material did indicate that the content of total ash and oxalates was at levels likely to depress voluntary feed intake.

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Fancote, C. R., H. C. Norman, I. H. Williams, and D. G. Masters. "Cattle performed as well as sheep when grazing a river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola)-based pasture." Animal Production Science 49, no. 11 (2009): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08230.

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In Mediterranean-type climates, saltbush grown on saline land offers producers valuable feed during the autumn feed gap. Saltbush has high crude protein concentrations, moderate to low energy concentrations and accumulates very high concentrations of soluble salt. As ruminants cannot store quantities of salt, intake of saltbush is limited by the individuals’ ability to excrete salt. The aim of this 6-week study was to compare the relative performance, diet selection and urine concentrating ability of mature sheep and cattle grazing a young stand of river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) with a volunteer annual understorey, consisting of senesced and germinating annual grasses. We measured liveweight and condition score of 30 mature Merino wethers and 15 mature Hereford-cross cows grazing the same saltbush stand, with a volunteer understorey of predominantly annual grasses, for 6 weeks during late autumn. Saltbush intake and diet selection were estimated at the same time using sodium (Na) : creatinine ratios in urine and carbon isotope ratios in faeces. During the first 3 weeks of grazing, the data indicated that cattle significantly outperformed sheep with a 15% increase in liveweight compared with sheep with an average increase of 4%. It is possible that some of this difference may be associated with different rates of loss of digesta associated with restricted access to food in the 2 h before weighing. No differences were found between the proportion of plants with a C4 photosynthetic pathway (saltbushes) in the diets selected by sheep and cattle for the majority of grazing. The specific gravity and Na concentration of urine was similar across livestock species. While this provided no indication of a difference in ability to concentrate or excrete Na, sheep did have a consistently higher Na : creatinine ratio in urine. The higher ratio is consistent with more efficient Na excretion and this may be significant when the species graze saltbush without low salt supplement or if water is restricted. Historically, it has been thought that cattle would not perform as well as sheep when grazing saltbush, but under the conditions of this study, when feed on offer is not limiting dry matter intake and fresh water is available, cattle are able to utilise this out of season feed source as well as, or possibly better than, sheep.

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Barrett-Lennard, E. G., and C. V. Malcolm. "Increased concentrations of chloride beneath stands of saltbushes (Atriplex species) suggest substantial use of groundwater." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 8 (1999): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99068.

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Summary. This paper examines the accumulation of soil chloride and the increase in electrical conductivity of the groundwater beneath stands of saltbushes (Atriplex species) in a plant spacing trial conducted near Kellerberrin in Western Australia. The trial had a randomised block design with 5 plant spacings (1 by 1 m, 1 by 2 m, 2 by 2 m, 2 by 3 m, and 3 by 3 m), 5 saltbush species (Atriplex undulata D. Dietr., A. amnicola Paul G. Wilson, A. vesicaria Heward ex Benth., A. paludosa R. Br. and A. bunburyana F. Muell.) and 3 replicate plots (each consisting of 25 plants in 5 by 5 array). The saline groundwater at the site was between 0.5 and 1.2 m below the surface for the duration of the experiment. Over a 2-year period there was a substantial increase in soil chloride concentration beneath the saltbushes. These increases were proportional to saltbush ‘leaf density’ (weight per unit soil surface area) and inversely proportional to the initial concentration of chloride in the soil. There was a substantial increase in the electrical conductivity of the groundwater which was also proportional to ‘leaf density’. It is argued that the increases in soil salinity and groundwater electrical conductivity were primarily due to the use of groundwater by the saltbush stands. Salt accumulation data suggest that about 60–100 mm of groundwater was used (transpiration and evaporation) over the 2 years. These results are discussed in terms of the ability of saltbushes to lower local watertables, thereby making saline soils better suited to the growth of superior annual pasture species.

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Chadwick, M. A., P. E. Vercoe, I. H. Williams, and D. K. Revell. "Programming sheep production on saltbush: adaptations of offspring from ewes that consumed high amounts of salt during pregnancy and early lactation." Animal Production Science 49, no. 4 (2009): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08234.

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We investigated if feeding a high salt diet (pellet containing 14% NaCl) or saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) to ewes between day 60 of gestation and day 21 of lactation would allow their offspring to gain more weight, and produce more wool, when grazing saltbush as adults compared to offspring from ewes that were fed a control diet (2% NaCl) or grazed pasture. At 10 months of age, offspring grazed saltbush for 8 weeks then dry pasture for 2 weeks. Throughout this time, liveweights, plasma renin activity and wool growth (g/day) were measured. Greasy and clean fleece weights, and fleece characteristics were measured at 14 months of age, and greasy fleece weight was measured again at 22 months after grazing pasture. Offspring from ewes that consumed the high salt pellet had an 8 and 10% increased fleece weight at 14 and 22 months of age, respectively (P ≤ 0.01). Offspring of ewes that consumed saltbush also showed an 8% increase in greasy fleece weight at 22 months of age (P ≤ 0.05). Offspring from ewes that consumed saltbush had lower plasma renin activity and gained tissue weight when grazing saltbush (P ≤ 0.05), whereas the other three treatment groups all lost weight (P > 0.05). Grazing pregnant ewes on saltbush induces important adaptations in plasma renin activity of their offspring, which allows them to gain weight when grazing saltbush as adults and may also increase the density of their wool follicles. Grazing pregnant ewes on saltbush can profit farmers in three main ways: (i) ability to utilise salt-affected land; (ii) increase weight gain of sheep when grazing saltbush; and (iii) increase fleece weight.

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Arieli, A., E. Naim, R. W. Benjamin, and D. Pasternak. "The effect of feeding saltbush and sodium chloride on energy metabolism in sheep." Animal Science 49, no. 3 (December 1989): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100032657.

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ABSTRACTThe effect of consumption of saltbush and sodium chloride on energy metabolism in sheep was investigated. Twenty-four Awassi wethers were fed at maintenance level and allotted to three treatments: saltbush (Atriplex barclayana), salt (NaCl) and control. Daily mineral intakes with these diets were 149, 158 and 57 g, respectively. The saltbush had been irrigated with an equal-part mixture of seawater and fresh water and contained 15 g nitrogen and 310 g ash per kg. Energy and nitrogen balance were conducted using indirect calorimetry. The disappearance of organic matter and nitrogen from saltbush in the rumen was studied by the polyester bag technique.Water intake of animals fed a high salt diet was 2·9 times higher and urine excretion was 3·7 times higher than in the control. Digested energy was proportionately 0·616 of dietary gross energy in the saltbush treatment, and 0·700 and 0·707 in the salt and control treatments respectively. Metabolizable energy (ME) was proportionately 0·795, 0·786 and 0·815 of digested energy, and heat production was 1·135, 1·043 and 0·867 of ME in the saltbush, salt and control treatments, respectively. The calculated values for digestible energy, ME, and net energy for maintenance on the saltbush diet were 5·02, 3·77 and 0·54 MJ/kg dry matter.It is suggested that the low energetic utilization of saltbush is related to its low digestibility and the associated increase in energy expenditure, which are apparently related to mineral metabolism in the rumen. To maintain sheep on saltbush diets efforts should be made to lower the mineral content of this shrub.

