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1
Thakur, R. S., A. Nayaz, and Y. Koushik. "Formulation and Evaluation of Solubility Enhanced Ciprofloxacin." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2013): 2131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2013.6.3.4.
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In the case of solubility limited absorption, creating supersaturation in the GI fluid is very critical as supersaturation may provide great improvement of oral absorption. The techniques to create the so-called supersaturation in the GI fluid include microemulsions, emulsions, liposomes, complexations, polymeric micelles, and conventional micelles. Ciprofloxacin was chosen because it is practically insoluble in water; hence its salt form is used commercially, which is soluble in water. The objective of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility of Ciprofloxacin by formulating it into microemulsion system. For this purpose, initially, surfactant and cosurfactant were selected based on their HLB value, followed by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams to identify the microemulsion existing zone. Different formulations were developed and evaluated for pH, conductivity, in vitro release and stability. Solubility study was performed for optimized formulation. The pH of the designed formulations varied from 6.02-7.04. This was ideal and near blood pH 7.4. Conductivity data indicated that the microemulsion was of the o/w type. In vitro release of optimized formulation(FM3) was 95.2% as compared to pure drug 46.61% after 90 min and marketed product(salt form) 93.9%. Hence, by formulating into microemulsion, the solubility of ciprofloxacin is significantly enhanced.
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Dias, José Luiz C. S., Afsari Banu, Benjamin P. Sperry, Stephen F. Enloe, Jason A. Ferrell, and Brent A. Sellers. "Relative Activity of Four Triclopyr Formulations." Weed Technology 31, no. 6 (October 13, 2017): 928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.75.
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Triclopyr is a synthetic auxin herbicide currently available as a triethylamine salt, butoxyethyl ester, pyridinyloxyacetic acid, or choline salt. The formulation of a herbicide has the potential to impact its activity; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relative activity of these four triclopyr formulations. Greenhouse dose–response studies were conducted twice at the University of Florida in 2015. The four formulations were foliar applied at rates ranging from 17 to 1,121 g ae ha−1to 2- to 3-leaf soybean, sunflower, tomato, and cotton. The amine salt formulation provided the lowest ED50values in tomato and sunflower (22.87 and 60.39 g ha−1, respectively); whereas in soybean, amine and choline formulations provided the lowest ED50values (22.56 and 20.95 g ha−1, respectively). No differences between formulations were observed in cotton. These data suggest that (1) the amine salt formulation of triclopyr might be more active than the others on tomato and sunflower, and (2) the amine and choline salt formulations might be more active than the others on soybean. Further work must be conducted to determine whether there are differences among these formulations under a range of field conditions and target species. In addition, other important management factors such as applicator safety, volatility potential, and cost should be considered when choosing the best formulated product to be applied.
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Petersen, Phil J., Lloyd C. Haderlie, Raymond H. Hoefer, and Ray S. McAllister. "Dicamba Absorption and Translocation as Influenced by Formulation and Surfactant." Weed Science 33, no. 5 (September 1985): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083156.
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Absorption and translocation of14C-dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) in seven salt formulations were determined 60 h after application to leaves of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams’] grown in nutrient solution. The dimethylamine (DMA) formulation was consistently absorbed and retained in the plant in amounts equal to or greater (46% of recovered14C) than other formulations (which averaged 19% of recovered14C) when applied without surfactant. Absorption and subsequent retention of the DMA formulation in the plant was least affected of all formulations by the addition of a surfactant. With a surfactant, absorption of the DMA, monoethanolamine (MEA), and inorganic salt formulations was similar (>75% of recovered14C). Addition of seven surfactants to the K-salt of dicamba increased both the amount of14C absorbed by 35 to 56% and the amount recovered in the plant. All surfactants except one enhanced absorption of the K-salt of dicamba to a similar degree. Dicamba exhibited predominantly symplastic translocation with the majority of14C being recovered in the new second trifoliolate leaves and nutrient solution. As much as 66% of the radioactivity absorbed through the leaves was exuded by roots into the nutrient solution 60 h after leaf treatment.
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Chirumamilla, Siri Kalyan, Venkatesh Teja Banala, Masoud Jamei, and David B. Turner. "Mechanistic PBPK Modelling to Predict the Advantage of the Salt Form of a Drug When Dosed with Acid Reducing Agents." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081169.
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Acid reducing agents (ARAs) reduce the dissolution rate of weakly basic drugs in the stomach potentially leading to lower bioavailability. Formulating the API as a rapidly dissolving salt is one strategy employed to reduce the impact of ARAs on dissolution of such drugs. In the present work, a model drug was selected with an immediate release formulation of the free base dosed in both the absence and presence of the ARA famotidine. In the latter case, bioavailability is restricted and several salt formulations were investigated. To simulate these drug products a mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was built using the Simcyp Simulator, which illustrates the advantage of formulating an API as a salt compared to the free base form. The simulations use a mechanistic salt model utilising knowledge of the solubility product which was applied to predict the salt advantage. The developed PBPK model exemplifies that it can be critical to account for the surface pH and solubility when modelling the dissolution of low pKa bases and their salts in the gastric environment. In particular, the mechanistic salt model can be used to aid in screening and salt form selection where the aim is to mitigate effects of ARAs.
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Thelen, Kurt D., Evelyn P. Jackson, and Donald Penner. "2,4-D Interactions with Glyphosate and Sodium Bicarbonate." Weed Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1995): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023381.
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2,4-D has been reported to antagonize glyphosate activity on grass weed species. In addition, sodium bicarbonate antagonized 2,4-D activity on broadleaf species. Experiments were conducted using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technology to evaluate interactions of 2,4-D dimethylamine and 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulations with glyphosate in solution. The 2,4-D dimethylamine formulation associated with glyphosate to form the dimethylamine salt of glyphosate. NMR spectra also showed that the molecular orientation of the glyphosate molecule was affected by the 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulation. The antagonist was not the active 2,4-D butoxyethylester molecule itself, but appeared to be due to an association of glyphosate with organic components in the 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulation. The molecular influence of sodium bicarbonate on technical grade 2,4-D free acid, and dimethylamine and butoxyethylester formulations was also evaluated. Sodium bicarbonate was found to react with the 2,4-D free acid and 2,4-D dimethylamine to form the sodium salt of 2,4-D. The 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulation did not react with sodium bicarbonate.
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RUUSUNEN, M., M. NIEMISTÖ, and E. PUOLANNE. "Sodium reduction in cooked meat products by using commercial potassium phosphate mixtures." Agricultural and Food Science 11, no. 3 (January 3, 2002): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5725.
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In addition to salt (NaCl), sodium phosphate also increases the sodium content of meat products. Thus, the effects of replacing sodium phosphate with potassium phosphate on sodium content and properties of low-salt cooked bologna-type sausage and cooked ham were studied. Four sausage formulations were prepared. In formulations 1 and 2, the target sodium content was 0.55 g Na/100 g, and in recipes 3 and 4, 0.63 g Na/100 g. The salt content in formulation 2 was the same as in formulation 3, namely 1.2% NaCl, but the sodium content in the former was lower. In the cooked hams of recipes 1 and 2, the salt content was 1.4%, and in recipes 3 and 4, 1.8%. Sodium phosphate was used in recipes 1 and 3, and potassium phosphate in recipes 2 and 4. Very low-salt (i.e. 1.0-1.4% NaCl) meat products can be prepared providing that phosphates are added. Further reduction of sodium content in low-salt meat products is possible by replacing sodium phosphate with potassium phosphate. The extent of sodium reduction depends on the phosphates used and their sodium content, being equivalent to a sodium content of 0.2% NaCl or more. The replacement resulted in no adverse effects. Alkaline phosphates are also recommended in very low-salt products to minimize risk of purge.
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Taj, Syed F., Richard Singer, Tahir Nazir, and Gareth R. Williams. "The first hydroxy double salt tablet formulation." RSC Adv. 3, no. 2 (2013): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21339g.
