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1
Tang, Bing Tao, Wen Tao Wang, Jin Jing Qiu, Jian Huang, and Shu Fen Zhang. "Synthesis and Performances of Crosslinking Polymeric Dyes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.90.
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Development of dyes with high fixation and salt-free dyeing process for cotton and silk is essential for the textile industry due to ecological and economical reasons. In this study, the synthesis of novel crosslinking polymeric dyes and its salt-free crosslinking dyeing method are described, and cotton and silk have been effectively dyed with the novel dyes. Excellent dye fixation of over 99% on silk and over 97% on cotton, were achieved in a padding process in the salt-free condition. The dyes showed excellent wet fastness values equal to those observed for the standard reactive dyeing.
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Delgado, A. V., S. Ahualli, F. J. Arroyo, M. L. Jiménez, and F. Carrique. "Electrokinetic detection of the salt-free condition in colloids. Application to polystyrene latexes." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 299 (January 2022): 102539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102539.
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KAMBLE, NARENDRA R., and VINOD T. KAMBLE. "A Facile Solvent-Free Route for One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Benzylpyrazolyl Coumarins Derivatives in Presence of Effective Synergetic Catalytic System." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 6 (April 29, 2019): 1357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21986.
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A combinatorial library of benzylpyrazolyl coumarin derivatives have been synthesized by a green one-pot four-component reaction between aryl hydrazine/hydrazine hydrate (1), ethyl acetoacetate (2), aromatic aldehydes (3) and 4-hydroxycoumarin (4) catalyzed by niobium pentachloride with silver salt under solvent-free conditions has been developed. Experimental simplicity, simple work-up procedure and solvent-free reaction condition at room temperature are important features of the present protocol.
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Kabir, Shekh Md Mamun. "Process maximization of salt free reactive dyeing on cotton using Taguchi approach." BioResources 18, no. 3 (May 15, 2023): 4543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.3.4543-4557.
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This study optimized the salt free reactive dyeing process using the Taguchi approach. Dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes is popular because of its bright and brilliant color in various shade ranges. Cationization with ALBAFIX-WFF and the dyeing process on cotton fabric was carried out using the exhaust method. To determine the optimum process conditions, two types of multiple characteristic parameters, including the single characteristic value conversion method and the process maximization method, were used on the basis of color strength (K/S) and wash fastness. The single characteristic value conversion method confirmed that the optimum process condition was a cationization temperature of 40 °C and a dyeing pH of 11. Most importantly, the optimal conditions were confirmed by the process maximization method as a concentration of ALBAFIX-WFF 30 g/L, cationization temperature at 80 °C, dyeing pH 12, and material-to-liquor ratio (M:L) of 1:5. More suitable dyeing properties are also achieved by the process maximization method.
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Radman, Hanin M., Aasif A. Dabbawala, Issam Ismail, Yasser F. Alwahedi, Kyriaki Polychronopoulou, Balasubramanian V. Vaithilingam, Gnana P. Singaravel, Stephane Morin, Mikael Berthod, and Saeed M. Alhassan. "Influence of salt on nanozeolite-Y particles size synthesized under organic template-free condition." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 282 (July 2019): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.03.015.
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Chen, Ming. "Study on Electrogalvanizing Technology and Chromium-Free Passivation Treatment of 08Al Plate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2168, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2168/1/012029.
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Abstract An environment-friendly electrogalvanizing technology of 08Al cold rolled steel sheet (CRS) was developed. 08Al CRS sheet was placed as cathode in the electroplating solution containing zinc salt 1-10g/L, organic acid 3-24g/L, complexing agent 0.2-0.8g/L, and Hot-dip galvanized alloyed sheet (GA) as anode. The relationship between the current density and the plating mass per unit area was studied by applying 0.15-2A direct current at room temperature, current density 0.19-2.6A/dm2, and plating time 35min. The relationship between plating mass per unit area and anode thinning per unit area was linear regression by introducing current density as intermediate quantity. The effect of electric power range on the coating mass per unit area was studied under the condition of different concentration of main salt. The chromium-free passivation treatment was also carried out on the surface of electrogalvanizing layer. 08Al electrogalvanized sheet and GA sheet were placed in chromium-free passivation solution containing molybdate 1-10g/L, hydrogen peroxide 1-5g/L, fluorine ion complexing agent 1-10g/L, potassium hydroxide 1-2g/L. The temperature and reaction time of chromium-free passivation solution and the corrosion resistance of chemical conversion film were studied, and the experimental conditions of chromium-free passivation were optimized. The adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coating were tested by scratching test and neutral salt spray test (NSS). The results show that after scratching test, the adhesion of the electrogalvanizing layer on 08Al surface reaches grade 0, and the adhesion of the electrogalvanizing and chemical conversion film composite coating on 08Al surface reaches grade 0. The NSS test showed that the corrosion resistance increased with the increase of the thickness of the galvanizing layer. The corrosion resistance time of the galvanizing layer with the thickness of 15um exceeded 216h. Salt spray resistance time of electric galvanizing layer about 10um is 72-96 h; The salt spray resistance time of electrogalvanizing layer less than 5um is less than 48 h. The salt spray corrosion time of GA plate (galvanized layer thickness is 10-11um) is less than 96 h. After chromium-free passivation treatment, the corrosion resistance of GA plate is more than doubled to 192h. The salt spray corrosion resistance of the composite coating (10-11um thickness) on 08Al with electrogalvanizing and chemical conversion film can reach more than 216h.
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Rao, Deepak, Sangita Yadav, Ravish Choudhary, Dharmendra Singh, Rakesh Bhardwaj, Sharmistha Barthakur, and Shiv Kumar Yadav. "Silicic and Humic Acid Priming Improves Micro- and Macronutrient Uptake, Salinity Stress Tolerance, Seed Quality, and Physio-Biochemical Parameters in Lentil (Lens culinaris spp. culinaris)." Plants 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2023): 3539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12203539.
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Lentil is an important grain legume crop which is mostly grown on marginal soils that hamper its productivity. Improvement of salt tolerance in lentils is considered to be a useful strategy of utilizing salt-affected lands in an economic manner. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of seed priming using silicic acid and humic acid both seperately and in combination to improve salt stress tolerance among three different lentil varieties: IPL-316 (tolerant), PSL-9, and PDL-1 (susceptible). The concentrations and durations of treatments were standardized under the normal condition and the salinity stress condition. Salt stress hindered seedling emergence and biomass production and accelerated Na+ toxicity and oxidative damage at the seedling stage in untreated seeds. Nevertheless, chemical priming improved early seedling emergence, increased root length, shoot length, and seed vigor index I and II, and reduced the mean germination time. A significant quantitative change in biochemical parameters under normal and salinity stress conditions was observed in IPL-316,viz. Specifically, for IPL-316, the following parameters were observed (values under the normal condition and values under salt stress conditions, respectively): chlorophyll-a (16 and 13 mg/g Fw), chlorophyll-b (25 and 16 mg/g FW), total chlorophyll content (42 and 30 mg/g FW), relative leaf water content (92% and 82%), total soluble sugars (26 and 33 ug/g FW), free amino acid (10 and 7 mg/g FW), total phenol (26 and 24 mg of GAE/g FW), total protein (35 and 29 mg/g FW), carbohydrate (208 and 173 mg/g FW), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (29 and 35 unit/min./g FW), proline (0.28 and 0.32 u mol/g FW), catalase (CAT) (84 and 196 unit/mL/g FW), and peroxidase (POX) (217 and 738 unit/mL/g FW). Furthermore, histochemical analysis of H2O2 and O2−, micronutrients, and macronutrients also increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) (0.31 and 0.47 nmol/mL FW) content decreased using silicic and humic acid priming under salt stress conditions. The combination of silicic and humic acids improved seedling growth and reduced oxidative damage in lentil plants under salt stress conditions. The combination of silicic and humic acid priming hastened seedling emergence, seed quality parameters, and biochemical parameters under salt stress over respective control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of integrated chemical priming in lentils for salinity stress. In conclusion, chemical priming using a combination of silicic and humic acid performed better in terms of seed quality due to enhanced antioxidant machinery, better membrane stability and osmolyte protection, and enhanced nutrient uptake under salt stress conditions.
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Mukul Sinha, Kale Bala Nirmala. "Development and Sensory Evaluation of Quinoa Based Sweet and Salt cookies." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1010.032.
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Gluten, a visco elastic protein present in the wheat causes damage to the small intestine and as a result the microvilli of the small intestine gets atrophed. This situation leads to abdominal discomfort and malaborption of many vital vitamins. This condition is called as Gluten Sensitivity or Celiac Disease, following a gluten free diet is most suitable treatment. Gluten free cereals can be used in diet, but they can’t replace wheat in bakery products. The present study was conducted to develop gluten free cookies with quinoa, a nutrient dense pseudocereal. Three different types of cookies using two different types of quinoa flour were prepared. Sensory evaluation and nutritive value of the cookies revealed that Quinoa cookies have excellent sensory attributes and also they are high in nutritive value. Among all cookies made corn flake cookies (C1) cookies are much more appreciated than cinnamon cookies (C2) and salt cookies (C3).
