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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Taylor, John R., and George Veronis. "Experiments on double-diffusive sugar–salt fingers at high stability ratio." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 321 (August 25, 1996): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096007744.

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In a series of laboratory experiments the growth of double-diffusive salt fingers from an initial configuration of two homogeneous reservoirs with salt in the lower and sugar in the upper layer was investigated. For most of the experiments the stability ratio was between 2.5 and 3, where the latter value is at the upper limit (the ratio of salt to sugar diffusivities) for which fingers can exist. In these experiments long slender fingers are generated at the interface. Essentially all theories or physical bases for models of salt fingers presuppose such a configuration of long fingers. Our measurements show that the length of fingers at high stability ratio increases with time like t1/2, with a coefficient that is consistent with the diffusive spread of the faster diffusing component (salt). When the initial stability ratio is closer to unity, fingers penetrate into the reservoirs very rapidly carrying with them large anomalies of salt and sugar which give rise to convective overturning of the reservoirs. The convection sweeps away the ends of the fingers, and when it is intense enough (as it is when the sugar anomaly is large) it can reduce the finger height to a value less than the width. After this initial phase the finger length grows linearly with time as has been found in previous studies. These results show that salt fingers can evolve in quite different ways depending on the initial stability ratio and must cast doubt on the use of simple similarity arguments to parameterize the heat and salt fluxes produced by fingers.

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2

FERNANDES, ALEXANDRE M., and R. KRISHNAMURTI. "Salt finger fluxes in a laminar shear flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 658 (June 28, 2010): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010001588.

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Subtropical ocean waters are susceptible to the occurrence of salt finger instability. The effect of salt fingers in modifying water mass properties may depend upon the ubiquitous presence of oceanic shear produced by internal wave motion. We present an experimental study of the buoyancy fluxes produced by sugar–salt fingers in the presence of a laminar shear flow. As is commonly done in the laboratory, sugar (the slower diffuser) was used as a proxy for salt, and salt (the faster diffuser compared to sugar) was used as a proxy for cold. Sugar–salt fingers, initially aligned vertically, were observed to tilt when a shear flow was imposed. A consistent decrease in the salt fluxes was measured as the Reynolds number (Re) was increased by increasing the shear velocity magnitude. Through regression analysis, the salt fluxes were found to depend upon the Reynolds number as Re−0.025, Re−0.1 and Re−0.34, for density ratio values (Rρ) equal to 1.2, 1.54 and 2.1 respectively. The salt fluxes produced by the sheared fingers were also found to decrease by one order of magnitude when Rρ increased from 1.2 to 2.1. A computation of the salt Nusselt number revealed that the finger fluxes approach molecular flux values when Rρ = 2.1 and Re ≃ 140.

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3

Howard, L. N., and G. Veronis. "The salt-finger zone." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 183 (October 1987): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112087002490.

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In order to investigate the stability of infinitely long fully developed salt fingers Stern (1975) has proposed a model in which the basic configuration is independent of the vertical and is sinusoidal in the horizontal direction, with constant background gradients of temperature and salinity. The present study deals with a model of finite vertical extent where τ, the ratio of the diffusivities of salt and heat, is small, and where the constant background salt gradient is replaced by a salt difference between the reservoirs above and below a salt-finger region of finite depth. Steady-state solutions in two and three dimensions are obtained for the zero-order (τ = 0) state in which rising (sinking) fingers have the salinity of the lower (upper) reservoir. For two-dimensional fingers the horizontal scale corresponding to maximum buoyancy flux turns out to be 1.7 times the buoyancy-layer scale associated with the background stable temperature gradient. Heat, salt and buoyancy fluxes are calculated. A boundary-layer analysis is given for the (salt) diffusive correction to the zero-order solution. The same set of calculations is carried out for salt fingers in a Hele-Shaw cell. An assessment of Schmitt's (1979a) model of a finger zone of finite depth shows that the parametric restrictions required by the model cannot be satisfied when Stern's idealization is used for the final state. The present model appears to be preferable for constructing a Schmitt-like theory for τ [Lt ] 1.