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Thomas, Walter E., Tim T. Britton, Scott B. Clewis, Shawn D. Askew, and John W. Wilcut. "Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Response and Weed Management with Trifloxysulfuron, Glyphosate, Prometryn, and MSMA." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-257r1.1.
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Field studies were conducted at three locations to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton response, weed control, and cotton lint yields to two formulations of glyphosate (diammonium salt– glyphosate and isopropylamine salt–glyphosate) and trifloxysulfuron applied early postemergence (EPOST) alone or to tank mixtures of trifloxysulfuron with each glyphosate formulation, with and without a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Trifloxysulfuron and both formulations of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters and pitted morningglory. Both glyphosate formulations provided equivalent control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed. Trifloxysulfuron controlled smooth pigweed better than either glyphosate formulation but did not control goosegrass or prickly sida. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved late-season control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and pitted morningglory for all EPOST systems and improved late-season smooth pigweed control for EPOST systems that did not include trifloxysulfuron. Cotton injury was 2% or less from both glyphosate formulations, while trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Deltapine 5415RR’ 7 to 16% at two locations. At a third location, trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Paymaster 1218RR/BG’ 24%, and when applied in mixture with either glyphosate formulation, injury increased to at least 72%. Cotton injury was transient at the first two locations and was not visually apparent 3 to 5 wk later. Cotton yield at the third location was reduced. High cotton yields reflected high levels of weed control.
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Seweryn, Artur, Tomasz Wasilewski, and Anita Bocho-Janiszewska. "Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 6592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126592.
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The article shows that the type and concentration of inorganic salt can be translated into the structure of the bulk phase and the performance properties of ecological all-purpose cleaners (APC). A base APC formulation was developed. Thereafter, two types of salt (sodium chloride and magnesium chloride) were added at various concentrations to obtain different structures in the bulk phase. The salt addition resulted in the formation of spherical micelles and—upon addition of more electrolyte—of aggregates having a lamellar structure. The formulations had constant viscosities (ab. 500 mPa·s), comparable to those of commercial products. Essential physical-chemical and performance properties of the four formulations varying in salt types and concentrations were evaluated. It was found that the addition of magnesium salt resulted in more favorable characteristics due to the surface activity of the formulations, which translated into adequately high wettability of the investigated hydrophobic surfaces, and their ability to emulsify fat. A decreasing relationship was observed in foaming properties: higher salt concentrations lead to worse foaming properties and foam stability of the solutions. For the magnesium chloride composition, the effect was significantly more pronounced, as compared to the sodium chloride-based formulations. As far as safety of use is concerned, the formulations in which magnesium salt was used caused a much lesser irritation compared with the other investigated formulations. The zein value was observed to decrease with increasing concentrations of the given type of salt in the composition.
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Palma-Bautista, Candelario, Alexandros Tataridas, Panagiotis Kanatas, Ilias S. Travlos, Fernando Bastida, José A. Domínguez-Valenzuela, and Rafael De Prado. "Can Control of Glyphosate Susceptible and Resistant Conyza sumatrensis Populations Be Dependent on the Herbicide Formulation or Adjuvants?" Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101599.
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In this work, we studied the effect of three glyphosate formulations (isopropylamine, ammonium and potassium salts) and two non-ionic adjuvants on the resistance response of two resistant (R1, R2) and one susceptible population of the highly invasive Asteraceae, Conyza sumatrensis, from Southern France vineyards. Only in R1, an amino acid substitution (Pro106Thr) was found in the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). The two adjuvants, in a similar fashion, significantly reduced GR50 values for every population and glyphosate formulation. Without adjuvants, glyphosate as potassium salt was the only formulation able to significantly reduce the GR50 values of every population. For every population, the two adjuvants improved, indistinguishably, leaf retention of the herbicidal solution and the potassium salt formulation led to the highest retention, both with and without the adjuvant added. Uptake responses paralleled those of retention and adjuvant addition was more effective in increasing foliar uptake of the lower performing formulations (isopropylamine and ammonium salts). The allocation pattern of glyphosate among plant compartments was only dependent on population, with R2 retaining most glyphosate in the treated leaf, clearly suggesting the occurrence of a Non-Target Site Resistance (NTSR) mechanism. Results indicate that control of weed populations possessing NTSR mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate may be improved through adequate selection of formulation and adjuvant use.
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OLIVEIRA, R. B., G. DARIO, K. A. ALVES, and M. A. GANDOLFO. "INFLUENCE OF THE GLYPHOSATE FORMULATIONS ON WETTABILITY AND EVAPORATION TIME OF DROPLETS ON DIFFERENT TARGETS." Planta Daninha 33, no. 3 (September 2015): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582015000300022.
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ABSTRACTEfficiency of weed control can be increased if the herbicide formulation provides higher target coverage and evaporation time that enable an adequate distribution of herbicide on the target plant, allowing the absorption to continue even after the droplets evaporation. The aim of this research was to assess the influence of glyphosate formulations on the wetted area and evaporation time of droplets on different targets. Tests were conducted with droplets sizing from 500 μm containing three formulations of glyphosate (isopropylamine salt, ammonium salt and potassium salt) deposited on three surfaces, two leaves (Bidens pilosa and Cenchrus echinatus) and glass slides. Sequential images analyses were used to quantify the evaporation time and the wetted area. An experimental system was utilized that was composed of a droplet generator, a stereo microscope with a camera to capture images, as well as an environmental chamber controlled for temperature and relative humidity. The kind of glyphosate formulations and target surfaces are crucial in the wetted area and evaporation time. The isopropylamine salt decreased the wetted area and evaporation time when compared with ammonium salt and potassium salt for all the surfaces deposited on. Bidens pilosa allows an increased wetted area for all the glyphosate formulations when compared to Cenchrus echinatus and glass slides.
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SANSAWAT, THANIKARN, LEI ZHANG, JONG Y. JEONG, YANYANG XU, GERALD W. HESSELL, ELLIOT T. RYSER, JANICE B. HARTE, ROBERT TEMPELMAN, and IKSOON KANG. "Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in Full- and Low-Sodium Frankfurters at 4, 7, or 10°C Using Spray-Dried Mixtures of Organic Acid Salts." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-388.
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In meat processing, powdered ingredients are preferred to liquids because of ease of handling, mixing, and storing. This study was conducted to assess Listeria monocytogenes inhibition and the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of frankfurters that were prepared with organic acid salts as spray-dried powders (sodium lactate–sodium acetate, sodium lactate–sodium acetate–sodium diacetate, and potassium acetate–potassium diacetate) or liquids (sodium lactate, sodium lactate–sodium diacetate, potassium lactate, and potassium lactate–sodium diacetate). Full-sodium (1.8% salt) and low-sodium (1.0% salt) frankfurters were prepared according to 10 and 5 different formulations (n = 3), respectively, and were dip inoculated with a six-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes (~4 log CFU/g). Populations of Listeria and mesophilic aerobic bacteria were quantified during storage at 4, 7, and 10°C for up to 90 days. Four powder and two liquid full-sodium formulations and one powder low-sodium formulation, all of which contained diacetate except for 1% sodium lactate–sodium acetate powder, completely inhibited Listeria growth at 4°C. However, Listeria grew in full-sodium formulations at 10°C and in low-sodium formulations at 7 and 10°C except for the formulation containing 0.8% potassium acetate–0.2% potassium diacetate powder. All formulations were similar in terms of water activity, cooking yield, moisture, and protein content. Sodium content and pH were affected by the concentrations of sodium and diacetate, respectively. Frankfurter appearance, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability were similar (P > 0.05) regardless of the formulation, except for flavor and overall acceptability of the low-sodium formulation containing potassium acetate–potassium diacetate. Based on these findings, cosprayed powders appear to be a viable alternative to current liquid inhibitors for control of Listeria in processed meats.
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Abdelfatah, Elsayed, Farihah Wahid-Pedro, Alexander Melnic, Celine Vandenberg, Aidan Luscombe, Paula Berton, and Steve L. Bryant. "Microemulsion Formulations with Tunable Displacement Mechanisms for Heavy Oil Reservoirs." SPE Journal 25, no. 05 (July 20, 2020): 2663–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/196097-pa.
