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Academic literature on the topic 'Salt fingers'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Salt fingers"

1

Taylor, John R., and George Veronis. "Experiments on double-diffusive sugar–salt fingers at high stability ratio." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 321 (August 25, 1996): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096007744.

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In a series of laboratory experiments the growth of double-diffusive salt fingers from an initial configuration of two homogeneous reservoirs with salt in the lower and sugar in the upper layer was investigated. For most of the experiments the stability ratio was between 2.5 and 3, where the latter value is at the upper limit (the ratio of salt to sugar diffusivities) for which fingers can exist. In these experiments long slender fingers are generated at the interface. Essentially all theories or physical bases for models of salt fingers presuppose such a configuration of long fingers. Our measurements show that the length of fingers at high stability ratio increases with time like t1/2, with a coefficient that is consistent with the diffusive spread of the faster diffusing component (salt). When the initial stability ratio is closer to unity, fingers penetrate into the reservoirs very rapidly carrying with them large anomalies of salt and sugar which give rise to convective overturning of the reservoirs. The convection sweeps away the ends of the fingers, and when it is intense enough (as it is when the sugar anomaly is large) it can reduce the finger height to a value less than the width. After this initial phase the finger length grows linearly with time as has been found in previous studies. These results show that salt fingers can evolve in quite different ways depending on the initial stability ratio and must cast doubt on the use of simple similarity arguments to parameterize the heat and salt fluxes produced by fingers.
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FERNANDES, ALEXANDRE M., and R. KRISHNAMURTI. "Salt finger fluxes in a laminar shear flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 658 (June 28, 2010): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010001588.

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Subtropical ocean waters are susceptible to the occurrence of salt finger instability. The effect of salt fingers in modifying water mass properties may depend upon the ubiquitous presence of oceanic shear produced by internal wave motion. We present an experimental study of the buoyancy fluxes produced by sugar–salt fingers in the presence of a laminar shear flow. As is commonly done in the laboratory, sugar (the slower diffuser) was used as a proxy for salt, and salt (the faster diffuser compared to sugar) was used as a proxy for cold. Sugar–salt fingers, initially aligned vertically, were observed to tilt when a shear flow was imposed. A consistent decrease in the salt fluxes was measured as the Reynolds number (Re) was increased by increasing the shear velocity magnitude. Through regression analysis, the salt fluxes were found to depend upon the Reynolds number as Re−0.025, Re−0.1 and Re−0.34, for density ratio values (Rρ) equal to 1.2, 1.54 and 2.1 respectively. The salt fluxes produced by the sheared fingers were also found to decrease by one order of magnitude when Rρ increased from 1.2 to 2.1. A computation of the salt Nusselt number revealed that the finger fluxes approach molecular flux values when Rρ = 2.1 and Re ≃ 140.
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Howard, L. N., and G. Veronis. "The salt-finger zone." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 183 (October 1987): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112087002490.

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In order to investigate the stability of infinitely long fully developed salt fingers Stern (1975) has proposed a model in which the basic configuration is independent of the vertical and is sinusoidal in the horizontal direction, with constant background gradients of temperature and salinity. The present study deals with a model of finite vertical extent where τ, the ratio of the diffusivities of salt and heat, is small, and where the constant background salt gradient is replaced by a salt difference between the reservoirs above and below a salt-finger region of finite depth. Steady-state solutions in two and three dimensions are obtained for the zero-order (τ = 0) state in which rising (sinking) fingers have the salinity of the lower (upper) reservoir. For two-dimensional fingers the horizontal scale corresponding to maximum buoyancy flux turns out to be 1.7 times the buoyancy-layer scale associated with the background stable temperature gradient. Heat, salt and buoyancy fluxes are calculated. A boundary-layer analysis is given for the (salt) diffusive correction to the zero-order solution. The same set of calculations is carried out for salt fingers in a Hele-Shaw cell. An assessment of Schmitt's (1979a) model of a finger zone of finite depth shows that the parametric restrictions required by the model cannot be satisfied when Stern's idealization is used for the final state. The present model appears to be preferable for constructing a Schmitt-like theory for τ [Lt ] 1.
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Eisenman, Ian. "Non-Normal Effects on Salt Finger Growth." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2716.1.

