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Journal articles on the topic 'Salt water intrusion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Graas, S., and H. H. G. Savenije. "Salt intrusion in the Pungue estuary, Mozambique: effect of sand banks as a natural temporary salt intrusion barrier." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no. 4 (September 3, 2008): 2523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-2523-2008.

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Abstract. This paper presents a salt intrusion model for the Pungue estuary with the aim to determine the minimum discharge required to prevent the salt intrusion from reaching the water intake situated 82 km from the estuary mouth. The Pungue river is shared between Zimbabwe and Mozambique and has a large variation in precipitation and runoff. The mean monthly discharge can be as low as 8 m3/s and as high as 893 m3/s. The second largest city of Mozambique, Beira, relies on the Pungue for its water supply. In the dry season it frequently occurs that the water intake has to be ceased because the salinity of the Pungue is too high. The salt intrusion model used in this paper is based on a fully analytical and predictive theory which is confronted with measurements of salt intrusion and estuary topography. The paper presents the collection of estuary characteristics and the salt water intrusion measurements that were obtained by field measurements in 1993 and 2002. Using these data the salt intrusion model has successfully been applied. During salinity intrusion measurements in the dry season of 1993 it was observed that sand banks in the middle zone of the estuary prevented the salt water from intruding further upstream, resulting in lower salinity levels upstream than the theoretical salt water intrusion model predicts. This effect occurs during ebb of neap and average tides and can reduce the salt water intrusion by 10 km. The model indicates that in a natural situation a minimum monthly discharge of 12 m3/s is required to maintain acceptable salinity levels during high water and spring tide near the water intake. The actual water discharge upstream of the water intake has to be higher, since this minimum discharge does not take into account the water abstracted for irrigation and/or urban water supply. Current water abstractions lead to salt water intrusion near the water intake at approximately 10% of the time. The model indicates that an additional water abstraction of 5 m3/s will lead to an increase in salt water reaching the intake at 10% of the time. During neap tide the sand banks act as a temporary natural salt intrusion barrier reducing the chance of salt water reaching the water intake.

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2

Gong, Wenping, Zhongyuan Lin, Yunzhen Chen, Zhaoyun Chen, and Heng Zhang. "Effect of winds and waves on salt intrusion in the Pearl River estuary." Ocean Science 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-139-2018.

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Abstract. Salt intrusion in the Pearl River estuary (PRE) is a dynamic process that is influenced by a range of factors and to date, few studies have examined the effects of winds and waves on salt intrusion in the PRE. We investigate these effects using the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system applied to the PRE. After careful validation, the model is used for a series of diagnostic simulations. It is revealed that the local wind considerably strengthens the salt intrusion by lowering the water level in the eastern part of the estuary and increasing the bottom landward flow. The remote wind increases the water mixing on the continental shelf, elevates the water level on the shelf and in the PRE and pumps saltier shelf water into the estuary by Ekman transport. Enhancement of the salt intrusion is comparable between the remote and local winds. Waves decrease the salt intrusion by increasing the water mixing. Sensitivity analysis shows that the axial down-estuary wind, is most efficient in driving increases in salt intrusion via wind straining effect.

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3

AOKI, Kazuo, and Masashi KAMON. "Adsorption-desorption phenomena from salt water intrusion." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 370 (1986): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1986.370_133.

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4

Gisen, Jacqueline Isabella, Siti Syuhaida Adnan, Ahmad Amirul Ahmad Tajudin, and Tian Xian Chan. "Investigation of Salt Intrusion Condition in the Belat Estuary." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815003005.

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Awareness on salt intrusion problem is still lacking in Malaysia due to high precipitation in the region. However, the El-Nino phenomenon that occurred recently has caused extremely low fresh water discharge in the Kuantan River which allowed the sea water to intrude further into its water intake region. Consequently, the Belat River may become potential water resources alternative to build new water intake station for the water supply in the Kuantan River Basin. The aims of this study are to: 1) investigate the salinity distribution in the Belat Estuary; 2) evaluate the applicability of the 1-D analytical salt intrusion solution; 3) determine the calibration parameters in the salt intrusion model. Salt intrusion measurements was conducted during the dry season at spring tide when the fresh water discharge is the minimum. Collection of data such as hydrological data, river cross section and salinity were collected to be used in the salt intrusion analysis. The results obtained show good agreement between the simulated and observed salinity distribution in the estuary with low RMSE and high NSE values. This indicates that the model is reliable and can become an important tool for water manager in conducting salt intrusion study for this area.

