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1
Vickers, Curtis Bradley. "Salt flats /." abstract (UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1451082.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007."December, 2007." Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Al-Habsi, Hamood. "The kinematics of intra-salt layers during salt tectonics." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/102297/.
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The structures and dynamics of intra-salt layers have received limited study in comparison with the external shape of salt structures. Our limited understanding of the behaviour of intra-salt layers generally comes from salt mines, outcrops, analogue, and numerical modelling where the full three-dimensionality of intra-salt layers is barely observed. To understand the internal dynamics of giant salt structures and the response of their intra-salt layers during regional tectonics, this thesis provides detailed interpretation and analysis of intra-salt layers from the Silverpit Basin, in the Southern North Sea Basin, and the Birba Area, in the South Oman Salt Basin. These two locations provide unique natural laboratories where driver mechanisms for salt tectonics are investigated using high-resolution, high-quality three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data. The Silverpit Basin is a buckled basin formed during the Mid Eocene to Late Oligocene, while the Birba Basin was affected by massive sediment loading, which generated differential loading from the Early Cambrian to the Late Permian. Differential loading of the basin caused down-building and influenced the growth of diapirs and minibasins, which later led to intense deformation and fragmentation of the intra-salt carbonate stringers. In the Silverpit Basin, regional salt anticlines encapsulated a 23–63 m-thick intra-salt layer known as the Z3 Stringer. Lithologically, the Z3 Stringer is composed of anhydrite, and it represents a strong seismic marker across the Southern North Sea Basin. Relative to regional anticlines and synclines at the Top Salt level, the Z3 Stringer deformed in a ductile manner comparable in geometry and attitude to the regional salt structure. Non-cylindrical stringer folds, which vary from gentle to isoclinal, are related to the intensity of the regional-scale structure, whereby tighter vii stringer folds are observed under well-developed Top Salt anticlines and synclines. Synclines at the Top Salt level include long-wavelength gentle folds. Extreme thinning of the Zechstein by the downward displacement of the Top Salt causes the stringers to extend and finally break laterally in a mode-1 tensile fracture mechanism. This thesis highlights the complexity of intra-salt deformation and forms a good large-scale case study for the analysis of the kinematics and rheology of competent material enclosed within an incompetent medium. Understanding the complexities and attitudes of intra-salt layers and their encasing salt structures has broader implications for regional tectonic history, hydrocarbon prospectivity, and industrial applications.
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Sookbirsingh, Rudy. "Salt separation processes in salt cedar Tamarix ramosissima (Ledeb) /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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DiGuilio, Ralph Michael. "The thermal conductivity of molten salts and concentrated aqueous salt solutions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11847.
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Goswami, Pramod Kumar. "Crystal Engineering of multicomponent solidsCocrystals, Salts, Salt-cocrystals and their hydrates." Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2016. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/7101.
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Martinsson, Kristina. "Hallstatt - kriget salt." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-54229.
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after a breef survey over the culutre of Hallstatt, I descibe the city of Hallstatt in Austria, with it´s mines and graves. I describe some of the wars in the area, the scythians, the greek and rom. I desribe some uses of all the salt including mumies. i assume that war needs much salt, because all warriers uses leather, and I give sopme exampels of this, romans, vikings.Är en arkeologisk uppsats
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Brink, Janus Daniel. "SALT spectropolarimetry commissioning." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12394.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-113).The large (10m) aperture of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) coupled with the unique capabilities of the Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS), promises unparalleled prospects for polarimetric observations on an 8 - 10 m class telescope. RSS is a complex and highly versatile first-generation instrument of the SALT. RSS-VIS, the visible arm spanning 320-900 nm, employs a high UV-transmitting optical design to support UV spectroscopy down to the atmospheric cutoff at 320nm (rare on large telescopes).
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Doyle, Lesley Hope. "Salt Lick Prayer." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1217.
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Salt Lick Prayer is a collection of poems divided into three parts. The first section includes poems that address the author's childhood years, and focus on themes of family, nature, and religion. The second section focuses on poems that explore the life of the author's great, great grandfather, and the third section deals with the author's great grandmother and grandparents.
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Dobrenz, A. K., D. C. Poteet, R. B. Miller, and S. E. Smith. "Carbohydrates in Germination Salt Tolerant and Non-Salt Tolerant Alfalfa Seed." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201015.
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Alfalfa which is extremely salt tolerant during germination has been developed by researchers at the University of Arizona Carbohydrates were analyzed in the original parental gemiplasm 'Mesa- Sirsa' and Cycle₅Syn₂ and Cycle₈Syn₂ seed to determine why this seed could germinate in extremely saline conditions. Raffinose and sucrose were both significantly higher in the salt -tolerant germplasm compared to the parental germplasm; however, the magnitude increase of these free sugars was not sufficient to explain the increased ability of the seed to absorb water in a stress environment. The galactomannan content was not different among the alfalfa germplasms.
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昌三, 藤原. "Studies on new molten salt systems for high temperature molten salt batteries." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12222785/?lang=0, 2011. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12222785/?lang=0.
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Tyas, Luke Martin Graham. "The SALT HRS Spectrograph." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3492/.
