Journal articles on the topic 'Salt – Environmental aspects'
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Sokolova, V. P. "More Efficient Coal Flotation in Salt Solution: Physicochemical Aspects." Coke and Chemistry 64, no. 10 (October 2021): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x21100057.
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Alasadi, Mufeed Daher, Abdulminam H. Ali, and Aqil Hadi Abdel-Wahid. "Response of date palm cv.barhi microshoots to salinity stress elevation." International journal of health sciences 6, S1 (March 18, 2022): 1109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.4846.
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Salinity is one of the serious and crucial problem facias the plant in this planet. Fortunately, plants have different lines of defending system that help to overcome such environmental stress. This study uses a different NaCl level to investigate the behavior of date palm microshoots at two stages (multiplication and elongation) of micropropagation protocol. Study found the salinity stress effect on multiplied and elongated shoots at high levels of salt 150 and 200mM. At these levels the morphological and physiological aspects are changed in compression with control and other salt treatments (25-100mM). The physiological aspects recorded elevation in the rates of carbohydrate, proline and abscisic acid when NaCl concentration increasing. However, study concluded the salinity may help to improve some morphological aspect like shoot diameter that help to increase the plant survival during acclimation stage. stage. Concentrations.
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Davis, J. A. "Valleys of salt, channels of water, pools of life: environmental aspects of salinity engineering." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 9, no. 2 (January 2005): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2005.11465276.
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Godts, Sebastiaan, Michael Steiger, Scott Allan Orr, Amelie Stahlbuhk, Julie Desarnaud, Hilde De Clercq, Veerle Cnudde, and Tim De Kock. "Modeling Salt Behavior with ECOS/RUNSALT: Terminology, Methodology, Limitations, and Solutions." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 3648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040190.
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Damage to porous materials in heritage buildings caused by salt mixture crystallization is driven by the surrounding environmental conditions. To understand the crystallization behavior of a mixed salt solution as a function of changing climatic conditions (i.e., relative humidity and temperature), excluding factors such as the internal pore structure, the thermodynamic model ECOS/RUNSALT is the only freeware available that requires simple input and includes the most relevant ions for heritage buildings and solids. We suggest the use of specific terminology and describe how to use the model and how to interpret the output, with emphasis on key limitations for which solutions are provided. When used correctly, the model output can be trusted, specifically when it is used to inform preventive conservation (e.g., environmental conditions in which salt crystallization cycles should not occur). However, salt mixture kinetics and the internal pore structure remain crucial parameters that are not considered in the model. These aspects need further attention to develop a better understanding and correctly model salt damage in relation to climatic changes.
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Sirikaew, Uba, and Uma Seeboonruang. "Assessment of Social Impacts of a Reservoir on a Saline Soil Area in Northeast Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1659.
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Although useful in flood prevention and as the source of water for irrigation and consumption, reservoirs could nevertheless not merely create negative social impacts for those living near them but also wreak havoc on the environment following their construction. These environmental and social impacts should be addressed especially in the Northeastern part of Thailand where their history revolving in salt mines and traditional salt production. The attitude questionnaires were used in this study to assess the impacts of a reservoir operation in a saline soil area on the social changes in 8 aspects. It was found, based on more than 160 replied questionnaires, that even if most respondents saw that the reservoir improved their standard of living in several aspects, a number of the respondents expressed concerns that their traditional way of life and ancient salt production method were disappearing. These people did express their concerns for their own safety, their worries about their community future, and hopes for better future of their own and that of their children.
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Guernsey, Julia. "Water, Maize, Salt, and Canoes: An Iconography of Economics at Late Preclassic Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.340.
