Journal articles: 'Salt tolerance in plants'

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Zuo, Zhiyu, Junhong Guo, Caiyun Xin, et al. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wild-type and abscisic acid-deficient mutant barley." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 10 (2019): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/506/2019-pse.

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Salt acclimation is a process to enhance salt tolerance in plants. The salt acclimation induced salt tolerance was investigated in a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Steptoe (wild type, WT) and its abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient mutant Az34. Endogenesis ABA concentration in leaf was significantly increased by salt stress in WT, while it was not affected in Az34. Under salt stress, the salt acclimated Az34 plants had 14.8% lower total soluble sugar concentration and 93.7% higher sodium (Na) concentration in leaf, compared with salt acclimated WT plants. The acclimated plants had significantly higher leaf water potential and osmotic potential than non-acclimated plants in both WT and Az34 under salt stress. The salt acclimation enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (by 22.9% and 12.3%) and the maximum quantum yield of PS II (22.7% and 22.0%) in WT and Az34 under salt stress. However, the stomatal conductance in salt acclimated Az34 plants was 28.9% lower than WT under salt stress. Besides, the guard cell pair width was significantly higher in salt acclimated Az34 plants than that in WT plants. The results indicated that the salt acclimated WT plants showed a higher salt tolerance than Az34 plants, suggesting that ABA deficiency has a negative effect on the salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in barley.

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Zongshuai, Wang, Li Xiangnan, Zhu Xiancan, et al. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance is enhanced by abscisic acid priming in wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 7 (2017): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/287/2017-pse.

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High salt stress significantly depresses carbon assimilation and plant growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Salt acclimation can enhance the tolerance of wheat plants to salt stress. Priming with abscisic acid (1 mmol ABA) was applied during the salt acclimation (30 mmol NaCl) process to investigate its effects on the tolerance of wheat to subsequent salt stress (500 mmol NaCl). The results showed that priming with ABA modulated the leaf ABA concentration to maintain better water status in salt acclimated wheat plants. Also, the ABA priming drove the antioxidant systems to protect photosynthetic electron transport in salt acclimated plants against subsequent salt stress, hence improving the carbon assimilation in wheat. It suggested that salt acclimation induced salt tolerance could be improved by abscisic acid priming in wheat.

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Apse, Maris P., and Eduardo Blumwald. "Engineering salt tolerance in plants." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 13, no. 2 (2002): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(02)00298-7.

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Blumwald, Eduardo. "Engineering Salt Tolerance in Plants." Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 20, no. 1 (2003): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2003.10648046.

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van Zelm, Eva, Yanxia Zhang, and Christa Testerink. "Salt Tolerance Mechanisms of Plants." Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, no. 1 (2020): 403–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100005.

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Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context in order to link them to observed phases in growth rate that occur in response to stress. Recent advances in phenotyping can now functionally or genetically link cellular signaling responses, ion transport, water management, and gene expression to growth, development, and survival. Halophytes, which are naturally salt-tolerant plants, are highlighted as success stories to learn from. We emphasize that ( a) filling the major knowledge gaps in salt-induced signaling pathways, ( b) increasing the spatial and temporal resolution of our knowledge of salt stress responses, ( c) discovering and considering crop-specific responses, and ( d) including halophytes in our comparative studies are all essential in order to take our approaches to increasing crop yields in saline soils to the next level.

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Zuo, Zhiyu, Fan Ye, Zongshuai Wang, et al. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wild-type and chlorophyl b-deficient mutant wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 1 (2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/429/2020-pse.

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Salt acclimation can promote the tolerance of wheat plants to the subsequent salt stress, which may be related to the responses of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyl (Chl) b-deficient mutant wheat ANK 32B and its wild type (WT) were firstly saltly acclimated with 30 mmol NaCl for 12 days, then subsequently subjected to 6-day salt stress (500 mmol NaCl). The ANK 32B mutant plants had lower Chl b concentration, which was manifested in the lower total Chl concentration, higher ratio of Chl a/b and in reduced photosynthetic activity (Pn). The effect of salt acclimation was manifested mainly after salt stress. Compared to non-acclimated plants, the salt acclimation increased the leaf water potential, osmotic potential (Ψo) and K concentration, while decreased the amount of Na+ and H2O2 in WT and ANK 32B under salt stress, except for Ψo in ANK 32B. In addition, the salt acclimation enhanced the APX (ascorbate peroxidase) activity by 10.55% and 33.69% in WT and ANK 32B under salt stress, respectively. Compared to the genotypes, under salt stress, the Ψo, Fv/Fm, Pn and gs of mutant plants were 5.60, 17.62, 46.73 and 26.41% lower than that of WT, respectively. These results indicated that although the salt acclimation could alleviate the negative consequences of salt stress, it is mainly manifested in the WT, and the ANK 32B plants had lower salt tolerance than WT plants, suggesting that lower Chl b concentration has a negative effect on the salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wheat.

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Paudel, Asmita, Ji Jhong Chen, Youping Sun, Yuxiang Wang, and Richard Anderson. "Salt Tolerance of Sego SupremeTM Plants." HortScience 54, no. 11 (2019): 2056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14342-19.