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4

Eisenman, Ian. "Non-Normal Effects on Salt Finger Growth." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2716.1.

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Abstract Salt fingers, which occur because of the difference in diffusivities of salt and heat in water, may play an important role in ocean mixing and circulation. Previous studies have suggested the long-time dominance of initially fastest growing finger perturbations. Finger growth has been theoretically derived in terms of the normal modes of the idealized system, which include a growing mode and a pair of decaying internal wave modes. Because these normal modes are not orthogonal, however, transient effects can occur related to the interaction between the modes, as explained by the generalized stability theory of non-normal growth. Initial growth of a perturbation that is not along a normal mode can be faster than the leading normal mode. In this study, the effects of non-normal growth on salt finger formation are investigated. It is shown that some salt finger perturbations that are a superposition of the growing mode and the decaying modes initially grow faster than pure growing normal mode perturbations. These non-normal effects are found to be significant for up to 10 or more e-folding times of the growing normal mode. The generalization of the standard idealized salt finger growth dynamics to include non-normal effects is found to lead to fastest-growing fingers that agree less well with observed fully developed salt fingers than the fastest-growing normal mode previously investigated.

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5

Radko, Timour, James Ball, John Colosi, and Jason Flanagan. "Double-Diffusive Convection in a Stochastic Shear." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 3155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0051.1.

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AbstractAn attempt is made to quantify the impact of stochastic wave–induced shears on salt fingers associated with internal waves in the ocean. The wave environment is represented by the superposition of Fourier components conforming to the Garrett–Munk (GM) spectrum with random initial phase distribution. The resulting time series of vertical shear are incorporated into a finger-resolving numerical model, and the latter is used to evaluate the equilibrium diapycnal fluxes of heat and salt. The proposed procedure makes it possible to simulate salt fingers in shears that are representative of typical oceanic conditions. This study finds that the shear-induced modification of salt fingers is largely caused by near-inertial motions. These relatively slow waves act to align salt fingers in the direction of shear, thereby rendering the double-diffusive dynamics effectively two-dimensional. Internal waves reduce the equilibrium vertical fluxes of heat and salt by a factor of 2 relative to those in the unsheared three-dimensional environment, bringing them close to the values suggested by corresponding two-dimensional simulations.

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6

Schmitt, Raymond W. "The Ocean's Salt Fingers." Scientific American 272, no. 5 (May 1995): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0595-70.

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7

Taylor, John R. "Anisotropy of Salt Fingers." Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, no. 3 (March 1993): 554–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0554:aosf>2.0.co;2.

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8

RADKO, TIMOUR. "Equilibration of weakly nonlinear salt fingers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 645 (February 22, 2010): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992552.

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An analytical model is developed to explain the equilibration mechanism of the salt finger instability in unbounded temperature and salinity gradients. The theory is based on the weakly nonlinear asymptotic expansion about the point of marginal instability. The proposed solutions attribute equilibration of salt fingers to a combination of two processes: (i) the triad interaction and (ii) spontaneous development of the mean vertical shear. The non-resonant triad interactions control the equilibration of linear growth for moderate and large values of Prandtl number (Pr) and for slightly unstable parameters. For small Pr and/or rigorous instabilities, the mean shear effects become essential. It is shown that, individually, neither the mean field nor the triad interaction models can accurately describe the equilibrium patterns of salt fingers in all regions of the parameter space. Therefore, we propose a new hybrid model, which represents both stabilizing effects in a single framework. The resulting solutions agree with the fully nonlinear numerical simulations over a wide range of governing parameters.

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9

Radko, Timour, and Melvin E. Stern. "Salt fingers in three dimensions." Journal of Marine Research 57, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 471–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224099764805165.

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10

Proctor, Michael R. E., and Judith Y. Holyer. "Planform selection in salt fingers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 168, no. -1 (July 1986): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112086000368.