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Abstract Salt fingers, which occur because of the difference in diffusivities of salt and heat in water, may play an important role in ocean mixing and circulation. Previous studies have suggested the long-time dominance of initially fastest growing finger perturbations. Finger growth has been theoretically derived in terms of the normal modes of the idealized system, which include a growing mode and a pair of decaying internal wave modes. Because these normal modes are not orthogonal, however, transient effects can occur related to the interaction between the modes, as explained by the generalized stability theory of non-normal growth. Initial growth of a perturbation that is not along a normal mode can be faster than the leading normal mode. In this study, the effects of non-normal growth on salt finger formation are investigated. It is shown that some salt finger perturbations that are a superposition of the growing mode and the decaying modes initially grow faster than pure growing normal mode perturbations. These non-normal effects are found to be significant for up to 10 or more e-folding times of the growing normal mode. The generalization of the standard idealized salt finger growth dynamics to include non-normal effects is found to lead to fastest-growing fingers that agree less well with observed fully developed salt fingers than the fastest-growing normal mode previously investigated.
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Radko, Timour, James Ball, John Colosi, and Jason Flanagan. "Double-Diffusive Convection in a Stochastic Shear." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 3155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0051.1.

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AbstractAn attempt is made to quantify the impact of stochastic wave–induced shears on salt fingers associated with internal waves in the ocean. The wave environment is represented by the superposition of Fourier components conforming to the Garrett–Munk (GM) spectrum with random initial phase distribution. The resulting time series of vertical shear are incorporated into a finger-resolving numerical model, and the latter is used to evaluate the equilibrium diapycnal fluxes of heat and salt. The proposed procedure makes it possible to simulate salt fingers in shears that are representative of typical oceanic conditions. This study finds that the shear-induced modification of salt fingers is largely caused by near-inertial motions. These relatively slow waves act to align salt fingers in the direction of shear, thereby rendering the double-diffusive dynamics effectively two-dimensional. Internal waves reduce the equilibrium vertical fluxes of heat and salt by a factor of 2 relative to those in the unsheared three-dimensional environment, bringing them close to the values suggested by corresponding two-dimensional simulations.
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Schmitt, Raymond W. "The Ocean's Salt Fingers." Scientific American 272, no. 5 (May 1995): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0595-70.

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Taylor, John R. "Anisotropy of Salt Fingers." Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, no. 3 (March 1993): 554–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0554:aosf>2.0.co;2.

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RADKO, TIMOUR. "Equilibration of weakly nonlinear salt fingers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 645 (February 22, 2010): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992552.

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An analytical model is developed to explain the equilibration mechanism of the salt finger instability in unbounded temperature and salinity gradients. The theory is based on the weakly nonlinear asymptotic expansion about the point of marginal instability. The proposed solutions attribute equilibration of salt fingers to a combination of two processes: (i) the triad interaction and (ii) spontaneous development of the mean vertical shear. The non-resonant triad interactions control the equilibration of linear growth for moderate and large values of Prandtl number (Pr) and for slightly unstable parameters. For small Pr and/or rigorous instabilities, the mean shear effects become essential. It is shown that, individually, neither the mean field nor the triad interaction models can accurately describe the equilibrium patterns of salt fingers in all regions of the parameter space. Therefore, we propose a new hybrid model, which represents both stabilizing effects in a single framework. The resulting solutions agree with the fully nonlinear numerical simulations over a wide range of governing parameters.
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Radko, Timour, and Melvin E. Stern. "Salt fingers in three dimensions." Journal of Marine Research 57, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 471–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224099764805165.

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Proctor, Michael R. E., and Judith Y. Holyer. "Planform selection in salt fingers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 168, no. -1 (July 1986): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112086000368.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt fingers"

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Wells, Mathew Graeme, and mathew@inferno phys tue nl. "Convection, turbulent mixing and salt fingers." The Australian National University. Research School of Earth Sciences, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20011212.103012.

