Academic literature on the topic 'Salt formulation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Salt formulation"
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Thakur, R. S., A. Nayaz, and Y. Koushik. "Formulation and Evaluation of Solubility Enhanced Ciprofloxacin." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2013): 2131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2013.6.3.4.
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In the case of solubility limited absorption, creating supersaturation in the GI fluid is very critical as supersaturation may provide great improvement of oral absorption. The techniques to create the so-called supersaturation in the GI fluid include microemulsions, emulsions, liposomes, complexations, polymeric micelles, and conventional micelles. Ciprofloxacin was chosen because it is practically insoluble in water; hence its salt form is used commercially, which is soluble in water. The objective of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility of Ciprofloxacin by formulating it into microemulsion system. For this purpose, initially, surfactant and cosurfactant were selected based on their HLB value, followed by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams to identify the microemulsion existing zone. Different formulations were developed and evaluated for pH, conductivity, in vitro release and stability. Solubility study was performed for optimized formulation. The pH of the designed formulations varied from 6.02-7.04. This was ideal and near blood pH 7.4. Conductivity data indicated that the microemulsion was of the o/w type. In vitro release of optimized formulation(FM3) was 95.2% as compared to pure drug 46.61% after 90 min and marketed product(salt form) 93.9%. Hence, by formulating into microemulsion, the solubility of ciprofloxacin is significantly enhanced.
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Dias, José Luiz C. S., Afsari Banu, Benjamin P. Sperry, Stephen F. Enloe, Jason A. Ferrell, and Brent A. Sellers. "Relative Activity of Four Triclopyr Formulations." Weed Technology 31, no. 6 (October 13, 2017): 928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.75.
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Triclopyr is a synthetic auxin herbicide currently available as a triethylamine salt, butoxyethyl ester, pyridinyloxyacetic acid, or choline salt. The formulation of a herbicide has the potential to impact its activity; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relative activity of these four triclopyr formulations. Greenhouse dose–response studies were conducted twice at the University of Florida in 2015. The four formulations were foliar applied at rates ranging from 17 to 1,121 g ae ha−1to 2- to 3-leaf soybean, sunflower, tomato, and cotton. The amine salt formulation provided the lowest ED50values in tomato and sunflower (22.87 and 60.39 g ha−1, respectively); whereas in soybean, amine and choline formulations provided the lowest ED50values (22.56 and 20.95 g ha−1, respectively). No differences between formulations were observed in cotton. These data suggest that (1) the amine salt formulation of triclopyr might be more active than the others on tomato and sunflower, and (2) the amine and choline salt formulations might be more active than the others on soybean. Further work must be conducted to determine whether there are differences among these formulations under a range of field conditions and target species. In addition, other important management factors such as applicator safety, volatility potential, and cost should be considered when choosing the best formulated product to be applied.
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Petersen, Phil J., Lloyd C. Haderlie, Raymond H. Hoefer, and Ray S. McAllister. "Dicamba Absorption and Translocation as Influenced by Formulation and Surfactant." Weed Science 33, no. 5 (September 1985): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083156.
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Absorption and translocation of14C-dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) in seven salt formulations were determined 60 h after application to leaves of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams’] grown in nutrient solution. The dimethylamine (DMA) formulation was consistently absorbed and retained in the plant in amounts equal to or greater (46% of recovered14C) than other formulations (which averaged 19% of recovered14C) when applied without surfactant. Absorption and subsequent retention of the DMA formulation in the plant was least affected of all formulations by the addition of a surfactant. With a surfactant, absorption of the DMA, monoethanolamine (MEA), and inorganic salt formulations was similar (>75% of recovered14C). Addition of seven surfactants to the K-salt of dicamba increased both the amount of14C absorbed by 35 to 56% and the amount recovered in the plant. All surfactants except one enhanced absorption of the K-salt of dicamba to a similar degree. Dicamba exhibited predominantly symplastic translocation with the majority of14C being recovered in the new second trifoliolate leaves and nutrient solution. As much as 66% of the radioactivity absorbed through the leaves was exuded by roots into the nutrient solution 60 h after leaf treatment.
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Chirumamilla, Siri Kalyan, Venkatesh Teja Banala, Masoud Jamei, and David B. Turner. "Mechanistic PBPK Modelling to Predict the Advantage of the Salt Form of a Drug When Dosed with Acid Reducing Agents." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081169.
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Acid reducing agents (ARAs) reduce the dissolution rate of weakly basic drugs in the stomach potentially leading to lower bioavailability. Formulating the API as a rapidly dissolving salt is one strategy employed to reduce the impact of ARAs on dissolution of such drugs. In the present work, a model drug was selected with an immediate release formulation of the free base dosed in both the absence and presence of the ARA famotidine. In the latter case, bioavailability is restricted and several salt formulations were investigated. To simulate these drug products a mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was built using the Simcyp Simulator, which illustrates the advantage of formulating an API as a salt compared to the free base form. The simulations use a mechanistic salt model utilising knowledge of the solubility product which was applied to predict the salt advantage. The developed PBPK model exemplifies that it can be critical to account for the surface pH and solubility when modelling the dissolution of low pKa bases and their salts in the gastric environment. In particular, the mechanistic salt model can be used to aid in screening and salt form selection where the aim is to mitigate effects of ARAs.
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Thelen, Kurt D., Evelyn P. Jackson, and Donald Penner. "2,4-D Interactions with Glyphosate and Sodium Bicarbonate." Weed Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1995): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023381.
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2,4-D has been reported to antagonize glyphosate activity on grass weed species. In addition, sodium bicarbonate antagonized 2,4-D activity on broadleaf species. Experiments were conducted using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technology to evaluate interactions of 2,4-D dimethylamine and 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulations with glyphosate in solution. The 2,4-D dimethylamine formulation associated with glyphosate to form the dimethylamine salt of glyphosate. NMR spectra also showed that the molecular orientation of the glyphosate molecule was affected by the 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulation. The antagonist was not the active 2,4-D butoxyethylester molecule itself, but appeared to be due to an association of glyphosate with organic components in the 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulation. The molecular influence of sodium bicarbonate on technical grade 2,4-D free acid, and dimethylamine and butoxyethylester formulations was also evaluated. Sodium bicarbonate was found to react with the 2,4-D free acid and 2,4-D dimethylamine to form the sodium salt of 2,4-D. The 2,4-D butoxyethylester formulation did not react with sodium bicarbonate.
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RUUSUNEN, M., M. NIEMISTÖ, and E. PUOLANNE. "Sodium reduction in cooked meat products by using commercial potassium phosphate mixtures." Agricultural and Food Science 11, no. 3 (January 3, 2002): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5725.
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In addition to salt (NaCl), sodium phosphate also increases the sodium content of meat products. Thus, the effects of replacing sodium phosphate with potassium phosphate on sodium content and properties of low-salt cooked bologna-type sausage and cooked ham were studied. Four sausage formulations were prepared. In formulations 1 and 2, the target sodium content was 0.55 g Na/100 g, and in recipes 3 and 4, 0.63 g Na/100 g. The salt content in formulation 2 was the same as in formulation 3, namely 1.2% NaCl, but the sodium content in the former was lower. In the cooked hams of recipes 1 and 2, the salt content was 1.4%, and in recipes 3 and 4, 1.8%. Sodium phosphate was used in recipes 1 and 3, and potassium phosphate in recipes 2 and 4. Very low-salt (i.e. 1.0-1.4% NaCl) meat products can be prepared providing that phosphates are added. Further reduction of sodium content in low-salt meat products is possible by replacing sodium phosphate with potassium phosphate. The extent of sodium reduction depends on the phosphates used and their sodium content, being equivalent to a sodium content of 0.2% NaCl or more. The replacement resulted in no adverse effects. Alkaline phosphates are also recommended in very low-salt products to minimize risk of purge.