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11

Coclite, G. M., F. Paparella, and S. F. Pellegrino. "On a salt fingers model." Nonlinear Analysis 176 (November 2018): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2018.06.007.

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12

Schmitt, Raymond W. "Triangular and Asymmetric Salt Fingers." Journal of Physical Oceanography 24, no. 4 (April 1994): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<0855:taasf>2.0.co;2.

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13

Normand, Christiane. "Pattern selection in salt fingers." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 14, no. 3 (May 1987): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(87)90032-7.

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14

Pogrebnoi, A. E., and N. A. Panteleev. "Convection of salt fingers in theC-SALT region." Physical Oceanography 10, no. 3 (May 2000): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02509220.

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15

Imhoff, Paul T., and Theodore Green. "Experimental investigation of double-diffusive groundwater fingers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 188 (March 1988): 363–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211208800076x.

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Using a sand-tank model and the salt-sugar system, double-diffusive fingers formed in a saturated porous medium. In contrast to the quasi-steady fingering typically observed in a viscous fluid, the fingering here was quite unsteady. The fingers’ structure was observed, and measurements of the sugar flux indicate that double-diffusive groundwater fingers can transport solutes at rates as much as two orders of magnitude larger than those associated with molecular diffusion in motionless groundwater. The buoyancy-flux ratio, r = αFT/βFS, increased from r = 0.65 ± 0.02 (at Rρ = 1.02) to r = 0.81 ± 0.06 (at Rρ = 1.50), where Rρ is the density-anomaly ratio. (Using the salt-sugar system in a viscous fluid, r was previously shown to decrease with increasing Rρ.) The buoyancy flux due to sugar varied approximately as R−5.6ρ, which is almost identical with the variation found for salt-sugar fingers in a viscous fluid. The model of Green (1984) was applied to the experiments and predicted buoyancy-flux ratios and finger widths that were in fairly good agreement with the measured values, although the predicted buoyancy fluxes due to sugar were significantly larger than the measured fluxes.

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16

KRISHNAMURTI, R., Y. H. JO, and A. STOCCHINO. "Salt fingers at low Rayleigh numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 452 (February 10, 2002): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001006541.

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This is a laboratory study of salt fingers at low Rayleigh numbers. We report on the stability boundary in the (RS, RT)-plane (where RS and RT are the salt and heat Rayleigh numbers respectively), the wavenumber of the observed fingers, and the planform. In this low RS, RT range, fingers have width comparable to their height, as predicted by linear stability theory. The planform appears to be close-packed polygonal cells when they are formed on curved profiles of temperature and salinity. However, the planform is distinctly rolls when care is taken to approximate linear profiles.

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17

Stern, Melvin E., Timour Radko, and Julian Simeonov. "Salt fingers in an unbounded thermocline." Journal of Marine Research 59, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 355–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224001762842244.

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18

STERN, MELVIN E., and JULIAN SIMEONOV. "Amplitude equilibration of sugar-salt fingers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 508 (June 10, 2004): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112004009255.

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19

Sorkin, A., V. Sorkin, and I. Leizerson. "Salt fingers in double-diffusive systems." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 303, no. 1-2 (January 2002): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(01)00396-x.

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20

CHEN, C. F., and FALIN CHEN. "Salt-finger convection generated by lateral heating of a solute gradient." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 352 (December 10, 1997): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007192.

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When a tank of fluid with a solute gradient is subjected to lateral heating, a series of horizontal convection cells is generated when the critical condition is exceeded. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally and simulated by two-dimensional numerical schemes by a number of previous investigators. In each of the convection cells, relatively warm and solute-rich fluid flows from the hot to the cold wall along the top of the cell while the return of the relatively cool and solute-poor fluid is along the bottom of the cell. This situation is conducive to the onset of salt fingers. We recently performed a series of such experiments with salt-water and ethanol–water solutions. By using flow visualization techniques, salt fingers in longitudinal rolls typical of those occurring in shear flows were observed. Salt fingers were observed as soon as convection was initiated, and they advanced with the convection front. Experiments with an ethanol–water solution showed that salt fingers can be generated by flows driven by a surface tension gradient and that the effect of solute concentration on surface tension plays an important role in the process.