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In this thesis I address several topics concerning the interaction of convection and density stratification in oceans and lakes. I present experimental and theoretical investigations of the interaction between a localized buoyancy source and a heat flux through a horizontal boundary, and of the interactions between salt fingers and intermittent turbulence or shear. ¶ An extensive series of laboratory experiments were used to quantify the stratification and circulation that result from the combined presence of a localized buoyancy source and a heat flux through a horizontal boundary. Previous studies found that convection in the form of a turbulent buoyant plume tends to produce a stable density stratification, whereas the distributed flux from a horizontal boundary tends to force vigorous overturning and to produce well-mixed layers. A new result of this thesis is that a steady density profile, consisting of a mixed layer and a stratified layer, can exist when the plume buoyancy flux is greater than the distributed flux. When the two fluxes originate from the same boundary, the steady state involves a balance between the rate at which the mixed layer deepens due to entrainment on the one hand and vertical advection of the stratified water far from the plume (due to the volume flux acquired by entrainment) on the other hand. There is a monotonic relationship between the normalized mixed layer depth and flux ratio R (boundary flux/plume flux) for 0 < R > 1, and the whole tank overturns for R > 1. The stable density gradient in the stratified region is primarily due to the buoyancy from the plume and for R > 0 there is a small increase in the gradient due to entrainment of buoyancy from the mixed layer. For the case of fluxes from a plume located at one boundary and a uniform heat flux from the opposite boundary the shape of the density profile is that given by Baines & Turner (1969), with the gradient reduced by a factor (1 + R) due to the heating. Thus, when R < - 1 there is no stratified region and the whole water column overturns. When 0 > R > - 1, the constant depth of the convecting layer is determined by the Monin-Obukhov scale in the outflow from the plume. ¶ One application of these laboratory experiments is to surface cooling in lakes and reservoirs that have shallow sidearms. During prolonged periods of atmospheric cooling, gravity currents can form in these sidearms and as the currents descend into the deeper waters they are analogous to isolated plumes. This can result in stratification at the base of a lake and an upwelling of cold water. Away from the shallow regions, surface cooling leads to a mixed surface layer. The depth of this layer will be steady when the rate of upwelling balances the rate at which the mixed layer deepens by turbulent entrainment. A series of laboratory experiments designed to model the depth distribution of a lake with a shallow sidearm showed that the steady depth of the mixed layer depended on the ratio of the area of the shallow region to the area of the deep region. Significant stratification resulted only when the reservoir had shallow regions that account for more than 50 % of the surface area. The depth of the surface mixed layer also depended on the ratio of the depths of the shallow and deep regions and no significant stratification forms if this ratio is greater than 0.5. These results are in good agreement with observations of circulation and stratification during long periods of winter cooling from Chaffey reservoir, Australia. Theoretical time scales are also developed to predict the minimum duration of atmospheric cooling that can lead the development of stratification. ¶ In the second part of this thesis, I report a series of laboratory experiments which are designed to investigate the fine structure and buoyancy fluxes that result from salt finger convection in the presence of shear and intermittent turbulence. We find that, when salt finger convection in deep linear gradients is superposed with a depth-dependent spatially periodic shear, variations in the density profile develop on the same wavelength as the shear. The laboratory experiments presented in this thesis were carried out in a continuous density gradient with a spatially periodic shear produced by exciting a low-frequency baroclinic mode of vertical wavelength 60 mm. The density gradient consisted of opposing salt and sugar gradients favourable to salt fingers (an analogue to the oceanic heat/salt system). Where the shearing was large the salt finger buoyancy fluxes were small. Changes in salinity gradient due to the resulting flux divergence were self-amplifying until a steady state was reached in which the spatial variations in the ratio of salt and sugar gradients were such that the flux divergence vanished. Thus, along with reducing the mean salt finger buoyancy flux, a spatially varying shear can also lead to the formation of density structure. ¶ In the ocean intermittent turbulence can occur in isolated patches in salt finger-favourable regions. I present new results from laboratory experiments in which a partially mixed patch was produced in deep linear concentration gradients favourable to salt finger convection. Salt fingers give rise to an “up gradient” flux of buoyancy which can reduce the density gradient in a partially mixed patch. This can then lead to overturning convection of the partially mixed patch if a) the ratio of T and S gradients, R\rho =aTz/_ /betaSz, is near one, b) if turbulence results in a nearly well-mixed patch and c) the patch thickness is large enough that convective eddies are able to transport T and S faster than salt fingers. Once overturning occurs, subsequent turbulent entrainment can lead to growth of the patch thickness. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical prediction that h= \surd 8h B/N2 t, where h is the patch thickness, t is time, h is the mixing efficiency of turbulent entrainment, B is the buoyancy flux of the salt fingers and N is the buoyancy frequency of the ambient gradient region. This thickening is in contrast to the collapse that a partially mixed patch would experience due to lateral intrusion in a very wide tank. In regions of the ocean that contain salt fingers there is the possibility that, after a period of initial collapse, an intrusion could enter a regime where the rate of collapse in the vertical is balanced by the growth rate due to turbulent entrainment from the salt fingers buoyancy flux, thus tending to maintain the rate of lateral spread. ¶ A further series of laboratory experiments quantified the buoyancy fluxes that result from salt fingers and intermittent turbulence. A continuous density gradient, favourable to salt finger convection, was stirred intermittently by an array of vertical rods that move horizontally back and forth along the tank at a constant velocity. Previous experiments had found that continuous turbulence destroys any salt fingers present because the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy occurs at scales that are generally smaller than salt fingers widths. However, when turbulence is present only intermittently, the salt fingers may have time to grow between turbulent events and so contribute to the vertical diffusivities of heat and salt. We conclude that the vertical buoyancy flux of salt fingers is strongly dependent upon the intermittency of the turbulence, and equilibrium fluxes are only achieved if the time between turbulent events is much greater than the e-folding time of the salt fingers. When these results are applied to an oceanographic setting, the effect of intermittent turbulence, occurring more 5% of the time, is to reduce the effective eddy diffusivity due to salt fingers below equilibrium salt finger values, so that at R\rho > > 2 the eddy diffusivity is due only to turbulence. The time averaged salt fingers fluxes are not significantly reduced by intermittent turbulence when R\rho > 2 or if the intermittence occurs less than 2% of the time, and so may contribute significant diapycnal fluxes in many parts of the ocean.
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Wells, Mathew Graeme. "Convection, turbulent mixing and salt fingers." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20011212.103012/index.html.