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5

Yuqun, Xue, Wu Jichun, Xie Chunhong, and Zhang Yongxiang. "Sea water intrusion and salt water intrusion in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay." Chinese Science Bulletin 43, no. 12 (June 1998): 983–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02884630.

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6

ONDER, KHALIL, and MOHAMED ABDULRAZZAK. "Analysis of Salt Water Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences 4, no. 1 (1993): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/met.4-1.5.

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7

Abdul Nassir, S. S., M. H. Loke, C. Y. Lee, and M. N. M. Nawawi. "Salt-water intrusion mapping by geoelectrical imaging surveys." Geophysical Prospecting 48, no. 4 (July 2000): 647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2000.00209.x.

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8

Mahesha, A., and Mohan Babu. "EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBSURFACE BARRIER ON SALT WATER INTRUSION." ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 2002): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2002.10514707.

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9

Van der Molen, W. H. "Proceedings of the 9th salt water intrusion meeting." Journal of Hydrology 97, no. 3-4 (February 1988): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90128-x.

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10

Shaha, D. C., and Y. K. Cho. "Comparison of empirical models with intensively observed data for prediction salt intrusion in the Sumjin River estuary, Korea." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (March 6, 2009): 1879–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-1879-2009.

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Abstract. Intensive measurements of salt intrusion in the Sumjin River estuary were taken at high and low waters during both spring and neap tides in each season from August 2004 to April 2007. The estuary demonstrated partially- and well-mixed characteristics during the spring tide and stratified condition during the neap tide. The salt intrusion at high water varied from about 13.39 km in summer 2005 to 25.62 km in autumn 2006. The salt intrusion depended primarily on the freshwater discharges rather than those of spring-neap tidal oscillations. Analysis of three years of observed salinity data indicated that the salt intrusion length scale in the Sumjin River estuary was proportional to the river discharge to the −1/5 power. Five empirical models were applied to the Sumjin River estuary to explore the most suitable as an easy-to-use tool for prediction of the salt intrusion length as functions of the geometry, river discharge and tide. Comparative results showed that the Nguyen and Savenije (2006) model developed under both partially- and well-mixed estuaries yielded the most satisfactory results of all the models studied for computing the salt intrusion length in the Sumjin River estuary. Our study suggests that the model can generate reasonable results for stratified conditions also.

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11

Andersen, Peter F., James W. Mercer, and Harold O. White. "Numerical Modeling of Salt-Water Intrusion at Hallandale, Florida." Ground Water 26, no. 5 (September 1988): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1988.tb00796.x.

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12

Mausshardt, Sherrill, and Glen Singleton. "Mitigating Salt-Water Intrusion through Hiram M. Chittenden Locks." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 121, no. 4 (July 1995): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1995)121:4(224).

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13

Post, Vincent E. A., Gualbert Oude Essink, Adam Szymkiewicz, Mark Bakker, Georg Houben, Emilio Custodio, and Clifford Voss. "Celebrating 50 years of SWIMs (Salt Water Intrusion Meetings)." Hydrogeology Journal 26, no. 6 (June 11, 2018): 1767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1800-8.

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14

Shaha, D. C., and Y. K. Cho. "Comparison of empirical models with intensively observed data for prediction of salt intrusion in the Sumjin River estuary, Korea." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 26, 2009): 923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-923-2009.

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Abstract. Performance of empirical models has been compared with extensively observed data to determine the most suitable model for prediction of salt intrusion in the Sumjin River estuary, Korea. Intensive measurements of salt intrusion were taken at high and low waters during both spring and neap tide in each season from August 2004 to April 2007. The stratification parameter varied with the distance along the estuary, tidal period and freshwater discharge, indicating that the Sumjin River estuary experiences a transition from partially- or well-mixed during spring tide to stratified during neap tide. The salt intrusion length at high water varied from 13.4 km in summer 2005 to 25.6 km in autumn 2006. The salt intrusion mostly depends on the freshwater discharge rather than spring-neap tidal oscillation. Analysis of three years observed salinity data indicates that the scale of the salt intrusion length in the Sumjin River estuary is proportional to the river discharge to the −1/5 power. Four empirical models have been applied to the Sumjin River estuary to explore the most suitable model for prediction of the salt intrusion length. Comparative results show that the Nguyen and Savenije (2006) model, developed under both partially- and well-mixed estuaries, performs best of all models studied (relative error of 4.6%). The model was also applied under stratified neap tide conditions, with a relative error of 5.2%, implying applicability of this model under stratified conditions as well.