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SALT HRS (Southern African Large Telescope High Resolution Échelle Spectrograph) is a high-resolution, high-efficiency spectrograph for the 11m SALT telescope in Sutherland, South Africa. The initial optical design work was performed at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Revisions to the concept, the mechanical design, manufacture, assembly and testing have been handled by the Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, at Durham University in the United Kingdom. SALT HRS is a fibre-fed echelle grating spectrograph with four operational modes: low-, medium- and high-resolution and high-stability modes, having spectral resolutions of R ≈16000, 37000, 67000 and 67000 respectively over a wavelength range of 370-890nm. The instrument is of a dual channel, ‘white pupil’ design, in which the primary mirror acts to collimate light onto a single R4 echelle grating, and also to focus dispersed light to an intermediate focus. A dichroic beam-splitter separates the dispersed light into two separate spectral channels. Spherical pupil mirrors transfer the separated beams via a fold mirror to two wavelength-specific volume-phase holographic gratings (VPHGs) used as cross-dispersers. Cross-dispersed spectra are then imaged by two fully dioptric camera systems onto optimized CCD detectors. This thesis presents the results of the laboratory testing and specification of several critical sub-systems of SALT HRS, as well as the development of key software tools for the design verification and operation at the telescope. In Chapter 1 we first review the technical development of high-resolution spectroscopy and its specific implementation in SALT HRS. In Chapter 2 we develop a comprehensive throughput model of the entire system based on a combination of as-built performance and specific throughput measurements in the laboratory. This is used to make some specific predictions for the on-sky performance of SALT HRS and the magnitude limits for science targets. We also present a graphical exposure time calculator based on these measurements which can be used by an astronomer to plan their observations with SALT HRS. Chapter 3 contains a detailed treatise on the optical fibre system of SALT HRS. Considerations for the use of optical fibres in astronomy are provided, as are details of an optional double scrambler, and the various instrument fibre modes. Extensive measurements of focal ratio degradation (FRD) are also presented, with testing of input beam speed; wavelength; fibre bending; variable pupil mirror illumination; and vacuum tank pressure dependency. The systems for fibre management are reviewed, as is the fibre bundle assembly process. Testing of two further sub-systems is described in Chapter 4. Firstly the long-term stability of the mirror mounting mechanisms is determined. The advantages of cross-dispersion of echelle spectra using volume-phase holographic gratings are then discussed, and the results of diffraction efficiency measurements are given for both red and blue channel gratings. Modern CCD technologies are examined in Chapter 5, and the blue detector is experimentally characterized using photon transfer and quantum efficiency curves. It is also used for an investigation into cosmic ray events in CCDs. Results from shielding the detector using lead are described, as is an attempt to distinguish the source of the events based on their morphology. Finally, Chapter 6 deals with the handling of data produced by SALT HRS. Methods of wavelength calibration of the spectra are discussed, including the use of Thorium-Argon lamps and an iodine absorption cell. The implementation of a Python based quick-look data reduction pipeline is reviewed, with a description of the processes performed. A summary of the thesis is given in Chapter 7.
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Wolters, Harmina Elsina. "Restoration of salt marshes." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2006. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/293072736.
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Neto, Egidio Bezerra. "Salt tolerance in tomatoes." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332560.
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Baloch, Shereen Naz Rind. "Salt tolerance in cotton." Thesis, Bangor University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536472.
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Helalizadeh, Abbas. "Mixed salt crystallisation fouling." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844179/.
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The main purpose of this investigation was to study the mechanisms of mixed salt crystallisation fouling on heat transfer surfaces during convective heat transfer and sub-cooled flow boiling conditions. To-date no investigations on the effects of operating parameters on the deposition of mixtures of calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate, which are the most common constituents of scales formed on heat transfer surfaces, have been reported. As part of this research project, a substantial number of experiments were performed to determine the mechanisms controlling deposition. Fluid velocity, heat flux, surface and bulk temperatures, concentration of the solution, ionic strength, pressure and heat transfer surface material were varied systematically. After clarification of the effect of these parameters on the deposition process, the results of these experiments were used to develop a mechanistic model for prediction of fouling resistances, caused by crystallisation of mixed salts, under convective heat transfer and subcooled flow boiling conditions. It was assumed that the deposition process of calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate takes place in two successive events. These events are the combined effects related to transport phenomena and chemical kinetics. The effect of the extra deposition created on the heat transfer surface due to sub-cooled flow boiling was considered by inclusion of an enhancement factor. The newly developed model takes into account the effects of all important parameters on scaling phenomena and also considers the simultaneous precipitation and competition of various minerals in the scale formation process. Model predictions were compared with the measured experimental data when calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate form and deposit on the heat transfer surface simultaneously. While deviations ranging from 6% to 25% between model predictions and measured experimental data can be considered good in the context of such a complex process, fouling morphology is clearly a factor to be considered in more detail. This is particularly problematic in the context of more complex fouling solutions encountered in industry. Furthermore, the crystalline samples were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X- Ray Diffraction and Ion Chromatography techniques. Fractal analysis performed on Scanning Electron Microscopy photographs of the deposits was used to quantify deposit characteristics by introducing a new quantity called the fractal dimension.
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Earley, Bethany. "To Earn One's Salt." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1525098554984759.
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Fuenkajorn, Kittitep. "Borehole closure in salt." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184451.
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Constitutive laws are developed to predict creep (time-dependent) closure of boreholes in salt specimens subjected to various loading configurations. Rheological models (linear and nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic models), empirical models, and physical theory models have been formulated from the results of uniaxial creep tests, strain and stress rate controlled uniaxial tests, constant strain rate triaxial tests, cyclic loading tests, and seismic velocity tests. Analytical solutions for a thick-walled cylinder subjected to internal and external pressures and for a circular hole in an infinite plate subjected to a biaxial or uniaxial stressfield have been derived from each of the linear viscoelastic models and empirical laws. The experimental results indicate that the salt samples behave as an elastic-viscoplastic material. The elastic behavior tends to be linear and time-dependent while the plastic deformation is time-dependent. The stress increment to strain rate increment ratio gradually decreases as the stress level increases. The transient potential creep law (ε(c) = κσᵝtᵞ) seems to give the simplest governing equation describing the viscoplastic behavior of salt during the transient phase. Variation of intrinsic properties which is mainly contributed by nonuniform distribution of intercrystalline gaps and air voids plays a more significant role upon instantaneous deformation than upon transient deformation. The mechanisms governing the time-dependent deformation are fracture propagation, plastic flow and dislocation of the salt crystals, and healing of the intercrystalline gaps and induced fractures. Different sets of test parameters (strain and stress rates, differential and confining stresses, and testing times) induce different degrees and combinations of deformational mechanisms, which lead to a variation of the fitting parameters of the potential law. The transient potential creep model does not accurately predict the results of triaxial and polyaxial borehole closure experiments, probably due to the predictive capability of the model or the methods used in multiaxial formulation, or both. Since the model parameters apparently depend upon the main mechanisms governing creep rate, prediction of the salt deformation around a borehole subjected to a high stress gradient by using only a set of model parameters may not be accurate.