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Clift, DK, KL Dalton, and JC Prior. "Bladder Saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria Heward Ex Benth) Regeneration on the Riverine Plain of South-Eastern Australia since 1983." Rangeland Journal 11, no. 1 (1989): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9890031.

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This study reviews the distribution of healthy bladder saltbush on the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia towards the end of 1986, as well as the characteristics of regeneration following the saltbush dieback of 1977-83. The area of bladder saltbush increased by 53 per cent, from 0.53 to 0.81 million ha, in the period 1983-86. A further 0.32 million ha, which previously supported saltbush, failed to regenerate. Variations in the pattern and progress of regeneration were closely related to variations in soil type and the effects of pre- and post-dieback grazing. Although the cause of dieback remains unknown, it would appear that much of the decline in the distribution of bladder saltbush could be attributed to post-dieback mismanagement of affected stands.

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Fancote, C. R., P. E. Vercoe, K. L. Pearce, I. H. Williams, and H. C. Norman. "Backgrounding lambs on saltbush provides an effective source of Vitamin E that can prevent Vitamin E deficiency and reduce the incidence of subclinical nutritional myopathy during summer and autumn." Animal Production Science 53, no. 3 (2013): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12039.

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Vitamin E deficiency is common in sheep during summer and autumn in Mediterranean environments because of the lack of green feed. Deficiency of Vitamin E can lead to the development of nutritional myopathy, a condition causing heart and skeletal muscle damage which, in severe cases, can lead to death of the animal. Saltbush (Atriplex spp.) contains high concentrations of Vitamin E, so providing sheep with access to saltbush during summer may improve their Vitamin E status and prevent Vitamin E deficiency. We wished to determine whether backgrounding lambs on saltbush over summer and autumn (i.e. graze saltbush-based pastures for several weeks before finishing them to condition suitable for slaughter) would prevent Vitamin E deficiency and nutritional myopathy and compared the effectiveness of this strategy in preventing Vitamin E deficiency to a commercially available synthetic Vitamin E supplement. Ten-month-old cross-bred lambs (n = 48) were backgrounded on dry, senesced (control) or saltbush-based pastures for 8 weeks during summer. After backgrounding they were fed a grain-based finishing ration containing low levels of Vitamin E for a further 5 weeks. We found that while grazing saltbush the plasma Vitamin E concentrations of lambs increased from 1.1 to 2.6 mg/L within 3 weeks, concentrations that were significantly higher than the concentrations in the lambs that did not have access to saltbush during backgrounding (P < 0.001). The improved Vitamin E concentrations corresponded with a reduction in the incidence of nutritional myopathy, with none of the lambs grazing saltbush showing any biochemical signs of myopathy, whereas 17% of lambs backgrounded on control pastures had elevated plasma concentrations of creatine kinase that were indicative of subclinical nutritional myopathy. During the subsequent finishing phase, lambs that had not had access to saltbush during backgrounding were all Vitamin E deficient and, of these, 8.5% were diagnosed with subclinical nutritional myopathy. By contrast, none of the lambs backgrounded on saltbush was Vitamin E deficient nor did they have any biochemical evidence of Vitamin E-responsive myopathy. The present study demonstrated that saltbush is a valuable source of Vitamin E for livestock that can reduce the incidence of subclinical nutritional myopathy in lambs during summer and prevent plasma Vitamin E concentrations becoming deficient for up to 5 weeks after saltbush is removed from the diet.

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Garza, Andres, and Timothy E. Fulbright. "Comparative Chemical Composition of Armed Saltbush and Fourwing Saltbush." Journal of Range Management 41, no. 5 (September 1988): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899576.

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Pearce, K. L., D. G. Masters, G. M. Smith, R. H. Jacob, and D. W. Pethick. "Plasma and tissue α-tocopherol concentrations and meat colour stability in sheep grazing saltbush (Atriplex spp.)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 7 (2005): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05001.

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Dry senesced pastures available during the summer and autumn period in Western Australia and other areas with a Mediterranean climate are low in vitamin E. The use of expensive and labour-intensive supplements to prevent nutritional myopathy induced by vitamin E deficiency in weaner sheep is common. Low vitamin E concentrations in the muscle preslaughter can also reduce the shelf life of meat. There is growing interest in incorporating saltbush into farming systems in Western Australia. The potential for saltbush to boost the vitamin E status of sheep and improve the shelf life of meat was investigated. Fifty (2 × 25) 18-month-old Merino hogget wethers (average liveweight 48 kg) were grazed on either a saltbush-dominant saline pasture or on a ‘control’ dry pasture, stubble plot for 14 weeks. At the start of the experiment, all animals were orally supplemented with 2500 IU of dl-α-tocopherol acetate in 6.25 mL solution. The α-tocopherol content in saltbush was 139 and 116 mg/kg dry matter for old man and river saltbush, respectively. Concentrations of α-tocopherol were measured in plasma at Weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 and in muscle and liver samples taken at slaughter. Grazing on saltbush significantly elevated α-tocopherol concentrations in the liver and muscle compared with grazing on dry pasture, well above the threshold for vitamin E inadequacy (P < 0.001). Plasma α-tocopherol concentrations in sheep fed saltbush increased up to Week 8 and then decreased until the end of the experiment as availability of saltbush declined (P < 0.05). Plasma α-tocopherol in sheep fed dry pasture increased in the first 4 weeks due to the initial vitamin E treatment but declined thereafter, indicating that the pasture was low in vitamin E. The high muscle concentrations of α-tocopherol in sheep fed saltbush also improved colour stability and may have had an influence on drip and cooking loss. The meat from the saltbush-grazed sheep was moister but drip and cooking loss was the same as from the drier meat of the control sheep. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that saltbush is a potential vitamin E source for sheep.

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Stephens, Sydney Rae, Teri J. Orr, and M. Denise Dearing. "Chiseling Away at the Dogma of Dietary Specialization in Dipodomys Microps." Diversity 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11060092.

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Dipodomys microps, the chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, is heralded as one of few mammalian herbivores capable of dietary specialization. Throughout its range, the diet of D. microps is thought to consist primarily of Atriplex confertifolia (saltbush), a C4 plant, and sparing amounts of C3 plants. Using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen as natural diet tracers, we asked whether D. microps is an obligate specialist on saltbush. We analyzed hair samples of D. microps for isotopes from historic and recent museum specimens (N = 66). A subset of samples (N = 17) from 2017 that were associated with field notes on plant abundances were further evaluated to test how local saltbush abundance affects its inclusion in the diet of D. microps. Overall, we found that the chisel-toothed kangaroo rat facultatively specializes on saltbush and that the degree of specialization has varied over time and space. Moreover, saltbush abundance dictates its inclusion in the diet. Furthermore, roughly a quarter of the diet is comprised of insects, and over the past century, insects have become more prevalent and saltbush less prevalent in the diet. We suggest that environmental factors such as climate change and rangeland expansion have caused D. microps to include more C3 plants and insects.