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Ran, Wuping, Yu Zhang, Ling Li, Xizhong Shen, Hailin Zhu, and Yongbo Zhang. "Characterization of Bonding between Asphalt Concrete Layer under Water and Salt Erosion." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193055.
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The contact state between layers of asphalt pavement not only has a significant effect on the mechanical response of road structure but is also the bottleneck of research on the mechanical behavior of pavement structure at present. In this paper, the effects and laws of different water–salt entry modes, salt solution concentrations, and temperatures coupling on the contact state between base and surface layers are studied by a 45° inclined shear test. The simulation and verification of each working condition are carried out by ABAQUS (Dassault, Paris, France) the friction coefficient between layers is reversed, and the actual contact state between layers is characterized in order to realize comprehensive evaluation and reasonable expression. The results show that different modes have different effects on contact characteristics. At the same temperature and concentration of the salt solution, bonding of water and salt erosion is the best, followed by direct erosion, with the worst being from bottom to top, and the interlayer bonding condition is weakened with increase in temperature. The relative accuracy of the software simulation and test analysis was as high as 92% and the friction coefficient of the water-free salt erosion test piece was found to be about 0.85 at 25 °C, while after the bottom-up erosion of the 14% salt solution the friction coefficient was found to be about 0.43, which indicates that the corrosion of the water–salt will have a great effect on the bonding condition between the structural layers of the road.
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Boddula, Rajender, and Palaniappan Srinivasan. "Emeraldine Base Form of Polyaniline Nanofibers as New, Economical, Green, and Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of Z-Aldoximes." Journal of Catalysts 2014 (February 6, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/515428.
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A facile, clean, economical, efficient, and green process was developed for the preparation of Z-aldoximes at room temperature under solvent-free condition using emeraldine base form of polyaniline as novel catalyst. In this methodology, PANI base absorbed the by-product of HCl (polluting chemical) from hydroxylamine hydrochloride and converted to polyaniline-hydrochloride salt (PANI-HCl salt). This PANI-HCl salt could be easily recovered and used in new attempts without any purification in many areas such as catalyst, electrical and electronics applications meant for conducting polymers. As far as our knowledge is concerned, emeraldine base as catalyst in organic synthesis for the first time.
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Ran, Chang Rong, Tai Xiong Guo, Quan Xu, and Xue Qiang Dong. "Study on Chromium-Free Pretreatment Solution of Color Coated Sheet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.104.
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Based on the inorganic and organic composite pretreatment technology, a new chromium-free pretreatment solution consisting of Ce (NO3)3, N-β (aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (KH792) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (KH171) was studied and used to treat galvanized sheet. Corrosion resistance of composite silane films on galvanized sheet surfaces was studied using CuSO4 pitting corrosion test and neutral salt spray test. Experimental results show that the corrosion resistance of composite silane film has improved significantly, compared to single silane film. The optimal condition of chromium-free pretreatment solution is that KH792/KH171 ratio is 4/1(v/v), Ce (NO3)3 content is 0.05%(w/w).
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Harinath, Adimulam, Jayeeta Bhattacharjee, Srinivas Anga, and Tarun K. Panda. "Dehydrogenative Coupling of Hydrosilanes and Alcohols by Alkali Metal Catalysts for Facile Synthesis of Silyl Ethers." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 6 (2017): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16537.
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Cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of hydrosilanes with hydroxyl groups, using alkali metal hexamethyldisilazide as a single-component catalyst for the formation of Si–O bonds under mild condition, is reported. The potassium salt [KN(SiMe3)2] is highly efficient and chemoselective for a wide range of functionalized alcohols (99 % conversion) under solvent-free conditions. The CDC reaction of alcohols with silanes exhibits first-order kinetics with respect to both catalyst and substrate concentrations. The most plausible mechanism for this reaction suggests that the initial step most likely involves the formation of an alkoxide followed by the formation of metal hydride as active species.
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Roostaee, Alireza, Élie Barbar, Pierre Lavigne, and Jean-Guy Lehoux. "The mechanism of specific binding of free cholesterol by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: evidence for a role of the C-terminal α-helix in the gating of the binding site." Bioscience Reports 29, no. 2 (January 21, 2009): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20080111.
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Steroidogenesis depends on the delivery of free cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane by StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein). Mutations in the StAR gene leads to proteins with limited cholesterol-binding capacity. This gives rise to the accumulation of cytoplasmic cholesterol, a deficit in steroid hormone production and to the medical condition of lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A detailed understanding of the mechanism of the specific binding of free cholesterol by StAR would be a critical asset in understanding the molecular origin of this disease. Previous studies have led to the proposal that the C-terminal α-helix 4 of StAR was undergoing a folding/unfolding transition. This transition is thought to gate the cholesterol-binding site. Moreover, a conserved salt bridge (Glu169–Arg188) in the cholesterol-binding site is also proposed to be critical to the binding process. Interestingly, some of the documented clinical mutations occur at this salt bridge (E169G, E169K and R188C) and in the C-terminal α-helix 4 (L275P). In the present study, using rationalized mutagenesis, activity assays, CD, thermodynamic studies and molecular modelling, we characterized the α-helix 4 mutations L271N and L275P, as well as the salt bridge double mutant E169M/R188M. The results provide experimental validation for the gating mechanism of the cholesterol-binding site by the C-terminal α-helix and the importance of the salt bridge in the binding mechanism. Altogether, our results offer a molecular framework for understanding the impact of clinical mutations on the reduction of the binding affinity of StAR for free cholesterol.
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Badshah, Imran, Nilofar Mustafa, Riaz Khan, Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani, Naveed Iqbal Raja, Mikhlid H. Almutairi, Lotfi Aleya, et al. "Biogenic Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate the Effect of Salinity Stress in Wheat Crop." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020352.
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Crop productivity worldwide is being hampered by salt stress. Nanotechnology and its applications in agriculture are noteworthy and fruitful. The current work investigates the potential significance of TiO2 NPs in alleviating salt stress in wheat cultivars. TiO2 NPs were prepared by green synthesis; their characterizations were carried out by UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. In the greenhouse control condition, different concentrations of salt (NaCl) with and without TiO2 NPs were administered to wheat crops. Plants treated with TiO2 NPs showed an enhanced germination rate, morphological, and metabolic profiling with and without salt stress. Different concentrations of TiO2 NPs (25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL) and salt solutions (NaCl 50, 100, and 150 mM) were used. TiO2 NP concentrations of 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL improved the germination attributes, physio-morphic parameters: plant length, the fresh and dry weight of plants, the number of leaves, the leaf area, the RWC, the MSI, and different chlorophyll contents at all saline conditions. These two concentrations also enhanced the biochemical attributes: free amino acids, soluble sugar content, proline content, SOD, and POD, of wheat varieties at all salinity levels. Wheat subjected to salt stress responded best to the application of TiO2 NPs at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. However, the highest concentrations (75 and 100 µg/mL) of TiO2 NPs showed detrimental effects on germination, agronomic, physiological, and biochemical attributes, and caused stress in both wheat varieties (Pirsabak-05 and NARC-09) under control and saline conditions. The outcomes of the current research work are notable, and NPs with such capabilities may be a useful supply of fertilizer in the agricultural industry.
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Zhao, Canxing, Rui Shi, Shouchun Li, Penghui Li, Xiaoxue Zhang, and Guolin Tong. "Synthesis and Properties of Novel Reactive Dyes Comprising Acyl Fluoride Group on Cotton Fabrics." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 4147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134147.
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Novel reactive dyes with mono- and bi-acyl fluoride reactive groups have been designed and synthesized, which are obtained by using 2-amino-8-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid or 1-amino-8-naphthol-3,6-disulfonicacid as the coupling component and 4-aminobenzoyl fluoride (PABF) as the diazo component. Their structures have been defined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectra (UV—Vis). The novel reactive dyes were evaluated on cotton by using the exhaust dyeing method. The properties were examined in detail, and the results showed that the dye concentration of 4% (o.w.f), pH = 9, and salt-free was the most effective condition. The fixation of the novel reactive dyes on cotton was 60.27% and 64.13%, respectively. The micro-fluorine-containing reactive dyes have favorable dyeing properties owing to the covalent bond formed between the reactive group of dyes and the functional group of cotton fibers, which can achieve salt-free dyeing of cotton.
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Zeng, Zhoufang, Gang Shi, Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu, Liviu Marian Ungureanu, and Ying Li. "Micro-Nano Machining TiO2 Patterns without Residual Layer by Unconventional Imprinting." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 10097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110097.