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Duignan, Tim. "Salt water: simply vital." Thesis, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27GJM8DsIyA&index=2&list=PLdn0giYPTOk3y2B2KL2jtS6mHvMPFdj7u, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/13688.
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A mathematical equation, just a string of symbols scribbled on a page, can be more powerful than you can possibly imagine. Newton’s equations of motion took us to the moon. Schrodinger’s equation, the foundation of quantum mechanics describes the chemical properties of everything around you.
These equations are so useful because they are tools for making incredibly accurate predictions, leading to some of the greatest achievements of human kind. Unfortunately though, in many complex situations solving these equations is too hard. For instance, we would like to predict whether or not two molecules dissolved in water will bind together, but using Schrodinger’s equation to do this can be beyond the powers of even the hugest supercomputer.
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Miller, Carrie J. "Factors influencing algal biomass in hydrologically dynamic salt ponds in a subtropical salt marsh." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1392.
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Holla, Robert [Verfasser], and Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Platt. "Reactive halogen species above salt lakes and salt pans / Robert Holla ; Betreuer: Ulrich Platt." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/117714848X/34.
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Ludlow, Charles Garrett. "A history of salt in Ireland : with special reference to the salt manufacturing industry." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261790.
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Vikør, Knut S. "The oasis of salt the history of Kawar, a Saharan centre of salt production /." Bergen, Norway : Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42684340.html.
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Fritz, Alyce T. "Trophodynamics of estuarine (salt marsh) heterotrophic nanoplankton (microbial ecology, salt marsh ecology, choanoflagellates, Virginia)." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616651.
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Seasonal occurrence and activity of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNANO or heteroflagellates) and bacteria were studied in a sheltered brackish water embayment of Chesapeake Bay wetlands (Virginia, USA) over a three year period (1981 - 1984). Epifluorescence direct counts and Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) techniques were used for the description of organisms, enumeration, and biomass determinations. Seasonal bacterial growth rates and growth and grazing rates of bactivorous HNANO were estimated using diffusion chambers equipped with Nuclepore polycarbonate membrane filters in natural salt marsh tidal pools. Environmental monitoring of nanoplankton populations revealed a seasonal pattern of bacterial abundances with temperature while heteroflagellate abundances and growth rates showed no seasonal pattern nor correlation with fluctuations in bacterial densities. Heteroflagellate populations were dominated by 34 to 50 (mu)m('3) sized monads, choanoflagellates, bodonids, and Paraphysomonas sp., all found in varying abundances throughout the year. Blooms were concurrent with extended low tide or specific bacterial populations (i.e., cyanobacteria) typical of spring and autumn periods. Heteroflagellate growth in diffusion chambers reflected the environmental blooms and increased diversity of low water assemblages. Growth and grazing rates of heteroflagellates at ambient densities thus could account for 20 to 80% of daily bacterial carbon production. Although heteroflagellate ingestion rates did not regulate seasonal bacteria densities or vice versa, maximum growth of bacteria and heteroflagellates in chambers was closely coupled. Heteroflagellate grazing activity may regulate the rate of bacterial production by preventing substrate limitation and maintaining the population in an active growth phase. The seasonal study demonstrated the dynamic nature of nanoplankton populations during autumn and spring transitional periods. SEM photomicroscopy revealed that the dominant component of spring blooms may be composed of several members of the loricate choanoflagellate family, Acanthoecidae. Using modified EM techniques, eleven Acanthoecidae choanoflagellates species, identified from spring in situ chamber experiments, were described. In situ growth and grazing rates for the spring chamber populations ranged from 0.023 h('-1) to 0.196 h('-1) and 40 to 210 bacteria h('-1) respectively. These high rates represent an opportunistic response to optimum conditions and an expression of maximum grazing potential. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.).
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Lund, Lars. "Effekt av salt på telehiv." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18529.