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15

Przewłócka, Maria, Beata Jaworska-Szulc, Bohdan Kozerski, Małgorzata Pruszkowska-Caceres, Adam Szymkiewicz, and Andrzej Kwaterkiewicz. "Freshening of salinized groundwater in Gdańsk Quaternary aquifer." E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400025.

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The main Quaternary aquifer in the Gdańsk region connects directly with salt waters of the Martwa Wisła River and the Gulf of Gdańsk. This aquifer has been used for many years by large municipal and industrial intakes located on the marine lowlands, with maximum output 6236 m3/h in 1985. Owing to an intensive exploitation, groundwater in the area of the Old Gdańsk has been salinized by intrusion of salt water from the Martwa Wisła River. Concentration of chlorides in some wells reached 2000-3000 mgCl/dm3, leading to degradation of groundwater resources in this area. As a consequence the “Grodza Kamienna” groundwater intake had to be put out of operation. Salt water intrusion from the Gulf of Gdańsk was provoked in 1970s and 1980s by overexploitation of groundwater resources by three municipal intakes situated on the marine terrace. Concentration of chlorides in some piezometers of the “Czarny Dwór” groundwater intake amounted to 700 – 1000 mgCl/dm3, however in the pumping wells of the intake it never exceeded the drinking water standards. In 1990s groundwater pumping rates in both areas were lowered. As a result, the chloride concentration decreased and the resources started to recover. Current observations prove that groundwater of the main Quaternary aquifer is freshening and salt water intrusion has stopped. However, elevated concentrations of chlorides are observed in the shallow aquifer, due to anthropopressure.

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16

Liu, Wen-Cheng, Min-Hsin Ke, and Hong-Ming Liu. "Response of Salt Transport and Residence Time to Geomorphologic Changes in an Estuarine System." Water 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041091.

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Anthropogenic changes in tidal estuaries have significantly altered bathymetry and topography over the past half century. The geomorphic-driven changes in estuarine hydrodynamics and salt transport remain unclear. To explore this issue, a SELFE (Semi-implicit Eulaerian-Lagrangian Finite Element) -based model was developed and utilized in a case study in the Danshui River, Taiwan. The model was calibrated and validated using observed water level, current, and salinity data from 2015, 2016, and 2017. The performance of the SELFE model corresponded well to the measured data. Furthermore, the validated model was utilized to analyze the hydrodynamics, residual current, limit of salt intrusion, and residence time under the predevelopment (1981) and present (2015) conditions. The predicted results revealed that the time lag of water surface elevation at both high tide and low tide under the present condition was approximately 0.5–2 h shorter under the predevelopment condition. The residual circulation under the predevelopment condition was stronger than under the present condition for low flow, causing the limit of salt intrusion to extend further upstream under the predevelopment condition compared to the limit of salt intrusion under the present condition. The calculated residence time under the predevelopment condition was longer than the residence time under the present condition. The freshwater discharge input is a dominating factor affecting the salt intrusion and residence time in a tidal estuary. A regression correlation between the maximum distance of salt intrusion and freshwater discharge and a correlation between residence time and freshwater discharge were established to predict the limit of salt intrusion and residence time under the predevelopment and present conditions with different scenarios of freshwater discharge input.

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17

Kacimov, A. R., M. M. Sherif, J. S. Perret, and A. Al-Mushikhi. "Control of sea-water intrusion by salt-water pumping: Coast of Oman." Hydrogeology Journal 17, no. 3 (February 20, 2009): 541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0425-8.

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18

Johnson, Jamie, Lewis Harrison, and Chuck Hansen. "SFPUC’s Use of Innovative Technology to Reduce Salt Water Intrusion." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, no. 12 (January 1, 2017): 2221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864717822152428.

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19

SASAKI, Takeshi, and Takashi ASAEDA. "Air curtain for preventing the salt water intrusion in estuaries." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 21 (1993): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.21.335.

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20

Xu, Zhi, Jing Ma, and Yajie Hu. "Saltwater Intrusion Function and Preliminary Application in the Yangtze River Estuary, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010118.