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Arizaga, J., E. Unamuno, O. Clarabuch, and A. Azkona. "The impact of an invasive exotic bush on the stopover ecology of migrant passerines." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 36, no. 1 (June 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2013.36.0001.

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Migration is highly energy-demanding and birds often need to accumulate large fuel loads during this period. However, original habitat at stopover sites could be affected by invasive exotic plants outcompeting native vegetation. The impact of exotic plants on the stopover behavior of migrant bird species is poorly understood. As a general hypothesis, it can be supposed that habitat change due to the presence of exotic plants will affect migrants, having a negative impact on bird abundance, on avian community assemblage, and/or on fuel deposition rate. To test these predictions, we used data obtained in August 2011 at a ringing station in a coastal wetland in northern Iberia which contained both unaltered reedbeds (Phragmites spp.) and areas where the reedbeds had been largely replaced by the invasive saltbush (Baccharis halimifolia). Passerines associated with reedbeds during the migration period were used as model species, with a particular focus on sedge warblers (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus). The saltbush promoted a noticeable change on bird assemblage, which became enriched by species typical of woodland habitats. Sedge warblers departed with a higher fuel load, showed a higher fuel deposition rate, and stayed for longer in the control zone than in the invaded zone. Invasive plants, such as saltbush, can impose radical changes on habitat, having a direct effect on the stopover strategies of migrants. The substitution of reedbeds by saltbushes in several coastal marshes in Atlantic Europe should be regarded as a problem with potential negative cons equences for the conservation of migrant bird species associated with this habitat.

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Moreno, Greicy Mitzi Bezerra, Hirasilva Borba, Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo, Tadeu Vinhas Voltolini, Salete Alves de Moraes, Américo Garcia da Silva Sobrinho, Oscar Boaventura Neto, Dorgival Morais de Lima Júnior, Luis Gabriel Alves Cirne, and Marcos Eli Buzanskas. "Digestibility and performance of lambs fed diets containing old man saltbush hay." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p455.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, water balance, and performance of lambs fed diets containing old man saltbush hay associated with a concentrate. Thirty-two castrated feedlot Santa Inês lambs at approximately eight months of age, with 22 ± 1.97 kg body weight, were distributed into a completely randomized experimental design. Acid detergent fiber intake increased (P < 0.05), whereas non-fibrous carbohydrates intake decreased (P < 0.01). Inclusion of old man saltbush in the diet reduced (P < 0.01) the digestibility of dry and organic matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The intakes of digestible dry and organic matter, ether extract, total carbohydrates, and digestible non-fibrous carbohydrates also decreased (P < 0.01). Inclusion of old man saltbush did not influence water consumption from the trough by the sheep, averaging 4,327.20 mL/day?1. Body weight at slaughter and daily weight gain decreased linearly (P < 0.05) and feed conversion worsened as old man saltbush hay was added to the diet. Inclusion of old man saltbush at up to 40% replacing the concentrate in feedlot lamb diets does not compromise the performance of these animals.

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Alves, J. N., G. G. L. Araújo, L. G. R. Pereira, S. Gonzaga Neto, D. R. Menezes, T. V. Voltolini, G. C. Gois, L. C. Souza, and F. S. Campos. "Incorporating oldman saltbush hay and prickly pear in diets for red Sindhi calves." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i3.7.

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This study was designed to evaluate the nutrient intake, digestibility, degradability, and ruminal characteristics of Sindhi heifers fed diets that contained a combined total of 75% oldman saltbush hay (hereafter saltbush hay) and prickly pear cactus. Eight 12-month old intact male red Sindhi calves (four fistulated and four non-fistulated) with an initial mean weight of 170 ± 5 kg were assigned to 4 × 4 Latin squares, where factors consisted of four diets, namely 15% hay and 60% cactus; 30% hay and 45% cactus; 45% hay and 30% cactus; and 60% hay and 15% cactus, and four times at which rumen fluid was collected. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intakes in kg/day and NDF in percentage live weight (LW), water intake, salinity, and conductivity increased with hay level. Intake and digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates were curvilinear with higher values in diets containing 30% saltbush hay. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter decreased linearly as the concentration of saltbush hay increased in the diet. The pH of the rumen fluid was within the acceptable range for favourable microbial growth. The low temperature and high salinity and conductivity indices in the diets should be viewed with caution at higher concentrations of saltbush hay, because of a possible decrease in nutrient absorption and the development of health problems in the animals. Apparent degradability coefficients of DM and NDF were affected significantly by inclusion of prickly pear and saltbush hay in the diets.Keywords: animal nutrition, apparent digestibility, Atriplex nummularia Lindl, Opuntia ficus, ruminal degradation, semi-arid environment

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Atiq-Ur-Rehma, n., JB Mackintosh, BE Warren, and DR Lindsay. "Revegetated Saline Pastures as a Forage Reserve for Sheep: 1. Effects of Season and Grazing on Morphology and Nutritive Value of Saltbush." Rangeland Journal 21, no. 1 (1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990003.

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This study determined the impact of grazing on the kind of material selected by sheep from a saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) plantation and the changes in the chemical composition of saltbush plants associated with season. Saltbush plants in four plots of about 0.9 hectares each were scored from 1 to 5 on the basis of leafiness. Ten Merino wethers were grazed on each plot, giving a stocking rate of about 11 per hectare. The results demonstrated that sheep selected only stem material of less than 1.5 mm diameter, while the grazing pressure on saltbush plants, as described by the number of stems eaten per 0.1 m2, increased from less than one to an average of 18 to 20 stems in 5 to 7 weeks. Grazing had a significant effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nitrogen concentration of whole plant samples. During six weeks of grazing the DMD of whole plant samples cut 10 cm from the tips of the branches dropped from 0.53 to 0.25 (P<0.05), whereas the nitrogen content declined from 11 g/kg to 8 g/kg (P<0.05). At the end of grazing the nutritional value of whole plant samples was very poor and sheep refused to eat stem that was thicker than 1.5 mm. These findings question the grazable fraction reported in the literature for saltbush plantation. when the stem diameters used in calculations are not reported or thicker stems were assumed grazable. Season also had a significant effect on the ratio of leaf to stem and the mineral content. The concentration of sodium in saltbush leaf was negatively correlated (r = -0.93) with both nitrogen and potassium.

