Academic literature on the topic 'Salt-load detection'
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Journal articles on the topic "Salt-load detection"
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Barrett, Brian, Graham Heinson, Michael Hatch, and Andrew Telfer. "River sediment salt-load detection using a water-borne transient electromagnetic system." Journal of Applied Geophysics 58, no. 1 (August 2005): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.03.002.
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KHAYAT, F. A., and G. H. RICHARDSON. "Detection of Abnormal Milk with Impedance Microbiology Instrumentation." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.7.519.
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Mastitic milk was detected by obtaining conductance measurements using an impedance microbiology Bactomatic 120 SC instrument. Conductance readings separated normal and abnormal milks after 30 min at 25°C when readings differed by more than 2 to 3% and exceeded the variance among instrument module wells. Samples blended from four quarters of a cow indicated milk from one quarter was abnormal if the salt level in the abnormal quarter raised the blend conductivity above that of normal samples and variance among the wells. Either solid or liquid substrates that contained stimulants could be used to accelerate bacterial acid production or reduce impedance detection times and did not affect the ability to detect abnormal milk. However, measurements varied with the volume of sample in the well, suggesting that fixed 1-ml liquid volumes of milk be used. Such volumes would allow detection of abnormal milk and bacterial load on the same sample.
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Slater, Lee D., and Stewart K. Sandberg. "Resistivity and induced polarization monitoring of salt transport under natural hydraulic gradients." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 2 (March 2000): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444735.
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We demonstrate the use of resistivity/induced polarization (IP) monitoring of salt transport under natural hydraulic loads. Electrical monitoring of saline tracer transport during forced injection has been demonstrated previously. Detection of tracer transport under natural hydraulic loading is difficult because neither the hydraulic load nor the tracer resistivity can be controlled. In one study, we identify the electrical response to salt transport in a dynamic beach environment. Resistivity/IP imaging resolved the structure of the saltwater‐freshwater interface and evidence for tide‐induced groundwater transport. Resistivity increases in the near surface and at depth, upbeach of the high‐tide mark, accompanied by tidal transgression. We attribute this to desaturation and decreasing salinity in the near surface and to decreasing salinity at depth, despite tidal transgression. Monitoring of groundwater levels indicates a phase lag between the tide level and groundwater level, supporting the electrical data. IP was insensitive to groundwater salinity variation. In a second study, we identify the electrical response to recharge‐induced salt transport from a road‐salt storage facility. Conductivity and IP models for monitoring lines, located on the basis of an EM31 survey, resolved the subsurface salt distribution. IP modeling resolved the sediment‐bedrock interface. Modeling of monthly conductivity differences revealed conductivity increases and decreases at the locations of salt contamination, which correlate with the recharge pattern. We attribute near‐surface conductivity increases after heavy rainfall to increasing saturation and ion dissolution. Corresponding conductivity decreases at depth are attributed to flushing of the bedrock with freshwater. Essentially, the opposite response was observed during a quiet monitoring period following heavy recharge. Near‐surface IP changes are consistent with this interpretation. Salt transport occurring under natural hydraulic conditions was monitored with resistivity imaging. IP improved characterization of the hydrogeologic framework but was of limited value in monitoring salt transport in these environments.
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Lagler, Heimo, Christine Bangert, Tamara Quint, Zoe Österreicher, Alina Nussbaumer-Pröll, Sabine Eberl, Maria Weber, Matthias Karer, Morten O. A. Sommer, and Markus Zeitlinger. "Comparison of non-invasive Staphylococcus aureus sampling methods on lesional skin in patients with atopic dermatitis." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 41, no. 2 (November 4, 2021): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-021-04365-5.