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21

Shen, Colin Y., and George Veronis. "Numerical simulation of two-dimensional salt fingers." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 102, no. C10 (October 15, 1997): 23131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jc01580.

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22

Stern, Melvin E., and Julian A. Simeonov. "Internal Wave Overturns Produced by Salt Fingers." Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, no. 12 (December 2002): 3638–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3638:iwopbs>2.0.co;2.

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23

Howard, L. N., and G. Veronis. "Stability of salt fingers with negligible diffusivity." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 239, no. -1 (June 1992): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092004518.

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24

Lukasczyk, Jonas, Garrett Aldrich, Michael Steptoe, Guillaume Favelier, Charles Gueunet, Julien Tierny, Ross Maciejewski, Bernd Hamann, and Heike Leitte. "Viscous Fingering: A Topological Visual Analytic Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 869 (August 2017): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.869.9.

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We present a methodology to analyze and visualize an ensemble of finite pointset method (FPM) simulations that model the viscous fingering process of salt solutions inside water. In course of the simulations the solutions form structures with increased salt concentration value, called viscous fingers. These structures are of primary interest to domain scientists since it is not deterministic when and where viscous fingers appear and how they evolve. To explore the aleatoric uncertainty embedded in the simulations we analyze an ensemble of simulation runs which differ due to stochastic effects. To detect and track the viscous fingers we derive a voxel volume for each simulation where fingers are identified as subvolumes that satisfy geometrical and topological constraints. Properties and the evolution of fingers are illustrated through tracking graphs that visualize when fingers form, dissolve, merge, and split. We provide multiple linked views to compare, browse, and analyze the ensemble in real-time.

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25

Paparella, Francesco, and Edward A. Spiegel. "Sheared salt fingers: Instability in a truncated system." Physics of Fluids 11, no. 5 (May 1999): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869890.

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26

Wells, M. G., and R. W. Griffiths. "Localized stirring in a field of salt-fingers." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 35, no. 4 (October 2002): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0265(02)00050-7.

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27

Taylor, John, and Paul Bucens. "Laboratory experiments on the structure of salt fingers." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 36, no. 11 (November 1989): 1675–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90066-6.

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28

Yang, Xin, Vilém Neděla, Jiří Runštuk, Gabriela Ondrušková, Ján Krausko, Ľubica Vetráková, and Dominik Heger. "Evaporating brine from frost flowers with electron microscopy and implications for atmospheric chemistry and sea-salt aerosol formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 10 (May 23, 2017): 6291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6291-2017.

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Abstract. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used for the first time to obtain well-resolved images, in both temporal and spatial dimensions, of lab-prepared frost flowers (FFs) under evaporation within the chamber temperature range from −5 to −18 °C and pressures above 500 Pa. Our scanning shows temperature-dependent NaCl speciation: the brine covering the ice was observed at all conditions, whereas the NaCl crystals were formed at temperatures below −10 °C as the brine oversaturation was achieved. Finger-like ice structures covered by the brine, with a diameter of several micrometres and length of tens to 100 µm, are exposed to the ambient air. The brine-covered fingers are highly flexible and cohesive. The exposure of the liquid brine on the micrometric fingers indicates a significant increase in the brine surface area compared to that of the flat ice surface at high temperatures; the NaCl crystals formed can become sites of heterogeneous reactivity at lower temperatures. There is no evidence that, without external forces, salty FFs could automatically fall apart to create a number of sub-particles at the scale of micrometres as the exposed brine fingers seem cohesive and hard to break in the middle. The fingers tend to combine together to form large spheres and then join back to the mother body, eventually forming a large chunk of salt after complete dehydration. The present microscopic observation rationalizes several previously unexplained observations, namely, that FFs are not a direct source of sea-salt aerosols and that saline ice crystals under evaporation could accelerate the heterogeneous reactions of bromine liberation.