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MOURA, EDYMARA SINTHIA ROCHA DE, CHRISTIANO REBOUÇAS COSME, NILDO DA SILVA DIAS, JEANE CRUZ PORTELA, and ANA CLAUDIA MEDEIROS SOUZA. "YIELD AND FORAGE QUALITY OF SALTBUSH IRRIGATED WITH REJECT BRINE FROM DESALINATION PLANT BY REVERSE OSMOSIS." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 1 (March 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n101rc.

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ABSTRACT: Rural communities located in the Brazilian Northeast, especially in the semiarid zone, live with water shortages resulting from erratic rainfall. This work proposes the cultivation of saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) in the Rural Settlement Project of Boa Fé, Mossoró/RN as alternative to the disposal of reject brine from desalination plant on yield of forage. The statistical design was a split-plot design, being four treatments at the plots, related to irrigation with reject brine water, at different levels of soil moisture by moisture from Field Capacity (FC) (100, 85, 70 and 50% of FC) and in subplots and two levels of organic manure (without fertilized and fertilized) with four replications. The variables of yield and forage quality of saltbush were analyzed. It was observed that saltbush has a great production capacity in terms of fresh matter and drought for saltbush under a level of 85% soil moisture in relation to the field capacity of soil, presenting minimal loss of yield; however, this proved to be productive even with the dry soil. The total yield was satisfactory, showing its viability for forage production.

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Voltolini, Tadeu Vinhas, Kaio Victor Justo Belem, Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo, Salete Alves de Moraes, Glayciane Costa Gois, and Fleming Sena Campos. "Quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different old man saltbush levels." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 5Supl1 (August 7, 2019): 2363. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5supl1p2363.

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This study aimed to evaluate the quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different levels of old man saltbush inclusion in their composition. A completely randomized design was used with five levels of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) inclusion (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and pornunça (Manihot sp.) silages, with 5 replications per treatment, totaling 75 experimental mini-silos maintained in a covered shed and free of opportunistic animals. Silos were opened after 100 days of ensilage, and the silage of the first 15 cm of their ends was discarded. The remaining material was homogenized and sampled for determining the bromatological composition, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation profile. Old man saltbush inclusion levels in leucaena silages promoted a negative linear effect for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, pH, and ammoniacal nitrogen, while a positive linear effect was found for mineral matter, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and propionic acid (P < 0.05). This silage also had a quadratic effect for lactic acid. Gliricidia silages showed a positive linear behavior for dry matter, mineral matter, and total carbohydrates, whereas organic matter, crude protein, and ethereal extract presented a negative linear behavior (P < 0.05). The contents of organic lactic, acetic, and propionic acids showed a quadratic effect for gliricidia silage as old man saltbush levels increased (P < 0.05). Regarding pornunça silage, dry matter, mineral matter, total carbohydrates, propionic acid, and butyric acid presented a linear increasing behavior, while organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a linear decreasing behavior (P < 0.05). Lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations for pornunça silage showed a quadratic behavior according to the increasing old man saltbush inclusion levels (P < 0.05). The highest contribution of old man saltbush in the silages promoted changes in the profile of organic acids, allowing an improvement in silage quality, favoring lactic fermentation rather than acetic fermentation. Butyric acid contents were low for all treatments and indicated the control of undesirable fermentation processes. These results indicate that old man saltbush inclusion in silage composition may contribute to bromatological composition and fermentation process of the studied silages.

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Araújo, Gherman Garcia Leal de, Genilson Amaral Santos, Tadeu Vinhas Voltolini, Salete Alves de Moraes, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira, Glayciane Costa Gois, and Fleming Sena Campos. "Chemical composition and fermentative characteristics of old man saltbush silage supplemented with energy concentrates." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n3p1155.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation profile and chemical composition of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) silage supplemented with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) scraps or grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in the proportion of 10% based on natural matter. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 7 factorial arrangement (3 treatments and 7 opening days), with three replications. The treatments consisted of three silages: old man saltbush silage, old man saltbush silage + cassava scrap, and old man saltbush silage + grain sorghum. The experiment was conducted at the EMBRAPA Semiarid Animal Nutrition Laboratory, located in the city of Petrolina-PE. Twenty-one experimental silos were used for each treatment; these silos were opened after 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days in ensiling. The pH, ammoniacal nitrogen and total nitrogen ratio, dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, mineral matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrate, and dry matter in vitro digestibility. The additives grain sorghum and cassava scrap increased the dry matter content and reduced pH values. N-NH3 NT-1 values increased as the fermentation processes progressed, and after 56 fermentation days were close to 11%. Silages were classified as excellent in the fermentation process. The addition of cassava scrap and grain sorghum favors the ensiling process of the old man saltbush, providing improvements in the silage nutritive value. During the storage period, the use of these additives promoted a reduction of total losses, inhibition of alcoholic fermentation, and greater carbohydrates recovery, resulting in silage with a nutritive value similar to that of fresh forage, representing an alternative source of additives.

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Morcombe, PW, GE Young, and KA Boase. "Grazing a saltbush (Atriplex-Maireana) stand by Merino wethers to fill the autumn feed-gap experienced in the Western Australian wheat belt." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 6 (1996): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960641.

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Three-year-old Merino wethers were grazed at 4 stocking densities (15, 20, 25 and 30 sheep/ha) in 3 consecutive autumns on saltbush forage. About 50% of edible material was leaf [70% digestible dry matter (DDM), 8.9% crude protein (CP)] and 50% was small stems <5 mm diameter (40% DDM and 4.5% CP). In 1992, 9-month-old wethers also grazed the saltbush stand at 30 sheep/ha. Liveweight initially increased by 1-3 kg during the first 14 days of grazing, then declined at 60-100 g/day until the diminishing forage reserves became critical, by which time the stand had provided for about 450 grazing-days/ha. The performance of the 9-month-old wethers was comparable with the 3-year-old sheep at equivalent grazing pressure. In 1992, the tensile strength of wool staples from the 3-year-old sheep grazed at the higher density of 30 sheep/ha, 17.2 N/ktex, was weaker (P<0.05) than staples from sheep grazed at 15 and 20 sheep/ha, 27.1 N/ktex, and 25 sheep/ha, 24.9 N/ktex. Saltbush plantations can be used to provide a feed source which could partly fill the 'autumn feed-gap' for <9-month-old dry sheep. Grazing at <20 sheep/ha, removal of sheep from the saltbush before the mean liveweight declines below that at the start of grazing, and provision of a reliable supply of water will avoid low staple strength wool. More productive stands of saltbush, grown together with winter-active plant species, are needed to improve the economic viability of this grazing resource.

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Tosto, M. S. L., G. G. L. Araújo, L. G. P. Ribeiro, L. T. Henriques, D. R. Menezes, A. M. Barbosa, and C. O. Romão. "In vitro rumen fermentation kinetics of diets containing oldman saltbush hay and forage cactus, using a cattle inoculum." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 1 (February 2015): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6937.