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Usually, the residual layer remains after patterning TiO2 sol. The existence of the TiO2 residual layer in the non-pattern region affects its application in microelectronic devices. Here, a simple method, based on room-temperature imprinting, to fabricate a residual-free TiO2 pattern is proposed. The thermoplastic polymer with Ti4+ salt was fast patterned at room temperature by imprinting, based on the different interfacial force. Then, the patterned thermoplastic polymer with Ti4+ salt was induced into the TiO2 lines without residual layer under the hydrothermal condition. This method provides a new idea to pattern metal oxide without residual layer, which is potentially applied to the gas sensor, the optical detector and the light emitting diode.
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Yokokoji, Arisa, Wakana Kitayama, Kamonthira Wichai, Osamu Urakawa, Atsushi Matsumoto, Visit Vao-Soongnern, and Tadashi Inoue. "Viscoelastic Relaxation of Polymerized Ionic Liquid and Lithium Salt Mixtures: Effect of Salt Concentration." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111772.
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Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) doped with lithium salts have recently attracted research interests as the polymer component in lithium-ion batteries because of their high ionic mobilities and lithium-ion transference numbers. To date, although the ion transport mechanism in lithium-doped PILs has been considerably studied, the role of lithium salts on the dynamics of PIL chains remains poorly understood. Herein, we examine the thermal and rheological behaviors of the mixture of poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PC4-TFSI)/lithium TFSI (LiTFSI) in order to clarify the effect of the addition of LiTFSI. We show that the glass transition temperature Tg and the entanglement density decrease with the increase in LiTFSI concentration wLiTFSI. These results indicate that LiTFSI acts as a plasticizer for PC4-TFSI. Comparison of the frequency dependence of the complex modulus under the iso-frictional condition reveals that the addition of LiTFSI does not modify the stress relaxation mechanism of PC4-TFSI, including its characteristic time scale. This suggests that the doped LiTFSI, component that can be carrier ions, is not so firmly bound to the polymer chain as it modifies the chain dynamics. In addition, a broadening of the loss modulus spectrum in the glass region occurs at high wLiTFSI. This change in the spectrum can be caused by the responses of free TFSI and/or coordination complexes of Li and TFSI. Our detailed rheological analysis can extract the information of the dynamical features for PIL/salt mixtures and may provide helpful knowledge for the control of mechanical properties and ion mobilities in PILs.
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Sri-in, Jureeporn, Waraphorn Sisan, Phonphailin Kingkhangphloo, Pinpilai Jutasompakorn, Weerawadee Chandranipapongse, Somruedee Chatsiricharoenkul, Onchira Buranakan, Arpha Pornseth, and Thammanoon Surachatkumtonekul. "Stability and Sterility of Extemporaneously Prepared 0.01% Atropine Ophthalmic Solution in Artificial Tears and Balanced Salt Solution." Siriraj Medical Journal 74, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33192/smj.2022.12.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological stability of extemporaneously prepared 0.01% atropine ophthalmic solution in unopened eyedropper and in simulated use condition.Materials and Methods: Two formulations of 0.01% atropine solutions, atropine in artificial tear and atropine in balanced salt solution (BSS), were prepared using 0.5 mL insulin syringes. In unopened conditions, 0.01% atropine solutions were stored for six months at refrigerated temperature (2-8°C) or room temperature (25±2°C). Visual inspection, atropine quantification, pH measurements, and sterility assay were analyzed at baseline, and every month for six months. In simulated use condition, 0.01% atropine solutions stored at refrigerated and room temperature were analyzed at 0, 15 and 30 days.Results: In unopened conditions, both of 0.01% atropine formulations stored at refrigerated temperature showed satisfactory stability. Atropine remained within 90% to 110% of the initial concentration up to six months. Under room temperature, both formulations of atropine were less than 90% of their initial value after 4 months storage. In simulated use condition, atropine concentration was within 90% to 110% of initial value after 30 days at refrigerated and room temperature. All atropine solutions prepared in artificial tear and BSS were free from bacterial contamination throughout the study. No alteration of physical appearance (i.e., precipitation, discoloration) was observed, and pH values also remained nearly unchanged.Conclusion: Both formulations of 0.01% atropine are physicochemically stable for up to 6 months when kept unopened in refrigerator, and for 1 month at refrigerated and room temperatures in simulated use condition.
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Promkotra, Sarunya. "Chemical Kinetics between Brine and Rock Salt Transitions." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.43.
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The chemical kinetics dissolution of rock salts from Sakon Nakhon Basin is characterized by drill cores and compared to geochemical compositions of natural brines obtained within the study areas in Udon Thani and Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. A criterion for rock salt core analysis depends upon the maximum amount of halite, based on X-ray diffractometry. Mass balance relation between brines and rock salt dissolution is conducted by the difference of initial and final weights of the core sample in each experimental batch. To monitor salinity related to its dissolution, the concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) are determined for each time period. The dissolution rate of rock salts can be evaluated from chemical compositions of the reactants; sodium-chloride (Na-Cl, halite) and calcium-sulphate (Ca-SO4, anhydrite), corresponding to the TDS content, against the experimental variables of time and temperature. The most important aspect of brine and rock salt interfaces concerns the chemical kinetics developed for the rate of reaction (R) and rate constant (k) as R = k [NaC0.7[CaSO4]0.8. The overall order of the reaction is experimentally 1.5 with respect to concentration of sodium chloride and calcium sulphate. Phase transitions based on the behavior of the thermodynamic free energy as a function of thermodynamic variables are accompanied by the release of heat. The activation energy needs for the dissolution reaction of rock salt is-18.08 kJ/mol. The experimental result indicates the exothermic reaction, similar to the calculation by theoretical thermodynamics. Saturation indexes of brines as a function of anhydrite reveal the supersaturating condition while rock salt dissolution reaches the equilibrium condition.
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Soltani Lak, Abdolazim, Mohammad Hossein Marhamatizadeh, and Hossein Fattahi. "Stability of Encapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri during Harsh Conditions, Storage Period, and Simulated In Vitro Conditions." Journal of Food Quality 2021 (October 23, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3872190.
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Viability of probiotics in the foods and human bodies is important, because a certain minimum count of bacteria is necessary to impose health promoting effects. In the present work, we encapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri within whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), WPI + inulin (WPI4I), and SPI + inulin (SPI4I) through spray drying method and investigated the efficiency of the microcapsules on the protection of the cells under different conditions (heat, salt, bile salt, penicillin, pH, simulated gastrointestinal condition, and storage). The particle size of the samples was in the range of 195.2–358.1 nm. The sensitivity of unencapsulated bacteria to heat was considerably higher than that to the encapsulated bacteria, so that, at 80°C, no growth (of unencapsulated type) was observed. At 60°C and 40°C, the cell count of free bacteria decreased to 5.81 and 8.04 log CFU/mL, respectively. The bacteria encapsulated within SPI4I showed the highest viability at these temperatures. A comparison between the effects of different pH values showed pH 1.5 more lethal than 2.5 and 7. The effect of NaCl at 4% concentration on decreasing the bacterial count was more notable than 2%. However, the used wall materials in all conditions resulted in higher viability of the cells compared to the free cells. Among different types of wall materials, it was observed that WPI4I imposed the best protective effect. The higher viability of cells within WPI4I wall material was also observed during the storage time. The viability of encapsulated cells decreased from 10.35 to 10.40 log CFU/g in the first week and to 8.93–9.23 log CFU/g in the last week of storage.
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Koźmińska, Aleksandra, Ewa Hanus-Fajerska, Wiktor Halecki, and Krystyna Ciarkowska. "Beet Molasses Enhance Salinity Tolerance in Thymus serpyllum—A Study under Greenhouse Condition." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091819.
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The growing demand for Thymus serpyllum biomass to produce drugs, cosmetics and spices necessitates the search for innovative methods mitigating the negative effects of environmental stressors in order to improve its yield under unfavorable conditions. Due to the exposure of plants to salinity stress (SS), we investigated the effect of sugar beet molasses (SBM) on the growth and biochemical parameters related to plants’ response to SS. Wild thyme plants were treated for 5 weeks to sodium chloride and 3% molasses solution using two modes of application (soil irrigation or foliar sprays). Plants irrigated by SBM showed slighter stem growth inhibition than control plants, high stress tolerance index and maintained a constant root water content under salt stress. Moreover plants treated with 100 mM NaCl and soil-applied SBM had lower lipid peroxidation level, showed lower POD activity, higher total soluble protein content and maintained a more even free amino acids level, compared to the control treatments. The concentration of potassium ions was higher in the case of plant roots irrigation with sugar beet molasses compared to control plants. In this experiment, most of the growth and biochemical parameters from foliar molasses-sprayed plants did not differ significantly from the control. We provided evidence that soil-applied SBM beneficially changed the plant’s biochemical response to salt stress. On the basis of the obtained results, we conclude that this soil amendment contributes to the strengthening of plant protection against this harmful environmental factor.