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Summary Waterflooding of heavy oil reservoirs is commonly used to enhance their productivity. However, preferential pathways are quickly developed in the reservoir because of the significant difference in viscosity between water and heavy oil and, hence, the oil is trapped. Here, we propose a platform for designing ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) solutions for reducing the capillary pressure and mobilizing the heavy oil. In this study, we formulated mixtures of organic acids and bases. We tested three different formulations: an ionic liquid (IL) formulation in which the bulk acid [4-dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA)] and base [tetra-N-butylammonium hydroxide (N4444OH)] were mixed using general protocols for IL synthesis; an acid/base solution (ABS) in which the acid (DBSA) and base (N4444OH) were mixed in low weight fractions directly in water; and an acid salt/base solution (ASBS) in which the acid salt [sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)] was used instead of the acid. All the formulations have a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of acid and base. Salinity scans were conducted to determine the optimum salinity that gives the lowest IFT for each formulation. Corefloods were conducted in hydrophilic and hydrophobic sandpacks to evaluate the three formulations at their optimum salinities for post-waterflood heavy oil recovery. The IL and ABS formulation are acidic solutions with a pH of approximately 3. The ASBS formulation is highly basic with a pH of approximately 12. None of the formulations salted out below 14 wt% of sodium chloride (NaCl), whereas the conventional surfactant, SDBS, precipitated at a salt concentration of less than 2 wt% of NaCl. The formulation solutions (1 wt%) have different optimum salinities: 2.5 wt% NaCl for ASBS and 3 wt% NaCl for IL and ABS. Although the IL and ABS have the same composition and molar ratio of the components, their performances are completely different, indicating different intermolecular interactions in both formulations. Corefloods were conducted using sandpack saturated with Luseland heavy oil (∼15,000 cp) and a fixed Darcy velocity of 12 ft/D. A slug of 1 pore volume (PV) of each formulation was injected after waterflooding for 5 PV followed by 5 PV post-waterflooding. In the hydrophilic sandpacks, IL and ABS formulation produced an oil bank consisting mainly of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, with oil recovery that was 1.7 times what was recovered by 11 PV of waterflooding solely. The majority of the oil was recovered in the 2 PV of waterflood after the IL slug. ASBS formulations produced oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with prolonged recovery over 5 PV waterflooding after the ASBS slug. The recovery factor for ASBS was 1.6 times that recovered for 11 PV of waterflooding only. In the hydrophobic sandpacks, the ASBS formulation slightly increased the recovery factor compared with only waterflooding, whereas for IL and ABS formulations, the recovery factor decreased. In this work, we present a novel platform for tuning the recovery factor and the timescale of the recovery of heavy oil with a variable emulsion type from O/W to W/O depending on the intermolecular interactions in the system. The results demonstrate that the designed low IFT solutions can effectively reduce the capillary force and are attractive for field applications.
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Ombaka, Eva M. A., M. Hayat Alkan, and M. J. Groves. "Formulation Studies of Tableted Oral Rehydration Salt Mixtures." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 41, no. 11 (November 1989): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06356.x.
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Ukhty, Nabila, Anhar Rozi, and Andiani Sartiwi. "MUTU KIMIAWI TERASI DENGAN FORMULASI UDANG REBON (Acetes sp) DAN IKAN RUCAH YANG BERBEDA." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v4i2.792.
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Terasi is a product of fermentation-based on rebon or fish with the addition of salt. Fermentation with salt led to an overhaul of proteins into amino acids eg glutamic acid as a producer of distinctive taste shrimp paste. Raw material, salt concentration and fermentation time is an important factor in the process of making paste. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different formulations of rebon (Acetes sp) and HTS generated against chemical quality paste. Raw materials used in this study is rebon (Acetes sp.) and fish HTS. Treatment used is the difference rebon formulation composition of fish and meat. Research methods using the experimental method with descriptive design field. Parameters tested include moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein, carbohydrates, pH, and glutamic acid. Based on the results obtained paste with the best formulation of the paste P1 treatment with a water content of 15.48%, 39.52% ash content, the fat content of 7.23%, 42.50% protein content, carbohydrate content of 4.73%, pH 5 , 67%, and 22.56% glutamic acid.
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Vural, G., M. Yardimci, M. Kocak, T. Ö. Yasar, A. Kurt, I. S. Harem, S. Carradori, et al. "Efficacy of novel albendazole salt formulations against secondary cystic echinococcosis in experimentally infected mice." Parasitology 147, no. 13 (July 30, 2020): 1425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020001225.
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AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the efficacy, expressed as a mean weight decrease of the whole echinococcal cyst mass, of novel benzimidazole salt formulations in a murine Echinococcus granulosus infection model. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally infected with protoscoleces of E. granulosus (genotype G1). At 9 months post-infection, treatment with albendazole (ABZ), ricobendazole (RBZ) salt formulations, and RBZ enantiomer salts (R)-(+)-RBZ-Na and (S)-(−)-RBZ-Na formulations were initiated. Drugs were orally applied by gavage at 10 mg kg−1 body weight per day during 30 days. Experimental treatments with benzimidazole sodium salts resulted in a significant reduction of the weight of cysts compared to conventional ABZ treatment, except for the (S)-(−)-RBZ-Na enantiomer formulation. Scanning electron microscopy and histological inspection revealed that treatments impacted not only the structural integrity of the parasite tissue in the germinal layer, but also induced alterations in the laminated layer. Overall, these results demonstrate the improved efficacy of benzimidazole salt formulations compared to conventional ABZ treatment in experimental murine cystic echinococcosis.
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Susi, Susi, Hisyam Musthafa Al Hakim, and Rahmawati. "The Effects of Salt Particle Size and The Formulation of Nagara Bean Tempeh Flour with White Oyster Mushroom on Salty and Umami Taste Perception." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1097, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012016.
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Abstract The prevalence of hypertension in South Kalimantan based on the health development program in 2018 reached 44.1%, which means South Kalimantan is the province with the highest prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia. Excessive consumption of salt (sodium) can cause a direct impact on blood pressure: people with high levels of salt consumption have an increase in blood pressure. Efforts to reduce salt consumption must also pay attention to the level of acceptance by consumers. Seasoning reformulation should maintain the product taste. Among various seasoning reformulation technologies are reducing salt particle size and blending salt with other ingredients as a flavor enhancer. This study aimed to determine the roles of salt (NaCl) size and the addition of the Nagara bean tempeh flour and oyster mushroom formulation in enhancing the umami taste to reduce salt use. Reducing the salt particle size down to 100 mesh had not given any significant effect yet on the strengthening of the perception of salty and umami taste. On the other hand, the formulation of Nagara bean tempeh flour and white oyster mushroom in a ratio of 100:0 could give a strong perception of umami taste to the seasoning powder, which was no different from the formulation in a ratio of 90:10. In conclusion, the glutamate component contained in Nagara bean tempeh flour can be an alternative source of good umami taste.
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Schmitt, Thomas M. "Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Bentazon Formulations." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 2 (March 1, 1993): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.2.387.
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Abstract A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method is presented for determining the active agent in technical bentazon and in aqueous formulations of the sodium salt of bentazon. The procedure is an isocratic, external standard method specifying an octadecylsilyl column, an acetate-buffered mobile phase of methanol-water, and UV detection. The 340 nm detection wavelength eliminates interference from formulation impurities.
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Bermejo, Marival, Gislaine Kuminek, Jozef Al-Gousous, Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo, Yasuhiro Tsume, Alfredo Garcia-Arieta, Isabel González-Alvarez, et al. "Exploring Bioequivalence of Dexketoprofen Trometamol Drug Products with the Gastrointestinal Simulator (GIS) and Precipitation Pathways Analyses." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030122.