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Abstract There is evidence that Staphylococcus aureus colonisation is linked to severity of atopic dermatitis. As no gold standard for S. aureus sampling on atopic dermatitis skin lesions exists, this study compared three commonly used methods. In addition, effectiveness of standard skin disinfection to remove S. aureus colonisation from these inflamed skin lesions was investigated. In 30 atopic dermatitis patients, three different S. aureus sampling methods, i.e. detergent scrubbing, moist swabbing and tape stripping, were performed on naïve and disinfected skin lesions. Two different S. aureus selective media, mannitol salt agar and chromID agar, were used for bacterial growing. Quantifying the S. aureus load varied significantly between the different sampling methods on naïve skin lesions ranging from mean 51 to 1.5 × 104 CFU/cm2 (p < 0.001). The qualitative detection on naïve skin was highest with the two detergent-based techniques (86% each), while for tape stripping, this value was 67% (all on chromID agar). In comparison, mannitol salt agar was less sensitive (p < 0.001). The disinfection of the skin lesions led to a significant reduction of the S. aureus load (p < 0.05) but no complete eradication in the case of previously positive swab. The obtained data highlight the importance of the selected sampling method and consecutive S. aureus selection agar plates to implement further clinical studies for the effectiveness of topical anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. Other disinfection regimes should be considered in atopic dermatitis patients when complete de-colonisation of certain skin areas is required, e.g. for surgical procedures.
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Killgore, George E., Brian Holloway, and Fred C. Tenover. "A 5′ Nuclease PCR (TaqMan) High-Throughput Assay for Detection of the mecA Gene in Staphylococci." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 7 (2000): 2516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.7.2516-2519.2000.
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In an effort to find a rapid, efficient, and reliable method of screening large numbers of bacterial isolates for specific antimicrobial resistance genes, we compared conventional PCR results to the results generated using the TaqMan 5′ nuclease PCR kit in conjunction with an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detector for detecting themecA gene in various species of staphylococci. DNA was extracted using two techniques. The first used a high-salt extraction method suitable for conventional PCR but resulted in a 7.2% rate of PCR inhibition with the TaqMan technique. PCR inhibition could be overcome by diluting samples 1:5 prior to testing. The second method used the Qiagen QIAamp Tissue Kit; no instances of PCR inhibition were encountered with this method. A total of 197 (96%) of the 206 samples with no inhibition showed agreement between the two methods. Eight of the nine disagreements were likely the result of low-level DNA cross contamination caused by frequent specimen handling. Target DNA in all eight of these samples was first detected in the initial tests only after >30 PCR cycles, and all were negative upon repeat testing even after 40 PCR cycles using freshly extracted DNA. Among those positive samples in agreement, target DNA was invariably detected before 30 PCR cycles. The TaqMan assay eliminated the need to load, run, stain, and read agarose gels and provided the advantage of instant detection of PCR product by laser-activated fluorescence. Thus, final results were obtained 2 h after PCR was initiated, as opposed to a requirement of 2 days to examine 96 samples by agarose gel electrophoresis.
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Hourfar, Michael K., Uwe Michelsen, Michael Schmidt, Annemarie Berger, Erhard Seifried, and W. Kurt Roth. "High-Throughput Purification of Viral RNA Based on Novel Aqueous Chemistry for Nucleic Acid Isolation." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.048603.
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Abstract Background: Extraction protocols using magnetic solid phases offer a high potential for automation. However, commercially available magnetic-bead–based assays either lack the sensitivity required for viral diagnostics or are disproportionately expensive. Methods: We developed an aqueous chemistry for extraction of viral nucleic acids from plasma samples by use of common magnetic silica beads. Nucleic acids were bound to the beads at acidic conditions in the presence of a kosmotropic salt and were eluted at a slightly alkaline pH. The method was implemented on a standard pipetting workstation for fully automated extraction of up to 48 samples of 240 μL plasma in 1 batch. Results: The detection limit of the method was comparable to the spin-column–based QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, which relies on chaotropic salts and binding to a silica membrane, as the comparison method. The 95% detection limit was 23.1 IU per PCR for HIV-1 and 10.7 IU per PCR for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Suitability for clinical routine testing was confirmed in a total of 178 HIV-1- or HCV-positive plasma samples. The method linearity (R2) was >0.99 for the viruses evaluated. Conclusions: Use of reagents without organic solvents allows simple and cost-effective automation of this method on common pipetting robots with low risk of contamination. Performance characteristics of the novel extraction method make it suitable for use in diagnosis of infectious diseases and viral load determinations.