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Det har i denne oppgaven blitt sett på effekten av salt på telehiv. For å finne effekten av salt på telehiv, og forklaringer på dette fenomenet, har det blitt gjort et litteraturstudie, et feltforsøk og et laboratorieforsøk. Det finnes mye litteratur på telehiv, derimot er det ikke en entydig teori som forklarer mekanismene rundt dannelse av telehiv. Blant annet finnes det fire hovedteorier for hvordan vannoppsuget er med på dannelsen av islinser. Det er i litteraturen vist at salt har betydning på mekanismer rundt dannelse av telehiv. Det har også blitt registrert at økende saltinnhold senker telehiv i laboratorieforsøk og teoretiske modeller. Det finnes også forsøk som viser at salt kan erstatte temperaturgradienten og danne telehiv uten denne temperaturgradienten. Salt har betydning for vannstrømmen i materialet og det er vist at den hydrauliske konduktiviteten går ned ved økende saltinnhold. Det har blitt utført et feltforsøk for å se på effekten av salt rundt sprekker. I litteraturen henvises det til ett prosjekt i USA hvor det vises til lokalt telehiv rundt sprekker. Forklaringen på dette var tilsig av finmateriale, vann og salt i sprekk. I feltforsøket som ble utført i denne oppgaven ble det ikke registrert forandringer rundt sprekker. Dette var heller ikke mulig da det var mangel på frost i forsøksperioden. Til slutt ble det utført et laboratorieforsøk som så på effekten av å tilsette saltløsning av NaCl i prøven. Disse ble sammenlignet med prøver uten salt. Forsøket ble utført med en temperaturgradient og tilgang på saltløsning i bunn av prøven. Resultatet av laboratorieforsøket viser at det var en reduksjon i telehiv med økende saltinnhold. Resultatene viste også redusert vannoppsug med økende saltinnhold, og derav mindre vanninnhold. Det er i litteraturen vist at temperaturgradienten kan erstattes av en saltgradient. I jord med saltgradient finnes derfor to drivkrefter ved dannelse av telehiv, da en temperaturgradient vil finnes in-situ. Det er usikkert hvilken av disse drivkreftene som har mest å si for dannelsen av telehiv. Likevel viste laboratorieforsøket, med temperaturgradient, at salt hadde tydelig effekt på dannelse av telehiv, og at saltkonsentrasjonene varierte som funksjon av dybden i prøven. Resultatene i laboratorieforsøket bekrefter dermed deler av litteraturen som tar for seg salts betydning på telehiv.
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Sceirine, Kenneth. "Salt and Matthew 5:13." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.
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Ross, Christopher P. "AVO limitations near salt structures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31010.
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Driscoll, Kelly J. "Fused salt electrorefining of zinc." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358634.
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Marshall, William Alderman. "Geochronology of salt-marsh sediments." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2826.
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Salt-marsh sediments can provide important achives of past sea levels if they can be securely dated. This thesis investigates eight methods for dating salt-marsh sediments. These include traditional and established dating methods (¹⁴C dating and the radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹ºPb) and more novel approaches to dating the deposition of salt-marsh sediments (palaeomagnetic dating, the use of' atmospheric stable lead deposition, tephra chronologies, pollen markers, SCP analysis and the use of atmospheric ¹⁴C 'bomb spike' and high-precision AMS ¹⁴C measurements). Sites were selected to provide contrasting sediment sequences that differed both in lithology and accumulation rates and included salt marshes from the Taf estuary (southwest Wales), the Arne Peninsula (southern England) and Vioarholmi (western Iceland). The investigations in the Taf estuary produced the first palaeomagnetic chronology from a salt marsh. From the Arne Peninsula this thesis reports the first successful use of bomb-spike calibrated ¹⁴C analyses in a salt marsh as well as high-precision AMS ¹⁴C ages for the 'problem' period AD 1700-1950. Stable Pb analysis at all three sites produced a number of chronological markers that signalled the timing of increases in industrial Pb emissions, and the later use of Pb petrol additives during the 20th century. In addition, a unique isotopic signal, attributed to the working of Pb metal during the height of the Roman Empire in Europe, was found in the Icelandic sediments. The radionuclides ²¹ºPb and ¹³⁷Cs produced precise chronologies for the last 100 yr in the Taf estuary. However, post-depositional mobility of ¹³⁷Cs on the Arne Peninsula and low ²¹ºPb concentrations at Vioarholmi prevents the construction of reliable ²¹ºPb and ¹³⁷Cs chronologies. In contrast, the use of tephra at Vioarholmi, and pollen and spheroidal carbonaceous particle markers on the Arne Peninsula, showed great potential as independent unique-event dating tools that could be used to constrain conventional ¹⁴C calibrations. Finally, the chronological information produced by all the individual methods was combined to construct an integrated chronology for each site. This approach significantly reduced age uncertainties and produced higher resolution, and more robust, salt-marsh sedimentation histories
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Janjua, Mariam A. "Salt tolerance in Linum usitatissimum." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270314.
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Ashraf, M. "Evolutionary genetics of salt tolerance." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372678.
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Nicotra, Alessia. "Iminium salt catalysed asymmetric epoxidations." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268790.
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Godsell, A. J. "Fused salt electrorefining of ferroalloys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254069.
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Murphy, Lindy Jane. "Conducting organic salt enzyme electrodes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46459.
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Nuttle, William Kensett. "Elements of salt marsh hydrology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14991.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING
Includes bibliographies.
by William Kensett Nuttle.
Ph.D.
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Morrison, Catriona A. "Salt selection for pharmaceutical use." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17068.
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McGinley, Susan. "Gene Transfers for Salt Tolerance." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622387.
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Chea, Nila. "Salt. Fat. Acid. Heat. Media." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22680.
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According to Samin Nosrat’s (2017) best-selling cookbook, salt, fat, acid and heat are key to cooking good food. At the same time, the process of making food has never been more connected with media. Given how intertwined food and media are today, I also add media to the list of ingredients. Food has become a popular topic in traditional media, as well as on new digital platforms. Since there is already a large body of research on food media texts, this thesis concentrates on food media related practices in the everyday life and the convergence between traditional and digital food media. For this study, a mixed-method approach was chosen, which included a questionnaire and a subsequent in-depth interview for the participants. The qualitative analysis of the data builds on a theoretical framework which draws first and foremost on Couldry’s (2004) Practice Theory which is complemented by Foth & Hearn’s (2007) Communication Ecology Theory to organize the practices. The food media practices of the study participants illustrated how embedded media have become in everyday practices and explained the convergence between traditional and digital food media. At the same time, the results brought media power dynamics to light and demonstrated that even media, that seems innocent at first, has to be consumed with a critical eye.