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Andrade, Maria Joana Brito de Aguiar. "Numerical modelling of a single symmetric salt finger." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/42045.

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Described in 1956 as an oceanographic curiosity, salt fingers are now recognized as an important mechanism for vertical transport in fluids that may play a key role in areas so diverse as stellar formation, oceanography and material science and engineering. Complete life cycles of salt fingers will be modeled and analyzed using a combination of finite difference and analytical methods. Some commonly held assumptions about fingering phenomena will be challenged, and some conclusions regarding the origin and maintenance of the finger structure, as well as the dependence of the fingering process on several defining parameters, will also be drawn and discussed.
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Kebebew, Fassil. "The potential for improving salt tolerance in minor millets, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (pearl millet) and Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn (finger millet), and Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Torott." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359218.

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Wells, Mathew Graeme. "Convection, turbulent mixing and salt fingers." Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48013.

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In this thesis I address several topics concerning the interaction of convection and density stratification in oceans and lakes. I present experimental and theoretical investigations of the interaction between a localized buoyancy source and a heat flux through a horizontal boundary, and of the interactions between salt fingers and intermittent turbulence or shear. ¶ An extensive series of laboratory experiments were used to quantify the stratification and circulation that result from the combined presence of a localized buoyancy source and a heat flux through a horizontal boundary. Previous studies found that convection in the form of a turbulent buoyant plume tends to produce a stable density stratification, whereas the distributed flux from a horizontal boundary tends to force vigorous overturning and to produce well-mixed layers. A new result of this thesis is that a steady density profile, consisting of a mixed layer and a stratified layer, can exist when the plume buoyancy flux is greater than the distributed flux. ...
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Fernandes, Alexandre M. "Salt finger fluxes in a laminar shear flow." 2007. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11272006-155034.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2007.
Advisor: Ruby Krishnamurti, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Oceanography. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed July 6, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 84 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Huang, Yu-Hsiang, and 黃昱翔. "Three dimensional numerical simulation of salt-finger convection on a stratified fluid of lateral heating." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n7557u.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
107
This paper simulates and analyzes three dimensional double diffusive flow structure on a stratified fluid of lateral heating by the commercial software package－COMSOL Multiphysics using a finite element method. Since our studies are three dimensional simulations, we divide the flow field into the transverse plane and the longitudinal plane. In the past, most of numerical simulations generally studied the layered convection in the transverse plane. However, the double diffusive convection in the longitudinal plane is still not negligible. In each of the convection cells, after impulsively applying temperature difference, warm and solute-rich fluid flows from the hot to cold wall along the top of the cell while the return of the cool and solute-poor fluid is along the bottom of the cell. This situation is conducive to the so-called salt-finger convection and it can be observed in the longitudinal plane. Therefore, this paper focuses on the layered convection with the development of time in three dimensional space. And we discuss the flow structure of convection cell under different boundary conditions. The result shows that once a fully developed convection layer is generated with changing the geometric shape or boundary conditions of the tank, and layered convection can be stably present in the solution, the flow field corresponds to the stability boundary of B region (salt-finger regime). However, if the thickness of layered convection is larger than the height of the tank, convection is a single circulation over all the tank, which is similar to the thermal convection model. The flow field corresponds to the stability boundary of A region (thermal-diffusive regime). In B region, we discuss the layered convection with the development of time at three different temperature differences. The results show that when the temperature difference is small, the thickness of layered convection is relatively small, and the time for fully developed flow becomes longer. In the longitudinal plane, a horizontal row of small vortices are generated in layered convection, whose axes aligned in the direction of the temperature gradient. Nevertheless, when the temperature difference is gradually increased, the thickness of layered convection is relatively large. And small vortices have more space to grow in layered convection. The vortices form a long vortex and are present in the upper and lower horizontal boundaries. In A region, because the flow is similar to the thermal convection model, it is presented as a single circulation in the flow field. In the longitudinal plane, vortices are turbulent and their speeds are relatively smaller than the transverse plane.