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Umar, A. M., B. F. Muhammad, Y. Muhammad, A. Mohammed, and S. L. Abdurrahman. "Determination of microbial quality of tsire offered for sale at Hadejia Local Government Area, Jigawa state." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i3.140.
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Microorganisms grow on meat causing visual, textural and organoleptic changes when they release metabolites. A lot of factors affect the growth of microorganisms on meat, which include temperature, pH, water availability, presence of nutrients, gaseous requirement and atmosphere of storage. Microbial quality of raw meat and tsire sold at retail outlets from Yayari, Yankoli and Matsaro of Hadejia metropolis, Jigawa State were evaluated. Three samples from each outlet were collected fortnightly into sterile plastic bags, stored at 4°C in ice chest filled with ice and transported immediately to the laboratory for Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Total Staphylococcus Count (TCS) and Total Fungal Count (TFC) analyses using Nutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar, respectively. They were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours except for the detection of fungi, which was incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Tsire samples collected from Matsaro had the highest TVC (6.0 x 104) while that from Yankoli had the highest TCS (4.0x102). The study concluded that tsire sold at Hadejia Local Government Area was safe for consumption, due to its less microbial load.
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Ekici, Kamil, Hayrettin Okut, Ozgur Isleyici, Yakup Sancak, and Rabia Tuncay. "The Determination of Some Microbiological and Chemical Features in Herby Cheese." Foods 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8010023.
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The objective of this study is to measure the amounts of biogenic amines, microbial counts, values of pH, titratable acidity, dry matter, and salt (%) in herby cheese, a very popular staple in the Turkish diet, and to evaluate the concentration of biogenic amines in terms of public health risks. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the determination of eight biogenic amines in 100 herby cheeses sold in the local markets of Van. The bacterial load of the herby cheeses ranged between 4.0 and 8.90 log CFU/g for viable total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), <1 and 7.0 log CFU/g for lactic bacteria (LAB), <1 and 6.08 log CFU/g for coliform bacteria, <1 and 5.81 log CFU/g for Enterobacteriaceae, <1 and 2.60 log CFU/g for Staphylococcus aureus, and 3.70 and 8.05 log CFU/g for yeasts and molds. The results obtained suggested significant changes in the pH, titratable acidity, dry matter, and salt contents of the examined herby cheese samples. The detection levels of biogenic amines in the samples ranged from <0.025 to 33.36 mg/kg for tryptamine, from <0.038 to 404.57 mg/kg for β-phenylethylamine, from 0.03 to 426.35 mg/kg for putrescine, from <0.039 to 1438.22 mg/kg for cadaverine, from <0.033 to 469 mg/kg for histamine, from <0.309 to 725.21 mg/kg for tyramine, from <0.114 to 1.70 mg/kg for spermidine, and from <0.109 to 1.88 mg/kg for spermine. As a result, these cheeses are fit for consumption in terms of the amounts of biogenic amines they contain.
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Blaschke, Anne J., Matthew Mckevitt, Krow Ampofo, Tammi Lewis, Hao Chai, Ying Guo, Julianna Dorsch, et al. "A Mid-Turbinate Swab Appears Comparable to Nasopharyngeal Swabs for Quantitative Detection of RSV in Infants." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S354—S355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.857.