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The aim of this experiment was to evaluate, by means of the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique, fermentation kinetics of carbohydrates and degradability of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) of diets containing oldman saltbush hay levels (8.4; 18.8; 31.2 and 48.3%) associated to forage cactus in natura. Pressure readings of the gases were done with a pressure transducer at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 20, 24, 28, 34, 48, 72 and 96h post-inoculation. The rumen kinetics was described by the following parameters: maximum potential of gas production, lag time and production rates of gas (k), fibrous carbohydrates (FC) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). It could be observed that the addition of oldman saltbush hay to the diets promoted a quadratic effect in the production of gases originated from NFC. However, there was no significant effect on the production of gases originated from FC and on production rates of gases from NFC and FC. The degradability of DM and OM did not differ due to the addition of oldman saltbush hay. The use of 8.4% hay and 74.9% forage cactus promoted the maximum potential of production of gases from the fibrous fraction of diets containing cactus and oldman saltbush hay.

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Lancaster, Melanie L., Michael G. Gardner, Alison J. Fitch, Talat H. Ansari, and Anita K. Smyth. "A direct benefit of native saltbush revegetation for an endemic lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 3 (2012): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12063.

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Land alteration for intensive agriculture has been a major cause of species decline and extinction globally. In marginal grazing regions of southern Australia, native perennial shrubs are increasingly being planted to supplement pasture feeding of stock. Such revegetation has the benefits of reducing erosion and salinity, and importantly, the potential provision of habitat for native fauna. We explored the use of revegetated native saltbush by the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) an endemic Australian species common in the region. We repeatedly sampled revegetated saltbush throughout 2010 and 2011 for adults (n = 55) and juveniles (n = 26). Using genotypes from eight microsatellite loci, parents were assigned to half of all juveniles with high statistical confidence. Parents were sampled in the same patch of revegetated saltbush as their offspring, thus supporting the observation that juvenile sleepy lizards remain within the home range of their parents before dispersal. Most importantly, our findings indicate that revegetated saltbush provides important habitat for T. rugosa at significant life stages – before and during breeding for adults, and before dispersal for juveniles. We conclude that revegetation using simple, monoculture plantations provides beneficial habitat for T. rugosa and may also be beneficial habitat for other native species in human-altered agricultural landscapes.

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Keiller, Benjamin G., Philip J. van Eyk, Daniel J. Lane, Richard Muhlack, and Rachel A. Burton. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Australian Saltbush." Energy & Fuels 33, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b03416.

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22

Weber, Richard W. "On The Cover – Annual Saltbush." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 107, no. 5 (November 2011): A13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.09.005.

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23

Graetz, RD. "A Comparative Study of Sheep Grazing a Semi-Arid Saltbush Pasture in Two Condition Classes." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 1 (1986): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860046.

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Measurements were made of the wool growth, body weight gain and diet of sheep grazing a saltbush pasture near Broken Hill, N.S.W. The experiment utilized a fenceline contrast in saltbush (Atriplex vesrcarra) density that was visible on Landsat imagery. It ran for five years (1976-1981) with a design of two pasture types by two stocking rates. Fleece weights varied from 3.9-6.0 kg/head and wool production from 0.6-2.9 kg/ha. Neither wool production per head nor bodyweight were substantially affected by stocking rate or pasture type. The composition and quality of the diets selected by sheep on both pastures were identical and of high nutritional value indicating their capability to accommodate differences in pasture composition. Pasture quality was not limiting between stocking rates or determined by the abundance of saltbush. Changes in pasture composition resulting from grazing and exclosure were small and of no significance.

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Khan, Masud A., and James N. McCrimmon. "Utilization of Aquaculture Effluent to Supplement the Water and Nutrient use of Native Plant Nursery Production." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 789F—789. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.789f.

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The multiple use of water from aquaculture to supplement irrigated crop production could minimize the cost of growing fish and irrigating crops. Aquaculture effluent was utilized to supplement the fertility and irrigation of six native shrub species (big sage, fourwing saltbush, mountain mahogany, Mormon tea, rubber rabbitbrush, and winterfat). Plants were established in two container types: 20-liter standard polypot and nonwoven UV-stabilized Duon synthetic fiber growbags. The plants were irrigated with fish effluent or city water. Plants irrigated with fish effluent were not given any fertilizer treatment, while plants irrigated with city water were fertilized with Osmocote®. Fish effluent was suitable for production of fourwing saltbush, rubber rabbitbrush, big sage, and winterfat. Fourwing saltbush irrigated with effluent had the best survival rate, while mountain mahogany irrigated with effluent had the poorest growth and survival rates. Big sage, rubber rabbitbrush, and winterfat had better growth and survival rates in the growbags, while Mormon tea had better growth and survival rate in the polypot containers.

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Descheemaeker, K., A. P. Smith, M. J. Robertson, A. M. Whitbread, N. I. Huth, W. Davoren, J. Emms, and R. Llewellyn. "Simulation of water-limited growth of the forage shrub saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) in a low-rainfall environment of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13452.

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Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) is a useful forage shrub for livestock in the low-rainfall areas of the world, and particularly in Australia. In these semi-arid and arid environments, saltbush is valuable for increasing the production from otherwise marginal areas of the farm and during drought periods when there are few feed alternatives. The ability to predict the growth and development of perennial forages such as old man saltbush in response to rainfall, soils and farm management is necessary for farming system planning and design purposes. A field experiment was conducted at Waikerie, South Australia, to inform the development of a new forage shrub model for use in the APSIM framework. The model takes into account the common setup of saltbush plantations in alley systems, by simulating light interception and water uptake for interacting shrub and inter-row zones separately. This is done by modelling the canopy and root system development. Field data across three soil types along a landscape catena showed that the model was able to satisfactorily predict daily biomass accumulation, partitioning into leaf and woody biomass, and regrowth after grazing. The model was sensitive to properties associated with the root system, and with limited parameterisation can be tailored to simulate different clonal cultivars. The model can now be used in the APSIM framework to assess temporal and spatial dynamics of forage systems combining shrubs with herbaceous pasture components.

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Alvarenga, Tharcilla Isabella Rodrigues Costa, Hirasilva Borba, Greicy Mitzi Bezerra Moreno, Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo, Juliana Lolli Malagoli de Mello, Rita de Cássia Dourado, José Carlos Barbosa, and Pedro Alves de Souza. "Quality of aged shoulder from lambs fed with different oldman saltbush hay levels (Atriplex nummularia)." Ciência Rural 44, no. 12 (December 2014): 2252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130017.