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Hage, Ellen-Christin. "Experimentelle Untersuchungen doppelt diffusiver Konvektion im Finger-Regime." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B4CD-D.

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Ghaisas, Niranjan Shrinivas. "Stability Of Double-Diffusive Finger Convection In A Non-Linear Time Varying Background State." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/858.

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Convection set up in a fluid due to the presence of two components of differing diffusivities is known as double diffusive convection. Double diffusive convection is observed in nature, in oceans, in the formation of certain columnar rock structures and in stellar interiors. The major engineering applications of double diffusive convection are in the fields metallurgy and alloy solidification in casting processes. The two components may be any two substances which affect the density of the fluid, heat and salt being the pair found most commonly in nature. Depending upon the initial stratifications of the two components, double diffusive convection can be set up in either the diffusive mode or the finger mode. In this thesis, the linear stability of a double diffusive system prone to finger instability has been studied in the presence of temporally varying non-linear background profiles of temperature and salinity. The motivation for the present study is to bridge the gap between existing theories, which mainly concentrate on linear background profiles independent of time, on the one hand and experiments and numerical simulations, which have time dependent step-like non-linear background profiles, on the other. The general stability characteristics of a double diffusive system with step-like background profiles have been studied using the standard normal mode method. The background temperature and salinity profiles are assumed to follow the hyperbolic tangent function, since it has a step-like character. The sharpness of the step can be altered by changing a suitable parameter in the hyperbolic tangent function. It is found that changing the degree of non-linearity of the background profile of one of the components keeping the background profile of the other component linear affects the growth rate, Wave number and the form of the disturbances. In general, increasing the degree of nonlinearity of background salinity profile makes the system more unstable and results in a reduction in the vertical extent of the disturbances. On the other hand, increasing the degree of non-linearity of the background temperature profile with the salinity profile kept linear results in a reduction in the growth rate and increase in the wave number. The form of the disturbance may change due to enhanced modal competition between the gravest odd and even modes in this case. The method of normal modes inherently assumes that the background profiles of temperature and salinity are independent of time and hence, it cannot be used for studying the stability of systems with time varying background profiles. A pseudo-similarity method has been used to handle such background profiles. Initial steps of temperature and salinity diffuse according to the error function form, and hence, the case of error function background profiles has been studied in detail. Taking into account the time-dependence of background profiles has been shown to significantly change the wave number and the incipient flux ratio. The dependence of the critical wave number (kc) on the thermal Rayleigh number (RaT ) can be determined analytically and is found to change from kc ~ Ra T1/4 for linear background profiles to kc ~ Ra T1/3 for error function profiles. The region of instability in the Rp (density stability ratio) space is found to increase from 1 ≤ R ρ ≤ r−1 for linear background profiles to 1 ≤ Rρ < r−3/2 for error function background profiles, where T denotes the ratio of the diffusivity of the slower diffusing component to that of the faster diffusing one. A parametric study covering a wide range of parameter values has been carried out to determine the effect of the parameters density stability ratio (Rp), diffusivity ratio (ρ ) and Prandtl number (Pr) on the onset time, critical wavenumber and the incipient flux ratio. The wide range of governing parameters covered here is beyond the scope of experimental and numerical studies. Such a wide range can be covered by theoretical approaches alone. It has been shown that the time of onset of convection determines the thicknesses of the temperature and salinity boundary layers, which in turn determine the width of salt fingers. Finally, the theoretical predictions of salt finger widths have been shown to be in agreement with the results of two dimensional numerical simulations of thermohaline system.
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Books on the topic "Salt fingers"