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Linus, Olofsson. "Hyponatremi : ett utforskande i salt." Thesis, Konstfack, Industridesign, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-7762.
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I en tid där begreppet hållbarhet är prioritet i flera frågor får det en att fundera på vad hållbarhet är och betyder. Vi människor kommer antagligen alltid kämpa med frågor om miljö, konsumtion och hållbarhet, i en ständig kamp för balans. Vi omger oss av mer hushållsartiklar än tidigare och har börjat ifrågasätta hur tillverkningsprocessen ser ut av dessa (Roos. 2020). Vi ställer även krav på försäljare och förväntar oss miljömärkta produkter och garantier och pratar oroligt om hållbarhet. I det här projektet vill jag försöka närma mig saltsten som ett alternativt material. Genom praktiska metoder och experiment vill jag belysa fördelar med ett biobaserat material i produktionen av vardagsföremål. Förhoppningsvis kan ett emotionellt värde väckas i mitt experimenterande med saltsten där materialet är med i utvecklingen som en aktiv deltagare. Jag har valt att utforska ett biomaterial och på vad dess hållbarhet kan vara och inte vara. Ett utforskande med saltsten kan hjälpa till att sänka visuella förväntningar men också ge en förståelse till materialet på ett djupare och mer unikt sätt. Jag har valt att arbeta med saltsten eftersom salt förekommer rikligt i naturen och jag vill utforska dess styrkor och svagheter som biomaterial. I mitt sökande följer jag funktionen före formen där formen blir mindre viktig och på så sätt hittar jag nya områden för användandet. I vårt konsumtionssamhälle är ordet hållbarhet på tapeten ofta och en undrar huruvida det på riktigt berör oss. Nya material tillåter oss att handla som aldrig förr med gott samvete men är det hållbart för vår natur? Genom produkter av tillfälliga material kan kanske en balans uppnås där en lika lätt kan bli av med en produkt som att kasta en sten i havet.
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Plummer, Erica Lindsay. "Lake Salt: A Creative thesis." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2314.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of short stories explores the different ways in which women experience suffering. The narrative focuses on the daily lives of women who have undergone some type of heartbreak. While the stories occasionally include the incident which leads to despair, the collection is more concerned with the way women function after a personal tragedy. The stories show the grace of people who continue to move forward when their lives are filled with suffering. Sexuality enters the stories and exposes both the triumph and destructive nature of sexuality. A critical introduction which explains how complication and beauty amplify story proceeds the collection.
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AL-SODANY, WALID KHALED. "Borehole stability in rock salt." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/199191.
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La salgemma è considerata una risorsa importante per lo stoccaggio, perché ha proprietà meccaniche speciali, di conseguenza, molti studi ono stati svolti per definirne il comportamento meccanico. In particolare la deformazione della salgemma è marcatamente dipendente dal tempo. Questa caratteristica ha spesso un'influenza negativa sulla stabilità di perforazioni petrolifere che attraversano questa formazione. In effetti è comune raggiungere il collasso del rivestimento di pozzi petroliferi profondi.
Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di studiare la stabilità di pozzi petroliferi (boreholes) nella salgemma. A tal fine e’ stata realizzata una nuova apparechiatura sperimentale con provino a cilindro cavo in grado di simulare il collasso del rivestimento in pozzi petroliferi. Dopo una caratterizzazione geomeccanica convenzionale della salgemma, il nuovo apparecchio è stato concepito, progettato e costruito. E’ stato necessario un processo di messa a punto e calibrazione impegnativo dell’apparecchiatura per ottenere risultati fattibili.
Nella tesi si presentano i risultati sperimentali ottenuti. Successivamente, adottando modelli empirici, analitici e numerici, i risultati sono stati simulati. Infine si propone un approccio teorico e numerico a valenza previsionale utile a prevenire l'instabilità del rivestimento di pozzi petroliferi in formazioni di salgemma.Rock salt is considered as important resource for storage , because it has special mechanical properties, as a consequence many effords are carried on to undestand the mechanical behaviour..On the other hand, the deformation of the rock salt is markedly time dependent. This feature often have a negative influence on the stability of borehole crossing this formation. In fact it is common to reach collapes of the casing pipe in deep boreholes of oil well. The aim of the this thesis is to study the stability of borehole in rock salt by creating a new modified for hollow cylinder apparatus which, can simulate a problem in oil well that the rock salt stands behind it. After a standard geomechanical characterization of rock salt, the new apparatus was conceived, design and built. A relevant calibration process was required to get feasible results. Experimental results in the new apparatus were obtained. By adopting empirical, analytical and numerical models the results were simulated and a theroetical and numerical approach to face the borehole instability in rock salt formation is proposed.
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Pilic, Leta. "Salt sensitivity : genetic and physiological markers and its effects on salt taste perception and intake." Thesis, St Mary's University, Twickenham, 2018. http://research.stmarys.ac.uk/2934/.