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This study assessed the effects of different levels of oldman saltbush hay and ageing time on the physical characteristics of Santa Inês lamb meat. Sixty shoulders from 32 male lambs fed with 30, 40, 50 or 60% oldman saltbush hay for 60 days were vacuum-packaged and stored in a refrigerator at 0 ± 1°C for 0, 7 or 14 days of ageing. The shear force, cooking loss and water holding capacity were 3.06kgf cm-2, 37.28% and 76.71%, respectively, and there were no significant changed by studied factors (P>0.05)

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Munda, B. D., S. M. Lambert, and J. C. Garrison. "Registration of ‘Santa Rita’ Fourwing Saltbush." Crop Science 30, no. 6 (November 1990): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000060067x.

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Sampson, J. F., M. Byrne, H. C. Norman, and E. Barrett-Lennard. "Confirming the genetic affinity of the ‘Eyres Green’ saltbush cultivar as oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.)." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 7 (2014): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14233.

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Until recently, ‘Eyres Green’ was the only commercial cultivar of oldman saltbush available for forage planting and landscape rehabilitation. ‘Eyres Green’ is believed to be a clonal cultivar of the ecologically and economically important octoploid dioecious species Atriplex nummularia (Lindl.), but its actual identity is unknown. The genetic relationship of the ‘Eyres Green’ clonal cultivar to the two subspecies A. nummularia ssp. nummularia and A. nummularia ssp. spathulata (Aellen) was assessed using nuclear microsatellite markers, principal coordinate analysis and Bayesian clustering. ‘Eyres Green’ clustered with ssp. nummularia in all analyses, suggesting that the cultivar was derived from an individual of this subspecies, probably from the north-eastern part of the subspecies’ distribution in eastern Australia. Atriplex species are dioecous and substantially wind-pollinated. Plants of the ‘Eyres Green’ cultivar are female, so risk of genetic contamination from initial plantings is low, but could occur if plantings within pollination distance of natural populations set seed and establish male plants that subsequently become a source of pollen contamination.

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Smith, Andrew P., Eric Zurcher, Rick S. Llewellyn, and Hayley C. Norman. "Designing Integrated Systems for the Low Rainfall Zone Based on Grazed Forage Shrubs with a Managed Interrow." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102348.

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Managed plantations of saltbush have the potential to increase the productivity and climate resilience of the farming systems of the low rainfall areas of the world, where livestock are important. The objective was to dynamically simulate the behaviour of grazing saltbush plantations with a new modelling capacity in the APSIM framework to enable the dynamic grazing of forage systems. Scenarios simulated included: the choice of plant species growing in the interrow area between shrub-rows, density of saltbush spatial arrangement, locations with different climates and soils, and grazing strategy by sheep. Comparisons of scenarios across systems were insightful during rainfall years when the shrub systems are of high value (i.e., driest/lowest 20% rainfall years in the simulation period). Overall, the efficient grazing of shrubs by dry sheep with little supplementary feeding, required the availability of a large amount of low quality interrow. Shrub plantations with an interrow of standing oats required least supplementation. Summer grazing was the optimal time for grazing shrub plantations in low rainfall years. Plantations with more shrubs relative to interrow increased the need for supplementary feeding but reduced the variation between years. This is one of the first uses of systems modelling to explore forage shrub system designs that maximise the grazing value of shrub plus interrow.

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Millsom, David A. "Direct seeding of saltbush: Landholder-driven initiatives." Ecological Management and Restoration 3, no. 3 (December 2002): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2002.00108.x.

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Doria, J. Rafael Cavazos, and Earl F. Aldon. "Fourwing saltbush seedling survival using saline irrigation." Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 7, no. 3 (July 1993): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324989309381354.

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32

Franklin-McEvoy, J., W. D. Bellotti, and D. K. Revell. "Supplementary feeding with grain improves the performance of sheep grazing saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) in autumn." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 8 (2007): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06149.

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Merino wethers aged 1.5 years grazed a saltland pasture comprising old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) with an inter-row of senesced grasses and medic for 6 weeks in autumn, in a cereal–livestock zone with a Mediterranean-type environment in South Australia. The experimental treatments were a control (old man saltbush, SB), supplementation with 250 g/sheep.day barley straw (SB + S), supplementation with 250 g/sheep.day barley grain (SB + G) and supplementation with 250 g/sheep.day barley straw + 250 g/sheep.day barley grain (SB + S + G). The sheep in SB + G finished the experimental period significantly heavier (53.6 kg, P < 0.001) than SB (51.0 kg), SB + S (50.5 kg) or SB + S + G (51.1 kg) animals. Feeding grain also increased length of wool grown daily by 16% and would have increased the value of the sheep by being able to sell them ‘out of season’ when prices are higher. Sheep supplemented with grain alone had a higher liveweight than those provided with grain and straw, a result that cannot be explained but may be associated with altered grazing behaviour. It appears that, while old man saltbush provides sheep with an acceptable intake of protein and minerals, the addition of a cereal grain supplement improves energy balance and optimises rumen protein capture to improve liveweight and wool growth performance.

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Li, Jianjian, Esmat F. Ali, Ali Majrashi, Mamdouh A. Eissa, and Omer H. M. Ibrahim. "Compost Enhances Forage Yield and Quality of River Saltbush in Arid Conditions." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070595.

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High temperatures and water scarcity are among the main obstacles to producing fodder in arid regions. Saltbush shrubs are used for livestock in many arid regions, especially in saline conditions, due to their high salt tolerance. The produced forage materials under these saline conditions are often low in quantity and quality. This article presents field studies that were conducted for two growing seasons to evaluate the forage yield and quality of river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola Paul G. Wilson) as a function of compost application. The plants were cultivated in saline soil (15 dS m−1), and compost was added at four rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha−1). River saltbush plant produced 9.23−15.60 t ha−1 of stems and 4.25−7.20 t ha−1 of leaves yearly (over all the treatments). The crude protein (CP) ranged between 48−70 g kg−1 in the stems and between 160−240 g kg−1 in the leaves (over all the treatments). The forage yield, crude protein, dry matter, and mineral contents of the tested plant increased significantly (p < 0.05) due to compost addition. The application of 5, 10, and 15 t ha−1 of compost reduced the Na+ concentrations in the leaves by 14, 16, and 19% (as means of two years) compared with the control. In the same trend, these rates reduced the oxalate concentrations in the leaves by 38, 30, and 29% (as means of two years) compared with the control. Our results show that compost application improves the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT). Compost reduces the adverse impacts of soil salinity by improving the photosynthesis process and increasing the activity of antioxidant defense. Compost also enhances the growth of river saltbush plants cultivated in saline soils, thus, enhancing their value as animal feed. Halophyte plants can be used to utilize saline soils that are not suitable for traditional production. Compost addition is a good agricultural strategy to increase growth and reduce the negative effects of salts.

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Nadaf, S. K., S. A. Al-Khamisi, A. H. AI-Lawati, Y. M. Ibrahim, and M. G. EI-Hag. "Productivity of Saltbush (Atriplex) Species Under Saline Soil and Water Conditions in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 4, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol4iss2pp41-46.