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Images on Late Preclassic (300 B.C.–A.D. 250) monuments from Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico, featuring canoe scenes, maize deities, and water gods, have long been interpreted as representing mythic passages. While significant, such interpretations neglect other aspects of the scenes, including environmental and socioeconomic concerns that revolve around rain, subsistence, and water transport. By contextualizing these images and linking them to recent archaeological investigations that illuminate aspects of the Late Preclassic economy of Izapa, I argue that the scenes strategically situated economic activities— maize agriculture, the trade and transport of goods in canoes, even salt production—within a mythic framework. The images constitute an artistic program that entwined mythic tales, industries of salt production, and traditions of water navigation and that phrased them as part of a system of social order during a period of incipient state formation.
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Marques, Anne y. Castro, Mário Roberto Maróstica, and Gláucia Maria Pastore. "Some Nutritional, Technological and Environmental Advances in the Use of Enzymes in Meat Products." Enzyme Research 2010 (September 29, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/480923.
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The growing consumer demand for healthier products has stimulated the development of nutritionally enhanced meat products. However, this can result in undesirable sensory consequences to the product, such as texture alterations in low-salt and low-phosphate meat foods. Additionally, in the meat industry, economical aspects have stimulated researchers to use all the animal parts to maximize yields of marketable products. This paper aimed to show some advances in the use of enzymes in meat processing, particularly the application of the proteolytic enzymes transglutaminase and phytases, associated with nutritional, technological, and environmental improvements.
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Ali, Muhammad, Ghulam Hassan Abbasi, Moazzam Jamil, Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza, and Salman Ahmad. "Characterization of Maize Hybrids (Zea mays L.) for Salt Tolerance at Seedling Stage." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 64, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.2.2021.160.166.
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Salinity is the most atrocious environmental aspects restricting the productivity of agricultural crops. To fulfill global increasing demand of food, selection of salt tolerant genotypes to get production from salt affected soils is imperative. In the present experiment, ten maize genotypes were evaluated against four salinity levels (control, 40 mM, 80 mM and 120 mM NaCl) using different agronomic and physiological criteria. Significant variations were observed in all morpho-physiological and ionic attributes in all maize hybrids. Results depicts that maize hybrid 2225 exhibited salt tolerance and show higher plant biomass, chlorophyll and water contents, membrane stability along with K+/Na+ ratio. While maize hybrid 8711 had lower plant growth among all maize hybrids and considered as salt sensitive genotype. The results can be used as a selection tool for salinity tolerance in maize and provide a better source for breeders for further assessment on saline lands.
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Phuoc Minh, Nguyen, Pham Xuan Mai, and Nguyen Thi Van Linh. "Physical Aspects Influencing to the Production of Dry-Salted Snakeskin Gourami (Trichogaster Pectoralis)." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350238.
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Snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) is one of the most common fish in paddy field and river in Vietnam. It lives in waters at low dissolved oxygen and high organic accumulation. It has a high meat yield and favouritely consumed as dried fish in Vietnam. Farming area of snakeskin gourami has been opened dramatically in recent years. Therefore, it’s necessary to have an appropriate processing and preserving approach to accelerate its commercial value in local and international markets. Objective of the present study focused on the different aspects such as ethanol treatment to eliminate fishy ordor; addition of salt, sorbitol, as well as dry temperature that affected to to water activity (aw), microbial load (coliform, cfu/g), sensory score of dried snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis). Shelf-life of the dried product was also evaluated during preservation. Results showed that 40% ethanol at ratio 20:80 for primary treatment; 2.0% of salt soaking; 1.0% of sorbitol addition; 46°C of drying were appropriate to maintain water activity (aw=0.65). By preserving under vacuum in PA bag, the dry-salted snakeskin gourami still extended the product shelf-life for 12 months without any deterioration.
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Navarro, Franz E. C., José A. Santos Júnior, Juliana B. Martins, Ruana I. F. Cruz, Manassés M. da Silva, and Salomão de S. Medeiros. "Physiological aspects and production of coriander using nutrient solutions prepared in different brackish waters." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 11 (November 2022): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n11p831-839.