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Montgomery, Ellyn T. Use of the High Resolution Profiler (HRP) in the Salt Finger Tracer Release Experiment (SFTRE). Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2002.

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United States. Forest Service. Alaska Region., ed. Finger Mountain timber sale(s): Record of decision and final environmental impact statement. Ketchikan, AK: USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, 2003.

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United States. Forest Service. Alaska Region. and Sitka Ranger District (Alaska), eds. Finger Mountain timber sale(s): Draft environmental impact statement. Sitka, Alaska: USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, 1999.

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Delamar, Gloria T. Children's Counting-Out Rhymes, Fingerplays, Jump-Rope and Bounce-Ball Chants and Other Rhythms: A Comprehensive English-Language Reference. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Salt fingers"

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Normand, C. "Pattern Selection in Salt Fingers." In Springer Series in Synergetics, 250–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73861-6_22.

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Schmitt, Raymond W. "Why Didn't Rayleigh Discover Salt Fingers?" In Geophysical Monograph Series, 3–10. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm094p0003.

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Mary Daniel, Nisha, Vennela Lingamneni, Tessy Tom, and N. Arun Kumar. "Stability Analysis of Salt Fingers for Different Non-uniform Temperature Profiles in a Micropolar Liquid." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 371–79. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1929-9_32.

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Shen, Colin Y., and Raymond W. Schmitt. "The Salt Finger Wavenumber Spectrum." In Geophysical Monograph Series, 305–12. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm094p0305.

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Walsh, David, and Barry Ruddick. "An Investigation of Kunze's Salt Finger Flux Laws-Are They Stable?" In Geophysical Monograph Series, 321–28. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm094p0321.

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Assis, Karina Lara Santos, and P. Chris Pistorius. "Cold-Finger Measurement of Heat Transfer Through Solidified Mold Flux Layers." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, 307–15. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch33.

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Assis, Karina Lara Santos, and P. Chris Pistorius. "Cold-Finger Measurement of Heat Transfer Through Solidified Mold Flux Layers." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016, 307–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48769-4_33.

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Chen, C. F., and Cho Lik Chan. "Salt-Finger Instability Generated by Surface-Tension and Buoyancy-Driven Convection in a Stratified Fluid Layer." In Interfacial Fluid Dynamics and Transport Processes, 45–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45095-5_3.

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Lozovatsky, Iossif D. "Sheet Splitting and Hierarchy of “Convective Plumes” in the North-Western Tropical Atlantic Salt Finger Staircase." In Geophysical Monograph Series, 237–50. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm094p0237.