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Sego SupremeTM is a designated plant breeding and introduction program at the Utah State University Botanical Center and the Center for Water Efficient Landscaping. This plant selection program introduces native and adapted plants to the arid West for aesthetic landscaping and water conservation. The plants are evaluated for characteristics such as color, flowering, ease of propagation, market demand, disease/pest resistance, and drought tolerance. However, salt tolerance has not been considered during the evaluation processes. Four Sego SupremeTM plants [Aquilegia barnebyi (oil shale columbine), Clematis fruticosa (Mongolian gold clematis), Epilobium septentrionale (northern willowherb), and Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica (Arizona four-nerve daisy)] were evaluated for salt tolerance in a greenhouse. Uniform plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.25 dS·m−1 as control or a saline solution at an EC of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 dS·m−1 for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of irrigation, A. barnebyi irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m−1 had slight foliar salt damage with an average visual score of 3.7 (0 = dead; 5 = excellent), and more than 50% of the plants were dead when irrigated with saline solutions at an EC of 7.5 and 10.0 dS·m−1. However, C. fruticosa, E. septentrionale, and T. acaulis had no or minimal foliar salt damage with visual scores of 4.2, 4.1, and 4.3, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1. As the salinity levels of treatment solutions increased, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight of C. fruticosa and T. acaulis decreased linearly; plant height of A. barnebyi and E. septentrionale also declined linearly, but their leaf area and shoot dry weight decreased quadratically. Compared with the control, the shoot dry weights of A. barnebyi, C. fruticosa, E. septentrionale, and T. acaulis decreased by 71.3%, 56.3%, 69.7%, and 48.1%, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1. Aquilegia barnebyi and C. fruticosa did not bloom during the experiment at all treatments. Elevated salinity reduced the number of flowers in E. septentrionale and T. acaulis. Elevated salinity also reduced the number of shoots in all four species. Among the four species, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) concentration increased the most in A. barnebyi by 53 and 48 times, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1. In this study, C. fruticosa and T. acaulis had minimal foliar salt damage and less reduction in shoot dry weight, indicating that they are more tolerant to salinity. Epilobium septentrionale was moderately tolerant to saline solution irrigation with less foliar damage, although it had more reduction in shoot dry weight. On the other hand, A. barnebyi was the least tolerant with severe foliar damage, more reduction in shoot dry weight, and a greater concentration of Na+ and Cl–.

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Bartels, Dorothea, and Ramanjulu Sunkar. "Drought and Salt Tolerance in Plants." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 24, no. 1 (2005): 23–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352680590910410.

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Ruiz, Juan M. "Engineering salt tolerance in crop plants." Trends in Plant Science 6, no. 10 (2001): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02094-5.

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Parvaiz, A., and S. Satyawati. "Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants – a review." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 3 (2008): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2774-pse.

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The ability of plants to tolerate salts is determined by multiple biochemical pathways that facilitate retention and/or acquisition of water, protect chloroplast functions and maintain ion homeostasis. Essential pathways include those that lead to synthesis of osmotically active metabolites, specific proteins and certain free radical enzymes to control ion and water flux and support scavenging of oxygen radicals. No well-defined indicators are available to facilitate the improvement in salinity tolerance of agricultural crops through breeding. If the crop shows distinctive indicators of salt tolerance at the whole plant, tissue or cellular level, selection is the most convenient and practical method. There is therefore a need to determine the underlying biochemical mechanisms of salinity tolerance so as to provide plant breeders with appropriate indicators. In this review, the possibility of using these biochemical characteristics as selection criteria for salt tolerance is discussed.

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Shim, Myung Syun, Young Jae Kim, Chung Hee Lee, and Chang Ho Shin. "Salt Tolerance of Various Native Plants under Salt Stress." Journal of Bio-Environment Control 21, no. 4 (2012): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12791/ksbec.2012.21.4.478.

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12

Dracup, M. "Increasing Salt Tolerance of Plants Through Cell Culture Requires Greater Understanding of Tolerance Mechanisms." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 1 (1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910001.

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Despite numerous attempts, increasing the salt tolerance of cultured cells has rarely led to increased salt tolerance in regenerated plants. Clearly the role of cultured cells in selecting for salt tolerance needs reappraisal. Although the relationship between salt tolerance of cultured cells and whole plants is crucial to the use of cultured cells in selecting for increased salt tolerance, it is not understood, and neither are the mechanisms of salt tolerance in cultured cells understood. Our understanding of salt tolerance in cultured cells has been limited mainly by poor methodology, particularly failure to consider the large free space volume and the effect of high NaCl on the various phases of culture growth. Further, there has been a reluctance to search for mechanisms and test hypotheses. The relationship of salt tolerance in cultured cells and whole plants needs to be studied since much of the tolerance of whole plants is associated with their integrated functioning. Furthermore, cultured cells grow slowly and have different hormonal, osmotic and nutritional environments from cells in whole plants. Selection of cultured cells may be more productive if focused on specific cell-based physiological traits (such as Na+ accumulation, turgor regulation or tolerance to high Na+ : Ca2+) rather than on tolerance to high NaCl only. Expression in whole plants of traits in cultured cells also needs to be studied.