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Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk factor, present in both hypertensive and normotensive population. Better understanding of this phenotype in healthy individuals may lead to more effective prevention of hypertension and CVD. Salt sensitivity is genetically determined and it may affect the relationship between salt taste perception and salt intake. This thesis, for the first time, comprehensively explored the associations between genetics, salt sensitivity of BP, salt taste perception and salt intake as well as the potential of using genetic information in salt sensitivity biomarker development. The study population comprised young to middle-aged, healthy adults. Salt sensitivity was defined as the change in BP after seven days of low-salt (51 mmol sodium/day) and seven days of high-salt diet (308 mmol sodium/day). Salt taste perception was identified using British Standards Institution sensory analysis method (BS ISO 3972:2011). Salt intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire and two 24-hour dietary recalls based on the 5-step multiple pass method. DNA was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC4A5, SCNN1B and TRPV1 genes coding for sodium and ion channels and transporters. Protein levels were measured from urinary exosomes with the focus, for the first time, on methods readily used in clinical setting, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that the participants with AA genotype of the rs7571842 (SLC4A5) exhibited the highest increase in BP (ΔSBP = 7.75 mmHg, p = 0.002). There was no association between genetics and salt taste perception as well as genetics and salt intake. No associations were observed between salt sensitivity of BP, salt taste perception and salt intake. These results warrant further investigation in a larger sample size study. Nevertheless, preference for salty taste or awareness of health risks related to increased salt intake may be a driver of salt intake in younger and healthy population and warrants further investigation. The involvement of SLC4A5 in salt sensitivity of BP, together with functional effects of the investigated SNPs, makes it a candidate for genetic and physiological marker of salt sensitivity. The ELISA measurement of its expression from urinary exosomes may serve as a method of choice in a clinical setting, if further optimised.
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BLONDEL, SIMON. "Seismic Imaging and Salt Tectonics of the Mediterranean Salt Giant in the Central Algerian Basin." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/3030773.
Full textAbstract:
The Mediterranean Salt Giant (MSG) is a thick layer of Messinian evaporites (up to 4 km) that is thought to be deposited during an extreme paleo-environmental event known as the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). After decades of research, there is not yet a consensual model explaining the emplacement and the evolution of the MSG. This is due to the absence of samples of the deep offshore MSG. Past scientific drilling operations were limited to the topmost MSG records because of the risks of intersecting zones of hazardous fluids and overpressure linked to evaporites. The European project SALTGIANT, in which the work of this thesis fits into, is dedicated to understanding the formation of the MSG and its implications for the microbial life, the drilling hazards and the geo-economics of the Mediterranean region and the history of oceanography. In that framework, this thesis aims to improve our seismic images of the offshore MSG and to use the new results to update our understanding of the Messinian salt tectonics. This work is focused on the Algerian basin, in the south-western Mediterranean Sea, where the salt was deposited in an already contractional tectonic setting. I compile, reprocess, and interpret legacy academic seismic data acquired in the central Algerian basin. The re-processing is designed to improve as much as possible the salt and pre-salt structures. It relies on an integrated approach combining geophysics and geological interpretation to iteratively build the velocity model. The new results display a better imaging of salt structures and the seismic facies variations. They shed a new light on the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the central Algerian basin, highlighting the presence of seismic fluid indicators evidencing an active fluid circulation in the basin and its margins. Interpretation of the new seismic sections is done following the most recent nomenclature of the MSC seismic markers. New isochores and thickness maps are produced and compared with the spatial distribution of the salt structures. I interpret contractional salt tectonic structures, such as buckle folds, squeezed diapirs and related salt sheets as evidence of regional thick-skinned shortening episodes. I suggest that extensional stage of the salt system (where the deformation is driven by gravity loading) was short-lived, and that many salt structures were driven by contractional tectonic loading during the Plio-Quaternary. I demonstrate that the initial shortening-related salt deformation in the late Messinian was focussed along the Algerian margin and later shifted outward toward the Balearic margin in the Plio-Quaternary. The shifting of the deformation front is interpreted to be a result of the thickening and strengthening of the overburden. The second peak of deformation may have reactivated faults along the Emile-Baudot escarpment with thick-skinned deformation. I also observe a variation in the intensity of the salt deformation along the margin from SW to NE, which I associate to variable tectonic loading applied along the Algerian margin or the pre-shortening distribution of salt. Fluid indicators are imaged within the Plio-Quaternary of the Algerian basin. They could be thermogenic or biogenic gas sourced from the Messinian Upper Unit, or from the pre-salt, migrating through a hydro-fractured salt. The new results also evidence numerous volcanic structures within the Formentera basin. The distribution of this volcanic edifice could affect fluid circulation, resulting in small-wavelength surface HF anomalies observed locally.
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Forbes, Robert Thomas. "The pharmaceutics of salt selection : role of solid-state structure of p-aminosalicyclic acid salts." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386354.
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Banbury, Nicholas John. "The role of salt mobility in the development of supra-salt sedimentary depocentres and structural styles." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551012.
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Banbury, Nicholas John. "The role of salt mobility in the development of supra-salt sedimentary depocentres and structural styles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10720.
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With the aim of understanding the relative role of salt mobility and other controls on depocentre development in salt basins, results obtained from strategic targeted observations of three different sedimentary basins are presented. These include the Paradox Basin of Utah/Colorado, USA, where sequences which are the stratigraphic response to Pennsylvanian-Triassic mobility of a Pennsylvanian salt sequence are exposed and investigated at the outcrop scale. The other basins are the Sole Pit/Silver Pit Basin (Southern North Sea) and Shearwater area (Central North Sea), both of which are exclusively subsurface examples that have experienced Mesozoic and Tertiary mobility of Upper Permian salt sequences. These later study areas are investigated using high-resolution 3D seismic data which allow the large-scale structural and stratigraphic geometries to be investigated well beyond the outcrop scale. Observations reveal a wide variety of complex depocentre styles with varying controls on their development. Controls include tectonics, differential sedimentation, availability of salt to move and potential of the overburden to flex or be penetrated. Despite this complexity, depocentre morphologies are considered to be predictable based on the concept that salt moves as a response to the pressure state in the salt layer exerted upon it by its overburden. As salt flows down pressure gradients, subsidence resulting from salt mobility is predictably and consequent sediment accumulation increases the load providing an intricate feedback between salt mobility and sedimentation.
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Khangkhamano, Matthana. "Novel molten salt synthesis of ZrB2 and ZrC powders and molten salt synthesis of novel TiC." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16562.