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Taj, Syed F., Richard Singer, Tahir Nazir, and Gareth R. Williams. "The first hydroxy double salt tablet formulation." RSC Adv. 3, no. 2 (2013): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21339g.
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Thomas, Walter E., Tim T. Britton, Scott B. Clewis, Shawn D. Askew, and John W. Wilcut. "Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Response and Weed Management with Trifloxysulfuron, Glyphosate, Prometryn, and MSMA." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-257r1.1.
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Field studies were conducted at three locations to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton response, weed control, and cotton lint yields to two formulations of glyphosate (diammonium salt– glyphosate and isopropylamine salt–glyphosate) and trifloxysulfuron applied early postemergence (EPOST) alone or to tank mixtures of trifloxysulfuron with each glyphosate formulation, with and without a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Trifloxysulfuron and both formulations of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters and pitted morningglory. Both glyphosate formulations provided equivalent control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed. Trifloxysulfuron controlled smooth pigweed better than either glyphosate formulation but did not control goosegrass or prickly sida. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved late-season control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and pitted morningglory for all EPOST systems and improved late-season smooth pigweed control for EPOST systems that did not include trifloxysulfuron. Cotton injury was 2% or less from both glyphosate formulations, while trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Deltapine 5415RR’ 7 to 16% at two locations. At a third location, trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Paymaster 1218RR/BG’ 24%, and when applied in mixture with either glyphosate formulation, injury increased to at least 72%. Cotton injury was transient at the first two locations and was not visually apparent 3 to 5 wk later. Cotton yield at the third location was reduced. High cotton yields reflected high levels of weed control.
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Seweryn, Artur, Tomasz Wasilewski, and Anita Bocho-Janiszewska. "Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 6592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126592.
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The article shows that the type and concentration of inorganic salt can be translated into the structure of the bulk phase and the performance properties of ecological all-purpose cleaners (APC). A base APC formulation was developed. Thereafter, two types of salt (sodium chloride and magnesium chloride) were added at various concentrations to obtain different structures in the bulk phase. The salt addition resulted in the formation of spherical micelles and—upon addition of more electrolyte—of aggregates having a lamellar structure. The formulations had constant viscosities (ab. 500 mPa·s), comparable to those of commercial products. Essential physical-chemical and performance properties of the four formulations varying in salt types and concentrations were evaluated. It was found that the addition of magnesium salt resulted in more favorable characteristics due to the surface activity of the formulations, which translated into adequately high wettability of the investigated hydrophobic surfaces, and their ability to emulsify fat. A decreasing relationship was observed in foaming properties: higher salt concentrations lead to worse foaming properties and foam stability of the solutions. For the magnesium chloride composition, the effect was significantly more pronounced, as compared to the sodium chloride-based formulations. As far as safety of use is concerned, the formulations in which magnesium salt was used caused a much lesser irritation compared with the other investigated formulations. The zein value was observed to decrease with increasing concentrations of the given type of salt in the composition.
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Palma-Bautista, Candelario, Alexandros Tataridas, Panagiotis Kanatas, Ilias S. Travlos, Fernando Bastida, José A. Domínguez-Valenzuela, and Rafael De Prado. "Can Control of Glyphosate Susceptible and Resistant Conyza sumatrensis Populations Be Dependent on the Herbicide Formulation or Adjuvants?" Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101599.
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In this work, we studied the effect of three glyphosate formulations (isopropylamine, ammonium and potassium salts) and two non-ionic adjuvants on the resistance response of two resistant (R1, R2) and one susceptible population of the highly invasive Asteraceae, Conyza sumatrensis, from Southern France vineyards. Only in R1, an amino acid substitution (Pro106Thr) was found in the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). The two adjuvants, in a similar fashion, significantly reduced GR50 values for every population and glyphosate formulation. Without adjuvants, glyphosate as potassium salt was the only formulation able to significantly reduce the GR50 values of every population. For every population, the two adjuvants improved, indistinguishably, leaf retention of the herbicidal solution and the potassium salt formulation led to the highest retention, both with and without the adjuvant added. Uptake responses paralleled those of retention and adjuvant addition was more effective in increasing foliar uptake of the lower performing formulations (isopropylamine and ammonium salts). The allocation pattern of glyphosate among plant compartments was only dependent on population, with R2 retaining most glyphosate in the treated leaf, clearly suggesting the occurrence of a Non-Target Site Resistance (NTSR) mechanism. Results indicate that control of weed populations possessing NTSR mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate may be improved through adequate selection of formulation and adjuvant use.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt formulation"
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Elzokra, Ahmed Adel Emhemed. "Damage mechanisms in porous building materials due to salt crystallization: formulation of equivalent materials for masonry." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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An equivalent material approach is presented for the computation of the elastic properties of brick masonry and for the assessment of salt crystallization in masonry structures. A stacked brick-mortar system consisting of a series of parallel layers which behave elastically is introduced. This is extended such that masonry with two sets of mortar joints (bed and head joints) can be represented by an equivalent homogeneous orthotropic elastic material. It is then extended to salt deteriorated brick masonry by including salt crystals induced within the pores. In terms of the elastic properties of the brick and mortar, as well as relative thicknesses, expressions for the equivalent material's elastic properties are derived. The mechanical properties of salt deteriorated masonry are computed in terms of effective porosity and saturation ratio. Using this derivation, the stresses in the brick-and-mortar joints are calculated for a masonry wall partial deteriorated by salt and subjected to thermal stress variation.
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Castiglia, Francesca. "The antimicrobial peptide SET-M33. Strategies to improve the manufacturing procedures and production of back-up molecules as novel antibiotics." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1142986.
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The synthetic antimicrobial peptide SET-M33 is being developed as a possible new antibacterial candidate for the treatment of multi-drug resistant bacteria. SET-M33 is a branched peptide featuring higher resistance and bioavailability than its linear analogues. SET-M33 shows antimicrobial activity against different species of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including clinically isolated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii and Escherichia coli. In this thesis are repoted strategies to improve the biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing process of this peptide. First, the secondary structure of SET-M33 was investigated by NMR to fully characterize the product in the framework of preclinical studies. Since the final formulation of SET-M33 will be strictly defined in terms of counter-ions and additives, It is also reported the studies on a new salt formulation, SET-M33 chloride, that retains its activity against Gram-negative bacteria and gains in solubility, with a possible improvement in the pharmacokinetic profile. The opportunity of using a chloride counter-ion is very convenient to decrease the manufacturing peptide cost and did not increase the toxicity of the antimicrobial drug.
In addition, to identify back-up molecules, a panel of modified versions of SET-M33 was tested in order to produce new molecules with better performance in terms of pharmaceutical profile and manufacturing costs. Amongst them, the opportunity of using SET-M33D-L-Ile and SET-M33D-Leu/Ile will allow to decrease the costs in the synthesis process and SET-M33-Gly/Ala, to eliminate the degradation site for bacterial proteases, without altering the strong antimicrobial activity of the original peptide.
Finally cloning strategies, expression systems, purifications and structural characterizations of various proteins of mammalian inflammasomes performed at Boston Children's Hospital, affiliated with Harvard Medical School, are described.
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Aloui, Eya. "Formulation de biomatériaux innovants à base de complexes biomacromoléculaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAE012.