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The present work aimed to explain the differences in oral performance in fasted humans who were categorized into groups based on the three different drug product formulations of dexketoprofen trometamol (DKT) salt—Using a combination of in vitro techniques and pharmacokinetic analysis. The non-bioequivalence (non-BE) tablet group achieved higher plasma Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) than the reference and BE tablets groups, with only one difference in tablet composition, which was the presence of calcium monohydrogen phosphate, an alkalinizing excipient, in the tablet core of the non-BE formulation. Concentration profiles determined using a gastrointestinal simulator (GIS) apparatus designed with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid and 34 mM sodium chloride as the gastric medium and fasted state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF-v1) as the intestinal medium showed a faster rate and a higher extent of dissolution of the non-BE product compared to the BE and reference products. These in vitro profiles mirrored the fraction doses absorbed in vivo obtained from deconvoluted plasma concentration–time profiles. However, when sodium chloride was not included in the gastric medium and phosphate buffer without bile salts and phospholipids were used as the intestinal medium, the three products exhibited nearly identical concentration profiles. Microscopic examination of DKT salt dissolution in the gastric medium containing sodium chloride identified that when calcium phosphate was present, the DKT dissolved without conversion to the less soluble free acid, which was consistent with the higher drug exposure of the non-BE formulation. In the absence of calcium phosphate, however, dexketoprofen trometamol salt dissolution began with a nano-phase formation that grew to a liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and formed the less soluble free acid crystals. This phenomenon was dependent on the salt/excipient concentrations and the presence of free acid crystals in the salt phase. This work demonstrated the importance of excipients and purity of salt phase on the evolution and rate of salt disproportionation pathways. Moreover, the presented data clearly showed the usefulness of the GIS apparatus as a discriminating tool that could highlight the differences in formulation behavior when utilizing physiologically-relevant media and experimental conditions in combination with microscopy imaging.
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Clewis, Scott B., John W. Wilcut, and Dunk Porterfield. "Weed Management withS-Metolachlor and Glyphosate Mixtures in Glyphosate-Resistant Strip- and Conventional-Tillage Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.)." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-030r.1.
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Five studies were conducted at Clayton, Rocky Mount, and Lewiston-Woodville, NC, in 2001 and 2002, to evaluate weed management, crop tolerance, and yield in strip- and conventional-tillage glyphosate-resistant cotton. Cotton was treated with two glyphosate formulations; glyphosate-IP (isopropylamine salt) or glyphosate-TM (trimethylsulfonium salt), early postemergence (EPOST) alone or in a mixture withS-metolachlor. Early season cotton injury was minimal (3%) with either glyphosate formulation alone or in mixture withS-metolachlor. Weed control and cotton yields were similar for both glyphosate formulations. The addition ofS-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and yellow foxtail 14 to 43 percentage points compared with control by glyphosate alone.S-metolachlor was not beneficial for late-season control of entireleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, or yellow nutsedge. The addition ofS-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf 6 to 46 percentage points. The addition of a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA increased control to greater than 95% for all weed species regardless of EPOST treatment, and control was similar with or withoutS-metolachlor EPOST. Cotton lint yield was increased 220 kg/ha with the addition ofS-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation compared with yield from glyphosate alone. The addition of the LAYBY treatment increased yields 250 and 380 kg/ha for glyphosate plusS-metolachlor and glyphosate systems, respectively.S-metolachlor residual activity allowed for an extended window for more effective LAYBY application to smaller weed seedlings instead of weeds that were possibly larger and harder to control.
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Sheets, TJ, and H. Seltmann. "Residue and Sucker Control from Two Formulations of Maleic Hydrazide (MH)." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0555.
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AbstractData from experiments conducted at one location in 1980 and two in 1981 showed that MH residues were greater on flue-cured tobacco after application of a K-MH (potassium salt of MH) formulation than of a DEA-MH (diethanolamine salt of MH) formulation at the same rate of active ingredient. On cured lamina mean residue values from K-MH for the two locations in 1981 were 48 % and 61 % greater than those for DEA-MH. There was no apparent loss of residue for either formulation during the curing process. Sucker control was less efficient with the DEA-MH than with the K-MH formulation and was associated with the level of residue in the leaf.
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Xu, Gaojie, Xuehui Shangguan, Shanmu Dong, Xinhong Zhou, and Guanglei Cui. "Formulation of Blended‐Lithium‐Salt Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 9 (December 2, 2019): 3400–3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201906494.
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Islam, Md Shahidul, Trevor D. Hunt, Zhiqian Liu, Kym L. Butler, and Tony M. Dugdale. "Sediment Facilitates Microbial Degradation of the Herbicides Endothall Monoamine Salt and Endothall Dipotassium Salt in an Aquatic Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102255.
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Endothall dipotassium salt and monoamine salt are herbicide formulations used for controlling submerged aquatic macrophytes and algae in aquatic ecosystems. Microbial activity is the primary degradation pathway for endothall. To better understand what influences endothall degradation, we conducted a mesocosm experiment to (1) evaluate the effects of different water and sediment sources on degradation, and (2) determine if degradation was faster in the presence of a microbial community previously exposed to endothall. Endothall residues were determined with LC-MS at intervals to 21 days after endothall application. Two endothall isomers were detected. Isomer-1 was abundant in both endothall formulations, while isomer-2 was only abundant in the monoamine endothall formulation and was more persistent. Degradation did not occur in the absence of sediment. In the presence of sediment, degradation of isomer-1 began after a lag phase of 5–11 days and was almost complete by 14 days. Onset of degradation occurred 2–4 days sooner when the microbial population was previously exposed to endothall. We provide direct evidence that the presence and characteristics of sediment are of key importance in the degradation of endothall in an aquatic environment, and that monoamine endothall has two separate isomers that have different degradation characteristics.
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Yin, Xuejun, Hueiming Liu, Jacqui Webster, Kathy Trieu, Mark D. Huffman, J. Jaime Miranda, Matti Marklund, et al. "Availability, Formulation, Labeling, and Price of Low-sodium Salt Worldwide: Environmental Scan." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): e27423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27423.
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Background Regular salt is about 100% sodium chloride. Low-sodium salts have reduced sodium chloride content, most commonly through substitution with potassium chloride. Low-sodium salts have a potential role in reducing the population's sodium intake levels and blood pressure, but their availability in the global market is unknown. Objective The aim of this study is to assess the availability, formulation, labeling, and price of low-sodium salts currently available to consumers worldwide. Methods Low-sodium salts were identified through a systematic literature review, Google search, online shopping site searches, and inquiry of key informants. The keywords “salt substitute,” “low-sodium salt,” “potassium salt,” “mineral salt,” and “sodium reduced salt” in six official languages of the United Nations were used for the search. Information about the brand, formula, labeling, and price was extracted and analyzed. Results A total of 87 low-sodium salts were available in 47 out of 195 (24%) countries worldwide, including 28 high-income countries, 13 upper-middle-income countries, and 6 lower-middle-income countries. The proportion of sodium chloride varied from 0% (sodium-free) to 88% (as percent of weight; regular salt is 100% sodium chloride). Potassium chloride was the most frequent component with levels ranging from 0% to 100% (potassium chloride salt). A total of 43 (49%) low-sodium salts had labels with the potential health risks, and 33 (38%) had labels with the potential health benefits. The median price of low-sodium salts in high-income, upper-middle-income, and lower-middle-income countries was US $15.00/kg (IQR 6.4-22.5), US $2.70/kg (IQR 1.7-5.5), and US $2.90/kg (IQR 0.50-22.2), respectively. The price of low-sodium salts was between 1.1 and 14.6 times that of regular salts. Conclusions Low-sodium salts are not widely available and are commonly more expensive than regular salts. Policies that promote the availability, affordability, and labeling of low-sodium salts should increase uptake, helping populations reduce blood pressure and prevent cardiovascular diseases. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1111/jch.14054
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Akgün, Banu, Seda Genc, Qiaofen Cheng, and Özlem Isik. "Impacts of sodium chloride reduction in tomato soup system using potassium chloride and amino acids." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 2 (May 10, 2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/140/2018-cjfs.