Full textAbstract:
Pure submicron-sized zirconium diboride (ZrB2) powder was synthesised via a molten salt mediated reduction route using ZrO2, Na2B4O7, and Mg powders as the starting raw materials and MgCl2 as the reaction medium. By using appropriately excessive amounts of Mg and Na2B4O7 to compensate for their evaporation losses, ZrO2 can be completely converted into ZrB2 after 3 h of firing at 1200 °C. This synthesis temperature is 100-500 °C lower than that of other conventional synthesis techniques. In addition, the formation of undesirable Mg3B2O6 can be effectively suppressed. To a large extent, the prepared ZrB2 particles preserved the shapes and sizes of the original ZrO2 particles, indicating a template growth mechanism for their formation in which ZrO2 functions as the reaction template. Using this developed synthesis method, submicron-sized and nanosized zirconium carbide (ZrC) powders were synthesised in the reaction system of ZrO2-Mg-carbon black using NaCl-KCl as the reaction medium. The synthesis temperatures were 950 and 850 °C for the former and the latter powder size, respectively, which are much lower temperatures than those used in most of the reported methods. Compared with the submicron-sized ZrO2 powders, the finer ZrO2 particles considerably enhanced the reaction rate and thus the completion of the reaction at a lower temperature. The resulting ZrC particles exhibited two different morphologies: one retained the shapes and sizes of the original ZrO2, and the other retained those of the starting carbon black, suggesting that both ZrO2 and carbon black had acted as reaction templates. In addition, the 2D-nanostructure of a non-layered structure material, titanium carbide (TiC), was fabricated. The novel TiC nanosheets (TNS) and TiC-coated graphite nanosheets (TCNS) were produced at 950 °C for 8 h and 900 °C for 5 h, respectively, in KCl molten salt using graphite nanosheets (GNS) as both a carbon source and reaction templates. The produced TNS and TCNS retained the shapes, sizes and thickness of the original GNS to a high degree, indicating that the GNS had acted as the reaction template. For TCNS, a lower molar ratio of Ti/C required a lower synthesis temperature and/or a shorter holding time. This effective processing technique was also employed to produce TiC foams at 1050 °C for 4 h using carbon foam as the reaction template. This synthesis temperature is significantly lower than that (>1450 °C) used in most of the other techniques. The resultant pores were clear of any undesired phases such as impurities and/or membranes, and the cell-networks were free of surface cracks and holes. The cell-networks, pore sizes, and cell sizes of the synthesised foams were well defined by those of the original carbon foam, suggesting a template growth mechanism of the formation of the TiC foam.
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Vasquez, Edward. "Growth Characteristics and Salt Tolerance of Two Reciprocally Invasive Grass Species Found in Coastal Salt Marshes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195039.
Full textAbstract:
An invasive variety of the common reed Phragmites australis, the M haplotpye, has been implicated in the spread of this species into North American salt marshes normally dominated by the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Phragmites australis is spreading into North American coastal marshes that are experiencing reduced salinities, while Spartina spp. are spreading into northern European brackish marshes that are experiencing increased salinities. We compared the salt tolerance and other growth characteristics of the invasive, M haplotype with two native haplotypes (F and AC) in greenhouse experiments. The M haplotype retained 50% of its growth potential up to 0.4 M NaCl, whereas the F and AC haplotypes did not grow above 0.1 M NaCl. The M haplotype produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue and had higher relative growth rates than the native haplotypes on both freshwater and saline water treatments. The M haplotype also differed from the native haplotypes in shoot water content and the biometrics of shoots and rhizomes. The results offer an explanation for how the M haplotype is able to spread in coastal salt marshes and support the conclusion of DNA analyses that the M haplotype is a distinct ecotype of P. australis.We then compared the growth, competitive ability, salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment of M haplotype P. australis and S. alterniflora along a salinity gradient in greenhouse experiments. Spartina alterniflora produced new biomass up to 0.60 M NaCl, whereas P. australis did not grow well above 0.2 M NaCl. When the two species were grown in mixed cultures, P. australis was less affected by competition than S. alterniflora at lower salinities but the competitive advantage reversed above 0.2 M NaCl. The greater salt tolerance of S. alterniflora compared to P. australis was due to its ability to use Na+ for osmotic adjustment in the shoots. On the other hand, at low salinities P. australis was more competitive because it produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue than S. alterniflora. These studies illustrate how ecophysiological differences shift the competitive advantage from one species to another along a salinity gradient.
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Lam, Wai Hung. "Chiral resolution by diastereomeric salt crystallization /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIEN%202005%20LAM.
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Wells, Mathew Graeme, and mathew@inferno phys tue nl. "Convection, turbulent mixing and salt fingers." The Australian National University. Research School of Earth Sciences, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20011212.103012.
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In this thesis I address several topics concerning the interaction of convection and density stratification in oceans and lakes. I present experimental and theoretical investigations of the
interaction between a localized buoyancy source and a heat flux through a horizontal boundary,
and of the interactions between salt fingers and intermittent turbulence or shear.