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Une nouvelle ère dans la conception des biomatériaux devrait émerger pour traiter simultanément les problèmes liés à la toxicité des produits de dégradation, aux infections et à la libération contrôlée. Les matériaux à base d'albumine suscitent un intérêt croissant en raison de leur biocompatibilité, biodégradabilité, biofonctionnalité et manufacturabilité. Dans la présente étude, une nouvelle famille de matériaux à base d'albumine est conçue. Ces matériaux sont obtenus par compaction assistée par le sel, où des solutions d'albumine bovine (BSA) sont évaporées à 37 °C en présence de sel. Après l'élimination de ce dernier par lavage, des matériaux solides, stables, insolubles en milieu aqueux et entièrement constitués d’albumine sont produits. Ces matériaux présentent de nombreux avantages tels que leur bonne résistance mécanique, leur coût de production réduit et leur facilité de fabrication et de mise en forme. De plus, ils ne sont pas cytotoxiques, n'induisent pas d'inflammation et permettent l'adhésion et la prolifération des cellules épithéliales sans fonctionnalisation additionnelle. En outre, des éponges poreuses d'albumine sont facilement produites en utilisant la compaction assistée par le sel. Ces matériaux sont donc des candidats prometteurs pour le développement de dispositifs implantables biodégradables et d'échafaudages pour l'ingénierie tissulaireA new era in the design of biomaterials should emerge to deal simultaneously with issues related to toxicity of degradation products, infections and controlled release. Albumin-based materials are arousing growing interest due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, biofunctionality and manufacturability. In the present study, a new class of materials based exclusively on albumin is designed. These materials are obtained by a salt-assisted compaction, where albumin solutions are mixed with salts and evaporated at 37 °C. After salt removal through washing, stable and water-insoluble solid albumin materials are produced. These materials present many advantages such as stability, good mechanical properties, reduced cost and ease of production and manufacture. Furthermore, biological evaluation shows that they are not cytotoxic, do not induce inflammation and allow the adhesion and proliferation of epithelial cells without additional surface functionalization. In addition, porous albumin sponges are easily produced using salt-assisted compaction. Therefore, these new materials are promising candidates for the development of biodegradable implantable devices and scaffolds for tissue engineering
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Saedtler, Marco [Verfasser], Lorenz [Gutachter] Meinel, and Ulrike [Gutachter] Holzgrabe. "Pharmaceutical formulation strategies for novel antibiotic substances utilizing salt formation and two- and three-dimensional printing techniques / Marco Saedtler ; Gutachter: Lorenz Meinel, Ulrike Holzgrabe." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225296013/34.
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Sayah, Simon. "Impact de la formulation d'électrolytes sur les performances d'une électrode négative nanocomposite silicium-étain pour batteries Li-ion." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4025/document.
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Ce projet de thèse porte sur la recherche de nouveaux électrolytes et additifs dans le but d’améliorer la cyclabilité d’une électrode négative composite de formule Si0.32Ni0.14Sn0.17Al0.04C0.35 et d’obtenir une interface électrode|électrolyte stable. En effet, comme la plupart des matériaux à base de silicium, ce composite de grande capacité (plus de 600 mA.h.g-1) souffre actuellement d’une faible durée de vie provenant essentiellement des expansions volumiques qu’il subit lors de sa lithiation et de sa SEI défaillante. Deux types d'électrolytes ont été évalués : (i) un mélange de carbonates d’alkyles EC/PC/3DMC auquel a été ajouté un sel de lithium (LiPF6, LiTFSI, LiFSI ou LiDFOB) ainsi que des additifs aidant à la formation de la SEI tels que le carbonate de vinylène (VC) ou le carbonate de fluoroéthylène (FEC), (ii) des liquides ioniques (LI) contenant un cation ammonium quaternaire (N1114+), imidazolium (EMI+) ou pyrrolidinium (PYR+), associé à un anion à charge délocalisée comme le bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)amidure (TFSI-) ou le bis(fluorosulfonyl)amidure (FSI-). L’analyse du diagramme d’ionicité de Walden a permis de mettre en évidence la bonne dissociation de LiFSI et LiPF6 dans EC/PC/3DMC assurant ainsi des conductivités ioniques supérieures à 12 mS.cm-1. Bien que possédant des propriétés de transport a priori moins intéressantes dans ce mélange ternaire que les autres sels, LiDFOB forme en réduction une SEI permettant au composite de fournir les meilleures performances en cyclage sans additif avec 560 mA.h.g-1 pour un rendement coulombique de 98,4%. L’ajout d’additif est cependant nécessaire pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par le projet en termes de rendement coulombique (>99,5%). Dans ce cas, l’ajout de 2%VC+10%FEC au mélange ternaire est le plus intéressant avec LiPF6. Le matériau fourni ainsi des capacités de 550 mA.h.g-1 durant une centaine de cycles à un régime de C/5 avec un rendement coulombique de 99,8%. En milieu LI, les performances optimales sont atteintes avec le [EMI][FSI] et 1 mol.L-1 de LiFSI. Le composite atteint alors une capacité de 635 mA.h.g-1 durant 100 cycles à un régime de C/5 avec un rendement coulombique très proche de 100%, tout en s’affranchissant de l’ajout d’additifs. Malgré une viscosité bien plus élevée que celles des mélanges de carbonates d’alkyles, cette formulation permet de générer une SEI plus stable dont la nature, principalement minérale, est issue majoritairement des produits de réduction de FSI-This study focuses on new electrolytes and additives in order to improve the cyclability of a Si0.32Ni0.14Sn0.17Al0.04C0.35 negative composite electrode (Si-Sn) and to obtain a stable electrolyte|electrolyte interface. Indeed, like most silicon-based materials, this high-capacity Si-Sn composite (over 600 mA.hg-1) currently suffers from a short cycle life due to volume expansion during charge-discharge processes leading to the degradation of the SEI. To improve the quality of the interface, two kinds of electrolytes were evaluated: (i) mixtures of alkyl carbonates EC/PC/3DMC in which a lithium salt (LiPF6, LiTFSI, LiFSI or LiDFOB) and additives like SEI builder (vinylene carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)) were added, (ii) ionic liquids (IL) based on quaternary ammonium (N1114+), imidazolium (EMI+) or pyrrolidinium (PYR+) cation, associated with delocalized charge anions such as bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) or bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-). The Walden diagram confirms the efficient dissociation of LiFSI and LiPF6 in EC/PC/3DM ensuring ionic conductivities as high as 12 mS.cm-1. Although possessing limited transport properties in such a ternary mixture compared to other salts, LiDFOB forms, without additional additives, an high quality SEI allowing the composite to provide the best performances in half cells (560 mA.hg-1 and 98.4% coulombic efficiency). The use of additive is however necessary to reach the objectives fixed by the ANR research project in terms of coulombic efficiency (>99.5%). In this case, the addition of 2%VC+10%FEC to the ternary mixture is the most interesting composition with LiPF6 as lithium salt. So, the Si-Sn nanocomposite material reaches 550 mA.h.g-1 during 100 cycles at C/5 with 99.8% efficiency. In IL, the best performances are achieved in [EMI][FSI]/LiFSI (1 mol.L-1). The performances of the Si-Sn composite reaches 635 mA.h.g-1 for 100 cycles at C/5 with coulombic efficiency close to 100%, without additives. This electrolyte formulation generates a stable SEI which the mainly mineral composition, is predominantly derived from the reduction products of FSI-
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Berhaut, Christopher Logan. "Propriétés de transport des sels de lithium LiTDI et LiFSI : application à la formulation d'électrolytes optimisés pour batteries Li-ion." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4017/document.