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29

Kunze, Eric. "The evolution of salt fingers in inertial wave shear." Journal of Marine Research 48, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 471–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224090784984696.

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30

Kunze, Eric. "A proposed flux constraint for salt fingers in shear." Journal of Marine Research 52, no. 6 (November 1, 1994): 999–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240943076867.

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31

RADKO, TIMOUR, and MELVIN E. STERN. "Finite-amplitude salt fingers in a vertically bounded layer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 425 (December 25, 2000): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112000002135.

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32

Shen, Colin Y. "The evolution of the double‐diffusive instability: Salt fingers." Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 1, no. 5 (May 1989): 829–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.857380.

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33

TAYLOR, J., and G. VERONIS. "Experiments on Salt Fingers in a Hele Shaw Cell." Science 231, no. 4733 (January 3, 1986): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4733.39.

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34

Kerr, R. A. "2002 OCEAN SCIENCES MEETING: Salt Fingers Mix the Sea." Science 295, no. 5561 (March 8, 2002): 1821a—1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.295.5561.1821a.

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35

KRISHNAMURTI, R. "Heat, salt and momentum transport in a laboratory thermohaline staircase." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 638 (September 18, 2009): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211200999098x.

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Flow characteristics and fluxes in thermohaline staircases are measured in two tanks differing in aspect ratio A, where A is the ratio of tank width to fluid depth. In one tank (the ‘1 × 1’ tank) which is 30 cm deep and 30 cm wide, a staircase of one salt-finger layer and one convecting layer develops for a certain setting of the control parameters. The convecting layer has A ≃ 2. Shadowgraphs show convecting plumes that appear disorganized, and a large-scale flow never develops. Instead, the finger layer grows in height, overtakes the convecting layer and within a few days becomes one finger layer. The second tank (the ‘1 × 5’ tank) is also 30 cm deep but is 150 cm wide. For the same control parameter setting a similar staircase with a finger layer 20 cm deep and a convecting layer 10 cm deep develop. The convecting layer, with A = 15, has quite a different character. A large-scale flow develops so that the convecting layer has one cell, 10 cm deep and 150 cm wide. In this flow are large plumes which are transient and tilted; particle image velocimetry measurements of Reynolds stresses show they help to maintain the large-scale flow against viscous dissipation. Shadowgraphs show all the finger tips swept in the direction of the large-scale flow adjacent to the finger layer. Measurements show that the large-scale flow ‘collects’ the salt delivered by the many fingers so that the accumulated negative buoyancy leads to deep convection. This is a more stable arrangement, with the configuration lasting to the order of 102 days.

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36

Özgökmen, Tamay M., and Oleg E. Esenkov. "Asymmetric salt fingers induced by a nonlinear equation of state." Physics of Fluids 10, no. 8 (August 1998): 1882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869705.

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37

Liebendorfer, Adam. "Simulated tilting salt fingers unlock mysteries of oceanic laminar flow." Scilight 2018, no. 9 (February 26, 2018): 090003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5026783.

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38

Schultz, David M., Adam J. Durant, Jerry M. Straka, and Timothy J. Garrett. "Reply." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1095–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2544.1.

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Abstract Doswell has proposed a mechanism for mammatus called double-diffusive convection, the mechanism responsible for salt fingers in the ocean. The physics of salt fingers and mammatus are different. Unlike the ocean where the diffusivity is related to molecular motions within solution, the hydrometeors in clouds are affected by inertial and gravitational forces. Doswell misinterprets the vertical temperature profiles through mammatus and fails to understand the role of settling in volcanic ash clouds. Furthermore, given that mixing is a much more effective means of transferring heat in the atmosphere and given idealized numerical model simulations of mammatus showing that the destabilizing effect of subcloud sublimation is an effective mechanism for mammatus, this reply argues that double-diffusive convection is unlikely to explain mammatus, either in cumulonimbus anvils or in volcanic ash clouds.