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More attention has been paid to saltwater-intrusion-related problems in recent years. In this research study, a saltwater intrusion function in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) was constructed based on the theory of the interactions between energy accumulation and impedance. A MIKE21 model was used to simulate the hydrodynamics of the YRE. Then, through the analysis of the relationships between the river discharge conditions, tidal ranges, and saltwater intrusion, it was determined that, under certain river discharge conditions, the tidal ranges and salinity levels at the stations in the southern branch (SB) of the YRE conformed to S-shaped curve characteristics. Also, the tidal ranges and salinity excessive area rate (SEAR) displayed similar characteristics. Furthermore, the river discharge conditions were also found to match the S-curve characteristics between the two aforementioned relationship features. Therefore, the saltwater intrusion function of the YRE was constructed based on the previously mentioned development rules. Also, the applied quantification methods were elaborated, and the values of the parameters were determined. As a result, the critical river discharge (more than 10,000 m3/s) was obtained, which could withstand large-scale saltwater intrusions. When the river discharge was greater than 30,000 m3/s, the area was considered to be basically without salt water intrusions, and the estuarine ecology was in an optimal state. The saltwater intrusion losses from 2005 to 2015 are also calculated. These findings have important reference value for water dispatching of the YRE in the dry season.

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21

Kuur, Pieter van der. "Locks with Devices to Reduce Salt Intrusion." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 111, no. 6 (November 1985): 1009–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1985)111:6(1009).

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22

Xu, Yanwen, Antonius J. F. Hoitink, Jinhai Zheng, Karl Kästner, and Wei Zhang. "Analytical model captures intratidal variation in salinity in a convergent, well-mixed estuary." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 4309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4309-2019.

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Abstract. Knowledge of the processes governing salt intrusion in estuaries is important, since it influences the eco-environment of estuaries as well as its water resource potential in many ways. Analytical models of salinity variation offer a simple and efficient method for studying salt intrusion in estuaries. In this paper, an unsteady analytical solution is presented to predict the spatio-temporal variation in salinity in convergent estuaries. It is derived from a one-dimensional advection–diffusion equation for salinity, adopting a constant mixing coefficient and a single-frequency tidal wave, which can directly reflect the influence of the tidal motion and the interaction between the tide and runoff. The deduced analytical solution is illustrated with an application to the Humen estuary of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and proves to be an efficient and accurate approach for predicting the salt intrusion in convergent estuaries. The unsteady analytical solution is tested against observations from six study sites to validate its capability to predict intratidal variation in salt intrusion. The results show that the proposed unsteady analytical solution can be successfully used to reproduce the spatial distribution and temporal processes governing salinity dynamics in convergent, well-mixed estuaries. The proposed method provides a quick and convenient approach for deciding on water-fetching methods to make good use of water resources.

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23

Bhowmick, B., Z. Uddin, and S. Rahman. "SALINITY CHANGES IN SOUTH WEST BANGLADESH AND ITS IMPACT ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v14i2.31405.

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Salinity intrusion greatly affects the livelihood decisions which farmers have to make. Both environmental and anthropogenic factors affect salt water intrusion within south west Bangladesh. Although climate change and sea level rise are thought to increase salinity, siltation and sedimentation of canals reduces access to surface water and prevents salt water intrusion in to farming zones. This study highlights how decreasing salinity within Khulna and Bagerhat districts is allowing farmers to diversify their agricultural practices, reducing vulnerability and improving household income and food security. By using both quantitative and qualitative data collection, semi structured interviews were held with farmers and landless people to understand how they adapt to salinity changes. The results show that whilst salinity decreases were identical across both districts, farmers adapt to the changes in a number of ways based primarily on their access to water. Whilst shrimp production struggles to improve, increases in freshwater production of prawns, fin fish and dyke crops partially confirm that salinity was decreasing within the area. Furthermore, increases in income generation were also observed confirming that diversification improved rural livelihoods. In the wider context, understanding farmer mitigation strategies towards the environment allows for future comparisons to be made on climate change and sea level rise which are widely considered to drive salt water intrusion further in land.

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24

Nguyen Thi Thuy Nhung, Nguyen Thi Thuy Nhung. "CURRENT STATE OF SALT INTRUSION IN THE MEKONG DELTA IN VIETNAM." Vestnik scientific and methodological council in environmental engineering and water management, no. 19 (2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2618-8732-2020-74-80.