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ABSTRACT The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence is one of many ways to quantify the salt damage to photosynthetic performance and crop production. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the photochemical efficiency and production of coriander, cultivar ‘Verdão’, as a function of the electrical conductivity levels of the nutrient solution and the cationic nature. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four electrical conductivities of the nutrient solutions (ECns = 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 dS m-1) and three kinds of water of different cationic natures (Na+; Ca2+; Mg2+), which were prepared with the dissolution of different salts - NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O, and MgCl2.6H2O in supply water (ECw = 0.12 dS m-1), that is, three predominant cationic natures. The study was carried out in a greenhouse between November and December 2019 at the Fertigation and Salinity Laboratory of the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. It was found that the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution affected reaction centers, photochemical activity, and carboxylation efficiency and resulted in reductions in stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, and therefore, in the biomass production of coriander. Different cationic prevalence in water causes differences in the intensity of salt damage, especially with increasing concentration.
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Bond, W. J. "Effluent irrigation—an environmental challenge for soil science." Soil Research 36, no. 4 (1998): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98017.
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With the growth of concern for the impact of humankind on the environment, soil scientists have increasingly shifted the emphasis of their work towards the effect of agricultural and other land management practices on the environment. This shift has required some changes to the way soil science is practised. The example of land application of wastes, an increasingly popular practice, is used to illustrate the role of soil science in the complex web of scientific, social, and economic aspects of environmental issues, and the need to influence community thinking and the policy debate. The issues often most likely to be limiting to effluent irrigation are excessive nitrate leaching, poor salt management, and the effects of increasing soil sodicity on current and future land uses. The scientific challenges that these pose are discussed, together with some broader issues including those associated with implementation of effluent irrigation, and socioeconomic and environmental considerations that should influence the decision to select effluent irrigation as the means for disposal or reuse.
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Gartland, Kevan M. A., and Jill S. Gartland. "Contributions of biotechnology to meeting future food and environmental security needs." EuroBiotech Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2018-0002.
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Abstract Biotechnology, including genetic modifications, can play a vital role in helping to meet future food and environmental security needs for our growing population. The nature and use of biotechnology crops are described and related to aspects of food security. Biotechnological applications for food and animal feed are described, together with trends on global adoption of these crops. The benefits of biotechnology crops through increased yield, reduced pesticide use and decreased environmental damage are discussed. Examples of biotechnology crops which do not involve genetic modification are also described. Applications of biotechnology to drought and salt tolerance, and biofortification in which micronutrient content is enhanced are discussed. Emergent technologies such as RNA spraying technology, use of genome editing in agriculture and future targets for improved food and environmental security are considered.
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Rideng, I. Wayan, I Made Minggu Widyantara, and Desak Gede Dwi Arini. "Empowerment of Coastal Communities in Cultural and Environmental Preservation (Karolahan Traditional Village, West Tianyar, Karangasem)." Law Doctoral Community Service Journal 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/ldcsj.1.1.4450.8-13.
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Indonesia is a maritime country, this is shown through its territory consisting of islands with very long coastal boundaries. Coastal and coastal areas are very rich in marine life and others. Aside from being a place of livelihood for fishermen, it is also a place for traditional salt farmers whose production has a specificity. Beaches in Bali not only have economic and social functions, but also have cultural aspects or religious functions. For this reason, the existence of beaches and their coasts is very important and strategic, it is necessary for people who live on the coast to be empowered in order to preserve culture and the environment. Because every traditional village in Bali there is a ceremony process in the coastal area, including the Karolahan Traditional village, Tianyar village. With these conditions, there needs to be an understanding and knowledge of the existing community empowerment efforts on the coast, as well as playing a role in environmental conservation efforts. Activities that need to be carried out through legal counseling to Krama Desa Adat, considering that fishermen and traditional salt farmers are part of Krama Desa Adat.
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Corrigan, Jeff, and Mary Sweat. "Heat flow and gravity responses over salt bodies: A comparative model analysis." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 4 (July 1995): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443831.