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Idham Darussalam Mardjan, Muhammad, Dhina Fitriastuti, Bambang Purwono, and Jumina Jumina. "Synthesis of 1-(2-Methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium Bromide from Gandapura Oil." Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2019.008.03.484.
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This study describes simple synthetic method to prepare 1-(2-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide from gandapura oil. The salt were synthesized in four steps. Initially, commercial gandapura oil was directly subjected to the alkylation reaction under basic condition using dimethyl sulfate to give methyl 2-methxybenzoate in 86% yield. Next, the produced benzoate ester was reduced by LiAlH4 to produce 2-methoxybenzyl alcohol in 67% yield. The treatment of benzyl alcohol with phosphorus tribromide under solvent free condition produced the corresponding benzyl bromide (in 67% yield), which was directly introduced into bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction with 1,10-phenantroline monohydrate to finally give the desired product in 63% yield.
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Bolagam, Ravi, Rajender Boddula, and Palaniappan Srinivasan. "Nanosphere of Semicrystalline Polyaniline Powder: An Effective, Versatile, and Reusable Catalyst for Hantzsch Reaction." Journal of Catalysts 2014 (September 15, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/984730.
Full textAbstract:
Polyaniline salt containing 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid with nanosphere morphology in semicrystalline powder form was successfully synthesized by interfacial polymerization pathway and demonstrated as polymer based acid catalyzed in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. This catalyst promotes the reaction under solvent free condition in excellent yield in 10 min with recyclability. The advantages of this methodology are the easy synthesis of polymer containing acid group catalyst in powder form having easily handlable, efficient, versatile, and reusable nature.
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Renaud, Alexis, Victor Pommier, Jérémy Garnier, Simon Frappart, Laure Florimond, Marion Koch, Anne-Marie Grolleau, Céline Puente-Lelièvre, and Touzain Sebastien. "Aggressiveness of Different Ageing Conditions for Three Thick Marine Epoxy Systems." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 4 (December 3, 2021): 721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2040039.
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Three different coated steel systems were aged in natural or artificial seawater, in neutral salt spray (NSS), and using alternate immersion tests in order to evaluate the aggressiveness of the different ageing conditions. Commercial epoxy coatings were applied onto steel (S355NL), hot-galvanized steel (HDG), and Zn-Al15 thermal spraying coated steel. The defect-free systems were immersed in artificial seawater at 35 °C for 1085 days and in natural seawater for 1200 days and were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Panels with artificial defects were immersed for 180 days in artificial seawater and, regarding adhesion, were evaluated according to ISO 16276-2. In parallel, the three coated systems were submitted to cyclic neutral salt spray (NSS) for 1440 h: defect-free panels were regularly evaluated by EIS, while the degree or corrosion was measured onto panels with artificial defect. After NSS, defect-free panels were immersed in artificial seawater at 35 °C for further EIS investigations. Finally, alternate immersion tests were performed for 860 days for the three defect-free coated systems and for 84 days for panels with a defect. The results showed that, for defect-free panels, immersions in natural or artificial seawater and NSS did not allowed us to distinguish the three different systems that show excellent anticorrosion properties. However, during the alternate immersion test, the organic coating system applied onto HDG presented blisters, showing a greater sensitivity to this test than the two other systems. For panels with a defect, NSS allowed to age the coatings more rapidly than monotone conditions, and the coating system applied onto steel presented the highest degree of corrosion. Meanwhile, the coating systems applied onto HDG and the thermal spray metallic coating showed similar behavior. During the alternate immersion test, the three coated systems with a defect showed clearly different behaviors, therefore it was possible to rank the three systems. Finally, it appeared that the alternate immersion test was the most aggressive condition. It was then proposed that a realistic thermal cycling and an artificial defect are needed when performing ageing tests of thick marine organic coating systems in order to properly rank/evaluate the different systems.
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Bourgon Desroches, Myosotis, Martin Lavoie, and Claude Lavoie. "Establishing the value of a salt marsh as a potential benchmark: vegetation surveys and paleoecological analyses as assessment tools." Botany 91, no. 11 (November 2013): 774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0134.
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Identifying tidal salt marshes as priority sites for conservation or restoration remains a challenge, as several sites are so severely degraded that allocating financial resources for their protection would be questionable. The decision-making process could nevertheless be facilitated by comparing species assemblages and the dynamics and (or) ecological functions of a site with an ecological benchmark, i.e., a tidal marsh that remains free from anthropogenic disturbances. We used plant surveys and plant macrofossil and pollen analyses for evaluating the benchmark potential of the Pointe-aux-Épinettes marsh, a protected salt marsh of the St. Lawrence River estuary (Canada) and one of the last salt marshes that could potentially be a benchmark along the estuary. Historical evidence indicated that the forests surrounding the marsh were converted into agricultural lands circa 1850. Nevertheless, this land-use change had little impact on the marsh. The long-term impacts of trampling and grazing by livestock on the vegetation were negligible. Macrofossil analyses indicated that the plant assemblages were dynamic, but past and current vegetation assemblages are representative of those characterizing an undisturbed salt marsh, with a very high proportion of native wetland species. In a context where truly undisturbed salt marshes are extremely rare ecosystems, our study indicates that the Pointe-aux-Épinettes plant assemblages could be used as benchmarks against which the condition of the vegetation of other salt marshes in northeastern North America could be evaluated.
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Zhou, Chao, Chunda Ji, Yuchen Nie, Jingfa Yang, and Jiang Zhao. "Poly(ethylene oxide) Is Positively Charged in Aqueous Solutions." Gels 8, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8040213.
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There have been controversies about the binding of cations to poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains in aqueous solutions. In the current study, single molecular evidence of charging PEO chains by cation binding in aqueous solutions is provided. From the adoption of the photon-counting histogram method, it is discovered that the local pH value at the vicinity of the PEO chain is higher than the bulk solution, showing that the PEO chain is positively charged. Such a situation exists with and without the presence of salt (NaCl) in the solution, presumably due to the binding of cations, such as hydronium and sodium ions. Single molecular electrophoresis experiments using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy demonstrate that the PEO chains are weakly charged with a charging extent of ~5%. In comparison to the salt-free condition, the addition of external salt (NaCl) at moderate concentrations further charges the chain. The charging causes the PEO chains to expand and a further increase in the salt concentration causes the chain to shrink, exhibiting a polyelectrolyte-like behavior, demonstrated by the hydrodynamic radii of a single PEO chain. The effect of ion identity is discovered with alkali cations, with the order of the charging capacity of Li+ < Na+ < Cs+ < K+.
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Opryatin, Leonid A., Tatiana E. Borovik, and Nikolay N. Murashkin. "Gluten-Free Diet in Children with Dermatologic Pathology." Pediatric pharmacology 19, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v19i1.2346.
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Background. Gluten-free diet (GFD) is a nutritional pattern that excludes such component of grain crops as gluten. This diet administration should be strictly regulated due to its influence on the growing child nutritional status and on the course of skin diseases. Thus, studying the effects of GFD on the course of dermatologic diseases in various patients’ groups is crucial.Objective. The aim of the study is to study the effects of GFD on nutritional status and skin condition of patients with dermatologic pathology and associated celiac disease, as well as gluten hypersensitivity.Methods. The study included children hospitalized in the dermatology department. We have used obtained anthropometric data (weight, height, body mass index (BMI)) to estimate nutritional status, all calculations were performed via programs WHO Anthro (for children under 5 years old) and WHO AntroPlus (for children over 5 years old). Weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), BMI-for-age (BAZ) z-scores were evaluated. Estimation of skin pathological process was performed via SCORAD index for patients with atopic dermatitis, PASI — for psoriasis, SALT — for alopecia, VASI — for vitiligo, LoSCAT — for scleroderma. Assessment of anthropometric measures and skin disease severity was performed at study initiation and 6 months after nutrition correction.Results. 1000 children with various dermatologic pathologies admitted to the dermatology department during the period from August 2020 to August 2021 were examined. Three patients’ groups were formed: with celiac disease, gluten hypersensitivity, and without any gluten-associated conditions. Assessment of anthropometric measures has shown positive dynamics in patients with celiac disease and gluten hypersensitivity on GFD, as well as in patients without any gluten-associated conditions on normal caloric diet according to age norms. All three groups have shown positive dynamics for skin pathologies.Conclusion. Estimation of nutritional status and skin conditions on various stages of the study has shown the importance of differentiated approach in GFD administration in dermatologic patients.
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Bradshaw, S. D., and K. A. Nagy. "Energetics, osmoregulation, and food consumption by free-living desert lizards, Ctenophorus (= Amphibolurus) nuchalis." Amphibia-Reptilia 16, no. 1 (1995): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853895x00163.