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La plupart des batteries Li-ion aujourd’hui utilisent des électrolytes à base de LiPF6 un sel de lithium connu pour son instabilité chimique au-delà de 60°C car il se dégrade en libérant PF5 et LiF. En présence de traces d’eau il génère en plus des composés oxyfluorophosphorés et du HF qui peut être dommageable à la fois pour les performances et pour le vieillissement de l’accumulateur. Plusieurs sels sont candidats au remplacement de LiPF6, notamment ceux basés sur les anions fluorosulfonylamidures et les anions de Hückel. Ce travail concerne l’étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et de transport des électrolytes à base de 4,5-dicyano-2- (trifluoromethyl)imidazolide de lithium (LiTDI) et bis(fluorosulfonyl)amidure de lithium (LiFSI) pour une utilisation au sein d’accumulateurs de type Li-ion. Dans ce travail il a d’abord été montré que LiTDI n’est que faiblement dissocié dans les mélanges de carbonates d’alkyles utilisés dans les batteries Li-ion tels que le binaire (EC/DMC) ce qui limite sa conductivité. Pour pouvoir remédier à cet inconvénient, une étude des phénomènes de solvatation et d’associations ioniques a été menée et a conduit à proposer un mélange ternaire de solvants (EC/GBL/MP) dans lequel LiTDI est plus dissocié. Le mélange ternaire proposé améliore à la fois les propriétés de transport et les caractéristiques thermiques de l’électrolyte sans compromettre le domaine de stabilité chimique et électrochimique. Enfin, le nouvel électrolyte EC/GBL/MP contenant LiTDI, a été testé en accumulateurs dans les conditions opératoires usuelles (régime C/10 et température ambiante) et sévères (régime 10C et des températures allant de -20 °C à 60 °C). Le problème de corrosion de l’aluminium de LiFSI a aussi été pris en compte. Un électrolyte prometteur à base d’un mélange LiTDI/LiFSI montrant de meilleures performances que chaque sel utilisé séparément dans EC/DMC a été présenté. Les conclusions de cette thèse prouvent que LiTDI ou LiFSI peuvent être utilisés comme sels de lithium dans les électrolytes pour accumulateurs Li-ionMost of the Li-ion batteries used in electrical devices contain a solution of LiPF6 in alkylcarbonate solvents with the risk of releasing PF5 at elevated temperatures and HF in the presence of water. Several salts are candidates for the replacement of LiPF6, including those based on fluorosulfonylamides and Hückel anions. This work concerns the study of physicochemical and transport properties of lithium 4,5-dicyano-2- (trifluoromethyl)imidazolide (LiTDI) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI) based electrolytes and their use in Li-ion battery. First it was revealed that LiTDI is only weakly dissociated in alkylcarbonate mixtures used in Li-ion batteries such as EC/DMC limiting its conductivity. To overcome this disadvantage, a study of the solvation phenomena and of ionic association within the electrolytes was conducted. This study led to a ternary mixture of solvents (EC/GBL/MP) in which LiTDI is more dissociated. This new solvent mixture improves both the transport properties and the thermal stability of the LiTDI based electrolyte without compromising its chemical and electrochemical stability. Finally, the new LiTDI in EC/GBL/MP electrolyte was tested in NMC/graphite batteries under normal (C/10 rate and room temperature) and severe (10C rate and temperatures varying from - 20 ° C to 60 °C) operating conditions. The aluminium corrosion problem encountered by LiFSI based electrolytes was taken into account and a LiTDI/LiFSI salt mixture based electrolyte showing promising results was presented. The findings of this thesis show that LiTDI or LiFSI can be used as lithium salts in electrolytes for Li-ion batteries
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Rodríguez-Laguna, María del Rocío. "Heat transfer fluids: From fundamental aspects of graphene nanofluids at room temperature to molten salts formulations for solar-thermal conversion." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667803.
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Los fluidos de transferencia de calor, y en particular los nanofluidos, se pueden considerar un elemento esencial en diversos sectores industriales y su rendimiento es clave para una adecuada aplicación en tecnologías que van desde la gestión térmica y la refrigeración, a la generación de energía solar térmica y eléctrica mediante el uso de intercambiadores de calor. Estas industrias necesitan fluidos de transferencia de calor con un rango de temperatura del líquido más amplio y mejores prestaciones en la transferencia de calor que los fluidos convencionales. Todos los fluidos parecen beneficiarse de la dispersión de nanopartículas sólidas, tanto aquellos usados en aplicaciones de baja temperatura y temperatura ambiente, como aquellos que funden a más alta temperatura (p. ej. sales fundidas). La dispersión de nanopartículas conduce a la obtención de nanofluidos que con frecuencia presentan mejores conductividades térmicas y/o calores específicos en comparación con los fluidos base. Sin embargo hay algunas excepciones. En la bibliografía podemos encontrar resultados contradictorios acerca de la mejora de las propiedades térmicas en nanofluidos, lo cual hace que sea necesario un estudio de estos materiales en mayor profundidad. Por otra parte, la naturaleza líquida de estos materiales plantea un verdadero desafío, tanto desde el punto de vista experimental como en relación al marco conceptual.
El trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis ha abordado dos retos diferentes relacionados con los fluidos de transferencia de calor y los nanofluidos. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo un estudio riguroso y sistemático de las propiedades térmicas, morfológicas, reológicas, de estabilidad, acústicas y vibracionales de nanofluidos de grafeno en disolventes orgánicos. Observamos un gran aumento de la conductividad térmica de hasta un 48% y un aumento del 18% en la capacidad calorífica de los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilacetamida (DMAc). También se observó una mejora significativa en los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF) del orden del 25% y 12% para la conductividad térmica y la capacidad calorífica, respectivamente. El desplazamiento de varias bandas del espectro Raman de DMF y DMAc hacia altas frecuencias (máx. ~ 4 cm-1) al aumentar la concentración de grafeno, sugirió que éste tiene la capacidad de afectar a las moléculas de disolvente a larga distancia, en términos de energía vibracional. En paralelo, las simulaciones numéricas basadas en la teoría funcional de la densidad (DFT) y dinámica molecular (MD) mostraron una orientación paralela de DMF hacia el grafeno, favoreciendo la interacción π-π y contribuyendo a la modificación de los espectros de Raman. Además, se observó un orden local de las moléculas de DMF alrededor del grafeno, lo que sugiere que tanto este tipo especial de interacción como el orden local inducido pueden contribuir a la mejora de las propiedades térmicas del fluido. También se realizaron estudios similares en nanofluidos de grafeno disperso en 1-metil-2-pirrolidona, sin embargo, no se observó ninguna modificación de la conductividad térmica o de los espectros de Raman. Todas estas observaciones juntas sugieren que existe una correlación entre la modificación de los espectros vibracionales y el aumento de la conductividad térmica de los nanofluidos. En vista de los resultados, se discutieron y descartaron algunos de los mecanismos propuestos para explicar la mejora de la conductividad térmica en nanofluidos.