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Two‐dimensional numerical modeling of sea‐floor heat flow and water‐bottom gravity responses to systematic variations in simple subsurface salt body geometries provides insight on the relative usefulness of these two data types for extracting salt geometry information. For a given salt body geometry, diffusion of heat through overlying sediments results in a dramatic decrease in the amplitude of heat flow anomalies as the depth to the top of the salt body increases. For top‐of‐salt depths greater than about 1 km, the heat flow response is insensitive to the length of salt feeder stocks and to the thickness of salt tongues/sheets. This shallow depth‐to‐top‐of‐salt sensitivity range, in addition to a number of environmental factors that can adversely affect interpretation of heat flow anomalies in terms of heat refraction towards and through salt bodies, severely limits the usefulness of sea‐floor heat flow data for constraining aspects of salt body geometry. For gravity data, the critical factor for addressing salt body geometry is the distribution of salt relative to the sediment‐salt density crossover depth (above and below which salt is more and less dense, respectively, than the surrounding sediment). Except when the relevant geometry information being sought (presence and/or length of feeder stock, thickness of salt tongue or sheet) is near the density crossover depth, the geometry‐related information content of the gravity field is greater than that of the heat flow field. Based on these model results, measurement uncertainty considerations, and data limitations, we conclude that gravity data generally offer an order of magnitude greater resolution capability than sea‐floor heat flow data for addressing salt body geometry issues of exploration interest.
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Shehunova, S. B., and N. V. Alyeksyeyenkova. "LITHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ROCK SALT DEPOSITS DEVELOPING BY UNDERGROUND LEACHING (VERKHNIY STRUTYN AND SLOVYANSK FIELDS)." Collection of Scientific Works of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine 5 (January 12, 2012): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2012.150465.
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Zhang, Zijie, Lei Zhang, Yang Liu, Xulan Shang, and Shengzuo Fang. "Identification and Expression Analysis of R2R3-MYB Family Genes Associated with Salt Tolerance in Cyclocarya paliurus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 22, 2022): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073429.
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R2R3-MYB transcription factors are most abundant in the MYB superfamily, while the R2R3-MYB genes play an important role in plant growth and development, especially in response to environmental stress. Cyclocarya paliurus is a multifunction tree species, and the existing resources cannot meet the requirement for its leaf production and medical use. Therefore, lands with some environmental stresses would be potential sites for developing C. paliurus plantations. However, the function of R2R3-MYB genes in C.paliurus in response to environmental stress remains unknown. In this study, to identify the roles of R2R3-MYB genes associated with salt stress response, 153 CpaMYB genes and their corresponding protein sequences were identified from the full-length transcriptome. Based on the comparison with MYB protein sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana, 69 R2R3-MYB proteins in C. paliurus were extracted for further screening combined with conserved functional domains. Furthermore, the MYB family members were analyzed from the aspects of protein sequences alignment, evolution, motif prediction, promoter cis-acting element analysis, and gene differential expression under different salt treatments using both a pot experiment and hydroponic experiment. The results showed that the R2R3-MYB genes of C.paliurus conserved functional domains, whereas four R2R3-MYB genes that might respond to salt stress via regulating plant hormone signals were identified in this study. This work provides a basis for further functional characterization of R2R3-MYB TFs in C. paliurus.
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Blanco-Metzler, Adriana, Hilda Núñez-Rivas, Jaritza Vega-Solano, María A. Montero-Campos, Karla Benavides-Aguilar, and Nazareth Cubillo-Rodríguez. "Household Cooking and Eating out: Food Practices and Perceptions of Salt/Sodium Consumption in Costa Rica." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031208.