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Abstract Background Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and children. Diagnosis of RSV can be made by molecular detection of the virus in a swab of respiratory secretions. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are the most frequent swab type validated for the detection of RSV, and are often considered the “gold standard” for quantification studies. However, NP sampling is invasive and uncomfortable. We sought to determine whether a less invasive method, a mid-turbinate (MT) swab, was comparable to NP sampling for quantification of RSV in infants. Methods We prospectively enrolled children < 24 months with a confirmed diagnosis of RSV and hospitalized at Primary Children’s Hospital (Salt Lake City, UT) during the 2015 – 2017 RSV seasons. Both an NP and MT swab were collected from each infant from different nostrils; subjects were randomized (1:1:1:1) as to the order of collection. After collection, parents were asked which collection method (NP vs. MT) they preferred. Viral loads were measured by real-time RT-qPCR. Correlation between the viral loads from the MT and NP swabs was examined. A mixed effect model was used to evaluate the mean (SD) viral loads. Results 83 infants were enrolled and had swabs collected. Median age was 4 months [range 0–23]. 20 infants had swabs collected on multiple consecutive days. Median (Q1,Q3) duration of symptoms prior to enrollment was 5 days (4,7) Median (Q1,Q3) hospital stay length was 2 days (2,4). 1 infant was RSV negative according to the RT-qPCR assay. The mean (SD) viral loads were similar: 7.34 (1.26) and 7.09 (1.25) log10 copies/mL for 77 paired NP and MT swabs, respectively; see Figure 1 for median, range and quartiles. The correlation coefficient between the paired viral loads was high (0.82); see Figure 2 for Bland-Altman plot. Most parents (49/67 [73%]) who watched the swabbing preferred the MT to the NP swab. Conclusion MT swabs perform as well as NP swabs for the quantification of RSV in infants. The difference in mean viral load is small compared with the standard deviation. The less invasive MT swabs are preferred by parents for sampling. MT swabs have the potential to replace the NP swab as the “gold standard” for quantitative respiratory viral sampling. Disclosures A. J. Blaschke, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Investigator, Research support BioFire Diagnostics, LLC: Collaborator, I have intellectual property in BioFire Diagnostics through the University of Utah and Investigator, Licensing agreement or royalty and Research support
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GIUFFRIDA, ALESSANDRO, GRAZIELLA ZIINO, ROBERTO LA PAOLA, TERESA BOTTARI, and ANTONIO PANEBIANCO. "Bacteriology of Unshelled Frozen Blue Swimming Crab ( Portunus pelagicus)." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.4.809.
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In this study, 45 (10 whole specimens and 35 frozen claws) frozen samples of Portunus pelagicus imported into Sicily (Italy) from the west coast of Africa were examined to assess their bacteriological characteristics and suitability for consumption. Bacteriological examination was performed on two subsamples for each whole crab. The first was the body and claw muscle; the second was a pool of viscera and gills. In the case of frozen claws, each muscle claw was a sample. An aerobic plate count at 30°C (mesophilic aerobic plate count [MAPC]) and 18°C (psychrotrophic aerobic plate count [PAPC]) for 3 days, sulfite-reducing anaerobes, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Aeromonas spp. were enumerated. Detection of halophilic Vibrio spp. was also performed using salt polymixin broth as an enrichment medium and thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar as a selective medium; a further morphological and biochemical identification of suspected colonies was performed. The bacterial load of muscle and viscera and gills was low. The MAPC ranged from 0.78 to 3.26 log CFU/g, and the PAPC ranged from 0.48 to 2.41 log CFU/g. Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., sulfite-reducing anaerobes, and E. coli were never isolated from muscles or viscera and gills. In contrast to the findings of others, this study showed good bacteriological quality of crabs imported into Sicily from the west coast of Africa. This study also demonstrated the positive influence of the characteristics of environment of origin and postharvest handling hygiene; these parameters could be useful in the context of the application of the hazard analysis critical control point system to this production.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt-load detection"
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Barrett, Brian Edward. "Water-borne geophysics for Murray River salt-load detection." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smb2741.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115) Towed DC Resistivity and Transient Electromagnetic arrays have been trialled for suitability in monitoring salt-loads on the Murray River at Waikerie, South Australia.
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Barrett, Brian Edward. "Water-borne geophysics for Murray River salt-load detection." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120737.
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