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Five different salt mixtures were prepared for the aim of lowering the sodium content of tomato soup and effects of using these mixtures on sensory, rheological, microbiological and physico-chemical properties of the final products were evaluated. The results showed that the use of salt substitutes did not affect flow behaviour of soup samples. Sensory profiling revealed that any group could not manage to reach the same saltiness level with the regular salt tomato soup (reference); nevertheless, tomato soups with salt formulation D (60% NaCl, 28% KCl, 6% l-lysine hydrochloride and 6% l-glutamic acid) and E (60% NaCl, 28% KCl and 12% l-glutamic acid) had the most similar sensory evaluation with the reference. No differences were observed among groups in terms of a<sub>w</sub> (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the lowest average pH value and the highest aerobic mesophilic counts (87 CFU/g) were observed in the soup with salt formulation E (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that the partial replacement of 40% sodium chloride (NaCl) by 28% potassium chloride (KCl), 6% l-lysine hydrochloride and 6% l-glutamic acid (salt formulation D) seems an alternative approach for reducing the sodium content of tomato soups although it may cause a bit decrease in saltiness and an increase in the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (68 CFU/g).
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Abdullah, Nor Munirah, A. Mimi Mazira, M. T. Ramlah, and A. Sharifah. "Ultrafiltration Formulation of Cellulose Acetate / Polysulfone Blended Membrane." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.281.
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Membrane has been used widely in developed countries and most of researchers focus on the development of membrane formulation. However, different materials with different portion give a various effects on the membrane morphology and performances. Hence, blend polymer is one of the method that can be explored to produce the best membrane performance. This present study aims to identify an ideal formulation of blend polymers in membrane fabrication process. Dope solution was prepared using these materials; cellulose acetate (CA) and polysulfone (PSf) are blended together as polymer, N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvent and Polyvinylpyrrolidone as an additive in membrane fabrication. Best formula for blended polymer was tested on the performance test; salt rejection, flux of salt and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM).
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Tay, Erin, Tri-Hung Nguyen, Leigh Ford, Hywel D. Williams, Hassan Benameur, Peter J. Scammells, and Christopher J. H. Porter. "Ionic Liquid Forms of the Antimalarial Lumefantrine in Combination with LFCS Type IIIB Lipid-Based Formulations Preferentially Increase Lipid Solubility, In Vitro Solubilization Behavior and In Vivo Exposure." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010017.
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Lipid based formulations (LBFs) are commonly employed to enhance the absorption of highly lipophilic, poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the utility of LBFs can be limited by low drug solubility in the formulation. Isolation of ionizable drugs as low melting, lipophilic salts or ionic liquids (ILs) provides one means to enhance drug solubility in LBFs. However, whether different ILs benefit from formulation in different LBFs is largely unknown. In the current studies, lumefantrine was isolated as a number of different lipophilic salt/ionic liquid forms and performance was assessed after formulation in a range of LBFs. The solubility of lumefantrine in LBF was enhanced 2- to 80-fold by isolation as the lumefantrine docusate IL when compared to lumefantrine free base. The increase in drug loading subsequently enhanced concentrations in the aqueous phase of model intestinal fluids during in vitro dispersion and digestion testing of the LBF. To assess in vivo performance, the systemic exposure of lumefantrine docusate after administration in Type II-MCF, IIIB-MCF, IIIB-LCF, and IV formulations was evaluated after oral administration to rats. In vivo exposure was compared to control lipid and aqueous suspension formulations of lumefantrine free base. Lumefantrine docusate in the Type IIIB-LCF showed significantly higher plasma exposure compared to all other formulations (up to 35-fold higher). The data suggest that isolation of a lipid-soluble IL, coupled with an appropriate formulation, is a viable means to increase drug dose in an oral formulation and to enhance exposure of lumefantrine in vivo.
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Araujo Rodrigues, Thais Jaciane, Agdylannah Felix Vieira, Aline Chiara Dos Santos Trindade, Ana Paula Trindade Rocha, Deyzi Dos Santos Gouveia, and Vanessa Fernandes De Oliveira. "Elaboração e aceitabilidade de macarrão tipo espaguete enriquecido com farinha de erva-sal (Atriplex nummularia L.)." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 47 (December 26, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n47p104-111.
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<p>The objective of this experiment was to dry the leaves of salt grass (Atriplex nummularia) and to make pasta with partial substitution of wheat flour for salt-grass meal. The leaves, with an initial water content of 77%, were submitted to kiln drying with forced air circulation at 60 ° C. Spaghetti-type pasta was prepared in 0, 5, 10 and 15% wheat flour combinations and subjected to microbiological evaluation according to the current legislation, which resulted in satisfactory sanitary and hygienic conditions. The sensorial test was performed with 50 untrained judges, and we observed that the standard formulation, without the addition of the salt-grass meal had the highest scores in all the attributes evaluated while the formulation with 15% of saltgrass meal had the lowest scores. The study showed that percentages of less than 15% salt grass meal have good consumer acceptability. Regarding firmness, there has been an increase in it with the addition of salt-grass meal.</p>
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Griffin, Jason J. "IBA Formulation, Concentration, and Stock Plant Growth Stage Affect Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Viburnum rufidulum." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.1.1.
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Abstract Viburnum rufidulum Raf. (southern or rusty blackhaw) has potential to be a popular landscape plant as it is an attractive large shrub tolerant of many common landscape stresses. However, propagation difficulties have thus far limited wide scale use. Therefore, the influence of IBA formulation and concentration on adventitious rooting of stem cuttings of southern blackhaw taken at different stock plant growth stages throughout the year were investigated. Liquid formulations of the potassium salt (K-salt) of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) at 0, 3000, 6000, or 9000 ppm (0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9%) as well as talc formulations of IBA at 1000, 3000, or 8000 ppm (0.1, 0.3 or 0.8%) were utilized. Talc formulations failed to stimulate rooting regardless of concentration or growth stage. A quick-dip of K-IBA increased rooting percentage at all growth stages. Softwood and hardwood cuttings had the highest rooting percentages. Hardwood cuttings treated with 6000 ppm (0.6%) or 9000 ppm (0.9%) rooted 90 and 100%, respectively. Softwood cuttings treated with 6000 ppm (0.6%) rooted 87%. K-IBA improved root number per rooted cutting for softwood cuttings, whereas root length was unaffected by K-IBA at any growth stage.
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Havens, Patrick L., David E. Hillger, Andrew J. Hewitt, Greg R. Kruger, Lia Marchi-Werle, and Zbigniew Czaczyk. "Field Measurements of Drift of Conventional and Drift Control Formulations of 2,4-D Plus Glyphosate." Weed Technology 32, no. 5 (October 2018): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.55.
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AbstractRecent advances in biotechnology have resulted in crops that are tolerant to the synthetic auxin 2,4-D, expanding the weed management versatility of this herbicide. With potential expansions of use, concerns have been raised about the increased risk of herbicide drift, leading to damage to nontarget crops. A field-scale study was conducted with the objective to measure drift deposition and the potential for drift reduction conferred by a proprietary pre-mixture formulation of 2,4-D choline salt plus glyphosate dimethylammonium salt compared to an in-tank mixture of 2,4-D dimethylamine salt plus glyphosate potassium salt. Treatments were made with field-scale spray equipment under typical application conditions in McCook, NE, using three widely used nozzle tips. Deposition was captured in triplicate downwind collector lines and assayed for tracer dye and 2,4-D. In comparison to the in-tank mixture, the pre-mixture formulation exhibited lower downwind depositions when applied through a flat-fan (TeeJet Extended Range; XR) and air induction (TeeJet Air Induction Extended Range; AIXR) nozzles, but not with a pre-orifice (TeeJet TurboTeeJet Induction; TTI) nozzle. Based upon median deposition at 30 m downwind, the pre-mixture formulation reduced drift by 62% and 91%, for the XR and AIXR nozzles, respectively. From a drift reduction perspective, the pre-mixture formulation performance with the AIXR nozzle was equivalent to a much coarser TTI nozzle while still offering sufficient foliar coverage for acceptable weed control.
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Bhat, Salman Z., and Adrian S. Dobs. "Testosterone Replacement Therapy: A Narrative Review with a Focus on New Oral Formulations." European Endocrinology 18, no. 2 (2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ee.2022.18.2.133.