La segunda línea de investigación se centró en el desarrollo y caracterización de nuevas formulaciones de sales fundidas con baja temperatura de fusión y alta estabilidad térmica. Con este propósito, se sintetizaron dos nuevas formulaciones de seis componentes basadas en nitratos con una temperatura de fusión de 60-75 °C y una estabilidad térmica de aprox. 500 °C. Por otro lado, la complejidad de las muestras llevó a establecer una serie de métodos experimentales que se proponen para la detección del punto de fusión de estos materiales como una alternativa a la calorimetría convencional, estas técnicas son: espectroscopia Raman, técnica 3ω y transmisión óptica.Heat transfer fluids and nanofluids constitute an important element in the industry and their performance is key to the successful application in technologies that go from heat management and cooling to heat exchangers in thermal-solar energy and electricity generation. These industries demand heat transfer fluids with a wider liquid temperature range and better thermal performance than the conventional fluids. From low-temperature fluids to high-temperature molten salts, these fluids seem to benefit from the dispersion of solid nanoparticles, leading to nanofluids which frequently feature improved thermal conductivities and/or specific heats as compared with the bare fluids. However, there are some exceptions. Contradictory reports make it necessary to study these materials in greater depth than has been usual. Yet, the liquid nature of these materials poses a real challenge, both from the experimental point of view and from the conceptual framework. The work reported in this thesis has tackled two different challenges related to heat transfer fluids and nanofluids. In the first place, a careful and systematic study of thermal, morphological, rheological, stability, acoustic and vibrational properties of graphene-based nanofluids was carried out. We observed a huge increase of up to 48% in thermal conductivity and 18% in heat capacity of graphene-N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) nanofluids. A significant enhancement was also observed in graphene-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) nanofluids of approximately 25% and 12% for thermal conductivity and heat capacity, respectively. The blue shift of several Raman bands (max. ~ 4 cm-1) with increasing graphene concentration in DMF and DMAc nanofluids suggested that graphene has the ability to affect solvent molecules at long-range, in terms of vibrational energy. In parallel, numerical simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) showed a parallel orientation of DMF towards graphene, favoring π–π stacking and contributing to the modification of the Raman spectra. Furthermore, a local order of DMF molecules around graphene was observed suggesting that both this special kind of interaction and the induced local order may contribute to the enhancement of the thermal properties of the fluid. Similar studies were also performed in graphene-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone nanofluids, however, no modification of the thermal conductivity or the Raman spectra was observed. All these observations together suggest that there is a correlation between the modification of the vibrational spectra and the increase in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. In light of these results, the mechanisms suggested in the literature to explain the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids were discussed and some of them were discarded. The second line of research focused on the development and characterization of novel molten salts formulations with low-melting temperature and high thermal stability. In this regard, two novel formulations of six components based on nitrates with a melting temperature of 60-75 °C and a thermal stability up to ~ 500 °C were synthesized. Moreover, the complexity of the samples led to establish a series of experimental methods which are proposed for the melting temperature detection of these materials as an alternative to conventional calorimetry. These methods are Raman spectroscopy, three-omega technique, and optical transmission.
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Steyn, Heidi. "Formulation, in vitro release and transdermal diffusion of anti-inflammatory gel preparations containing diclofenac salts / by Heidi Steyn." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3983.
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Most individuals are influenced by pain at some stage in their lives. It can either be of acute or chronic nature. An acute pain condition initiates and is treated within a time span of 12 weeks. Chronic pain can, however, take substantially longer to treat. Chronic pain may last up to 6 months after the original injury was sustained. The after effects of chronic pain can, however, take years to heal, but physical and emotional scars may even last much longer than the initial chronic ailment.
In this study the skin was chosen as an area for delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of pain at the joint and muscle tissue regions. The stratum corneum (the topmost horny layer of the skin), however bars the effective movement of chemical substances across the skin as it forms part of the skin's function to protect the superficial tissue of the body against the external environment. It furthermore plays an important role in regulation of the movement of chemicals across the skin. Sweat pores and hair follicles can be utilised as pathways for the movement of chemical substances through the stratum corneum. Physical deformation ie, hydration of the top layer of the skin, may also enhance the movement of chemicals
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, has been evaluated for transdermal diffusion. Three different diclofenac salts were evaluated, namely diclofenac diethylamine, diclofenac hydroxyethyl pyrrolidine and diclofenac sodium. These salts have the potential to relieve systemic pain conditions. Diclofenac salts, however, possess physicochemical characteristics that are unfavourable for transdermal diffusion.
Pheroid™ delivery technology, as patented by the Northwest-University, was implemented as a method to enhance transdermal delivery of the diclofenac salts. During the study each of the diclofenac salts was formulated in a Pheroid™ and non-Pheroid™ formulation. All the formulations as well as corresponding retail products containing similar diclofenac salts were evaluated in order to determine which preparation had the most effective transdermal diffusion.
High performance liquid chromatograhphy was implemented in order to determine the concentration of each salt in their various preparations. The Pheroid™ and non-Pheroid™ formulations were also compared to retail products currently available. An active ingredient flux was determined by means of Franz cell diffusion studies. Membrane diffusion studies were utilised in order to determine whether the active ingredients were effectively released from the formulated preparations and market products.
Membrane diffusion studies determined that Arthruderm (the retail product containing diclofenac sodium) had the most potential to effectively release the active ingredient from the formulation (median flux 28.36 ± 0.26 ug/cm2.h"1). Franz cell diffusion studies showed no flux values for any of the evaluated preparations, including the retail products. Concentrations obtained within the epidermis and dermis were determined through tape stripping of these areas. The largest concentration of active ingredient within the epidermis was obtained from the studies done on Voltaren® (the retail product containing diclofenac diethylamine) which was 7.27 |ig/cm2.h"1 the largest value in the dermis was obtained from a non-Pheroid™ formulation containing diclofenac sodium (4.47 ug/ml).
Confocal laser scanning microscopy was utilised and the micrographs where evaluated to ensure that the diclofenac salts were effectively entrapped in the Pheroid™ delivery system.Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Septien, Rojas Jose M. "Physico-chemical interactions between silica, salts, water and organohydroxy compounds in clear gel toothpaste formulations." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325423.
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Louisy, Jérémie. "Synthesis of novel phosphinate salts and development of formulations for the flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced PolyButylene Terephthalate (PBT)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10162/document.
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Cette étude s’intéresse aux procédés d’ignifugation d’un thermoplastique, le PolyButylène Téréphthalate (PBT), et plus particulièrement à l’ajout en masse de retardateurs de flamme à base de phosphore. L’objectif de ce projet consiste à mettre au point une formulation PBT renforcée avec des fibres de verre et ignifugée en vue d’application dans le domaine électrique et électronique. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés au feu de différents additifs combinés à un sel de diethylphosphinate d’aluminium commercial sont évaluées. Différents sels de phosphinate dérivés de l’acide carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinique ont par ailleurs été synthétisés puis testés, soit seuls ou combinés à des additifs retardateurs de flamme. Deux systèmes retardateurs de flamme, l’un consistant en un mélange RDP bentonite - diethylphosphinate d’aluminium, l’autre en un mélange RDP bentonite - phenyl amide carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinate d’aluminium, se sont avérés particulièrement efficaces en terme d’amélioration du comportement au feu du PBT renforcé. Les mécanismes d’ignifugation de ces systèmes ont été étudiés et comparés. Il a été démontré que les deux sels de phosphinate présentaient un mode d’action essentiellement en phase gaz, en libérant des espèces acides phosphiniques agissant comme inhibiteurs des réactions de combustion. Concernant le sel de phosphinate commercial, la libération d’acides phosphiniques s’effectue par interaction chimique entre l’additif et le PBT. A l’inverse, le sel de phosphinate synthétisé au laboratoire semble n’interagir que modérément avec le polymèreThis study deals with the formulation of an innovative flame retardant material based on glass fiber reinforced PolyButylene Terephthalate (PBT/GF) used in Electronic and Electrical Equipments (EEE). In a first approach, the flame retardant properties of various additives in combination with the commercial aluminium diethylphosphinate are evaluated in PBT/GF. In a second approach, a variety of phosphinate salts derived from carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinic acids are synthesized and then tested alone or in combination with FR additives. Two innovative flame retardant systems, namely the combination of Resorcinol bis-Diphenyl Phosphate (RDP) modified bentonite clay with either the aluminium diethylphosphinate or the aluminium phenyl amide of carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinate, were found to greatly improve the fire behavior of PBT/GF. The FR mechanism of flame retardants were investigated and compared. Both phosphinate salts from the innovative systems mainly act through a gas phase mode of action by releasing phosphinic acids. Regarding the commercial product, the release of phosphinic acid occurs due to chemical interaction between the phosphinate salt and the PBT matrix while the synthesized product only moderately interacts with the polymer
Books on the topic "Salt formulation"
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American Bar Association. Solo, Small Firm and General Practice Division, ed. Business divorce: Understanding its dynamics and formulating solutions. Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association, 2015.