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13

Zaman, Shah, Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti, Du Hongmei, and Shengquan Che. "Salt tolerance approaches in plants: Biotechnological perspective." Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research 7, no. 1 (2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/ampr.71.19.016.

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14

Mansour, M. M. F., K. H. A. Salama, and M. M. Al-Mutawa. "Transport proteins and salt tolerance in plants." Plant Science 164, no. 6 (2003): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(03)00109-2.

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Tattini, M., C. Ponzio, M. A. Coradeschi, R. Tafani, and M. L. Traversi. "MECHANISMS OF SALT TOLERANCE IN OLIVE PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 356 (January 1994): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.356.38.

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Blumwald, Eduardo. "Sodium transport and salt tolerance in plants." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12, no. 4 (2000): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00112-5.

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17

Chinnusamy, Viswanathan, André Jagendorf, and Jian-Kang Zhu. "Understanding and Improving Salt Tolerance in Plants." Crop Science 45, no. 2 (2005): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0437.

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Bothe, Hermann. "Arbuscular mycorrhiza and salt tolerance of plants." Symbiosis 58, no. 1-3 (2012): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-012-0196-9.

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Partridge, T. R., and J. B. Wilson. "Salt tolerance of salt marsh plants of Otago, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Botany 25, no. 4 (1987): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1987.10410086.

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20

L Qiu, D., P. Lin, and J. W Su. "Relationship of leaf ultrastructure of mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce to salt tolerance." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 10 (2012): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4581-jfs.

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The leaf ultrastructure of mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce planted in pots under different salinity conditions was compared under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the plasmalemma in plants grown in salinity conditions of 0&permil; treatment (control) and 25&permil; treatment was tightly combined, while in plants with salinity of 50&permil; treatment, the plasmalemma crimpled remarkably and plasmolysis occurred. The nucleus and its two-layer membranes were obvious in control plants. In the case of 25&permil; treatment, the membrane breakdown was observed, nucleoplasm dispersed in cytoplasm, and the electron density of cells was lower than that in control plants. In plants treated with 50&permil; salinity the nucleus collapsed and no structure of the nucleus could be observed. As far as chloroplasts in control plants were concerned, they were oblong with a typical arrangement of grana and stroma thylakoids and one or two grains of starch. However, the chloroplasts in plants treated with 25&permil; salinity were swelling and usually contained more grains of starch and few plastoglobuli. Most chloroplasts had a reduced number of grana, particularly of thylakoids in grana as compared with control plants. The chloroplasts of plants treated with 50&permil; salinity had a considerably reduced system of grana and stroma thylakoids, and sometimes they were even defor- med morphologically. They were mixed-up and contained more grains of starch and plastoglobuli. The indistinct structure of mitochondrial cristae was observed only in plants treated with 50&permil; salinity. These showed that mitochondria are cell organs less sensitive to hypersaline conditions than chloroplasts and nucleus, and it was deduced that respiration was more conservative to an environment change than photosynthesis.

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Pedersen, Jesper T., and Michael Palmgren. "Why do plants lack sodium pumps and would they benefit from having one?" Functional Plant Biology 44, no. 5 (2017): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16422.

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The purpose of this minireview is to discuss the feasibility of creating a new generation of salt-tolerant plants that express Na+/K+-ATPases from animals or green algae. Attempts to generate salt-tolerant plants have focussed on increase the expression of or introducing salt stress-related genes from plants, bryophytes and yeast. Even though these approaches have resulted in plants with increased salt tolerance, plant growth is decreased under salt stress and often also under normal growth conditions. New strategies to increase salt tolerance are therefore needed. Theoretically, plants transformed with an animal-type Na+/K+-ATPase should not only display a high degree of salt tolerance but should also reduce the stress response exhibited by the first generation of salt-tolerant plants under both normal and salt stress conditions. The biological feasibility of such a strategy of producing transgenic plants that display improved growth on saline soil but are indistinguishable from wild-type plants under normal growth conditions, is discussed.

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Steppuhn, H., and K. G. Wall. "Grain yields from spring-sown Canadian wheats grown in saline rooting media." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 1 (1997): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-003.

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Farmers seek information about the salt tolerances of wheat. Two greenhouse tests conducted at the Swift Current Salt Tolerance Testing Laboratory determined the response of four spring-sown Canadian wheat cultivars (Katepwa, Biggar, Fielder and Kyle) to increasingly saline rooting media. The first test followed the United States Salinity Laboratory procedure of increasing root-zone salinity gradually after plant emergence, and the second provided full complements of salts before seeding. The plants were grown in sand tanks irrigated four times daily with hydroponic solutions containing salt concentrations of up to 14 dS m−1 equivalent electrical conductivity for saturated soil paste extracts (ECe) Grain yield and plant height began to decline within all cultivars at equivalent ECe-values ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 dS m−1. At 4 dS m−1, grain production dropped to 80% or less of that produced in non-saline rooting media. Kyle and Fielder plants showed slightly more salt tolerance than those of Katepwa or Biggar (i.e., moderately sensitive rather than sensitive). Gradually adding the salts after plant emergence resulted in a tendency for greater salt-tolerance estimates than obtained by subjecting the plants to the full complement of salts at seeding. At the concentrations tested, the salinity affected the number of fertile spikes per plant more than it affected the number of plants reaching harvest. Key words: Salt tolerance, salt resistance, salinity, crop growth modelling, crop response

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Tapia-Valdebenito, Daisy, León A. Bravo Ramirez, Patricio Arce–Johnson, and Ana Gutiérrez-Moraga. "Salt tolerance traits in Deschampsia antarctica Desv." Antarctic Science 28, no. 6 (2016): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000249.