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Male hypogonadism affects 10–30% of the male population and is often under-recognized and under-treated. Different replacement formulations exist, each with specific benefits and limitations. These replacements include gels, patches and short- and long-acting injectables. JATENZO® (oral testosterone undecanoate; Clarus Therapeutics Inc., Northbrook, IL, US) is the first oral formulation of testosterone approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. TLANDO® (oral testosterone undecanoate; Lipocine Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, US), another oral testosterone formulation, has also recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Based on unique chemistry using a self-emulsifying drug delivery system and lymphatic absorption, JATENZO and TLANDO address some of the limitations of other dosing routes while providing a safe option without evidence of liver dysfunction. This review discusses various testosterone treatment options, focusing on the role and pharmacokinetics of the new oral formulations.
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Reilly, John, Penny Wright, Jay Larrow, Thierry Mann, Joseph Twomey, Melissa Grondine, Stephanie Dodd, et al. "COUNTERION QUANTIFICATION FOR DISCOVERY CHEMISTRY AND PRE-FORMULATION SALT SCREENING." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 35, no. 8 (April 13, 2012): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2011.615090.
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Araki, Teppei, Tohru Sugahara, Jinting Jiu, Shijo Nagao, Masaya Nogi, Hirotaka Koga, Hiroshi Uchida, Kenji Shinozaki, and Katsuaki Suganuma. "Cu Salt Ink Formulation for Printed Electronics using Photonic Sintering." Langmuir 29, no. 35 (August 20, 2013): 11192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la402026r.
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Pérez-Báez, Anna Judith, Martin Valenzuela-Melendres, Juan Pedro Camou, Manuel Viuda-Martos, Humberto González-Ríos, Fernando Ayala-Zavala, Gustavo Gonzalez Aguilar, and Aida Peña-Ramos. "Modelling the effects of pecan nut [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch], roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), and salt on the quality characteristics of beef patties." International Food Research Journal 29, no. 5 (October 25, 2022): 1143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.29.5.16.
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The meat industry has become increasingly interested in developing products containing new ingredients oriented to consumers’ health. Health benefits are gained from frequent consumption of pecan nut and roselle, which can therefore be used as ingredients in meat product formulations. However, incorporating novel ingredients or reducing the content of traditional ingredients might affect meat product quality, thus needs to be evaluated and optimised for the development of functional foods. The objective of the present work was to assess how pecan nut (0 to 10%), roselle (0 to 2%), and salt (0 to 2%) affect the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, and sensory characteristics of beef patties, and use response surface methodology to optimise the content of these ingredients in a meat product formulation. Regression models were developed to predict quality properties. All models were significant (p < 0.05) with an R2 > 0.85 and a nonsignificant lack of fit (p > 0.05), thus indicating that these models could adequately predict response variables. The optimised formulation was 7.97% pecan nut, 1.59% roselle, and 1.08% salt. The predicted physicochemical properties were L* = 42.88, a* = 12.29, b* = 8.51, pH = 5.10, and cooking loss = 24.66%; the antioxidant properties were DPPH = 0.53 mg TE/g fp, ABTS = 0.65 mg TE/g fp, and total phenolic content = 0.46 mg GA/g fp; and the sensory properties were flavour = 7.03, tenderness = 6.98, and juiciness = 7.01. Pecan nut and roselle are promising natural ingredients that can be used to prepare low-salt beef patties.
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Sahakijpijarn, Sawittree, Chaeho Moon, John J. Koleng, and Robert O. Williams. "Formulation Composition and Process Affect Counterion for CSP7 Peptide." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11100498.
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Counterions commonly remain with peptides in salt form after peptide purification. In animal and human studies, acetate counterions are a safer and more acceptable choice for peptides than others (e.g., trifluoroacetate counterions). Various salt forms of caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (CSP7) affect counterion volatilization. The development of lyophilized formulations containing volatile compounds is a challenge because these compounds sublimate away during the process. This work aims to investigate the effect of excipients and lyophilization parameters on the preservation of volatile compounds after lyophilization. The peak areas obtained from 1H and 19F NMR spectra were used to calculate the molar ratio of counterions to CSP7. We found that the pH modifier excipient had the greatest impact on the loss of counterions. By optimizing the molar ratio of bulking agent to CSP7, volatile compounds can be preserved after lyophilization. Higher chamber pressure during lyophilization can lower the sublimation rate of volatile compounds. Moreover, the loss of volatile compounds affects the stability of CSP7 due to the pH shift of reconstituted solutions, thereby causing peptide aggregation. The optimization of the formulation and processing helps preserve volatile compounds, thus minimizing the pH change of reconstituted solutions and maintaining the stability of peptide.
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Sharma, Shaveta, Divya Sharma, and Jyoti Singh. "A Short Review on Application of Liquisolid Technology." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2021.12.31.276.
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In this paper we have surveyed about formulation and evaluation of Liquisolid formulations and its work in antidiabetics . Mostly poorly water soluble drugs are in research category despite of less dissolution rate and poor bioavailability. Solubility is a vital parameter to develop new formulation as industries faced serious issue regarding the poor aqueous solubility of the drugs. Various methods for solubility enhancement include modifications of the drug, involvement of co-solvents, complexation, salt formation, size reduction. A propitious technique to solve major challenges like solubility, dissolution rate and their bioavailability. This technique can be defined as the conversion of poorly soluble liquid medications into non-adherent, dry, compressible and free flowing powder mixtures with help of excipients. Many anti-diabetic drugs are belonging to BCS Class-II facing challenges like solubility and bioavailability.
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Gupta, Deepak, Deepak Bhatia, Vivek Dave, Vijaykumar Sutariya, and Sheeba Varghese Gupta. "Salts of Therapeutic Agents: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Considerations." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071719.
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The physicochemical and biological properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are greatly affected by their salt forms. The choice of a particular salt formulation is based on numerous factors such as API chemistry, intended dosage form, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The appropriate salt can improve the overall therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects of an API. However, the incorrect salt form can have the opposite effect, and can be quite detrimental for overall drug development. This review summarizes several criteria for choosing the appropriate salt forms, along with the effects of salt forms on the pharmaceutical properties of APIs. In addition to a comprehensive review of the selection criteria, this review also gives a brief historic perspective of the salt selection processes.
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Thompson, Dean G., D. G. Pitt, T. Buscarini, B. Staznik, D. R. Thomas, and E. G. Kettela. "Initial deposits and persistence of forest herbicide residues in sugar maple (Acersaccharum) foliage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-289.
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Initial deposition and subsequent fate of herbicide residues in sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) foliage were quantified following applications of three different formulations of glyphosate (VISION®, TOUCHDOWN®, MON14420) and one formulation of triclopyr ester (RELEASE®) in a comparative field study. Maximum initial residues were 529, 773, 777, and 1630 mg of acid equivalent per kilogram dry mass, respectively. Initial foliar residues were dependent upon application rate (r2 = 0.63 to 0.87) and increased by a similar factor (233 to 313 mg•kg−1) for each kilogram per hectare applied, irrespective of formulation type. Foliar residues dissipated following a negative exponential pattern with time, rates of which varied with initial concentration. Mean times to 50% dissipation were 2 days for all glyphosate formulations, 1.5 days for triclopyr ester, and 4 days for triclopyr acid. Mean times to 90% dissipation were <16 days for glyphosate formulations, 9 days for triclopyr ester, and 33 days for triclopyr acid. Multivariate analyses of intercept and rate parameter estimates indicated significant (p = 0.02) differences in dissipation patterns among treatments. Orthogonal contrasts confirmed a priori hypotheses that glyphosate residue dissipation was independent of the salt formulation applied, and that triclopyr ester dissipated faster than either glyphosate (p = 0.004) or triclopyr acid residues (p = 0.07). Results are considered in terms of the exposure and resultant potential toxicity to forest songbirds inhabiting or foraging in treated hardwood canopies.