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A field observation trial was carried out at Agricultural Research Center, Rumais, Sultanate of Oman to evaluate the productivity and forage quality of two species of Saltbush viz. Quali saltbush (Artiplex lentiformis L.) And Fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens L), both are perennial and of North American origin. Plants were irrigated with brackish water (EC more than 10.00 dS/m) under drip irrigation and grown with minimum tillage and sub-optimum management conditions. Biomass production was evaluated in terms of five characters i.e. plant height, plant width, plant volume, green fodder yield/plant and green fodder yield/ha over the experimental period (747 d). Arriplex lenformis produced a total green fodder yield of 53.29 kg/plant equivalent to 59.21 t/ha as compared to that of 31.27 kg/plant (34.75 t/ha) produced by Atriplex canescens. The cut yields and interaction effects (between the species and cuts) were also significantly different with respect to all the characters. Chemical composition of the Atriplex species indicated that A Ientiformis had higher levels of Na, K, Cl and Ca as compared to A canescens. The studies of nutrient composition of bulk samples of the Atriplex species revealed that the fresh material contained 34.30% dry matter. On dry matter basis, the Atriplex material had 9.40% crude protein (CP), 24.00% crude fiber (CF), l.5% extract ( EE), 19.60% ash and 45.50% nitrogen free extract (NFE). Despite its high ash content, Atriplex material appeared to be a nutritious and cheap source of nitrogen complementation.

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35

Oliveira Junior, Luiz Fernando Ganassali de, Fabrício de Oliveira Reis, Jailson Lara Fagundes, Paulo Roberto Gagliardi, and Lucas Fonseca Menezes Oliveira. "Ecophysiological and biochemical responses of saltbush subjected to salinity." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 46, no. 2 (June 2016): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4638719.

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ABSTRACT Saltbush, a halophyte species tolerant to salt stress, is an excellent material for the identification of physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance to salinity. This study aimed at evaluating the ecophysiological and biochemical responses of saltbush plants at the concentrations of 0 mM, 150 mM, 300 mM, 450 mM and 600 mM of NaCl. Biometry, gas exchange and relative content of chlorophyll and proline in the leaves were measured. Plants presented growth stimulation mainly at the levels of 0 mM, 150 mM and 300 mM of NaCl. Regarding gas exchange, plants showed variation in the photosynthetic rate and stomatal regulation, with a small increase in leaf transpiration. Salinity did not significantly alter the chlorophyll contents, but induced an increase in proline contents in all NaCl levels, demonstrating a growth maintenance capacity and indicating the occurrence of osmotic adjustment.

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36

Clift, DK, WS Semple, and JC Prior. "A survey of Bladder Saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth) dieback on the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia from the late 1970s to 1983." Rangeland Journal 9, no. 1 (1987): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9870039.

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Bladder saltbush (Ahiplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth) is a valuable perennial chenopod shrub of the northem Riverine Plain of south-eastem Australia. From 1977 to 1983, dieback affected stands of this shrub over a wide area, reducing the drought reserves on many pastoral holdings. By early 1983 reports of new outbreaks of dieback had ceased, and by late 1983 regeneration, both vegetatively and from seedlings, was evident in most areas. This study reviews what is known of this dieback event. The extent of healthy bladder saltbush stands, pre-dieback and towards the end of the dieback period was mapped. It was found that the area of leafy bush had declined by 53 per cent, from 1.1 to 0.5 million hectares, by the end of 1983. There was considerable variation in timing, pattern and progress of dieback. The cause was not established.

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Malcolm, CV, CV Malcolm, TC Swaan, and TC Swaan. "Soil mulches and sprayed coatings and seed washing to aid Chenopod establishment on saline soil." Rangeland Journal 7, no. 1 (1985): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850022.

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Three field experiments were conducted on saline sites to compare vermiculite and 'Compeat' mulches and sprayed latex or bituminous coatings as coverings for seed placed on soil in a 'V' shaped niche. Chenopod fruits were washed in water to remove germination inhibitors before planting. The effectiveness of the treatments were assessed by counting seedling emergence and survival. Black pigmented latex and bituminous emulsion coatings gave significant improvements in emergence and survival on Atriplex spp. and Maireana brevifolia seedlings over 10 months. Bituminous emulsion stabilized the soil in the niche better than lattices, especially at high dilutions. Seed washing doubled emergence of Atriplex amnicola (river saltbush) if used in combination with a mulch. Vermiculite gave a marked increase in emergence and survival of seedlings of river saltbush and was significantly better than 'Compeat'. Low temperatures and high soil salinities were postulated as possible causes of reduced emergence on saline sites.

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38

Abu-Zanat, M. M. W. "Voluntary Intake and Digestibility of Saltbush by Sheep." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 18, no. 2 (April 21, 2005): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.214.

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39

Hodgkinson, Harmon S. "Relationship of Saltbush Species to Soil Chemical Properties." Journal of Range Management 40, no. 1 (January 1987): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899355.

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Ansley, R. James, and Rollin H. Abernethy. "Environmental Factors Influencing Gardner Saltbush Seed Dormancy Alleviation." Journal of Range Management 38, no. 4 (July 1985): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899415.

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Kefu, Z., R. Munns, and RW King. "Abscisic Acid Levels in Nacl-Treated Barley, Cotton and Saltbush." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 1 (1991): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910017.

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Exposing barley and cotton plants to 75 mol m-3 NaCl reduced transpiration and increased abscisic acid (ABA) levels in leaves, roots and xylem sap. Exposing saltbush (Atriplex spongiosa) plants to 75 mol m-3 NaCI, at which concentration they grow best, did not affect transpiration or ABA levels but when the NaCl was increased to 150 mol m-3 transpiration fell and ABA levels rose. ABA levels in leaves were high in salt-treated barley and saltbush even when the leaf water status was raised by pressurising the roots. These responses indicate that an increased leaf ABA level was not triggered by leaf water deficit, but by the root's response to the salinity. The flux of ABA in the xylem sap of the three species was more than enough to account for the amount of ABA in leaves, in the presence and absence of salinity. This suggests that the roots may be the source of at least part of the ABA found in leaves.

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Li, Jianjian, Yajun Chang, Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail, Zheli Ding, Mohammad S. Al-Harbi, Esmat F. Ali, Amany H. A. Abeed, et al. "Effect of Manure and Compost on the Phytostabilization Potential of Heavy Metals by the Halophytic Plant Wavy-Leaved Saltbush." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 2176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102176.