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This research aims to study the food practices and perceptions related to excessive consumption of salt/sodium when cooking and eating outside the home in a study population representing the wide intergenerational and sociocultural diversity of Costa Rica. Key communities from around the country, cultural experts, and key informants were selected. Four qualitative research techniques were applied. Data was systematized based on the Social Ecological Model. Women are generally in charge of cooking and family food purchases. Salt is perceived as a basic ingredient, used in small amounts that can be reduced—but not eliminated—when cooking. Changes in food preparations and emotions associated with the consumption of homemade food with salt were identified. The population likes to eat out, where the establishments selected depend mainly on age group and income. Beyond cultural and geographical differences, age aspects are suggested as being the main differentiators, in terms of use of salt, seasonings, and condiments in the preparation of food at home, the recipes prepared, and the selection of establishments in which to eat out. The deeply rooted values and meanings associated with salt in food indicate that the implementation of salt reduction strategies in Costa Rica is challenging.
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Clancy, K. G., and D. J. Carroll. "Key Issues in Planning Submarine Outfalls for Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0151.
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This paper describes three large tunnelled submarine ocean outfalls, planned to safely discharge primary effluent from about two-thirds of the regional population of Sydney, Australia into deep ocean water. Environmental and investigation aspects are dealt with briefly. Interesting aspects of design and construction planning are described. The design includes the handling of special hydraulic problems such as dilution and salt water removal. The construction planning foreshadows the extensive use of tunnelling machines including roadheaders and a full face tunnel boring machine. The offshore engineering describes the design and testing of innovative G R P risers and diffusers, and their intended installation by a semi–submersible drill ship using standard oil field techniques. The cost estimate and program is included.
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van Geel, Bas, Otto Brinkkemper, Guido B. A. van Reenen, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Jasmijn E. Sybenga, Carla Soonius, Annemieke M. Kooijman, Tom Hakbijl, and William D. Gosling. "Multicore Study of Upper Holocene Mire Development in West-Frisia, Northern Netherlands: Ecological and Archaeological Aspects." Quaternary 3, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat3020012.
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We studied twelve late Holocene organic deposits in West-Frisia, The Netherlands. Pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, mosses, other botanical macrofossils and insect remains were recorded for reconstructions of changing environmental conditions. Eastern West-Frisia was a cultivated landscape during the Bronze Age, but it became a freshwater wetland in the Late Bronze Age. In most of our sites, radiocarbon dates show that time transgressive inundation of soils preceded the climate shift at 850 cal BC for several centuries. We suggest that solar forcing of climate change may have delivered the final push to the inundation and depopulation of West-Frisia, which had already commenced several centuries before, due to sealevel rise. We did not find evidence for significant Bronze Age tree growth in West-Frisia before the inundations. Vegetation successions in the new wetlands developed from shallow mineral-rich freshwater to rich-fen vegetation. Subsequently poor fen vegetation with birch and pine developed, and the natural succession led to ombrotrophic raised bog vegetation. Complete successions from shallow, mineral-rich lakes to raised bog lasted between 1000 and 1500 calendar years. We hypothesize that medieval drainage and reclamation became possible only when the mires of West-Frisia had reached the raised bog stage. Reclamation of raised bogs by medieval farmers (drainage, eutrophication, peat digging) caused compaction, oxidation and loss of the upper part of the peat deposit. Seeds of salt-tolerant and salt-demanding plant species indicate that the medieval sites were inundated during storm surges with brackish or salt water, which triggered the farmers to build artificial mounds and, later, dikes. Under mounds and dikes, peat deposits remained protected against further decay. With our data we deliver a long-term perspective on contemporary ecosystem dynamics of freshwater wetlands, relevant for nature conservation and future climate change.
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Weiss, Holger, Laura Hollsten, and Stefan Norrgård. "Cotton and Salt: Swedish Colonial Aspirations and the Transformation of Saint Barthélemy in the Eighteenth Century." Environment and History 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734018x15254461646422.