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AbstractDeschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) grows in coastal habitats in the Maritime Antarctic where it is often exposed to sea spray. Salt crystals have been observed on the surface of leaves in plants treated with high NaCl. We investigated if D. antarctica is a salt tolerant species that allows sodium ions to diffuse into the root where a salt overly sensitive (SOS) system extrudes Na+ from root cells and facilitates its movement through the xylem up to the leaves. Leaf epidermis, physiological parameters and sodium transporters in D. antarctica plants exposed to NaCl were studied over 21 days. Epidermal scanning electron microscopy showed trichome induction in the leaves of salt treated plants. In addition, salt treated plants showed increased sodium and proline levels with a concomitant increased expression of SOS genes (1 and 3). These results indicate that Na+ is taken up by the roots of D. antarctica and transported to the leaves. The sodium flux may be controlled by SOS1 activity. Up-regulation of the SOS1 gene may be involved in the increased sodium levels observed in the leaves of salt treated plants. Trichomes may also be involved in sodium exudation through the leaves under saline conditions.

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LEI, Jinyin, Nairong BAN, Jianguo YANG, et al. "Response of salt tolerance of different salt-tolerant plants to flue gas desulphurization waste and a comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of plants." Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 22, no. 3 (2014): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2014.30829.

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Awaji, Sushma M., Prashantkumar S. Hanjagi, Pushpa BN, and Sashidhar VR. "Overexpression of plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter OsSOS1 gene improves salt tolerance in transgenic rice plants." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 57, no. 4 (2020): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2020.57.4.3.

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Crop productivity is greatly affected by soil salinity; therefore, improvement in salinity tolerance of crops is a major goal in salt-tolerant breeding. The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signal-transduction pathway plays a key role in ion homeostasis and salt tolerance in plants. In plants pumping of Na+ from the root cells is mediated by the plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter (SOS1) which plays important role in preventing the accumulation of toxic levels of Na+ in cytosol. In the present study, OsSOS1 (NHX7), gene was overexpressed in rice (var-Vikas) by Agrobacterium mediated In Planta transformation technique. To screen putative T1 plants for salt tolerance, stringent salt screening test was followed and root and shoot growth of transformants were used as selection criterion. Some of the putative transgenics showed significantly higher root growth compared to wild type. To confirm the presence of transgene in putative T1 transgenic plants, PCR based approach was followed using genomic DNA. The result showed that 16 % of the selected seedlings from the stringent salt screening test were PCR positives. Five selected lines were positive for RT-PCR analysis. Physiological studies such as chlorophyll content, membrane permeability, cell viability and sodium /potassium content analysis were also conducted to assess their levels of tolerance. Some of the T1 transformants showed lower percent reduction in chlorophyll content and less membrane leakage, higher cell viability and maintained higher K/Na ratio after NaCl treatment compared to wild type. These results clearly demonstrate that transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsSOS1 have better salt-tolerance. This could be attributed to extrusion of excess Na+ from cytosol into the apoplast and thereby reducing the toxic effects of Na+in the cell.

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Volkmar, K. M., Y. Hu, and H. Steppuhn. "Physiological responses of plants to salinity: A review." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 1 (1998): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-020.

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Root-zone salinization presents a challenge to plant productivity that is effectively countered by salt-tolerant halophytic plants, but unfortunately, much less successfully by major crop plants. The way in which salt affects plant metabolism is reviewed. Cellular events triggered by salinity, namely salt compartmentation, osmotic adjustment and cell wall hardening are connected to the whole plant responses, namely leaf necrosis, altered phenology and ultimately plant death. The roles of ion exclusion and K/Na discrimination in mediating crop response to salt appear to be central to the tolerance response, but they are by no means essential. The processes involved in regulating ion uptake at the membrane level are considered. Recent work elucidating the interaction between calcium and salinity tolerance is reviewed. Key words: Cell growth, cell turgor, ion regulation, K+/Na+ discrimination, osmotic adjustment, salt tolerance

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Krivobochek, V. G., A. P. Statsenko, E. A. Trazanova, and I. A. Kuryshev. "Free proline - biochemical indicator of plants salt tolerance." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.v0i1.8.

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Serrano, Ramón, and Roberto Gaxiola. "Microbial Models and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 13, no. 2 (1994): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689409701911.

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Serrano, R., and R. Gaxiola. "Microbial Models and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 13, no. 2 (1994): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713608057.

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Hadi, M. R., and N. Karimi. "THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IN PLANTS' SALT TOLERANCE." Journal of Plant Nutrition 35, no. 13 (2012): 2037–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.717158.

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Munns, Rana, David A. Day, Wieland Fricke, et al. "Energy costs of salt tolerance in crop plants." New Phytologist 225, no. 3 (2019): 1072–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15864.