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O, Agele S., Federal University of Technology, Akure (Nigeria). School of Agriculture & Agricultural Technology, and Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, eds. Proceedings of the 5th SAAT Annual Conference (Akure-Humboldt Kellog 2009): Theme, formulation of medicinal plants in plant and animal production in Nigeria : 20th-23rd April, 2009 : the Federal University of Technology, Akure, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology in collaboration with Alexander von Humbolt Foundation, Germany. Akure, Nigeria: School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, 2009.
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Cameron, James. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190459925.003.0001.
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The introductory chapter outlines an established consensus that the United States’ shift from a policy of nuclear superiority over the Soviet Union to a policy that emphasized arms control, mutual assured destruction, and nuclear parity was the result of nuclear-strategic calculus. It then shows how declassified records of Nixon’s conversations with his advisors on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) disprove that thesis. It goes on to outline how Kennedy and Johnson administration officials also acted in ways that contradicted their private comments. Through brief summaries of the subsequent chapters, it then explicates the central argument of the book: that all three presidents were engaged in a double game to reconcile their personal doubts regarding the utility of nuclear weapons with the prevailing public and congressional mood during their administrations. It concludes by suggesting this dynamic is of enduring relevance to the formulation of American nuclear strategy.
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Kānphalit lēsithin čhāk khāophōt phan thō̜ngthin læ kānprayuk chai phư̄a trīam nam salat sūt khǣlō̜rī tam =: Small-scale production of lecithin from local corns and application for low calorie salad formulation. [Ayutthaya]: Sathāban Rātchaphat Phra Nakhō̜n Sī ʻAyutthayā, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Salt formulation"
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Mills, T. B., and I. T. Norton. "Salt Reduction in Food." In Formulation Engineering of Foods, 163–73. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118597651.ch8.
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Bruner de Miranda, Luiz, Fernando Pinheiro Andutta, Björn Kjerfve, and Belmiro Mendes de Castro Filho. "Hydrodynamic Formulation: Mass and Salt Conservation Equations." In Fundamentals of Estuarine Physical Oceanography, 233–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3041-3_7.
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Amagasa, Michihiro. "Formulation of A Sale Price Prediction Model Based on Fuzzy Regression Analysis." In Operations Research Proceedings, 567–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29210-1_90.
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Whitehouse, M. W., and K. D. Rainsford. "Why are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs so gastrotoxic, even when given orally as solubilized salt formulations or parenterally?" In Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, 55–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9775-8_4.
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"Pharmaceutical Salts." In Water-Insoluble Drug Formulation, 425–46. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420026054-16.
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Neau, Steven. "Pharmaceutical Salts." In Water-Insoluble Drug Formulation, Second Edition, 417–35. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420009552.ch15.
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Bongioanni, Agustina, Maria Soledad Bueno, Belén Alejandra Mezzano, Marcela Raquel Longhi, and Claudia Garnero. "Pharmaceutical Crystals: Development, Optimization, Characterization and Biopharmaceutical Aspects." In Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105386.
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In the solid state, the active pharmaceutical ingredients tend to exhibit crystalline order. In this regard, the interest in the crystalline solid state has expanded to include single-component compounds as well as multicomponent systems such as salts, hydrates, solvates, and co-crystals. The study of crystalline behavior is recognized as an essential component of preformulation research in pharmaceutical sciences and industries. The crystalline form can impact the drug properties such as solubility, dissolution rate, stability, hygroscopicity, and toxicity profile. Therefore, each solid form must be appropriately identified and characterized because it will affect the drug formulation, including the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety properties of the formulation. In this context, this chapter will cover topics such as synthesis approaches (including nucleation and crystallization procedures), crystal polymorphism, solid state characterization techniques and the impact of crystals on physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties.
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Drechsler, Rolf, Tommi Junttila, and Ilkka Niemelä. "Chapter 27. Non-Clausal SAT and ATPG." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia201011.
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When studying the propositional satisfiability problem (SAT), that is, the problem of deciding whether a propositional formula is satisfiable, it is typically assumed that the formula is given in the conjunctive normal form (CNF). Also most software tools for deciding satisfiability of a formula (SAT solvers) assume that their input is in CNF. An important reason for this is that it is simpler to develop efficient data structures and algorithms for CNF than for arbitrary formulas. On the other hand, using CNF makes efficient modeling of an application cumbersome. Therefore one often employs a more general formula representation in modeling and then transforms the formula into CNF for SAT solvers. Transforming a propositional formula in CNF either increases the formula size exponentially or requires the use of auxiliary variables, which can have an negative effect on the performance of a SAT solver in the worst-case. Moreover, by translating to CNF one often loses information about the structure of the original problem. In this chapter we survey methods for solving propositional satisfiability problems when the input formula is not given in CNF but as a general formula or even more compactly as a Boolean circuit. We show how the techniques applied in CNF level Davis-Putnam-Loveland-Logemann algorithm generalize to Boolean circuits and how the problem structure available in the circuit form can be exploited. Then we consider a closely related area of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for digital circuits and review classical ATPG algorithms, formulation of ATPG as a SAT problem, and advanced techniques for SAT-based ATPG.
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"Modifying Chocolate's Eating Properties." In The Science of Chocolate, 160–77. 3rd ed. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781788012355-00160.
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Chocolate itself is sold in many flavours, and also with different recipes/ingredients for people with special dietary needs. In addition, there are particular formulations for ice-cream coatings and for chocolate with shape-retaining properties for sale in hot climates. Good chocolate can only be made using high quality cocoa beans. The processing is of equal importance as it must be correctly carried out, so as to get the best possible product and not spoil the ingredients. This chapter investigates the modifications of chocolate needed to provide the optimum flavour and product to meet the needs of the consumer.
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K. Stone, Andrea, Aleksandar Yovchev, Pierre J. Hucl, Martin G. Scanlon, and Michael T. Nickerson. "Effect of Polyethylene Glycol 3350 on the Handling Properties of Low Salt Wheat Dough Formulations." In Food Processing. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90132.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Salt formulation"
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Gladen, Adam, and Dilpreet Bajwa. "A Novel Composite Material of Hygroscopic Salt Stabilized by Nanocellulose for Thermochemical Energy Storage." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63814.
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Abstract Thermochemical energy storage is promising due to its advantages of high-energy density and low-self discharging. One promising reaction material is the hydration and dehydration of hygroscopic salts. However, many pure salts have poor cycle stability. The present work investigates the development of a new composite material for thermochemical storage by impregnating a framework of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) with calcium chloride (CaCl2) Various weight ratios of CNC:CaCl2 were prepared by dispersing the salt and CNC in deionized water and using mechanical stirring and ultrasonication processes followed by drying at ambient temperature. The attachment of the salt to the CNC was determined by TEM and FTIR analyses. The enthalpy of dehydration and water uptake were measured. The stability of the composite material was determined by subjecting it to multiple cycles. The results show that the nanocellulose binds to the salt crystals and provide a nano-scale architecture to stabilize the salt. The CNC-salt material shows improved energy density and stability compared to pure salt. For example, for the given hydration conditions, the specific enthalpy of dehydration for the formulation 1:2 weight ratio of CNC to salt is 117 J/g while for the pure CaCl2 the enthalpy of dehydration is 86 J/g. Thus, the CNC-salt material shows ∼1.36-x improvement in energy density. Additionally, over the course of multiple cycles, that caused the pure CaCl2 to deliquesce, formulations of the CNC-salt material retained their structural integrity and energy density.