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AbstractThe ecophysiology of the agamid lizard Ctenophorus nuchalis was studied near Shark Bay, Western Australia, during three seasons, over four years, in order to evaluate seasonal and year-to-year variation in energy and material balance, and to compare this agamid with similar-sized iguanid lizards. We measured water influx and efflux rates and field metabolic rates with doubly-labelled water, sodium fluxes with radiosodium, and osmotic status (plasma osmotic and ionic concentrations) in free-ranging adults of both sexes, as well as juveniles. Feeding rates were calculated from diet composition information in conjunction with rates of water and sodium intake, and body condition indices were also determined. There were marked seasonal and year-to-year differences in body condition, and in rates of body mass gain or loss, and these correlated with drought periods. Rates of resource use were highest in spring, and declined through summer and autumn, and rates were lowest during 1983, a year having unusually low winter rainfall. Hatchlings, which emerged in autumn, were able to find and capture food resources, even though adults were eating little during that season. The annual pattern of energy, water and salt balance in this agamid lizard is quite similar to that of an equivalent-sized iguanid lizard.
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Yang, Jinbei, Guangkai Dai, Jing Wang, Shuai Pan, Gang Lu, Xiaoke Shi, Danni Tang, Jinyi Chen, and Xiaocheng Lin. "Porous Anion Exchange Membrane for Effective Acid Recovery by Diffusion Dialysis." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9061049.
Full textAbstract:
Diffusion dialysis (DD) employing anion exchange membranes (AEMs) presents an attractive opportunity for acid recovery from acidic wastewater. However, challenges exist to make highly acid permeable AEMs due to their low acid dialysis coefficient (Uacid). Here, a series of porous and highly acid permeable AEMs fabricated based on chloromethyl polyethersulfone (CMPES) porous membrane substrate with crosslinking and quaternization treatments is reported. Such porous AEMs show high Uacid because of the large free volume as well as the significantly reduced ion transport resistance relative to the dense AEMs. Compared with the commercial dense DF-120 AEM, our optimal porous AEM show simultaneous 466.7% higher Uacid and 75.7% higher acid/salt separation factor (Sacid/salt) when applied to acid recovery at the same condition. Further, considering the simple and efficient fabrication process as well as the low cost, our membranes show great prospects for practical acid recovery from industrial acidic wastewater.
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Tauchert, Marcel J., Clément Hémonnot, Piotr Neumann, Sarah Köster, Ralf Ficner, and Achim Dickmanns. "Impact of the crystallization condition on importin-β conformation." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 72, no. 6 (May 25, 2016): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798316004940.
Full textAbstract:
In eukaryotic cells, the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm is highly selective and requires specialized soluble transport factors. Many of them belong to the importin-β superfamily, the members of which share an overall superhelical structure owing to the tandem arrangement of a specific motif, the HEAT repeat. This structural organization leads to great intrinsic flexibility, which in turn is a prerequisite for the interaction with a variety of proteins and for its transport function. During the passage from the aqueous cytosol into the nucleus, the receptor passes the gated channel of the nuclear pore complex filled with a protein meshwork of unknown organization, which seems to be highly selective owing to the presence of FG-repeats, which are peptides with hydrophobic patches. Here, the structural changes of free importin-β from a single organism, crystallized in polar (salt) or apolar (PEG) buffer conditions, are reported. This allowed analysis of the structural changes, which are attributable to the surrounding milieu and are not affected by bound interaction partners. The importin-β structures obtained exhibit significant conformational changes and suggest an influence of the polarity of the environment, resulting in an extended conformation in the PEG condition. The significance of this observation is supported by SAXS experiments and the analysis of other crystal structures of importin-β deposited in the Protein Data Bank.
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Hara, K., M. Hayashi, M. Yabuki, M. Shiobara, and C. Nishita-Hara. "Simultaneous aerosol measurements of unusual aerosol enhancement in the troposphere over Syowa Station, Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 8 (April 25, 2014): 4169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4169-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Unusual aerosol enhancement is often observed at Syowa Station, Antarctica, during winter and spring. Simultaneous aerosol measurements near the surface and in the upper atmosphere were conducted twice using a ground-based optical particle counter, a balloon-borne optical particle counter, and micropulse lidar (MPL) in August and September 2012. During 13–15 August, aerosol enhancement occurred immediately after a storm condition. A high backscatter ratio and high aerosol concentrations were observed from the surface to ca. 2.5 km over Syowa Station. Clouds appeared occasionally at the top of the aerosol-enhanced layer during the episode. Aerosol enhancement was terminated on 15 August by strong winds from a cyclone's approach. In the second case, on 5–7 September, aerosol number concentrations in Dp > 0.3 μm near the surface reached > 104 L−1 at about 15:00 UT (Universal Time) on 5 September despite calm wind conditions, whereas MPL measurement exhibited aerosols were enhanced at about 04:00 UT at 1000–1500 m above Syowa Station. The aerosol enhancement occurred near the surface to ca. 4 km. In both cases, air masses with high aerosol enhancement below 2.5–3 km were transported mostly from the boundary layer over the sea-ice area. In addition, air masses at 3–4 km in the second case came from the boundary layer over the open-sea area. This air mass history strongly suggests that dispersion of sea-salt particles from the sea-ice surface contributes considerably to aerosol enhancement in the lower free troposphere (about 3 km) and that the release of sea-salt particles from the ocean surface engenders high aerosol concentrations in the free troposphere (3–4 km). Continuous MPL measurements indicate that high aerosol enhancement occurred mostly in surface–lower free troposphere (3 km) during the period July–September.
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Bolyard, Mickey L., Christina M. Graziano, Kevin R. Fontaine, R. Drew Sayer, Gordon Fisher, and Eric P. Plaisance. "Tolerability and Acceptability of an Exogenous Ketone Monoester and Ketone Monoester/Salt Formulation in Humans." Nutrients 15, no. 23 (November 22, 2023): 4876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15234876.
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Exogenous ketone ester and ketone ester mixed with ketone free acid formulations are rapidly entering the commercial marketspace. Short-term animal and human studies using these products suggest significant potential for primary or secondary prevention of a number of chronic disease conditions. However, a number of questions need to be addressed by the field for optimal use in humans, including variable responses among available exogenous ketones at different dosages; frequency of dosing; and their tolerability, acceptability, and efficacy in long-term clinical trials. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the tolerability, acceptability, and circulating R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) and glucose responses to a ketone monoester (KME) and ketone monoester/salt (KMES) combination at 5 g and 10 g total R-βHB compared with placebo control (PC). Fourteen healthy young adults (age: 21 ± 2 years, weight: 69.7 ± 14.2 kg, percent fat: 28.1 ± 9.3%) completed each of the five study conditions: placebo control (PC), 5 g KME (KME5), 10 g KME (KME10), 5 g (KMES5), and 10 g KMES (KMES10) in a randomized crossover fashion. Circulating concentrations of R-βHB were measured at baseline (time 0) following an 8–12 h overnight fast and again at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min following drink ingestion. Participants also reported acceptability and tolerability during each condition. Concentrations of R-βHB rose to 2.4 ± 0.1 mM for KME10 after 15 min, whereas KMES10 similarly peaked (2.1 ± 0.1 mM) but at 30 min. KME5 and KMES5 achieved similar peak R-βHB concentrations (1.2 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5 mM) at 15 min. Circulating R-βHB concentrations were similar to baseline for each condition by 120 min. Negative correlations were observed between R-βHB and glucose at the 30 min time point for each condition except KME10 and PC. Tolerability was similar among KME and KMES, although decreases in appetite were more frequently reported for KMES. Acceptability was slightly higher for KMES due to the more frequently reported aftertaste for KME. The results of this pilot investigation illustrate that the KME and KMES products used increase circulating R-βHB concentrations to a similar extent and time course in a dose-dependent fashion with slight differences in tolerability and acceptability. Future studies are needed to examine variable doses, frequency, and timing of exogenous ketone administration for individuals seeking to consume ketone products for health- or sport performance-related purposes.