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Hasegawa, Paul M. "Sodium (Na+) homeostasis and salt tolerance of plants." Environmental and Experimental Botany 92 (August 2013): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.03.001.

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Gorham, J., R. G. Wyn Jones, and E. McDonnell. "Some mechanisms of salt tolerance in crop plants." Plant and Soil 89, no. 1-3 (1985): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02182231.

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Zulfiqar, Faisal, and Muhammad Ashraf. "Nanoparticles potentially mediate salt stress tolerance in plants." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 160 (March 2021): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.028.

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Wang, Yuxiang, Liqin Li, Youping Sun, and Xin Dai. "Relative Salt Tolerance of Seven Japanese Spirea Cultivars." HortTechnology 29, no. 3 (2019): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04280-19.

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Spirea (Spiraea sp.) plants are commonly used in landscapes in Utah and the intermountain western United States. The relative salt tolerance of seven japanese spirea (Spiraea japonica) cultivars (Galen, Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, SMNSJMFP, Tracy, and Yan) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solutions with an EC of 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m−1 once per week for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after the initiation of treatment, all japanese spirea cultivars irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1 still exhibited good or excellent visual quality, with all plants having visual scores of 4 or 5 (0 = dead, 1 = severe foliar salt damage, 2 = moderate foliar salt damage, 3 = slight foliar salt damage, 4 = minimal foliar salt damage, 5 = excellent), except for Tracy and Yan, with only 29% and 64%, respectively, of plants with visual scores less than 3. When irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1, both ‘Tracy’ and ‘Yan’ plants died, and 75% of ‘NCSX2’ plants died. ‘Minspi’ showed severe foliar salt damage, with 32% of plants having a visual score of 1; 25% of plants died. ‘Galen’ and ‘NCSX1’ had slight-to-moderate foliar salt damage, with 25% and 21%, respectively, of plants with visual scores of 2 or less. However, 64% of ‘SMNSJMFP’ plants had good or excellent visual quality, with visual scores more than 4. Saline irrigation water with an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1 decreased the shoot dry weight of ‘Galen’, ‘Minspi’, ‘SMNSJMFP’, and ‘Yan’ by 27%, 22%, 28%, and 35%, respectively, compared with that of the control. All japanese spirea cultivars had 35% to 56% lower shoot dry weight than the control when they were irrigated with saline irrigation water with an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1. The japanese spirea were moderately sensitive to the salinity levels in this experiment. ‘Galen’ and ‘SMNSJMFP’ japanese spirea exhibited less foliar salt damage and reductions in shoot dry weight and were relatively more tolerant to the increased salinity levels tested in this study than the remaining five cultivars (Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, Tracy, and Yan).

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Andreu, Pilar, Arancha Arbeloa, Pilar Lorente, and Juan A. Marín. "Early Detection of Salt Stress Tolerance of Prunus Rootstocks by Excised Root Culture." HortScience 46, no. 1 (2011): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.1.80.

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Salt tolerance varies between species and genotypes of plants, but evaluation of these differences is cumbersome, because whole plants that are highly complex systems show a variety of responses depending on the applied methodology. However, focusing on plant roots, which are in direct contact with the soil, could offer a simpler and more efficient model for analyzing salt stress tolerance in different species. This study explores whether root growth under salt stress is associated with genotypic differences in Prunus species with different degrees of salt tolerance. Excised root cultures were grown in vitro under increasing salt concentrations (0, 20, 60, and 180 mm NaCl). Root tips taken from in vitro-rooted shoots of Prunus species with different salt tolerance were measured after 3 weeks of culture in a shaker, and changes in their anatomy were examined. Both growth and starch content of in vitro root cultures were affected by salt concentration. Root length increments were related to salt stress tolerance at 60 mm NaCl, in which significant differences were also found between species. A significant inverse correlation was found between salt tolerance and starch accumulation in the maturation zone of root tips. Genotypic differences were observed in agreement with species' salt stress tolerance in vivo. These results suggest the use of excised root cultures for rapid, early detection of salt stress tolerance in plants. Chemical names: sodium chloride (NaCl).

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Shi, Le-Yi, Hong-Qing Li, Xiao-Ping Pan, Guo-Jiang Wu, and Mei-Ru Li. "Improvement of Torenia fournieri salinity tolerance by expression of Arabidopsis AtNHX5." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 3 (2008): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07269.

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In this paper, transgenic torenia plants expressing the AtNHX5 gene from Arabidopsis in sense and antisense orientations were produced to examine the potential role of AtNHX5 in plant salt tolerance and development. We found that torenia plants overexpressing AtNHX5 showed markedly enhanced tolerance to salt stress compared with both wild-type and antisense AtNHX5 transgenic plants upon salt stress. Measurements of ion levels indicated that Na+ and K+ contents were all higher in AtNHX5 overexpressing shoots than in those of both wild-type and antisense AtNHX5 shoots treated with 50 mm NaCl. This indicated that overexpression of AtNHX5 could improve the salt tolerance of transgenic torenia via accumulation of both Na+ and K+ in shoots, in which overall ion homeostasis and osmotic adjustment was changed to sustain the increase in shoot salt tolerance. Further, we found that overexpression of AtNHX5 in torenia significantly improved the shoot regeneration frequency in leaf explants and increased the plantlet survival rate when transferring the regenerated plants to soil. In addition, the AtNHX5 expressing plants produced flowers earlier than both wild-type and the antisense AtNHX5 plants. Taken together, the results indicated that AtNHX5 functions not only in plant salt tolerance but also in plant growth and development.