¶
An extensive series of laboratory experiments were used to quantify the stratification and circulation that result from the combined presence of a localized buoyancy source and a heat flux through a horizontal boundary. Previous studies found that convection in the form of a turbulent buoyant plume tends to produce a stable density stratification, whereas the distributed flux from a horizontal boundary tends to force vigorous overturning and to produce well-mixed layers. A new result of this thesis is that a steady density profile, consisting of a mixed layer and a stratified layer, can exist when the plume buoyancy flux is greater than the distributed flux. When the two fluxes originate from the same boundary, the steady state involves a balance between the rate at which the mixed layer deepens due to entrainment on the one hand and vertical advection of the stratified water far from the plume (due to the volume flux acquired by entrainment) on the other hand. There is a monotonic relationship between the normalized mixed layer depth and flux ratio R (boundary flux/plume flux) for 0 < R > 1, and the whole tank overturns for R > 1. The stable density gradient in the stratified region is primarily due to the buoyancy from the plume and for R > 0 there is a small increase in the gradient due to entrainment of buoyancy from the mixed layer. For the case of fluxes from a plume located at one boundary and a uniform heat flux from the opposite boundary the shape of the density
profile is that given by Baines & Turner (1969), with the gradient reduced by a factor (1 + R) due to the heating. Thus, when R < - 1 there is no stratified region and the whole water column
overturns. When 0 > R > - 1, the constant depth of the convecting layer is determined by the
Monin-Obukhov scale in the outflow from the plume.
¶
One application of these laboratory experiments is to surface cooling in lakes and reservoirs
that have shallow sidearms. During prolonged periods of atmospheric cooling, gravity currents can form in these sidearms and as the currents descend into the deeper waters they are analogous to isolated plumes. This can result in stratification at the base of a lake and an upwelling of cold water. Away from the shallow regions, surface cooling leads to a mixed surface layer. The depth of this layer will be steady when the rate of upwelling balances the rate at which the mixed layer deepens by turbulent entrainment. A series of laboratory experiments designed to model the depth distribution of a lake with a shallow sidearm showed that the steady depth of the mixed layer depended on the ratio of the area of the shallow region to the area of the deep region. Significant stratification resulted only when the reservoir had shallow regions that account for more than 50 % of the surface area. The depth of the surface mixed layer also depended on the ratio of the depths of the shallow and deep regions and no significant stratification forms if this ratio is greater than 0.5. These results are in good agreement with observations of circulation and stratification during long periods of winter cooling
from Chaffey reservoir, Australia. Theoretical time scales are also developed to predict the minimum duration of atmospheric cooling that can lead the development of stratification.
¶
In the second part of this thesis, I report a series of laboratory experiments which are designed to investigate the fine structure and buoyancy fluxes that result from salt finger convection in the presence of shear and intermittent turbulence. We find that, when salt finger convection in deep linear gradients is superposed with a depth-dependent spatially periodic shear, variations in the density profile develop on the same wavelength as the shear. The laboratory experiments presented in this thesis were carried out in a continuous density gradient with a spatially periodic shear produced by exciting a low-frequency baroclinic mode of vertical wavelength 60 mm. The density gradient consisted of opposing salt and sugar gradients favourable to salt fingers (an analogue to the oceanic heat/salt system). Where the shearing was large the salt finger buoyancy fluxes were small. Changes in salinity gradient due to the resulting flux divergence were self-amplifying until a steady state was reached in which the spatial variations in the ratio of salt and sugar gradients were such that the flux divergence vanished. Thus, along with reducing the mean salt finger buoyancy flux, a spatially varying shear can also lead to the formation of density structure.
¶
In the ocean intermittent turbulence can occur in isolated patches in salt finger-favourable
regions. I present new results from laboratory experiments in which a partially mixed patch
was produced in deep linear concentration gradients favourable to salt finger convection. Salt fingers give rise to an up gradient flux of buoyancy which can reduce the density gradient
in a partially mixed patch. This can then lead to overturning convection of the partially mixed
patch if a) the ratio of T and S gradients, R\rho =aTz/_ /betaSz, is near one, b) if turbulence results in
a nearly well-mixed patch and c) the patch thickness is large enough that convective eddies are
able to transport T and S faster than salt fingers. Once overturning occurs, subsequent turbulent
entrainment can lead to growth of the patch thickness. Experimental results agree well with
the theoretical prediction that h= \surd 8h B/N2 t, where h is the patch thickness, t is time, h is
the mixing efficiency of turbulent entrainment, B is the buoyancy flux of the salt fingers and N
is the buoyancy frequency of the ambient gradient region. This thickening is in contrast to the
collapse that a partially mixed patch would experience due to lateral intrusion in a very wide
tank. In regions of the ocean that contain salt fingers there is the possibility that, after a period
of initial collapse, an intrusion could enter a regime where the rate of collapse in the vertical is
balanced by the growth rate due to turbulent entrainment from the salt fingers buoyancy flux,
thus tending to maintain the rate of lateral spread.
¶
A further series of laboratory experiments quantified the buoyancy fluxes that result from
salt fingers and intermittent turbulence. A continuous density gradient, favourable to salt finger
convection, was stirred intermittently by an array of vertical rods that move horizontally back
and forth along the tank at a constant velocity. Previous experiments had found that continuous
turbulence destroys any salt fingers present because the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy
occurs at scales that are generally smaller than salt fingers widths. However, when turbulence
is present only intermittently, the salt fingers may have time to grow between turbulent events
and so contribute to the vertical diffusivities of heat and salt. We conclude that the vertical
buoyancy flux of salt fingers is strongly dependent upon the intermittency of the turbulence,
and equilibrium fluxes are only achieved if the time between turbulent events is much greater
than the e-folding time of the salt fingers. When these results are applied to an oceanographic
setting, the effect of intermittent turbulence, occurring more 5% of the time, is to reduce the
effective eddy diffusivity due to salt fingers below equilibrium salt finger values, so that at
R\rho > > 2 the eddy diffusivity is due only to turbulence. The time averaged salt fingers fluxes are
not significantly reduced by intermittent turbulence when R\rho > 2 or if the intermittence occurs
less than 2% of the time, and so may contribute significant diapycnal fluxes in many parts of
the ocean.
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Wettlaufer, John S. "The directional solidification of salt water /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6806.
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