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McClain, Tyrell, Samuel Wyffels, Shay Larsen, Luka Müller, Noah G. Davis, Boone Carter, Janice Bowman, Darrin L. Boss, and Timothy DelCurto. "285 Supplement intake variation, weight, and body condition change in yearling heifers grazing late-summer dryland pastures with Rumax BoviBox versus Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.386.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate Rumax BoviBox versus Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements on supplement intake behavior, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) change of yearling heifers grazing dryland pastures during late summer. Fifty-nine yearling commercial Angus heifers (428 kg) were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to one of two supplementation treatments: 1) free-choice access to Rumax BoviBox protein block supplement (30% CP, 23% salt; n = 29); and 2) free-choice access to Rumax BoviBox HM high magnesium protein block supplement (28.7% CP, 23% salt; n = 30). Individual supplement intake, time spent at the feeder, and intake variation were measured throughout the study. On d 0, 42, and 84 heifers were weighed and assigned a BCS following a 16-h shrink. Additionally, forage was sampled every 14 d throughout the study. Supplement intake (kg ∙ d-1) displayed a treatment × period interaction (P < 0.01). However, within period, treatment differences were not observed with intakes averaging 0.15 and 0.34 kg ∙ day-1 for d 0 – 42 and 42 - 84, respectively. Heifers spent more time at the feeder in period 2 than in period 1 (P < 0.01), averaging 7.67 vs 4.00 min per day, respectively. Supplement intake rate (g ∙ min-1) also displayed a treatment effect (P < 0.01) indicating that heifers in the Rumax BoviBox treatment had lower intake rate compared to Rumax BoviBox HM supplemented heifers. In conclusion, there were only minor differences in intake behavior and animal performance with the Rumax BoviBox and Rumax BoviBox HM supplement treatments. However, supplement intake increased and variation in intake decreased with declining forage quality and quantity.
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Pratiwi, Amalia Enggar, Muthia Elma, Meilana Dharma Putra, Agus Mirwan, Aulia Rahma, and Erdina Lulu Atika Rampun. "Innovation of Carbon from Pectin Templated in Fabrication of Interlayer-free Silica-Pectin Membrane." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.3.93-98.
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Water scarcity is the main issues in Indonesia especially for coastal areas. As a consequence, the water has high salinity of >50.000 ppm salt concentration where an appropriate treatment is necessary before consumed. In this case, desalination process could be carried out using inorganic silica membranes. However, during the process the pore of silica membranes were collapsed due to the directly contact of pores to water molecules for a long term performance. Thereby, in this work the innovation of membrane fabrication using carbon templated in silica matrices has been successfully fabricated. Literally, the carbon templates could be improving the membrane hydro-stability. The interlayer-free silica-pectin membrane was fabricated using TEOS as silica precursor and carbon templated from pectin apple. All membranes waere calcined in variance temperature of 300 and 400°C via Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP). The FTIR results show some functionalization of siloxane, silanol and a new bond of silica-carbon. Whereas, the SEM images show the membrane morphology that the membrane not dense and crack-free with thin film's thickness of ~ 1 μm. An excellent condition of interlayer-free silica-pectin membrane was obtained at pectin concentration of 2.5 %wt. (300°C) and 0.5 %wt. (400°C) with highest functionalization of siloxane and silica-carbon bonds. The existence of silica-carbon bonds were capable to enhancing the membrane hydro-stability. In addition, the carbon chains were contributed to form a smaller pores but also robust pore structures. Those fabricated membranes were shown a good promising due to fast and low cost fabrication with high quality to applicate in seawater desalination.
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Farid, Farzana Binte, Gulshan Ara Latifa, Mosarrat Nabila Nahid, and Mohajira Begum. "Protective effect of brine-salt curing on physico-chemical attributes on the taki fish (Channa punctatus) and the tengra fish (Mystus tengra) at room temperature." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 42, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v42i2.23369.
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Brine salt curied (BS) Taki fish and the small Tengra fish were studied to observe such salting procedure on their bio-chemical composition stored at room temperature (26-320C). In fresh-processed condition, moisture, protein, fat, ash, pH and free fatty acid were 62.28%, 18.02%, 2.76%, 17.24%, 6.8 and 0.5% in BS taki fish and 57.35%, 15.3%, 6.84%, 20.8%, 5.9 and 0.9%, respectively in tengra. The value of moisture, pH and FFA increased significantly (p<0.05) with the time of storage and these values rapidly increased in cured taki than BS tengra and at the end of 75 days BS taki became spoiled whereas BS tengra still remained in fresh condition. It was observed that BS tengra fish-product had longer shelf life (120 days) and was found better for preservation in laboratory condition. This work also showed that the effect of the treatment on a fish sample dependent on the fish species.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 271-276, 2014
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Meznerics, Fanni Adél, Kata Illés, Fanni Dembrovszky, Péter Fehérvári, Lajos Vince Kemény, Kata Dorottya Kovács, Norbert Miklós Wikonkál, Dezső Csupor, Péter Hegyi, and András Bánvölgyi. "Platelet-Rich Plasma in Alopecia Areata—A Steroid-Free Treatment Modality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials." Biomedicines 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10081829.
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Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune condition that can lead to a serious deterioration in patients’ quality of life. The first line of treatment in patchy AA is triamcinolone acetonide (TrA); however, the efficacy of the treatment varies greatly. Our aim was to investigate the therapeutic effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of AA. Method: We performed a systematic literature search in four databases. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) reporting on patients with AA treated with PRP were included, comparing PRP with TrA or a placebo. The primary outcome was the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. Results: Our systematic search provided a total of 2747 articles. We identified four studies eligible for quantitative analysis. The pooled mean differences from the four studies did not exhibit a significant difference in the mean change in the SALT score when PRP and TrA groups were compared (MD =−2.04, CI: −4.72–0.65; I2 = 80.4%, p = 0.14). Conclusions: PRP is a promising topical, steroid-free treatment modality in the therapy of AA. No significant difference was found between PRP and TrA treatment; however, further high-quality RCTs are needed to further assess the efficacy of PRP treatment and strengthen the quality of evidence.
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Tabuchi, Mitsuharu, Mitsunori Kitta, Koji Yazawa, and Kei Kubota. "Facile Material Design Concept for Co-Free Lithium Excess Nickel-Manganese Oxide as High-Capacity Positive Electrode Material." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 110525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3526.
Full textAbstract:
High-capacity Li1+x(Ni0.3Mn0.7)1-xO2, (0 < x < 1/3) samples were synthesized by the coprecipitation–calcination method. Both electrochemical cycle and high-rate performances were drastically improved by selecting an N2 atmosphere as final calcination. Scanning transmission electron microscopy—energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the sample calcined in an N2 atmosphere had a more homogeneous transition metal distribution into primary particles than that calcined in air. The solid-state 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance data showed that electrochemically inactive domains were only diminished for the sample calcined in an N2 atmosphere after electrochemical activation. X-ray Rietveld analysis revealed that the suitable transition metal distribution and content of the samples were different from those of typical layered rock-salt materials. Only that calcined in an N2 atmosphere had no spinel formation during charging and no oxide ion insertion reaction during discharging. No positive Co substitution effect was observed under the optimized preparation conditions. At the 100th cycle, the discharge capacity was 216 mAh g−1, which corresponds to 87% of the initial capacity (251 mAh g−1) at optimizing synthetic condition.
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Ruiyu, Wang, and Li Zhong. "Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate over Activated Carbon Supported Cu Based Catalysts." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1242.
Full textAbstract:
The supported chloride-free copper based catalyst was prepared by deposition-precipitation method and used to catalyze the direct vapor-phase oxycarbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The effect of reductive agent and copper salt precursor on catalyst structure and catalytic performance were investigated, the catalysts were characterized by XRD, H2-TPR techniques. Using Cu (CH3COO)2 as precursor, glucose as reductive agent, when loading amount was 17.1%, the Cu2O/AC catalyst shows the best performance for DMC synthesis. Under the condition of CO/MeOH/O2=5/11/1, SV=6625h-1, the average STY of DMC in 9 hrs running was 71.96mg/(g·h), and selectivity of DMC was 83.13%.
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Hara, K., M. Hayashi, M. Yabuki, M. Shiobara, and C. Nishita-Hara. "Simultaneous aerosol measurements of unusual aerosol enhancement in troposphere over Syowa Station, Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2013): 26269–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-26269-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Unusual aerosol enhancement is often observed at Syowa Station, Antarctica during winter through spring. Simultaneous aerosol measurements near the surface and in the upper atmosphere were conducted twice using a ground-based optical particle counter, a balloon-borne optical particle counter, and micro-pulse LIDAR (MPL) in August and September 2012. During 13–15 August, aerosol enhancement occurred immediately after a storm condition. A high backscatter ratio and aerosol concentrations were observed from the surface to ca. 2.5 km over Syowa Station. Clouds appeared occasionally at the top of aerosol-enhanced layer during the episode. Aerosol enhancement was terminated on 15 August by strong winds caused by a cyclone's approach. In the second case on 5–7 September, aerosol number concentrations in Dp > 0.3 μm near the surface reached > 104 L−1 at about 15:00 UT on 5 September in spite of calm wind conditions, whereas MPL measurement exhibited aerosols were enhanced at about 04:00 UT at 1000–1500 m above Syowa Station. The aerosol enhancement occurred near the surface–ca. 4 km. In both cases, air masses with high aerosol enhancement below 2.5–3 km were transported mostly from the boundary layer over the sea-ice area. In addition, air masses at 3–4 km in the second case came from the boundary layer over the open-sea area. This air mass history strongly suggests that dispersion of sea-salt particles from the sea-ice surface contributes considerably to the aerosol enhancement in the lower free troposphere (about 3 km) and that the release of sea-salt particles from the ocean surface engenders high aerosol concentrations in the free troposphere (3–4 km).