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The environmental history of the Caribbean has been strongly associated with the consequences of sugar cane agriculture and extreme weather phenomena. Consequently, other aspects of environmental change at play in the Caribbean region have remained less known. However, islands such as Anguilla, Barbuda, and Saint Barthélemy had no or very few sugar plantations. The fact that non-sugar producing islands had to find other ways of supporting themselves shaped their environmental history in ways that differed from that of the sugar islands. These alternative environmental histories deserve to be highlighted when presenting the historiography of the Caribbean. In this article, the island of Saint Barthélemy serves as a case study of an island where sugar cane agriculture was absent and tropical storms and hurricanes were of lesser consequence. In outlining the environmental history of Saint Barthélemy during the first decades of Swedish colonial rule, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the article shows that the Swedish takeover resulted in environmental changes. Sweden’s ambitions and expectations concerning the improvement of the island were initially high and much effort was put into the development of the economy. The rationale for the Swedish plans was to exploit the few and scarce resources of the island, but it was the harbour that became the most successful endeavour.
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Bracciale, Maria Paola, Svetlana Sammut, JoAnn Cassar, Maria Laura Santarelli, and Assunta Marrocchi. "Molecular Crystallization Inhibitors for Salt Damage Control in Porous Materials: An Overview." Molecules 25, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081873.
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The use of inhibition chemicals holds the prospect of an efficient strategy to control crystallization in porous materials, thereby potentially contributing to the prevention or mitigation of the salt decay phenomenon in modern as well as historical building materials in a more sustainable manner. In this review, we first provide an essential background on the mechanism of salt crystallization and on the factors influencing this phenomenon; next, we illustrate the mechanism at the basis of the action of crystal growth inhibitors, and critically discuss the major advances in the development of different families of inhibitors, particularly focusing on their influence on salt transport and crystallization within the structure of porous media. Specifically, correlations between the crystallization inhibition processes in porous materials and variables, such as porous substrate composition and properties, contaminant salt type and concentrations, microclimatic conditions, inhibiting solution concentration and properties, and application methods, will be highlighted. Environmental aspects, limitations, and problems associated with some inhibition chemicals are also taken into account. Finally, a survey and a discussion on the most representative experimental techniques and instrumentation available to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the inhibitor effectiveness, as well as recently developed modelling tools are given out.
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Garrido-Vargas, Fernanda, Tamara Godoy, Ricardo Tejos, and José Antonio O’Brien. "Overexpression of the Auxin Receptor AFB3 in Arabidopsis Results in Salt Stress Resistance and the Modulation of NAC4 and SZF1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 9528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249528.
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Soil salinity is a key problem for crop production worldwide. High salt concentration in soil negatively modulates plant growth and development. In roots, salinity affects the growth and development of both primary and lateral roots. The phytohormone auxin regulates various developmental processes during the plant’s life cycle, including several aspects of root architecture. Auxin signaling involves the perception by specialized receptors which module several regulatory pathways. Despite their redundancy, previous studies have shown that their functions can also be context-specific depending on tissue, developmental or environmental cues. Here we show that the over-expression of Auxin Signaling F-Box 3 receptor results in an increased resistance to salinity in terms of root architecture and germination. We also studied possible downstream signaling components to further characterize the role of auxin in response to salt stress. We identify the transcription factor SZF1 as a key component in auxin-dependent salt stress response through the regulation of NAC4. These results give lights of an auxin-dependent mechanism that leads to the modulation of root system architecture in response to salt identifying a hormonal cascade important for stress response.
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Costa, Diógenes Félix da Silva, José Etham de Lucena Barbosa, Amadeu Mortágua Velho de Maia Soares, Ana Isabel Lillebø, and Renato de Medeiros Rocha. "Spatial modeling of limnological parameters in a solar saltwork of northeastern Brazil." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 27, no. 1 (March 2015): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2114.