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This study aimed to use organic fertilizers, e.g., compost and manures, and a halophytic plant [wavy-leaved saltbush (Atriplex undulata)] to remediate an agricultural soil polluted with toxic elements. Compost or manure (1% w/w) was added to a polluted soil in a pot trial. The application of the organic fertilizer, whether compost or manure, led to a significant improvement in the growth of the tested plant. From the physiological point of view, the application of organic fertilizers to polluted soil significantly increased the content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and proline and, furthermore, led to a clear decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) in the plant leaves. The highest significant values of organic carbon in the polluted soil (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were found for the soil amended by compost and planted with wavy-leaved saltbush. Manure significantly reduced the soil pH to 7.52. Compost significantly decreased Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb availability by 19, 8, 12, and 13%, respectively, compared to the control. On the other hand, manure increased Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb availability by 8, 15, 18, and 14%, respectively. Compost and manure reduced the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) of Cd and Pb. Compost was more effective in increasing the phytostabilization of toxic metals by wavy-leaved saltbush plants compared to manure. The results of the current study confirm that the application of non-decomposed organic fertilizers to polluted soils increases the risk of pollution of the ecosystem with toxic elements. The cultivation of contaminated soils with halophytic plants with the addition of aged organic materials, e. g., compost, is an effective strategy to reduce the spreading of toxic metals in the ecosystem, thus mitigating their introduction into the food chain.

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Barrett-Lennard, E. G., Sarita Jane Bennett, and M. Altman. "Survival and growth of perennial halophytes on saltland in a Mediterranean environment is affected by depth to watertable in summer as well as subsoil salinity." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 2 (2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12416.

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Farmers need methods for assessing the capability of saltland for productive use based on characteristics that are readily measurable at the paddock scale. We conducted experiments on saltland transects with gradients of salinity and depth to watertable at three sites in south-western Australia. Each was planted with five perennial species with at least some salt tolerance: samphire (Tecticornia mellaria K.A.Sheph.), river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson), small leaf bluebush (Maireana brevifolia (R.Br.) Paul G.Wilson), saltwater couch (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). Survival and growth of species was related to depth to watertable in summer and average subsoil (0.25–0.50 m depth) electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe). It has been hypothesised that plant zonation on land affected by dryland salinity is affected by the level of salinity and waterlogging on sites. While plant survival ≥60% could be associated with particular ranges of depth to watertable and soil salinity, our data suggest that the most important factor affecting survival and growth was the presence of shallow groundwater in summer. The range of depths to watertable in summer associated with ‘good survival’ (≥60%) was 0.7–1.0 m with samphire, 0.7–1.6 m with saltwater couch, 0.8–1.5 m with Rhodes grass, 0.7–2.4 m with river saltbush, and 0.9–2.4 m with small leaf bluebush. The subsoil ECe (95% confidence interval) associated with ‘good survival’ was 5–14 dS/m for Rhodes grass, 6–11 dS/m for small leaf bluebush, 7–11 dS/m for river saltbush, 6–16 dS/m for saltwater couch, and 27–65 dS/m for samphire. Growth of the perennial grasses was strongly affected by the presence of a shallow watertable in summer; the size of saltwater couch and Rhodes grass increased many-fold as watertable depths decreased from ~1.3 to 0.9 m from the soil surface.

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Walsh, D., M. H. Andrew, R. Sinclair, and D. Coleman. "Evidence for palatability variation between the sex phenotypes of bladder saltbush from small-plot grazing trials." Rangeland Journal 27, no. 2 (2005): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05007.

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This paper reports the results of the first intensive grazing trials to study palatability variation between the sex phenotypes of bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria Hew. ex Benth.). The results show that Merino sheep preferentially graze female shrubs over male and bisexual shrubs in South Australia, which supports earlier paddock-scale observations made in New South Wales. Male shrubs with higher densities of flower spikes were consumed less than those with lower densities. However, when male flowers were small and/or sparse, the removal of male flowers by clipping did not significantly increase the consumption of male shrubs. Female shrubs with very low or very high densities of fruit tended to be consumed significantly more than those with moderate fruit densities. Other physical aspects such as plant growth habit and foliage density did not have a consistent influence on grazing behaviour. Chemical differences between the sex phenotypes are implicated. The presence of palatability variation between the sex phenotypes suggests that there is potential to refine the existing use of bladder saltbush as an indicator species in southern Australia.

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SADDER, Monther Taha, and Abdullah Abdulaziz AL-DOSS. "Characterization of dehydrin AhDHN from Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus)." TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 38 (2014): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/biy-1310-63.

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Reyes-Vera, Isaac, Mary Lucero, and Jerry Barrow. "An improved protocol for micropropagation of saltbush (Atriplex) species." Native Plants Journal 11, no. 1 (April 2010): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/npj.2010.11.1.53.

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Cibils, Andres F., David M. Swift, and Richard H. Hart. "Female-Biased Herbivory in Fourwing Saltbush Browsed by Cattle." Journal of Range Management 56, no. 1 (January 2003): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003880.

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Barrow, J. R., K. M. Havstad, J. Hubstenberger, and B. D. McCaslin. "Seed‐borne fungal endophytes on fourwing saltbush,Atriplex canescens." Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 11, no. 4 (October 1997): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324989709381484.

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Lutts, Stanley, Isabelle Lefèvre, Christine Delpérée, Sandrine Kivits, Caroline Dechamps, Antonio Robledo, and Enrique Correal. "Heavy Metal Accumulation by the Halophyte Species Mediterranean Saltbush." Journal of Environment Quality 33, no. 4 (2004): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1271.

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Monjardino, M., A. Bathgate, and R. Llewellyn. "Opportunities for plant improvement to increase the value of forage shrubs on low-rainfall mixed farms." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13413.

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Plantings of forage shrubs such as saltbush (Atriplex spp.) in the drier part of the crop–livestock zone of southern Australia have the potential to help fill feed autumn gaps, provide valuable feed during drought periods, and provide year-round groundcover, shelter for livestock and options for management of saline soils. However, the proportion of farms with forage shrub plantings and the extent of those plantings remain relatively low, with the rate of new plantings slowing over the past decade. Development of new forage-shrub options has been occurring with the aim of improving the feed value and adoption of forage shrubs. Using a whole-farm bio-economic optimisation model for a crop–livestock farming system in the low-rainfall Mallee region of southern Australia (Mallee MIDAS—model of an integrated dryland agricultural system), we explored how key attributes of forage-shrub plantings and the associated pasture understorey, such as biomass growth, digestibility and ease of establishment, can make forage shrub plantings economically more attractive to farmers. We found that saltbush types and forage-shrub options with improved feed quality characteristics will offer the opportunity for improved economic returns and increased profitability from larger plantings compared with existing options. Improving feed quality was more important than increasing the growth rates of saltbush plants. Results still indicate only a niche role in farming systems, with profit typically being greatest when using relatively small areas (<10% of farm area) on the less productive soils of the farm. The results suggest that the profitability of forage shrubs will be greatest for those growers with larger areas of marginal cropping soils and greater reliance on livestock than cropping. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that, if cereal prices or yields fall significantly and/or lamb prices rise, the value of a forage shrub planting can increase substantially. The principles revealed have wide application beyond the region, although these need to be adapted on-farm and widely disseminated before potential contribution to Australian agriculture can be realised.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Saltbush'

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