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Deepa, Geeta D. Yadav, Mohd J. Aalam, Pooja Chaudhary, and Surendra Singh. "Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) and Hexahydro Xanthene Catalyzed by 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] Octane Triflate Under Solvent-Free Condition." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 5 (October 17, 2019): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179415666181113154232.
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Objective:DABCO salts were evaluated as catalysts for the Biginelli reaction between 4- methoxybenzaldehyde, urea and ethyl acetoacetate under solvent-free conditions. 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane triflate was found to be a simple, inexpensive, highly efficient catalyst for Biginelli reaction for a variety aromatic aldehyde with urea and ethyl acetoacetate at 80°C afforded corresponding 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones in 50-99% yields after 30-120 minutes. 1,3-Cyclohexadione was used in place of ethyl acetoacetate in the absence of urea this methodology is giving hexahydro xanthene derivatives in good to excellent yields after 3-4 hours.Methods:DABCO salt 4 (5 mol%), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (0.73 mmol) and urea (0.73 mmol) were stirred for 10 minutes at 80°C, then ethyl acetoacetate (1.5 equiv.) was added and reaction mixture was stirred at 80°C for specified time. The resulting solution was stirred continuously and progress of the reaction was followed by TLC. The crude reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate (1:2)) to give pure desired product.Results:Reaction conditions of the Biginelli reaction were optimized using 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (0.73 mmol), urea (0.73 mmol), and ethyl acetoacetate (5 equiv.) as model substrates catalyzed by 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane triflate (5 mol%) in a different solvents, screening of different catalysts and different temperatures. Neat condition was found to be the best for the Biginelli condensation and corresponding 3,4- dihydropyrimidinones was obtained in good to excellent yields. When the reaction was carried out with benzaldehyde derivatives and cyclohexane-1,3-dione in place of ethyl acetoacetate in the absence of urea, solely corresponding hexahydro xanthene derivatives were obtained in 61-91% yields.Conclusion:In conclusion, we have applied salts of 1,4-Diaza-bicyclo [2.2.2] octane as catalysts in the Biginelli condensation and corresponding 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones were obtained in 50- 99% yields under solvent free conditions. This methodology is having advantages like simple work-up; low loading of catalyst and reaction was performed at moderate temperature under solvent-free conditions.
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Feldman, Hannah. "Ahlam Shibli's Death and Photography in Arabic: A Letter from a Pillar of Salt." October, no. 185 (2023): 168–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00498.
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Abstract This letter turns to late-nineteenth-century understandings of photography in Arabic as al-taswir al-shamsi—which translates roughly as “solar imaging”—to read a suite of photographs by Ahlam Shibli that depicts the ways in which martyrs of the second intifada are remembered in Nablus. Drawing on connotations embedded in the Arabic term taswir and in a careful study of the way light works in Shibli's photographs, the letter—addressed to you from a person who identifies as a pillar of salt, stuck, looking back but wanting to move forward—makes the argument that, far from indexing a past built on death and displacement, the photographs give light to an alternate social reality in which the Palestinian lives free from the constraints of life as the Israeli's have allowed it, which is to say life as a condition of death.
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Han, Le Nguyen, Le Huynh Hong Van, Tran Van Duc, and Dong Thi Anh Dao. "ENCAPSULATION OF LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS IN YEAST CELL WALLS (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) FOR IMPROVING SURVIVAL IN GASTROINTESTINAL CONDITIONS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 4 (August 18, 2016): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/54/4/7422.
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In search of high-quality health products, it is required that probiotic preparations consumed in gastro-intestinal condition remain metabolically active and preserve their activity. Several recent studies, consequently, have focused on probiotic protection via encapsulation in order to optimize probiotics’ viability as well as their delivery into gastro-intestinal environment. The objectives of this study were to find out a new material for encapsulation of probiotics, utilizing capsules prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to protect living probiotic cells. The encapsulation of cells was achieved, using the crack scars of the yeast cell walls (YCW) created by the sonication method. Besides, some probiotic cells can be considered as being encapsulated by some surrounded yeast cells by direct cell-cell contact. It is concluded that thanks to encapsulation by yeast cells, probiotic’s metabolic activity and survival are markedly improved. This suggests a high potential in protecting probiotics from the extreme condition of digestion process and can be applied in protecting probiotic preparations in food formulations as well. It was found that encapsulation yield in this study reached its highest point at 82.008 ± 1.123%. Viability of encapsulated probiotic in simulated gastric juice (SGJ) after 150 minutes is 19.048 ± 2.701%, compared to that of free cells at 0%. Likewise, after a 4-hour treatment in simulated intestinal juice (SIJ) (0.5% bile salt) encapsulated probiotic proves better survival at 56.338 ± 5.094% than free cell at 43.677 ± 2.058%.
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Xue, Jingjing, Xinpeng Li, Rongri Tan, and Wenjun Zong. "Molecular dynamics simulations of A-DNA in bivalent metal ions salt solution." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 4 (March 1, 2022): 048702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac3caa.
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A-form DNA is one of the biologically active double helical structure. The study of A-DNA structure has an extensive application for developing the field of DNA packaging in biotechnology. In aqueous solution, the A-DNA structure will have a free transformation, the A-DNA structure will be translated into B-form structure with the evolution of time, and eventually stabilized in the B-DNA structure. To explore the stability function of the bivalent metal ions on the A-DNA structure, a series of molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on the A-DNA of sequence (CCCGGCCGGG). The results show that bivalent metal ions (Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+) generate a great effect on the structural stability of A-DNA in the environment of high concentration. As the interaction between metal ions and electronegative DNA chains, the stability of A-DNA in solution is gradually improved with the increasing solution concentration of ions. In metal salt solution with high concentration, metal ions can be easily distributed in the solvation shells around the phosphate groups and further lead to the formation of shorter and more compact DNA structure. Also, under the condition of the same concentration and valency of the metal ions, the stability of A-DNA structure is different. The calculations indicate that the structure of A-DNA in CaCl2 solution is less stable than in MgCl2 and ZnCl2 solution.
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DAS, SAMARENDRA, PRIYANKA PANDEY, ANIL RAI, and CHINMAYEE MOHAPATRA. "A computational system biology approach to construct gene regulatory networks for salinity response in rice (Oryza sativa)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 12 (December 14, 2015): 1546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i12.54293.
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Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stress which limits agricultural crop production. Salinity stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important trait controlled by various genes. The mechanism of salinity stress response in rice is quite complex. Modelling and construction of genetic regulatory networks is an important tool and can be used for understanding this underlying mechanism. This paper considers the problem of modeling and construction of Gene Regulatory Networks using Multiple Linear Regression and Singular Value Decomposition approach coupled with a number of computational tools. The gene networks constructed by using this approach satisfied the scale free property of biological networks and such networks can be used to extract valuable information on the transcription factors, which are salt responsive. The gene ontology enrichment analysis of selected nodes is performed. The developed model can also be used for predicting the gene responses under stress condition and the result shows that the model fits well for the given gene expression data in rice. In this paper, we have identified ten target genes and a series of potential transcription factors for each target gene in rice which are highly salt responsive.
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Modarresi-Alam, Ali Reza, and Ilnaz Shariati. "Silica-Supported Sulfuric Acid as Doping Agent in Synthesis of a New Composite of Poly(o-methoxyaniline) Under Solid-State Condition." Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 17 (August 25, 2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2021.17.13.
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The objective of this research is the synthesis and characterization of the novel composite of poly(o-methoxyaniline)/silica-supported sulfuric acid (POMA-SSSA). The synthesis is done by doping of poly (o-methoxyaniline) emeraldine base in the presence of silica-supported sulfuric acid (SiO2-H2SO4, SSSA) under solid-state (solvent-free) conditions. Herein, poly(o-methoxyaniline) emeraldine salt (POMA-SA) is prepared simply by mixing the base form with H2SO4 in solid-state. The doping process is verified by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. It is shown that the polymers and composites have maximum doping and the doping counter ion in POMA-SA and POMA-SSSA-bw (before work-up) is HSO4– and in the POMA-SSSA-aw (after work-up) is SO42-. The prepared composites show good conductivity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that POMA molecules thoroughly have coated the surface of silica. Moreover, the morphology studies of composites show a smooth surface and sheet-like layer that have covered the particles within the range of 0.5 to 1 μm.
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Jeong, Gyeong-Tae, Changheon Lee, Eunsong Cha, Seungmin Moon, Yong-Jun Cha, and Daeung Yu. "Determination of Optimum Processing Condition of High Protein Laver Chip Using Air-Frying and Reaction Flavor Technologies." Foods 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2023): 4450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12244450.