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AimIn this research, we aimed to model limnological parameters in the Salina Unidos (Macau-Brazil) using GIS technology. We hypothesized that in solar saltworks, the geochemical characteristics of the brines (i.e. the strong solution of salts) vary considerably through the salt ponds circuit, in which drastic changes can damage the entire salt production.MethodsGeochemical parameters were monitored in seven sampling points distributed along the salt ponds circuit, during a complete cycle of salt production, i.e., from January to December 2007. The open source software Spring 5.1.6 was used to build, store, analyze and model the spatial distribution of the parameters.ResultsWe identified a spatial gradient of the salinity and temperature, with values increasing from evaporation ponds to concentration ponds, showing a relationship with the salt production. The parameters, depth, dissolved oxygen concentrations and total dissolved reactive phosphorus showed a decrease from the evaporation ponds towards the concentration ponds. Among the dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms analyzed (NH3-, NO2- and NO3-), nitrate was the predominant, namely in the concentration ponds, where it reached the highest concentrations. The concentration of chlorophyll awas higher in the initial and intermediate evaporation ponds, showing a distinct dynamics of in relation to other environmental variables.ConclusionsThe increased concentration of the analyzed limnological parameters, from the evaporation ponds towards the concentration ponds, evidenced a heterogeneous distribution varying significantly with season. The geochemical spatialization of brine, as illustrated by GIS approach, is very important for the conservation of these environments because this spatial heterogeneity can provide a high diversity of habitat types. This spatial analysis proved to be a practical tool for an adequate management of solar saltworks considering the environmental (ecosystem) and the socio-economic aspects.
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Li, Xiaopeng, Scott X. Chang, and K. Francis Salifu. "Soil texture and layering effects on water and salt dynamics in the presence of a water table: a review." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0035.
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Soil texture and its vertical spatial heterogeneity may greatly influence soil hydraulic properties and the distribution of water and solutes in the soil profile; therefore, they are of great importance for agricultural, environmental, and geo-engineering applications such as land reclamation and landfill construction. This paper reviews the following aspects on water and salt dynamics in the presence of a water table: (i) the effect of soil texture on the extent of upward movement of groundwater in homogenous soils and (ii) the impact of soil textural layering on water and salt dynamics. For a homogenous soil, the maximum height of capillary rise (hmax) or the evaporation characteristic length (ECL) is closely related to the soil texture. When the water table is deeper than hmax, water will evaporate at some depth below surface and salts will be retained below the evaporation front, causing the separation of water and salt. For layered soils, flow barriers (capillary and hydraulic barriers) can make the soil hold more water than a nonlayered one. A capillary barrier may work when a fine-textured layer overlies a coarse-textured layer during infiltration or a coarse-textured layer overlies a fine-textured layer during evaporation, and a hydraulic barrier may occur when a poorly permeable layer exists in the soil profile. The extra water held by flow barriers may improve water availability to plants and may at the same time increase salinization and other environmental risks. Under special conditions, such as in seasonally frozen soils with a shallow water table, there is an additional soil salinization incentive caused by freeze–thaw cycles. Above all, further research is needed to understand the complex effects of soil texture and layering on water and salt dynamics, especially in artificial soils such as reclaimed soils with contrasting properties.
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Fadhil Smaisim, Ghassan, Azher M. Abed, Salema K. Hadrawi, and Ali Shamel. "Parametric investigation of thermal behaviour of salt-gradient solar pool for climatic conditions." Clean Energy 6, no. 5 (September 3, 2022): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac040.
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Abstract The use of solar energy is highly welcomed due to its availability everywhere. Among the types of solar energy technologies, the use of this type of energy to produce heat from different aspects is much more common, so in this research we have tried to examine different aspects of producing thermal energy from solar energy to supply the heat required by the pool. For this purpose, numerical modelling of the solar pool has been done by considering the heat-transfer characteristics and validation has been done to ensure the obtained results. In this paper, according to the physical realities facing solar systems in two scenarios, an analysis with shadow and without shadow has been done. One of the important results is that as the surface of the pool increases, the amount of heat absorption by the pool fluid will increase, but the effect of the shadow will decrease.