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Scoville, Rebecca E., and Todd P. West. "(225) Effects of Nutrient Salt Formulations and PGRs on Axillary Shoot Proliferation of Tropical Hibiscus." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1024B—1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1024b.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of multiple nutrient salt formulations and different plant growth regulator concentrations on initiation and proliferation of axillary shoot culture of tropical hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.). Combinations of five thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations (0, 10-6, 10-7, 10-8, or 10-9 M) in conjunction with two 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) concentrations (0, 10-5 M) and two indole-3-butryic acid (IBA) concentrations (0, 10-5 M) were compared to determine which plant growth regulator combination(s) would stimulate the proliferation of the most viable axillary shoots. Also, five nutrient salt formulations (MS, 1/2 MS; Macro MS, WPM, LP, or DKW) ranging from high to low salt formulations were studied to determine a suitable nutrient medium formulation for axillary shoot proliferation. Nodal explants that were 2 cm in length were used to initiate cultures and were maintained on the various medium treatments plus 30 g·L-1 sucrose and 7 g·L-1 agar at a pH of 5.8. Explants were incubated about 30 cm beneath cool-white fluorescent lamps that provide a photon flux of about 40 μM·m-2·s-1 for a 16-hour photoperiod at 25 ± 3 °C. Nodal explants were transferred every 3 weeks for a total culture period of 12 weeks. At each transfer date data were collected on node number, axillary shoot number and length. Initial results indicate that high nutrient salt formulations coupled with low TDZ concentrations performed better at axillary shoot initiation. Poor shoot elongation was observed and further research needs to be performed to address this issue.
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Ferrell, Jason A., Tim R. Murphy, and David C. Bridges. "Postemergence Control of Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensisBurtt-Davy ×Cynodon dactylon)." Weed Technology 19, no. 3 (September 2005): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-184r2.1.
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Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] control for at least 1 yr is necessary to establish other forage species in pasture and hay field renovations, or to plant pine (Pinusspp.) in infested fields. Potential herbicides for hybrid Bermudagrass control were evaluated using single, repeat, and multiyear applications. Repeat applications were made 30 d after the first application beginning in mid-August each year. Imazapyr applied once at 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha controlled hybrid Bermudagrass (cv. ‘Tifton 44’) 88 and 97%, respectively, 52 wk after treatment with no difference between rates observed. Additionally, imazapyr applied for two consecutive years controlled hybrid Bermudagrass 100%. Glyphosate isopropylamine salt and glyphosate trimethylsulfonium salt, applied for 1 yr at rates of 4.2 or 1.7 fb (followed by) 1.7 kg ae/ha and 4.8 or 1.9 fb 1.9 kg ae/ha, respectively, provided between 70 and 78% control at 52 wk after the last treatment (WALT). Hybrid Bermudagrass control from either formulation of glyphosate applied for two consecutive years ranged between 79 and 91% at 52 WALT. Relative to a 1-yr application program, either glyphosate formulation applied for two consecutive years did not significantly improve Bermudagrass control at 52 WALT. The addition of fluazifop-P at 0.42 kg ai/ha or clethodim at 0.2 kg ai/ha to glyphosate formulations did not significantly improve hybrid Bermudagrass control relative to glyphosate applied alone. However, a tank-mix of clethodim plus either formulation of glyphosate applied for two consecutive years generally improved hybrid Bermudagrass control relative to applications in only 1 yr.
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Saifullah, Bullo, Palanisamy Arulselvan, Mohamed Ezzat El Zowalaty, Sharida Fakurazi, Thomas J. Webster, Benjamin Geilich, and Mohd Zobir Hussein. "Development of a Highly Biocompatible Antituberculosis Nanodelivery Formulation Based on Para-Aminosalicylic Acid—Zinc Layered Hydroxide Nanocomposites." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/401460.
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Tuberculosis is a lethal epidemic, difficult to control disease, claiming thousands of lives every year. We have developed a nanodelivery formulation based on para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and zinc layered hydroxide using zinc nitrate salt as a precursor. The developed formulation has a fourfold higher efficacy of PAS against mycobacterium tuberculosis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found to be at 1.40 μg/mL compared to the free drug PAS with a MIC of 5.0 μg/mL. The newly developed formulation was also found active against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, andCandida albicans. The formulation was also found to be biocompatible with human normal lung cells MRC-5 and mouse fibroblast cells-3T3. Thein vitrorelease of PAS from the formulation was found to be sustained in a human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution at pH values of 7.4 and 4.8. Most importantly the nanocomposite prepared using zinc nitrate salt was advantageous in terms of yield and free from toxic zinc oxide contamination and had higher biocompatibility compared to one prepared using a zinc oxide precursor. In summary, these promisingin vitroresults are highly encouraging for the continued investigation of para-aminosalicylic acid and zinc layered hydroxide nanocompositesin vivoand eventual preclinical studies.
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Dewar, W. K., and R. X. Huang. "Fluid flow in loops driven by freshwater and heat fluxes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 297 (August 25, 1995): 153–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095003041.
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Thermohaline convection in a salt water loop is discussed. Fluid temperature is affected by relaxation on the loop surface and fluid salinity by a freshwater flux through the loop surface. In addition, other boundary conditions on salinity, such as the equivalent virtual salt flux or salinity relaxation condition, are examined and the dynamic role of diffusion in thermohaline convection is analysed.Both analytical and numerical analyses indicate that the system behaviour depends sensitively on the nature of the salinity boundary condition. For the saline-only loop model, analysis indicates that perturbations are advected by the mean flow, and flow stability is independent of the strength of the boundary forcing. In the full thermohaline loop problem, the virtual salt flux formulation accurately mirrors the freshwater flux results when the system is in the thermal mode. However, these formulations can differ substantially when the system is in the haline mode, especially in the strongly forced, weakly diffusive limit.For both types of loop configuration, salinity profiles governed by freshwater flux have scales determined by the internal parameters, while virtual salt flux profiles necessarily reflect the lengthscales of applied boundary conditions. Negative salinities can also appear under virtual salt flux owing to the inaccuracies inherent in the approximation, while freshwater flux ensures positive-definite salinity values.Our analysis supports the use of the physically more accurate freshwater flux boundary conditions when simulating thermohaline circulation.
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Bovey, Rodney W., Raymond A. Stermer, and Louis F. Bouse. "Spray Deposition of Clopyralid on Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)." Weed Technology 5, no. 3 (September 1991): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027226.
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Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of clopyralid formulation, spray droplet size, and spray volume on deposit of clopyralid on greenhouse-grown honey mesquite. The addition of surfactant WK at 0.5% (v/v) of the spray solution caused a twofold increase in deposition of spray of the monoethanolamine salt (MEA) of clopyralid but not the oleylamine salt (OLA). There were no differences in spray deposit between spray droplet size spectrums of 160 or 330 μm Dv.5or spray solution applications of 47 or 187 L ha-1. Dye and gas chromatography measurements of spray deposit of clopyralid compared favorably except where surfactant WK was used with the OLA formulation.
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Burchak, Olga, Caroline Keller, Gérard Lapertot, Mathieu Salaün, Julien Danet, Yani Chen, Nedjma Bendiab, et al. "Scalable chemical synthesis of doped silicon nanowires for energy applications." Nanoscale 11, no. 46 (2019): 22504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03749g.
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Akesowan, A., and U. Jariyawaranugoon. "Optimization of salt reduction and eggplant powder for chicken nugget formulation with white button mushroom as a meat extender." Food Research 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(1).380.
Full textAbstract:
Chicken nugget extended with white button mushroom was developed by reducing the salt content and enhancing the quality with eggplant powder. A total of two independent variables, including salt reduction (0−40%) and eggplant powder (0−5%), were studied using response surface methodology. Physical properties on cooking yield, shrinkage, firmness, and color (L*, a*, b*) values, while sensory analyses on color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability were evaluated. The results showed that the two variables had significant linear, quadratic, and interaction effects on the nugget characteristics. The eggplant powder had a greater impact on L*, a*, b* color values. The cooking yield increased at a low salt reduction (<20%) but decreased at a high reduction. All physical parameters deteriorated when lowering the salt content. Incorporating a proper level of eggplant powder improved the physical properties of modified nuggets. Sensorial characteristics were deleterious to high salt reduction and eggplant powder. The lower levels of salt reduction and eggplant powder is suitable for producing the chicken/white button mushroom nugget formulation
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Akesowan, A., and U. Jariyawaranugoon. "Optimization of salt reduction and eggplant powder for chicken nugget formulation with white button mushroom as a meat extender." Food Research 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(1).380.