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The study aims to determine the evolution of salt intrusion in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Salt water appeared in the mouths of rivers many years ago, but its values in 2019-2020 are considered the highest in the history of observations and surpass the data of 2016 (the year with the highest salinity). In 2020, the phenomenon of salt invasion will strongly manifest itself in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam (in the lower reaches of the Mekong River), the penetration of salt water deep into the mainland and the marginal salinity of 4 (g/l) deeper than 5-25 km, depending on the range. The main reason for this is the change in the flow of water from the headwaters. During the dry season, the flow in the estuary is completely dependent on the flow of water from the upper Mekong River, and the construction of hydroelectric power plants affects the water content of the river below the dams. The second reason is the inefficient operation of the fresh water circulation system between rivers during the dry season in Vietnam. Some other causes are related to climate change, such as rising sea levels at high tide, which allows salt water to flow inland from the mouth, as well as a rather wide shape of the mouth and deep penetration into the land, which contributes to faster penetration. All this negatively affects the environment and sustainable economic development of the Mekong Delta in Viet Nam.

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25

Rusu, Cyprien, Xiao Hui Cheng, and Meng Li. "Biological Clogging in Tangshan Sand Columns under Salt Water Intrusion by Sporosarcina pasteurii." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2040–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2040.

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Salt Water intrusion is a recurrent phenomenon over the world. This study has purpose to find a new biological way to solve this problem. Sporosarcina Pasteurii, known for its application in biogrouting solutions, was injected into four experimental columns submitted to salt water injection. The bioremediated carbonation reaction was induced by injection of calcium chloride and urea during a three weeks period and results were observed by a new injection of salt water. The increase of salt concentration in the columns after biological treatment shows a slowing down of salt propagation after treatment.

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26

Li, Tilai, Xiangyu Gao, Xinzhou Zhang, and Yinshuang Wang. "IMPACT OF RUNOFF ON SALT INTRUSION OF YANGTZE ESTUARY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 2, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.49.

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Based on one-dimensional and two-dimensional mathematical coupling models of tidal current and salinity from Datong to Yangtze estuary, the impacting scope of salt intrusion are calculated when the runoff of Datong from 4,500m3/s to 30,000m3/s, and the maximum and average value of salinity at each representative point of the estuary are given. When flow of Datong is less than 10,000 m3/s, if projects of water transfer, pumping and diversion are not taken into account at the lower reaches of Datong, the maximum salinity at the downstream reaches of Xuliujing and the average salinity at the downstream reaches of Baimaosha will exceed drinking water criteria.

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27

Gibbison, Godfrey A., and James Randall. "The salt water intrusion problem and water conservation practices in southeast Georgia, USA." Water and Environment Journal 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00050.x.

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28

Tinh, Nguyen Xuan, Jin Wang, Hitoshi Tanaka, and Kinuko Ito. "Response of salinity intrusion to the hydrodynamic conditions and river mouth morphological changes induced by the 2011 tsunami." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 14, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2020-14(2)-01.

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The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami were one of the most devastating natural disasters in history. It caused significant ground subsidence and erosion along the Japan coastline. The Natori river mouth which is a habitat for both fishes and bivalves, as an important fishing ground, has been damaged by the tsunami because of the change of the process of salt transport in an estuarine system. In general, salinity intrusion into the river mouth can be affected by many factors such as river water discharge and tidal level, as well as estuarine morphology. In this study, the response of salinity intrusion to the river mouth morphological changes induced by the 2011 Tsunami is investigated. The topographical changes caused by the tsunami are mainly divided into two stages. The first is the direct action of the tsunami, which caused the severe scouring of the coast and the widening of the river. The results have clearly indicated that after tsunami the salt water can intrude much further upstream compare to the condition before the tsunami event. Another changes occurred during the restoration process after the tsunami. The sediment accumulation in the river channel prevented the salt water from entering the river channel, which reduced the salt intrusion degree. However, the effect of the morphology change caused directly by the tsunami is far greater than the sedimentation of the river. Keywords: salinity intrusion; river morphology; tsunami impact; numerical simulation; EFDC model.

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29

Simmons, H. B. "SALINITY PROBLEMS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v2.7.

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The basic sources of salt-water pollution are the ocean, industry, and the soil. The ocean is responsible for the intrusion of salt water into rivers, canals, and lakes, and for infiltration of sea water into aquifiers which are tapped by wells. Industry causes salt-water pollution by discharging the brine of mines, oil wells, tanneries, and other industrial wastes into rivers and lakes. The soil is a source of salt-water pollution because of the run-off from chloride-bearing soils and the solution of soluble rocks. The most common and important source of salt-water pollution is the ocean, and is the only source considered in this paper.

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30

Yang, Chieh-Hou, Lun-Tao Tong, and Ching-Feng Huang. "Combined application of dc and TEM to sea‐water intrusion mapping." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 2 (March 1999): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444546.