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This study aimed to develop a high-protein and gluten-free laver chip using air-frying and reaction flavor technologies via response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum processing condition (w/w) was determined with a batter composition of 20% dried laver, 21.3% hair tail surimi, and 58.7% rice flour. Additional ingredients included б-gluconolactone, NaHCO3, soybean oil, corn syrup, table salt, saccharin, and a mixture of distilled water and reaction flavor-inducing solution (RFIS). The laver pellet processed and dried (50 °C, 1–2 h) with air-frying (195 °C, 52.5 s) to process the laver chip. The values of brittleness and puffing ratio of the laver chip were 6.93 ± 0.33 N and 116.19 ± 0.48%, respectively, with an error within 10% of the predicted values of RSM. RFIS was prepared via RSM with the addition of precursor substances (w/v) of methionine 0.54%, threonine 3.30%, glycine 2.40%, glutamic acid 0.90%, and glucose 3% to distilled water and then heating reaction (121 °C, 90 min). The quantitatively descriptive analysis (QDA) of RFIS, baked potato-like and savory odor were 6.00 ± 0.78 and 4.00 ± 0.91, respectively, with an error within 10% of the predicted values. The laver chip exhibited high-protein (24.26 ± 0.10 g%) and low-calorie (371.56 kcal) contents.
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Johnson, Robert G. "Initiation of the last ice age in Canada by extreme precipitation resulting from a cascade of oceanic salinity increases." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES 3, no. 1 (October 31, 2015): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jns.v3i1.5022.
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Numerical modeling has failed to confirm the classical Milankovitch hypothesis of initiation of the last ice age by Northern Hemisphere high latitude cooling due to decreasing summer insolation caused by orbital effects. The modeling failed to confirm ice sheet growth even with a widespread layer of glacial ice as an initial condition to embody positive feedback. The failure probably occurred because the initial conditions of the calculation did not include the actual effects of an altered climate in northeastern Canada that brought a sharp cooling to Europe and extreme amounts of precipitation to cloud-covered lands west of Greenland. In the conceptual model proposed here, diminishing orbital summer insolation in northern Africa is causally linked to this regional climate change by a cascade of oceanic salinity changes. The summer cooling in northern Africa weakened the monsoons, reduced the Nile River flow, and increased Mediterranean salinity and outflow at Gibraltar. The salt in the outflow contributes substantially to the salinities of the North Atlantic Drift and the Greenland Sea, to the formation rate of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) there, and to the northward flow of the Spitsbergen-Atlantic Current (SAC) that replaces the sinking NADW. When the increasing salt in the Mediterranean outflow made the SAC replacement flow sufficiently strong, the flow penetrated into the polar ocean along the north coast of Greenland. Denser and more saline Atlantic water then replaced the polar water flowing southward into Baffin Bay through the Nares Strait and Lancaster Sound, thus eliminating the stratification in the bay that enables freezing of winter sea ice. Without the southward flow of sea ice out of Baffin Bay, the Labrador Sea became much warmer. The warmer seas west of Greenland then triggered a persistent cyclonic circulation that caused large amounts of precipitation in eastern Canada and a much colder northern Europe. The resulting Canadian erosion yielded a 500yr-long deep-sea sediment record of the ice-free condition. Heavy snowfall started new ice sheet growth on Baffin Island, northern Quebec, Labrador, western Greenland, and the Barents Sea, causing world sea level to fall at a rate of 0.5cmyr-1. The modern increasing salinity of the Mediterranean Sea and extension of SAC flow into the polar ocean are now following the cascade steps toward an ice-free Baffin Bay and possible near term regional climate deterioration.
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Love, G. D., C. Stalvies, E. Grosjean, W. Meredith, and C. E. Snape. "Analysis of Molecular Biomarkers Covalently Bound Within Neoproterozoic Sedimentary Kerogen." Paleontological Society Papers 14 (October 2008): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001613.
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Catalytic hydropyrolysis (HyPy) is a powerful analytical technique for fragmenting macromolecular organic matter, such as kerogen (insoluble sedimentary organic matter), and releasing covalently-bound molecular constituents including branched and cyclic biomarker hydrocarbons. Here we illustrate our molecular approach to paleobiology with lipid biomarker data collected from rock bitumens and kerogens hosted within sedimentary units of the Neoproterozoic Huqf Supergroup, South Oman Salt Basin, Sultanate of Oman. We emphasize that parallel analyses of free and bound biomarker pools affords more confidence that we have correctly identified syngenetic compounds. One enigmatic class of compounds that is prominent in many late Proterozoic and Cambrian sedimentary rocks and oils, including from the Huqf Supergroup, is a series of C14-C30 mid-chain methylalkanes which were originally denoted X-peaks. Despite their abundance in the Precambrian rock record, little is known about the organisms responsible for their biosynthesis. Here we propose a possible origin of X-peak methylalkanes from colorless sulfur bacteria (a very heterogeneous group of chemolithotrophic γ-proteobacteria). In modern marine settings, these bacteria are abundant mat formers wherever a sedimentary sulfide-rich horizon intersects the seafloor producing a steep geochemical redox gradient. This condition may have been met more commonly on shallow marine shelves in late Neoproterozoic basins and these benthic mats may have acted as environmental buffers consuming hydrogen sulfide. If our hypothesis is correct, proliferation of sulfide-oxidizing benthic microbial mats, commencing in the late Cryogenian in South Oman Salt Basin, implies unique and specific benthic conditions during the evolution of the earliest metazoans.
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Elma, Muthia, Amalia Enggar Pratiwi, Aulia Rahma, Erdina Lulu Atika Rampun, and Noni Handayani. "The Performance of Membranes Interlayer-Free Silica-Pectin Templated for Seawater Desalination via Pervaporation Operated at High Temperature of Feed Solution." Materials Science Forum 981 (March 2020): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.981.349.
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Recently, water scarcity is the big issues around the world. Especially in coastal area where the water distribution could not entranced and able to supply clean water for the citizen. The one and only solution is processing seawater to produce fresh and potable water. The desalination process using membrane was recommended to solve this issue. Due to that, the membrane with good structure and high hydro-stability was necessary to fabricate. The aim of this work is to investigate the performance of silica-pectin membranes for treating seawater by pervaporation employing silica based membranes. In this work, the silica-pectin membranes were successfully fabricated using Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursor. Then, pectin from apple was also using in various concentrations (0; 0.1 to 0.5%). This organic material was implemented as a templating agent to produce in silica-pectin thin film. This thin films were dipcoated onto membranes support during membranes fabrication. These membranes were calcined in air at 300 and 400°C using rapid thermal processing (RTP) technique. All membranes were tested for water desalination via pervaporation set-up in various feed temperatures (25, 40 and 60°C). Results show that the membranes produced were crack-free and no pore dense. The FTIR-spectra and Fityk analysis refer to membrane of 2.5% at 300°C and 0.5% at 400°C are the optimum condition due to silanol and siloxane concentrations. An excellent performance was obtained at 0.5% at 400°C with water flux of 8.3 kg.m-2.h-1 and high salt rejection of 99.4% at 60 °C of feed temperature. It clearly demonstrates that the silica-pectin membrane has a robust structures due to the templating of carbon chains into silica matrices. The presence of carbon chains in silica matrices may form the smaller and robust pores as expected, that makes the excellent salt rejection in high feed temperature.
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Gómez, Leidy J., Nathalia A. Gómez, José E. Zapata, Gabriel López-García, Antonio Cilla, and Amparo Alegría. "Optimization of the Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Viscera Hydrolysis for Obtaining Iron-Binding Peptides and Evaluation of In Vitro Iron Bioavailability." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070883.
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Iron deficiencies continue to cause significant health problems in vulnerable populations. A good strategy to combat mineral deficiency includes fortification with iron-binding peptides. This research aims to determine the optimal conditions to hydrolyze red tilapia viscera (RTV) using Alcalase 2.4 L and recovery of iron-binding protein hydrolysate. The result showed that under the optimal hydrolysis condition including pH 10, 60 °C, E/S ratio of 0.306 U/g protein, and substrate concentration of 8 g protein/L, the obtained hydrolysate with 42.5% degree of hydrolysis (RTVH-B), displayed the maximal iron-binding capacity of 67.1 ± 1.9%. Peptide fractionation was performed using ultrafiltration and the <1 kDa fraction (FRTVH-V) expressed the highest iron-binding capacity of 95.8 ± 1.5%. Iron content of RTVH-B and its fraction was assessed, whereas iron uptake was measured indirectly as ferritin synthesis in a Caco-2 cell model and the result showed that bioavailability of bound minerals from protein complexes was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than iron salt in its free form, increased 4.7 times for the Fe2+–RTVH-B complex. This research suggests a potential application of RTVH-B as dietary supplements to improve iron absorption.