Full textAbstract:
Chicken nugget extended with white button mushroom was developed by reducing the salt content and enhancing the quality with eggplant powder. A total of two independent variables, including salt reduction (0−40%) and eggplant powder (0−5%), were studied using response surface methodology. Physical properties on cooking yield, shrinkage, firmness, and color (L*, a*, b*) values, while sensory analyses on color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability were evaluated. The results showed that the two variables had significant linear, quadratic, and interaction effects on the nugget characteristics. The eggplant powder had a greater impact on L*, a*, b* color values. The cooking yield increased at a low salt reduction (<20%) but decreased at a high reduction. All physical parameters deteriorated when lowering the salt content. Incorporating a proper level of eggplant powder improved the physical properties of modified nuggets. Sensorial characteristics were deleterious to high salt reduction and eggplant powder. The lower levels of salt reduction and eggplant powder is suitable for producing the chicken/white button mushroom nugget formulation
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Kostyro, Ya A., and K. V. Alekseev. "DEVELOPMENT OF PERORAL HYPOLIPIDEMIC FORMULATION BASED ON SULFATED ARABINOGALACTAN IN THE FORM OF POTASSIUM SALT." Pharmacy & Pharmacology 9, no. 6 (December 7, 2021): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2021-9-6-441-453.
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An original heparinoid, sulfated arabinogalactan in the form of potassium salt, possessing anticoagulant and hypolipidemic activities, has been developed at the A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.The aim was to develop solid peroral dose forms (capsules and film-coated tablets) for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic lesion of blood vessels on the basis of potassium salt of sulfated arabinogalactan which would be suitable for further clinical trials of these forms.Materials and methods. The following materials were used in the work: sulfated arabinogalactan in the form of potassium salt, obtained at the A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ludipress®; AEROSIL® 200 Pharma; calcium stearate; Aquacoat ECD. The powder mixtures were briquetted followed by tableting and application of the finished film coating Aquacoat ECD, and encapsulation in hard gelatin capsules.Results. Composition and technological characteristics of capsules and film-coated tablets were determined using physico-chemical and technological properties of sulfated arabinogalactan in the form of potassium salt. Technological parameters and quality indicators were determined for the solid pharmaceutical dose forms in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the XIVth edition. Conclusion. The optimum compositions and technology for the preparation of capsules and film-coated tablets based on potassium salt of sulfated arabinogalactan for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic lesion of blood vessels, were developed. The data obtained were used for the regulatory documentation design.
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Swier, Stanley R., and John S. Weaver. "Full Season Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Ntn, 1992." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.325a.
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Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of two formulations of NTN for full season control of JB grubs. The experimental site was a golf course fairway rough in Amherst, NH. The trial consisted of 10 × 10 ft plots, in an RCB design, replicated 4 times. The liquid formulation was applied in a watering can at a rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. The granular formulation was applied with a homemade salt shaker type applicator. Plots received 0.5 inch of irrigation after application. Conditions at the time of application were: soil temperature, 1 inch, 81.1°F; 2 inches, 77.9°F; thatch, 0.75 inch; pH 5.6; texture, silt loam, sand 46%, silt 50%, clay 4%; soil moisture; 15%; OM, 10.1%. Treatments were applied 20 May and rated 28 Sep. Plots were rated by counting the number of live JB grubs per 2.25 ft2.
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Cutin, Buchard B., Roberta Lauzon, and Ivy C. Emnace. "Optimization of Air Frying Conditions For the Development of Healthy Banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana Colla) Chips." Science and Humanities Journal 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.151.1.
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The study was conducted to optimize the air frying condition and formulation of banana chips with less oil content using air-frying technology. Variable screening employing Six Variables and Two Levels designed by Box, Hunter, and Hunter (1978) was conducted to screen the variables that would significantly influence the sensory acceptability of the product. These variables include the thickness of banana slice, oil levels, sodium metabisulfite levels, salt levels, blanching time, and frying temperature. The variables that were found significant are frying temperature, salt, and oil levels. These were used to identify the most suitable formulation for the development of air-fried banana chips using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The sensory quality evaluation of the product revealed that frying time significantly influenced the color, aroma, taste, crispiness, oiliness, and general acceptability of air-fried banana chips. The results also showed that salt significantly affected the aroma, taste, crispiness and general acceptability, while the addition of oil influenced the aroma, taste, crispiness, and oiliness of the product. The optimum points generated were 165oC frying temperature, 7.4% w/w salt, and 13% w/w oil.
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Chakravarty, Ipsita, and Subir Kundu. "Oligodynamic Boons of Daptomycin and Noble Metal Nanoparticles Packaged in an Anti-MRSA Topical Gel Formulation." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190621103416.
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Background: Daptomycin is a popular anti-MRSA antibiotic, especially for surgical wound infections. The side-effects of Daptomycin dosage through intravenous administration have prompted the experimental use of topical Daptomycin. Also, combinatorial drug therapy involving noble metal nanoparticles and conventional antibiotics have proved beneficial in the past. The synergistic oligodynamic effect of Daptomycin with nanoparticles for topical application was attempted for the first time in this work. Objectives: The present study was focused on topical gel formulation containing Daptomycin combined with mycogenic gold, silver and bimetallic gold and silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their synergistic antibacterial effect against an MRSA strain. Methods: An efficient approach for fungal growth was discussed wherein the biomass was cultivated under non-limiting conditions, followed by the addition of gold salt, silver salt and bimetallic (Gold and silver) solution. The metal salt reduction efficacy was evaluated using Cyclic Voltammetry. Formation of nanoparticles was observed by visual color changes and confirmed by UV-visible characteristic peaks. The mycosynthesized metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles were characterized by various advanced analytical methods. Further, Daptomycin was combined with nanoparticles in a topical gel formulation. The properties of the topical gels were evaluated and their antimicrobial activity was investigated against an MRSA strain associated with burn infections though disc diffusion method. Results: Formation of nanoparticles was observed by visual color changes and confirmed by UVvisible characteristic peaks. XRD spectra revealed the crystalline nature of nanoparticles whereas TEM confirmed the presence of spherical nanoparticles. The bio fabricated nanoparticles were characterized using ICP-MS, XRD and TEM. The UV-Visible spectrum of the gold, silver, bimetallic nanoparticles showed a characteristic peak at 550 nm, 450 nm, and 480 nm, respectively. ICP-MS of the residual salt concentration depicted more than 75% bioconversion of metal salt to metal nanoparticles. TEM showed the formation of uniform, spherical monometallic nanoparticles. XRD results were in sync with the dynamic light scattering experiments which determined that the gold, silver, bimetallic nanoparticles ranged between 10-20 nm, 5-30 nm, and 20-40 nm respectively and were crystalline in nature with the face centered cubic symmetry. Topical gels combining Daptomycin and nanoparticles were formulated and characterized. The in-vitro drug release studies indicated controlled release of antibiotic from bimetallic nanoparticles and Daptomycin combination in topical gel formulation. The MIC values reduced for the combinatorial drug and the average synergistic antimicrobial effect was 37% and the increase in efficacy of Daptomycin due to the synergistic effect with bimetallic nanoparticles was 43%. Conclusions: Topical gels were formulated using the biologically synthesized gold, silver and bimetallic gold-silver nanoparticles and modern-day antibiotic Daptomycin to combat burn infections. The topical gel formulations showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at lower MIC values as compared to individual nanoparticle or antibiotic. The best results were obtained with bimetallic nanoparticles in topical gel formulation as it assisted in controlled drug release up to 94.6% and improved antimicrobial effect i.e. 43%.