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Peng, Xiaojue, Xia Ding, Tianfang Chang, et al. "Overexpression of a Vesicle Trafficking Gene, OsRab7, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Rice." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/483526.

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High soils salinity is a main factor affecting agricultural production. Studying the function of salt-tolerance-related genes is essential to enhance crop tolerance to stress.Rab7is a small GTP-binding protein that is distributed widely among eukaryotes. Endocytic trafficking mediated byRab7plays an important role in animal and yeast cells, but the current understanding ofRab7in plants is still very limited. Herein, we isolated a vesicle trafficking gene,OsRab7, from rice. Transgenic rice over-expressingOsRab7exhibited enhanced seedling growth and increased proline content under salt-treated conditions. Moreover, an increased number of vesicles was observed in the root tip ofOsRab7transgenic rice. TheOsRab7over-expression plants showed enhanced tolerance to salt stress, suggesting that vacuolar trafficking is important for salt tolerance in plants.

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Zhao, Tingting, Jingkang Hu, Yingmei Gao, et al. "Silencing of the SL-ZH13 Transcription Factor Gene Decreases the Salt Stress Tolerance of Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, no. 5 (2018): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04477-18.

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Zinc finger-homeodomains (ZF-HDs) are considered transcription factors that are involved in a variety of life activities in plants, but their function in regulating plant salt stress tolerance is unclear. The SL-ZH13 gene is significantly upregulated under salt stress treatment in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves, per our previous study. In this study, to further understand the role that the SL-ZH13 gene played in the response process of tomato plants under salt stress, the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method was applied to down-regulate SL-ZH13 expression in tomato plants, and these plants were treated with salt stress to analyze the changes in salt tolerance. The silencing efficiency of SL-ZH13 was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. SL-ZH13-silenced plants wilted faster and sooner than control plants under the same salt stress treatment condition, and the main stem bending angle of SL-ZH13-silenced plants was smaller than that of control plants. Physiological analysis showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and proline content in SL-ZH13-silenced plants were lower than those in control plants at 1.5 and 3 hours after salt stress treatment. The malondialdehyde content of SL-ZH13-silenced plants was higher than that in control plants at 1.5 and 3 hours after salt stress treatment; H2O2 and O2- accumulated much more in leaves of SL-ZH13-silenced plants than in leaves of control plants. These results suggested that silencing of the SL-ZH13 gene affected the response of tomato plants to salt stress and decreased the salt stress tolerance of tomato plants.

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Somasundaram, Rajeswari, Neeru Sood, Gokhale Trupti Swarup, and Ramachandran Subramanian. "Assessing salt-stress tolerance in barley." Universitas Scientiarum 24, no. 1 (2019): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc24-1.asst.

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Identifying naturally existing abiotic-stress tolerant accessions in cereal crops is central to understanding plant responses toward sstress. Salinity is an abiotic stressor that limits crop yields. Salt stress triggers major physiological changes in plants, but individual plants may perform differently under salt stress. In the present study, 112 barley accessions were grown under controlled salt stress conditions (1 Sm-1 salinity) until harvest. The accessions were then analyzed for set of agronomic and physiological traits. Under salt stress, less than 5 % of the assessed accessions (CIHO6969, PI63926, PI295960, and PI531867) displayed early flowering. Only two (< 2 %) of the accessions (PI327671 and PI383011) attained higher fresh and dry weight, and a better yield under salt stress. Higher K+/Na+ ratios were maintained by four accessions PI531999, PI356780, PI452343, and PI532041. These top-performing accessions constitute naturally existing variants within barley’s gene pool that will be instrumental to deepen our understanding of abiotic-stress tolerance in crops.

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Liu, Jianwei, Wei Zhang, Shujie Long, and Chunzhao Zhao. "Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity under High Salinity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (2021): 3260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063260.

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Cell wall biosynthesis is a complex biological process in plants. In the rapidly growing cells or in the plants that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, the compositions and the structure of cell wall can be dynamically changed. To constantly monitor cell wall status, plants have evolved cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance system, which allows rapid cell growth and improved adaptation of plants to adverse environmental conditions without the perturbation of cell wall organization. Salt stress is one of the abiotic stresses that can severely disrupt CWI, and studies have shown that the ability of plants to sense and maintain CWI is important for salt tolerance. In this review, we highlight the roles of CWI in salt tolerance and the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of CWI under salt stress. The unsolved questions regarding the association between the CWI and salt tolerance are discussed.

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Ekbic, Ercan, Cagri Cagıran, Kursat Korkmaz, Malik Arsal Kose, and Veysel Aras. "Assessment of watermelon accessions for salt tolerance using stress tolerance indices." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 6 (2017): 616–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017416013017.