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A geoelectric survey using a dc resistivity method and a transient electromagnetic induction (TEM) method was carried out from 1986 to 1988. It was used to help map the lateral and vertical distributions of the freshwater/salt‐water interface in the Pei‐kang area on the west coast of Taiwan. The dc and TEM soundings were performed at 79 localities over an area of 240 km2 of Quaternary alluvium. Significant changes in pore‐water conductivity at some places were detected by these two methods. A low resistivity value (<1.5 ohm-m) implies salt‐water contamination of groundwater. The results of spatial distribution of apparent resistivity indicate the salt‐water‐affected aquifers are confined to the southwest part of the study area, and the affected aquifers are confined to the top of two aquifers. A geoelectric model with three to four layers is inferred from the joint inversion of dc and TEM data. Based on a modified Archie’s law suggested by the authors, an empirical relation between pore‐water resistivity of the stratum and formation resistivity can be obtained. It can be used to convert the computed resistivity of each geoelectric layer (aquifer) to the resistivity of the water contained in these layer, thus leading to the assessment of groundwater contamination. Repeated dc resistivity measurements have been carried out at selected locations once every year from 1986 to 1988. These data were used to monitor the temporal variation and a possible spreading of the salt‐water invasion. During 1995, a dc survey was conducted in the same area to compare with the dc sounding results obtained in 1988. The final results provide an evaluation of the efficiency of groundwater management in the study area.

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31

Wright, J., Z. Shen, and S. Rizkalla. "A three-year field and laboratory evaluation of linseed oil as a concrete sealer." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 844–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-110.

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Sealers are used to enhance concrete durability through their ability to prevent moisture penetration and chloride intrusion, and, consequently, improve the freeze–thaw performance of the concrete and prevent corrosion of the steel reinforcement, respectively. This paper summarizes the results of three years of comprehensive field and laboratory investigations, undertaken at The University of Manitoba, to study the effectiveness of boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits in comparison to a silane and a siloxane sealer. The field investigation examined the performance of the sealers applied to the concrete pavements of a city street, a provincial highway, and an airport apron in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The laboratory investigation included sealer penetration, salt-water absorption and vapour transmission, abrasion, chloride ion intrusion, surface scaling resistance, and rapid freeze–thaw cycling. Test results of the field and laboratory investigation indicated that boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits was the most effective sealer at reducing chloride ion intrusion. It was found that boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits was comparable to siloxane and much more effective than the silane at reducing salt-water absorption. The results also indicated that boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits was most effective at reducing surface scaling and remained effective when subjected to salt-water absorption after abrasion. Key words: concrete sealers, linseed oil, silane, siloxane, absorption, scaling, chloride intrusion.

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32

Rubhera, R. A. M. Mato. "Groundwater quality degradation due to salt water intrusion in Zanzibar Municipality." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest2015.1931.

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33

Haddout, Soufiane, Abdellatif Maslouhi, and Mohammed Igouzal. "Predicting of salt water intrusion in the Sebou river estuary (Morocco)." Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2015): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2015.1124029.

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34

Mahesha, A. "AN OVERVIEW OF CONTROL OF SALT WATER INTRUSION IN COASTAL AQUIFERS." ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 2001): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2001.10514690.

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35

FUJIWARA, Hirokazu, Tadaharu ISHIKAWA, Shuzo NISHIDA, Yasushi TSURUTA, and Masaki SAWAMOTO. "CHARACTERISTICS OF SALT WATER INTRUSION IN COMPOUND CHANNEL OF TAKASE RIVER." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 44 (2000): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.44.1005.

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36

Ozler, Murat H. "Hydrochemistry and salt-water intrusion in the Van aquifer, east Turkey." Environmental Geology 43, no. 7 (March 2003): 759–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0690-0.

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37

Pezeshki, S. R., and J. L. Chambers. "Effect of soil salinity on stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of green ash (Fraxinuspennsylvanica)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-098.

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Seedlings of green ash (Fraxinuspennsylvanica Marsh.) were subjected to four levels of salt water ranging from approximately seawater concentration to one-tenth the concentration of seawater to simulate a temporary intrusion of salt water in coastal areas and brine spills associated with oil-drilling activities. The effect of saltwater influx on subsequent stomatal behaviour and net photosynthesis was studied. Stomatal conductance was reduced up to 72% and net photosynthesis declined by as much as 86% in response to the application of saline water. Both responses were rapid and occurred shortly after treatment. In addition to substantial declines in stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis, plant water potential also declined after treatment. All levels of salt application resulted in leaf injury and the two highest concentrations caused rapid seedling mortality. The results of this study indicate that green ash seedlings are extremely sensitive to soil salinity and will not survive either saltwater intrusion or brine spills associated with oil-drilling activities. Potential long-term effects are discussed.