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"Development and Improvement of Organic Salt Solutions of Potassium Citrate As An Environmentally Friendly Completion Fluids for Oil and Gas Wells." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-e-279.
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This article provides information on the utilization and development of colloidal formulations based on organic potassium citrate, an alternative, environmentally friendly composite fluid that can support the drilling and production of oil and gas wells. The activity started with a laboratory-scale literature study, the formulation and modification of organic potassium citrate, testing the characteristics and performance of liquids, and improving advanced formulations. This completion fluid based on organic potassium citrate has high solubility and good stability to other pollutant particles. The colloidal organic salt system based on potassium citrate is an alternative function of the replenishment fluid (pressure holding fluid) for cleaning/deepening oil and gas wells. Currently, widely used composite fluids are chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO4-), and cesium formate. However, these salt solutions are highly corrosive and are not environmentally friendly. The swelling test and the corrosion rate test are carried out using different fluids (i.e., KCl slurry, NaCl polymer, and colloidal organic citrate). The test results show that when the test is performed at room temperature for 16 hours, the organic citrate fluid's swelling rate is lower than 10%, and the KCl and NaCl sludge is higher than 20%. The result of a seven days corrosion test at 350oF is that the citric acid organic liquid is lower than 10 mpy, while KCl and NaCl are higher than 50 mpy. This completion fluid formulation based on organic citrate salts is a new type of completion fluid that has the following specifications: density up to (1.80), corrosion rate (3.19 mpy) @ 248-350oF, pH (6-8), resistance to extreme temperature, turbidity (7 NTU), a swelling rate below 10%, and has good compatibility with formation water. Also, potassium citrate organic salts can be degraded efficiently, making them safe for the environment.
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Jang, J., and S. Jung. "266. Workers' Exposures to A Manganese and Zinc Salt in Pesticide Formulation Factories." In AIHce 2006. AIHA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758948.
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Sharqawy, Mostafa H., John H. Lienhard, and Syed M. Zubair. "Formulation of Seawater Flow Exergy Using Accurate Thermodynamic Data." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40915.
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Seawater is a complex electrolyte solution of water and salts with sodium chloride as the major constituent. However, the thermodynamic properties of seawater are considerably different from those of aqueous sodium chloride solution. In the literature, exergy analyses of seawater desalination systems have sometimes modeled seawater by sodium chloride solutions of equivalent salt content or salinity; however, such matching does not bring all important properties of the two solutions into agreement. Furthermore, some published studies attempt to represent sodium chloride solutions as a specific model for an ideal mixture of liquid water and solid sodium chloride, which is shown to have serious shortcomings. In this paper, the most up-to-date thermodynamic properties of seawater are compared with those of aqueous sodium chloride solution as well as the ideal mixture model. The flow exergy is calculated using various models and the results are compared. In addition, the minimum work required to desalinate a unit mass of fresh water from seawater of varying salinity is calculated using these models. The flow exergy calculated using the ideal mixture model in question is about 50% less than that of seawater. Accordingly, the minimum desalination work is underpredicted by about 50% when calculating it using that ideal mixture model. This consequently shows that exergy analysis and the second law efficiency calculations performed using the ideal mixture model is comparatively far from the actual values.
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Siegel, Nathan P., Robert W. Bradshaw, Joseph B. Cordaro, and Alan M. Kruizenga. "Thermophysical Property Measurement of Nitrate Salt Heat Transfer Fluids." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54058.
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Nitrate salts have been used for decades in the concentrating solar power industry as heat transfer fluids and thermal storage media. For most of this time these inorganic fluids have been restricted to use in central receiver platforms due to the useful working temperature range of the most widely researched formulation, a near eutectic mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate, which melts at 220°C and is stable in air to nearly 580°C. Recent research efforts have led to the development of nitrate salt mixtures that melt at lower temperatures and are suitable for use in parabolic trough systems. These mixtures include three or more components and generally have melting points in the range of 100°C, with stability in air up to 500°C. The design of parabolic trough systems that utilize molten salt heat transfer fluids is complicated by the fact that the properties of these fluids are considerably different from the organic heat transfer fluids that they may replace. In this paper we present measured thermophysical property data for several commercial and non-commercial molten salt mixtures that can be used in the system level design of parabolic trough and central receiver power plants. The data presented include heat capacity, density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, all as a function of temperature, along with melting point and thermal stability limits. Some properties, such as density, can be predicted by simple mixing rules. The dependence of viscosity was strongly influenced by the composition of the molten salts and, particularly, the proportion of calcium nitrate.
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Bokkers, Albert, Piter Brandenburg, Coert Van Lare, Cees Kooijman, and Arjan Schutte. "A Matrix Acidizing System for Controlled Carbonate Well Stimulation using a Carboxylic Acid Salt with a Chelating Agent." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202083-ms.
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Abstract This work presents a matrix acidizing formulation which comprises a salt of monochloroacetic acid giving a delayed acidification and a chelating agent to prevent precipitation of a calcium salt. Results of dissolution capacity, core flood test and corrosion inhibition are presented and are compared to performance of 15 wt% emulsified HCl. Dissolution capacity tests were performed in a stirred reactor at atmospheric pressure using equimolar amounts of the crushed limestone and dolomites. Four different chelating agents were added to test the calcium ion sequestering power. Corrosion tests were executed using an autoclave reactor under nitrogen atmosphere at 10 barg. Core flood tests were performed to simulate carbonate matrix stimulation using limestone cores. It was found that the half-life time of the hydrolysis reaction is 77 min at a temperature of 100 °C. Sodium gluconate and the sodium salt of D-glucoheptonic acid were identified to successfully prevent the precipitation of the reaction product calcium glycolate at a temperature of 40 °C. Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the treated cores at optimum injection rate showed a single wormhole formed. At 150 °C an optimum injection rate of 1 ml/min was found which corresponds to a minimum PVBT of 6. In addition, no face dissolution was observed after coreflooding. Furthermore, the corrosion rates of different metallurgies (L80 and J55) were measured which are significantly less than data reported in literature for 15wt% emulsified HCl. The novelty of this formulation is that it slowly releases an organic acid in the well allowing deeper penetration in the formation and sodium gluconate prevents precipitation of the reaction product. The corrosivity of this formulation is relatively low saving maintenance costs to installations and pipe work. The active ingredient in the formulation is a solid, allowing onsite preparation of the acidizing fluid.
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Houde-Walter, Susan N., and Duncan T. Moore. "Real-Time Index Profile Measurement During Grin Glass Fabrication." In Gradient-Index Optical Imaging Systems. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/giois.1987.fa2.
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Index profile control is essential in the manufacture of GRIN lens blanks. Yet the evolution of the index profile during ion exchange with finite salt melts in some important glass/salt pairs is not well understood at this time. In this paper, we present a technique for monitoring the development of the index profile as it is formed, including the effects arising from concentration dependence, structural changes and time-dependent boundary conditions. The resulting data will contribute to a more precise formulation of the actual conditions that gradient index materials are made in, and lead to better control and repeatability of gradient lens blanks manufactured by ion exchange in glass.
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Moreira, Rafael Peralta, Diego Ribeiro, and Thiago Piedade. "Overcoming the Challenges for Cementing Salt Zones in Deepwater Top Hole Drilling in Brazilian Pre-Salt Wells: A Well Containment Barrier Approach." In IADC/SPE International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208691-ms.