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ABSTRACT Salt stress is the most significant constraint for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, genetically improved stress-tolerant varieties are needed for the future. The identification of salt-tolerant genotypes is the starting point for such breeding studies. This study was conducted to determine and assess the tolerance of different watermelon genotypes under saline conditions. Twenty-two watermelon genotypes and accessions were grown in pots with 3 kg of soil in four saline stress conditions (0 mmol kg-1 as the control, 25, 50 and 100 mmol kg-1 NaCl). The detrimental effects of salt stress on the plants were evident with increasing doses of NaCl. Stress indices calculated over the plant dry weights under the 100 mmol kg-1 salinity level were used to assess the salt tolerance of the genotypes. Stress intensity was calculated as 0.76. Such a value indicated that the highest dose of salt exerted severe stress on the plants. The G04, G14 and G21 genotypes were considered to be salt tolerant, since these genotypes showed the highest values of K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in the plant tissue. The losses in dry mass at severe salt stress reached 75.48%. In principal component analyses, the genotypes had positive correlations with stress tolerance indices of MP (mean productivity), GMP (geometric mean productivity) and STI (stress tolerance index). The GMP and STI indices indicated that G04 (a member of Citrullus colocynthis), G14 and G21 could be prominent sources to develop salt tolerance.

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Ravelombola, Waltram, Jun Qin, Yuejin Weng, Beiquan Mou, and Ainong Shi. "A Simple and Cost-effective Approach for Salt Tolerance Evaluation in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seedlings." HortScience 54, no. 8 (2019): 1280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14065-19.

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Little has been done with respect to breeding for salt-tolerant cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars despite of salt stress being a growing threat to cowpea production. Seedling stage is one the most susceptible stages to salt stress in cowpea. Establishing a streamlined methodology for rapidly screening a large number of genotypes will significantly contribute toward enhancing cowpea breeding for salt tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish and validate a simple approach for salt tolerance evaluation in cowpea seedlings. A total of 30 genotypes including two controls (PI582468, a salt-tolerant genotype, and PI255774, a salt-sensitive genotype) were greenhouse-grown under 0 mm and 200 mm NaCl. A total of 14 above-ground traits were evaluated. Results revealed: (1) significant differences were observed in average number of dead plants per pot, leaf injury scores, relative salt tolerance (RST) for chlorophyll, plant height, and leaf and stem biomass among the 30 genotypes; (2) all PI255774 plants were completely dead, whereas those of PI582438 were fully green after 2 weeks of salt stress, which validated this methodology; (3) RST for chlorophyll content was highly correlated with number of dead plants and leaf injury scores; (4) RST for leaf biomass was moderately correlated with number of dead plants and leaf injury scores; and (5) RST in plant height was poorly correlated with number of dead plants and leaf injury scores Therefore, less number of dead plants per pot, high chlorophyll content, and less leaf injury scores were good criteria for salt tolerance evaluation in cowpea. This study provided a simple methodology and suggested straightforward criteria to evaluate salt tolerance at seedling stage in cowpea.

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Hackl, Harald, Yuncai Hu, and Urs Schmidhalter. "Evaluating growth platforms and stress scenarios to assess the salt tolerance of wheat plants." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 8 (2014): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13233.

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Crops are routinely subjected to a combination of different abiotic stresses. Simplified platforms, stress scenarios and stress protocols are used to study salt tolerance under largely controlled and uniform conditions that are difficult to extrapolate to real arid and semiarid field conditions. To address the latter deficit, this work compares a realistic stress protocol (for salinity alone, drought alone and combined salinity plus drought stress) simulating a field environment in large containers to equivalent results from a more artificial pot environment. The work was based on two wheat cultivars known to differ in their salt tolerance (salt-sensitive Sakha 61 and salt-tolerant Sakha 93). Our results showed that previously established differences in the salt tolerances of the two wheat cultivars were no longer valid when the plants were exposed to a combined stress of salinity plus drought, regardless of the growth platform. Furthermore, in comparing a simulated field root-environment (containers) with pots, our results showed an interactive effect between the different treatments and platforms for both of the investigated cultivars. We conclude that a combined salinity + drought stress scenario and a reliable growth platform are of utmost importance in screening for salt tolerance of spring wheat. In future studies, increased emphasis should be placed on combining salinity with drought stress in well suited platforms to better mimic real field conditions where salinity is present.

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Li, Mao, Xiaolan He, Dongdong Hao, et al. "6-SFT, a Protein from Leymus mollis, Positively Regulates Salinity Tolerance and Enhances Fructan Levels in Arabidopsis thaliana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (2019): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112691.

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Fructans play vital roles in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In this study, we isolated the sucrose:6-fructosyltransferase gene, which is involved in the synthesis of fructans, from Leymus mollis by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The Lm-6-SFT gene was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic plants were evaluated under salt stress conditions. The results showed that the expression of Lm-6-SFT was significantly induced by light, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and salt treatment in L. mollis plants. Overexpression of Lm-6-SFT in Arabidopsis promoted seed germination and primary root growth during the early vegetative growth stage under salt stress. We also found that the transgenic plants expressing Lm-6-SFT had increased proline and fructan levels. β-Glucuronidase staining and promoter analysis indicated that the promoter of Lm-6-SFT was regulated by light, ABA, and salt stress. Quantitative PCR suggested that overexpression of Lm-6-SFT could improve salt tolerance by interacting with the expression of some salt stress tolerance genes. Thus, we demonstrated that the Lm-6-SFT gene is a candidate gene that potentially confers salt stress tolerance to plants. Our study will aid the elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of 6-SFT genes in herb plants.