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Rai, R. "Strain-specific salt tolerance and chemotaxis of Azospirillum brasilense and their associative N-fixation with finger millet in saline calcareous soil." In Nitrogen Fixation, 243–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3486-6_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Salt fingers"

1

Ahuja, Kartika, and Om Prakash Singh. "EFFECT OF GRAVITY LEVELS ON SALT FINGERS IN DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION." In Proceedings of the 25th National and 3rd International ISHMT-ASTFE Heat and Mass Transfer Conference (IHMTC-2019). Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihmtc-2019.220.

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2

Yang, Yantao, Erwin P. van der Poel, Rodolfo Ostilla-Monico, Chao Sun, Roberto Verzicco, Siegfried Grossmann, and Detlef Lohse. "Video: Salt fingers in double diffusive convection bounded by two parallel plates." In 67th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics. American Physical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/aps.dfd.2014.gfm.v0022.

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3

Olorunsaye, Olasunkanmi, and James Heiss. "EFFECT OF GEOLOGIC HETEROGENEITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALT FINGERS IN BEACH AQUIFERS." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382752.

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4

Komurasaki, Satoko, Kunio Kuwahara, and Tetuya Kawamura. "Simulation of a Double Diffusive Convection for Salt Fingers and Formation of Uniform-Density Layer." In 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-575.

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5

Rebelo, T., A. Batezelli, N. Mattos, and E. Leite. "Weathering-Related Features and Vuggy Porosity Generation in the Lula’s Fingers Interval — Brazilian Pre-Salt." In 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202210405.

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6

Chan, C. L., and C. F. Chen. "Double Diffusive Convection in a Stratified Fluid Layer Induced by Thermal and Solutal Capillary Motion." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0967.

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Abstract:
Abstract Salt-finger convection in a double-diffusive system is a motion caused by the release of gravitational potential due to differential diffusion rates. The normal expectation is that, when gravitational field is reduced, salt-finger convection together with other convective motions driven by buoyancy forces will be rapidly suppressed. However, because the destabilizing effect of the concentration gradient is amplified by the Lewis number, with values varying from 102 for aqueous salt solutions to 104 for liquid metals, salt-finger convection may be generated at much reduced gravity levels. In the microgravity environment, the surface tension gradient assumes a dominant role in causing fluid motion. In this paper, we report experimental and numerical results showing the generation of salt-finger convection due to capillary motion on the surface of a stratified fluid layer.
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7

CHEN, C. "Salt-finger convection under reduced gravity." In 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-122.

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8

Lee, Chang-Chun, Jing Yang, Robert Chrisman, Jean-Paul Van Gestel, and Mark Benson. "3D VSP imaging under a complex salt finger at Atlantis, Gulf of Mexico." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2018. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2018-2996268.1.

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9

Stoimenov, Emil, and Iliya Kyuchukov. "ЕXPLORATION ON SALTO “JAEGER” PIKED TO HANG ON UNEVEN BARS." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/30.

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ABSTRACT The study of sports technique is of most importance for the improvement of elements in artistic gymnastics. Flight elements on uneven bars are a compositional requirement for any competitive apparatus combination. That is why the object of the study is one of the basic flight elements performed on the uneven bars – salto “Jaeger”. It is performed on the backswing and consists of a front salto over the bar and regrip on the bar to hang. Jaeger salto is the most performed element in this structural group, and an analysis of the technique would reveal technical insights to optimize the sports technique. A comparative kinematic analysis of the performances of two gymnasts was made, who applied different technical solutions while moving the arms in the flying phase of the element. The software product SkillSpector Version 1.3.2 was applied for the analysis. The main joint units (toes, ankle, knee, pelvis, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, chin, and forehead) are digitized. A mathematical model for computer simulations was applied to determine the effects of different arms movements. After the simulations, it was found that the applied two technical variants of arms movement also cause certain differences in the orientation and angular velocity of the body at the end of the flight phase. Recommendations have been made that can be useful for sports educators in practice to optimize the technique of the element.
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Dagli, Elif, Ummuhan Sonmez, Murat Guner, Tanzer Gezer, Pinar Ay, Osman Elbek, Fusun Yildiz, and Murat Ceyhan. "Point of Sale Display of Plain Cigarette Packages : Finger prints of the industry." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa3204.

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