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Abstract When a surface casing is set in front of salt zones, challenges such as hole enlargement and salt dissolution need to be addressed in the cementing design. This study compares the several possible solutions for drilling and cementing in deepwater top hole drilling with exposed salt formation, with the general objective to provide valuable insight on the relevance of cement integrity on well containment analysis in deepwater wells. Several studies reported in the literature have evaluated the different approaches that industry follows on drilling and cementing top hole sections when salt formations are present. In addition to a review on these practices, through a detailed analysis of field data from hundreds of wells in Santos basin pre-salt wells, we identify the main aspects of cement sheath quality and its ability to withstand well containment loads from cement slurry formulation to the drilling practices and geological conditions. From data in real scale, a new and robust design and its field results are presented. From the analytical study of several possibilities, it is shown that well geometry aspects - such as inclination, tortuosity, and hole enlargement – shall attend minimum requirements to obtain the desired cement sheath quality. These requirements were able to be established through extensive field data analysis and simulations for cementing in different conditions. When those requirements are not achieved, even the highest efforts on the sole cementing design does not mitigate the loss of well integrity. Another set of important conclusions are concerned the cementing slurry design and centralizer selection and placement: salt concentration in cement slurry, bond strength between salt formation and cement slurry stands as the key characteristic and the salt-based cement slurry with this property provided the best for specific field results. Since the industry is continuously discussing the best drilling and cementing practices on salt formations, this paper provides compiled results from a large field dataset on top hole drilling in deepwater wells. Furthermore, both theoretical and applied engineering considerations on the salt-based cement slurry design, its mechanical properties, and the placement environment (hole diameter, geology, and casing centralization) are addressed to bring on a discussion on general guidelines for cement sheath quality in well containment analysis.
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Phatak, Alhad, Brian Seymour, Ginger Ren, and Isaias Gonzalez. "Enhancing Performance of High Viscosity Friction Reducers HVFRs in Brine." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204339-ms.
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Abstract High Viscosity Friction Reducers (HVFRs) are often employed in hydraulic fracturing fluids to increase the proppant carrying capacity of slickwater fluids. However, it has been widely reported that the performance of HVFR fluids drops precipitously with even small amounts of salt. This study explores and reports the use of surfactants to alleviate the loss of performance of HVFR fluids due to salinity in the mix water. Fracturing fluids were prepared in the laboratory by mixing the HVFR at concentrations between 2 and 8 gal/1,000 gal with and without surfactant formulations. The viscosities of the fluids were measured on a TA Instruments DHR-3 rheometer using a concentric cylinder geometry. Both anionic and cationic HVFRs were tested with various surfactants. As expected, we observed that HVFR fluids display dramatic loss of viscosity with the addition of as little as 1% salt to the mix water. However, certain surfactant formulations were found to provide a significant boost in viscosity of HVFR fluids in brines over a wide range of shear rates. Increases in viscosity by a factor of as much as 10 times were observed, particularly at low shear rates. The ability of the surfactant formulations to enhance fluid viscosity was observed in both monovalent and divalent model brines, as well as brines that mimicked field produced water compositions. In addition, measurements were also performed in a slot flow device to determine if the results from the rheometer translated to proppant transport characteristics of the fluids. The slot flow results were found to correlate well with fluid viscosity measurements. The fluids containing the surfactant formulation transported nearly 4 times as much proppant as fluids not containing surfactant through a 2.5 ft. long rectangular slot of 0.5 in. thickness at a proppant concentration of 2 lb/gal. An obvious benefit of the approach proposed in this study is that it can enable the use of HVFR fluids in recycled and produced waters, providing both cost and sustainability benefits. Secondly, these surfactant formulations can reduce the amount of HVFR required to obtain a certain target viscosity in brine, thereby reducing the likelihood and potential severity of formation damage from HVFR residue.
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Alexandridis, Paschalis, Dengpan Dong, Dmitry Bedrov, Marina Tsianou, and Samhitha Kancharla. "Surfactant micelle structure and composition." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/hwzn7583.
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Surfactants are mixed with various ingredients during their formulation into products and during their use. The interactions of surfactants with compounds such as electrolytes, polar organic solvents and solutes, other surfactants, polymers, and, of course, the solvent water, are manifested in the formation and structure of micelles. In turns, self-assembly in solution and on surfaces underlies the macroscopic performance of surfactant formulations. Accordingly, it is important to have information available on the structure and composition of micelles at various conditions. To this end, we utilize complementary experiments (small-angle neutron scattering, SANS, with contrast variation) and modeling (molecular dynamics, MD), and present here examples on how the structure of micelles formed in water by anionic surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS, perfluorooctanoate, PFOA) responds to the presence of additives (salt [10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127313], urea [10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00433], ethanol [10.1039/d1cp00049g], poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) [10.1021/jp5023168], PEO-based amphiphilic polymers [10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.176]) across a wide range of compositions. A detailed description emerges on how the additives distribute at the outer surface of the micelles and in their interior, which is used to rationalize various properties of the mixtures.
Reports on the topic "Salt formulation"
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Brown, Geoffrey Wayne, Philip Leonard, Ernest Leon Hartline, and Hongzhao Tian. Summary of Remediated Nitrate Salt Surrogate Formulation and Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1253505.
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PETERS, THOMAS, FERNANDO FONDEUR, and MICHAEL THEISZMANN. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SALT WASTE PROCESSING NEXT GENERATION SOLVENT FORMULATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1874955.
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Brown, Geoffrey Wayne, Philip Leonard, Ernest Leon Hartline, and Hongzhao Tian. Results from Second Round of Remediated Nitrate Salt Surrogate Formulation and Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1245569.
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Brown, Geoffrey Wayne, Philip Leonard, Ernest Leon Hartline, and Hongzhao Tian. Initial Results from the Third Round of Remediated Nitrate Salt Surrogate Formulation and Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1249009.
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Brown, Geoffrey Wayne. PLAN-TA9-2443(U), Rev. B Remediated Nitrate Salt (RNS) Surrogate Formulation and Testing Standard Procedure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1242907.
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Peters, T., A. Washington, and S. Fink. RESULTS OF THE EXTRACTION-SCRUB-STRIP TESTING USING AN IMPROVED SOLVENT FORMULATION AND SALT WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY SIMULATED WASTE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033340.
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Ding, Yan, Q. Chen, Ling Zhu, Julie Rosati, and Bradley Johnson. Implementation of flexible vegetation into CSHORE for modeling wave attenuation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43220.
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This technical report presents the new numerical modeling capabilities for simulating wave attenuation and mean water level changes through flexible vegetation such as smooth cordgrass in coastal and marine wetlands. These capabilities were implemented into the Cross-SHORE (CSHORE) numerical model. The biomechanical properties of vegetation such as dimensions, flexibility, and bending strength are parameterized in terms of the scaling law. Correspondingly, a new formulation of the vegetation drag coefficient, CD, is developed using field data from a salt marsh in Terrebonne Bay, LA, by considering spatially varying effective stem and blade heights of species. This report also presents a general procedure for using the model to simulate hydrodynamic variables (i.e., waves, currents, mean water levels) at vegetated coasts, which are used to quantify the effects of wave attenuation and reduction of surge and runup due to vegetation. Preliminary model validation was conducted by simulating a set of laboratory experiments on synthetic vegetation, which mimicked the flexibility of Spartina alterniflora. The validation results indicate that the newly developed vegetation capabilities enable CSHORE to predict changes of wave heights and water levels through marshes by considering species-specific biomechanical features. The model is also applicable to assess vegetation effectiveness against waves and surges.
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Raade, Justin, Thomas Roark, John Vaughn, and Robert Bradshaw. Deep Eutectic Salt Formulations Suitable as Advanced Heat Transfer Fluids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1091956.
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