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38

Vuong Tai, Chi, Linh Nguyen Khanh, Ngan Vu Huong, Quang Dinh Nhat, and Anh Truong Van. "Investigation of saltwater intrusion in thach han river system by mike hydro river package." Transport and Communications Science Journal 72, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.1.6.

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Saltwater intrusion is one of the most severe problems for worldwide coastal regions, leading to negative impacts on both human and aquatic inhabitant communities. Quang Tri province, located in the Central Coast region of Vietnam, faces consequences of saltwater intrusion because of its dense river network and El Nino phenomena’s influences. To analyse hydrological, hydraulic processes as well as investigate saltwater intrusion’s situation in this province, the authors adopted MIKE HYDRO River package and obtained results with good agreements with measured data from survey campaigns. The present conditions scenario shows that saltwater intrudes Thach Han and Cam Lo rivers with a distance of 25.35 km and 15.04 km respectively, where the salt concentration is under 0.75‰ and water can be drunk and irrigated. The large discharge of 30 m3/s can only push saltwater only 1.85 km to the sea, which is insignificant in comparison with the value of seawater wedge length, saltwater intrusion in Thach Han river system can only be mitigated slightly. Since the authors only consider hydrological droughts, future scenarios in 2030 and 2050 have slight differences with the present, where topography and river flow remain unchanged. Based on the above results, non-structural measurements are not recommended to deal with saltwater intrusion for both present and future scenarios, and local authorities should consider structural solutions, e.g. constructions of anti-salt dams, during the decision-making process.

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39

Rahmawati, Novi, Jean-François Vuillaume, and Ignasius Loyola Setyawan Purnama. "Salt intrusion in Coastal and Lowland areas of Semarang City." Journal of Hydrology 494 (June 2013): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.031.

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40

Ronchi, L., H. Nouali, T. J. Daou, J. Patarin, and A. Ryzhikov. "Heterogeneous lyophobic systems based on pure silica ITH-type zeolites: high pressure intrusion of water and electrolyte solutions." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 24 (2017): 15087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03470a.

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41

Nhan, Nguyen Thi, Dang Tran Trung, Bui Thi Bao Anh, Nguyen Xuan Tung, and Nguyen Xuan Thanh. "Some results of research and forecasting of groundwater salinization in the coastal zone of Soc Trang province." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 3B (October 21, 2019): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3b/14526.

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In recent years, the situation of salinity intrusion is very complicated and becomes more serious in the coastal area of Soc Trang province. In this research, SEAWAT modified water density flow model was used to forecast the salinity intrusion for Holocene aquifer (qh) and upper Pleistocene aquifer (qp3) according to the water use planning scenario. The results show that the impact of groundwater extraction process increases the TDS content in the aquifer, the salt water/fresh water areas change over time, the trend of salinity change increases. In Holocene aquifer, salt water area is relatively large and the TDS concentration increases towards the sea, however, fresh water area changes inconsiderably: In 2015 accounting for 17.42% and by 2030 accounting for 17.77% of aquifer area. In upper Pleistocene aquifer, the fresh water area declines significantly: In 2015 accounting for 9.35% and by 2030 only accounting for 7.53% of aquifer area.

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42

Abdullah, Ali D., Jacqueline I. A. Gisen, Pieter van der Zaag, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Usama F. A. Karim, Ilyas Masih, and Ioana Popescu. "Predicting the salt water intrusion in the Shatt al-Arab estuary using an analytical approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 10 (October 6, 2016): 4031–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4031-2016.

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Abstract. Longitudinal and vertical salinity measurements are used in this study to predict the extent of inland seawater intrusion in a deltaic river estuary. A predictive model is constructed to apply to the specific tidal, seasonal, and discharge variability and geometric characteristics of the Shatt al-Arab River (SAR) situated along the border of Iraq and Iran. Reliable hydrologic simulation of salinity dynamics and seawater intrusion was lacking prior to this study. Tidal excursion is simulated analytically using a 1-D analytical salt intrusion model with recently updated equations for tidal mixing. The model was applied under different river conditions to analyse the seasonal variability of salinity distribution during wet and dry periods near spring and neap tides between March 2014 and January 2015. A good fit is possible with this model between computed and observed salinity distribution. Estimating water abstractions along the estuary improves the performance of the equations, especially at low flows and with a well-calibrated dispersion–excursion relationship of the updated equations. Salt intrusion lengths given the current data varied from 38 to 65 km during the year of observation. With extremely low river discharge, which is highly likely there, we predict a much further distance of 92 km. These new predictions demonstrate that the SAR, already plagued with extreme salinity, may face deteriorating water quality levels in the near future, requiring prompt interventions.