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Flowers, Timothy J., Hanaa K. Galal, and Lindell Bromham. "Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 7 (2010): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09269.

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The evolution of salt tolerance is interesting for several reasons. First, since salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) employ several different mechanisms to deal with salt, the evolution of salt tolerance represents a fascinating case study in the evolution of a complex trait. Second, the diversity of mechanisms employed by halophytes, based on processes common to all plants, sheds light on the way that a plant’s physiology can become adapted to deal with extreme conditions. Third, as the amount of salt-affected land increases around the globe, understanding the origins of the diversity of halophytes should provide a basis for the use of novel species in bioremediation and conservation. In this review we pose the question, how many times has salt tolerance evolved since the emergence of the land plants some 450–470 million years ago? We summarise the physiological mechanisms underlying salt-tolerance and provide an overview of the number and diversity of salt-tolerant terrestrial angiosperms (defined as plants that survive to complete their life cycle in at least 200 mM salt). We consider the evolution of halophytes using information from fossils and phylogenies. Finally, we discuss the potential for halophytes to contribute to agriculture and land management and ask why, when there are naturally occurring halophytes, it is proving to be difficult to breed salt-tolerant crops.

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Wang, Yayun, Hui Zhao, Hua Qin, et al. "The Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Rice Roots Plays an Important Role in the Salt Tolerance of Rice by Scavenging ROS." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (2018): 3347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113347.

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The root plays an important role in the responses of plants to stresses, but the detailed mechanisms of roots in stress responses are still obscure. The GDP-mannose pyrophosphate synthetase (GMPase) OsVTC1-3 is a key factor of ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis in rice roots. The present study showed that the transcript of OsVTC1-3 was induced by salt stress in roots, but not in leaves. Inhibiting the expression of OsVTC1-3 by RNA interfering (RI) technology significantly impaired the tolerance of rice to salt stress. The roots of OsVTC1-3 RI plants rapidly produced more O2−, and later accumulated amounts of H2O2 under salt stress, indicating the impaired tolerance of OsVTC1-3 RI plants to salt stress due to the decreasing ability of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, exogenous AsA restored the salt tolerance of OsVTC1-3 RI plants, indicating that the AsA synthesis in rice roots is an important factor for the response of rice to salt stress. Further studies showed that the salt-induced AsA synthesis was limited in the roots of OsVTC1-3 RI plants. The above results showed that specifically regulating AsA synthesis to scavenge ROS in rice roots was one of important factors in enhancing the tolerance of rice to salt stress.

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Niu, Genhua, and Raul I. Cabrera. "Growth and Physiological Responses of Landscape Plants to Saline Water Irrigation: A Review." HortScience 45, no. 11 (2010): 1605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1605.

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Water shortages and poor water quality are critical issues in many areas of the world. With rapid increases in population and shortage of water supplies in urban areas, use of alternative water sources such as municipal reclaimed water and other sources of non-potable waters for irrigating landscapes is inevitable. A potential concern is the elevated salt levels in these alternative waters. This article briefly summarizes general information regarding alternative water sources and general responses of landscape plants to salinity stress. Methodology of screening and evaluating salt tolerance of landscape plants are discussed. Recent research results on salt tolerance of landscape plants and their physiological responses to salinity stress are reviewed. Like agricultural crops, a wide range of salt tolerance among landscape plants has been found. In addition to plant species, dominant salt type, substrate, irrigation method and management, and environmental conditions also affect plant responses to salinity stress. A number of mechanisms of salinity tolerance have been observed among landscape species, including restriction of ion uptake, selective ion uptake, and tolerance to high internal concentrations of sodium and/or chloride.

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Meng, Xiaoqian, Jun Zhou, and Na Sui. "Mechanisms of salt tolerance in halophytes: current understanding and recent advances." Open Life Sciences 13, no. 1 (2018): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2018-0020.

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AbstractHalophytes are plants that exhibit high salt tolerance, allowing them to survive and thrive under extremely saline conditions. The study of halophytes advances our understanding about the important adaptations that are required for survival in high salinity conditions, including secretion of salt through the salt glands, regulation of cellular ion homeostasis and osmotic pressure, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, and alterations in membrane composition. To explore the mechanisms that contribute to tolerance to salt stress, salt-responsive genes have been isolated from halophytes and expressed in non-salt tolerant plants using targeted transgenic technologies. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that underpin salt tolerance in different halophytes.

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Shahid, Muhammad Adnan, Ali Sarkhosh, Naeem Khan, et al. "Insights into the Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Salt Stress on Plant Growth and Development." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (2020): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070938.

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Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world. The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress. Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants. Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content. Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants. In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis. This research project focuses on three strategies to augment salinity tolerance capacity in agricultural crops: salinity-induced alterations in signaling pathways; signaling of phytohormones, ion channels, and biosensors; and expression of ion transporter genes in crop plants (especially in comparison to halophytes).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salt tolerance in plants'

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