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39

Rudraiah, N., and M. S. Malashetty. "The Influence of Coupled Molecular Diffusion on Double-Diffusive Convection in a Porous Medium." Journal of Heat Transfer 108, no. 4 (November 1, 1986): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3247026.

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The effect of coupled molecular diffusion on double-diffusive convection in a horizontal porous medium is studied using linear and nonlinear stability analyses. In the case of linear theory, normal mode analysis is employed incorporating two cross diffusion terms. It is found that salt fingers can form by taking cross-diffusion terms of appropriate sign and magnitude even when both concentrations are stably stratified. The conditions for the diffusive instability are compared with those for the formation of fingers. It is shown that these two types of instability will never occur together. The finite amplitude analysis is used to derive the condition for the maintenance of fingers. The stability boundaries are drawn for three different combinations of stratification and the effect of permeability is depicted.

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40

Renardy, Yuriko Yamamuro, and Raymond W. Schmitt. "Linear stability analysis of salt fingers with surface evaporation or warming." Physics of Fluids 8, no. 11 (November 1996): 2855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869067.

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41

Kunze, Eric. "Limits on growing, finite-length salt fingers: A Richardson number constraint." Journal of Marine Research 45, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224087788326885.

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42

Rehman, F., and O. P. Singh. "Role of Rayleigh numbers on characteristics of double diffusive salt fingers." Heat and Mass Transfer 54, no. 11 (May 22, 2018): 3483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2385-4.

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43

RADKO, TIMOUR. "Mechanics of thermohaline interleaving: beyond the empirical flux laws." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 675 (March 10, 2011): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112011000061.

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An analytical theory is developed which illustrates the dynamics of the spontaneous generation of thermohaline intrusions in the stratified ocean with density compensated lateral temperature and salinity gradients. Intrusions in the model are driven by the interaction with the initially homogeneous field of salt fingers, whose amplitude and spatial orientation is weakly modulated by the long wavelength perturbations introduced into the system. The asymptotic multiscale analysis makes it possible to identify intrusive instabilities resulting from the positive feedback of salt fingers on large-scale perturbations and analyse the resulting patterns. The novelty of the proposed analysis is related to our ability to avoid using empirical double-diffusive flux laws – an approach taken by earlier models. Instead, we base our analytical explorations directly on the governing (Navier–Stokes) equations of motion. The model predictions of the growth rates and preferred slopes of intrusions are in general agreement with the laboratory and field measurements.

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44

Moon, Hie-Tae. "Flow of a vortex-pair street and the evolution of salt fingers." Physical Review E 60, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 4974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.60.4974.

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45

Hamilton, James M., Marlon R. Lewis, and Barry R. Ruddick. "Vertical fluxes of nitrate associated with salt fingers in the world's oceans." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, no. C2 (1989): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc094ic02p02137.

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46

Singh, O. P., and J. Srinivasan. "Effect of Rayleigh numbers on the evolution of double-diffusive salt fingers." Physics of Fluids 26, no. 6 (June 2014): 062104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4882264.

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47

Yang, Ray-Yeng, Hwung-Hweng Hwung, and Igor V. Shugan. "Overstability analysis on salt-fingers convection with parabolic temperature and salinity profiles." Acta Astronautica 65, no. 1-2 (July 2009): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.01.050.

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48

Rehman, Faria, Manoj Dhiman, and O. P. Singh. "Effect of eigenvalue solution on the characteristics of double diffusive salt fingers." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (June 2016): 2557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-016-0517-7.

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Ouillon, Raphael, Nadav G. Lensky, Vladimir Lyakhovsky, Ali Arnon, and Eckart Meiburg. "Halite Precipitation From Double‐Diffusive Salt Fingers in the Dead Sea: Numerical Simulations." Water Resources Research 55, no. 5 (May 2019): 4252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024818.

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Taylor, John. "Laboratory experiments on the formation of salt fingers after the decay of turbulence." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. C7 (1991): 12497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jc02313.

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