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Webber, M., M. T. Li, J. Chen, B. Finlayson, D. Chen, Z. Y. Chen, M. Wang, and J. Barnett. "A method for calculating the duration and intensity of salt intrusions: the Yangtze River estuary." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2015): 4909–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4909-2015.

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Abstract. Studies of intrusions of salt water into estuaries are typically constrained by both the short duration of discharge records and the paucity of observations of discharge and salinity. Thus studies of intrusions of salt water into estuaries typically seek to identify the conditions under which intrusions occur, using detailed observations for periods of 20–60 days. This paper demonstrates a method by which to identify the conditions under which intense intrusions of long duration occur and applies that method to the Yangtze River estuary. The paper constructs a model of the relationship between salinity and discharge and then employs Monte Carlo simulation methods to reconstruct the probability of observing intrusions of differing intensities and durations in relation to discharge. The model predicts that the duration of intrusions with chlorinity ≥250 mg L−1 increases as the number of consecutive days with discharge ≤12 000 m3 s−1 increases; consecutive days of discharges ≤8000 m3 s−1 predict the duration of intrusions with chlorinity ≥400 or 500 mg L−1. In 26 of the 64 years analysed, the probability of an intrusion of at least 60 days at ≥250 mg L−1 is greater than 1 in 1000; in 17 years is greater than 1 in 100; and in ten years is greater than 1 in 10.

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44

Protano, G., F. Riccobono, and G. Sabatini. "Does salt water intrusion constitute a mercury contamination risk for coastal fresh water aquifers?" Environmental Pollution 110, no. 3 (December 2000): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00317-6.

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45

Guvanasen, Varut, Shirley C. Wade, and Mark D. Barcelo. "Simulation of Regional Ground Water Flow and Salt Water Intrusion in Hernando County, Florida." Ground Water 38, no. 5 (September 2000): 772–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02713.x.

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46

Waspodo, Roh Santoso Budi, Silvia Kusumarini, and Vita Ayu Kusuma Dewi. "Prediksi Intrusi Air Laut Berdasarkan Nilai Daya Hantar Listrik dan Total Dissolved Solid di Kabupaten Tangerang." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 8, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v8i4.243-250.

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Intrusion of sea water is the infiltration of sea water into the soil. This might be caused by a groundwater excessive exploration. Tangerang District is one of the areas that have great potential sea water intrusion. The aim of research was to predict the limit of salt water intrusion based on the value of DHL and TDS. The primary data were measured using a TOA EC meter CM-14P and then were processed using Surfer 9.0 software and ArcGIS. The measurement results was compared with PAHIAA Decision (1986) and Carroll’s Classification (1962). The results showed that the intrusion area could be identified by DHL and TDS values. On the area located far from the beach, intrusion was influenced by the presence of a river in the region. This was indicated by the regression analysis that showed a correlation between distance and value DHL/TDS with a negative slope value. Based on DHL and TDS parameters in observation area, the groundwater conditions in Tangerang District within a radius of 0.095 km to 5 km from the littoral areas are categorized as medium intrusion zone (slightly brackish water) with DHL 1500-1999 μmhos/cm and TDS values 1000-3000 mg/LU.

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47

Al‐Bassam, Abdulaziz M., and M. Tahir Hussein. "Combined geo‐electrical and hydro‐chemical methods to detect salt‐water intrusion." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 19, no. 2 (February 29, 2008): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830810856564.

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48

Kemblowski, Marian. "The Impact of the Dupuit-Forchheimer Approximation on Salt-Water Intrusion Simulation." Ground Water 25, no. 3 (May 1987): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02137.x.

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49

Rozycki, Alexander. "Analysis of a Marine Intrusion by Parameters Derived from Salt-Water Conductivity." Ground Water 34, no. 6 (November 1996): 1076–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02173.x.

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50

Qin, Peng, Hongliang Liu, Peng Yang, Yanfen Liu, and Tingting Shang. "The analysis of sea(salt) water intrusion in Weibei-plane of Shandong." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 525 (July 7, 2020): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/525/1/012067.

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