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Ge, Lianjing, Xiaoyu Yang, Yue Liu, Huimeng Tang, Qifang Wang, Shunpeng Chu, Jinxiang Hu, Ning Zhang, and Qinghua Shi. "Improvement of Seed Germination under Salt Stress via Overexpressing Caffeic Acid O-methyltransferase 1 (SlCOMT1) in Solanum lycopersicum L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010734.
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Melatonin (MT) is a phytohormone-like substance and is profoundly involved in modulating nearly all aspects of plant development and acclimation to environmental stressors. However, there remain no studies about the effects of MT on tomato seed germination under salt stress. Here we reported that the overexpression of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 (SlCOMT1) significantly increased both MT content and salt tolerance in the germinated seeds of a transgenic tomato relative to wild type (WT) samples. Physiological investigation showed higher amylase activity in the stressed overexpression seeds than WT, leading to the promoted starch decomposition and enhanced soluble sugar content. The stimulated production of osmolytes and enhanced activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, together with the significant reduction in H2O2 and O2·− accumulation, were revealed in the stressed overexpression seeds relative to WT, largely accounting for their lower membrane lipid peroxidation. qPCR assay showed that, upon salt stress, the transcript abundance of hub genes related to germination (SlCYP707A1, SlABA1, SlGA3ox2 and SlGA2ox4) and stress tolerance (SlCDPK1, SlWRKY33 and SlMAPK1) were distinctly altered in the overexpression samples when compared to WT, providing a molecular basis for MT-mediated improvement of seed salt tolerance. Altogether, our observations shed new insights into biological functions of SlCOMT1 and could expand its utilization in genetic improvement of tomato salt tolerance in future.
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Althoey, Fadi, Yaghoob Farnam, Saleh H. Alyami, and Amr Fenais. "Deterioration in concrete exposed to sodium chloride and heat-cool cycling." MATEC Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236106002.
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Many infrastructure domains required material research as an initial phase of project development life cycle. One such futuristic domain is bridge engineering, where there is a critical need of study of environmental impact and material strength. This paper focuses on the premature deterioration of concrete infrastructures exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl) salts in the presence of thermal cycling. NaCl salts can cause damage and rapid deterioration of concrete due to physical and chemical aspects, including salt scaling, corrosion of rebars, ice and salt crystallizations and/or deleterious chemical reactions. This paper discusses how NaCl solutions can cause damage in concrete in the presence of thermal cycling and how such damage can be mitigated. This paper at-tempts to provide an advanced thermo-chemo-physical understanding of NaCl salt damage in concrete. This paper also discusses specific structural and chemical alterations during thermal cycling that are caused by NaCl to develop damage to concrete. Results indicates that the heat-cool cycling induces the formation of mirabilite (Na2SO4.10H2O) in concrete exposed to high concentrations of NaCl solution. The mirabilite formation is found to be due to the release of sulfate ions from the concrete matrix.
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Lin, Youli, Farshid Maghool, Arul Arulrajah, and Suksun Horpibulsuk. "Engineering Characteristics and Environmental Risks of Utilizing Recycled Aluminum Salt Slag and Recycled Concrete as a Sustainable Geomaterial." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910633.
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Recycled aluminum salt slag (RASS) is an industrial by-product generated from the melting of white dross and aluminum scraps during the secondary smelter process. Insufficient knowledge in the aspects of engineering characteristics, and the environmental risks associated with RASS, is the primary barrier to the utilization of RASS as a substitute material for natural quarry materials in the field of geotechnical construction. In this research, comprehensive geotechnical and environmental engineering tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing RASS as a sustainable geomaterial. This was undertaken by comparing the laboratory testing results for RASS with a well-known recycled material, namely recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), and the relevant specifications set forth by the local road authority. The geotechnical engineering assessment included particle size distribution, flakiness index, organic content, pH, particle density, water absorption, modified Proctor compaction, aggregate impact value, Los Angeles (LA) abrasion, hydraulic conductivity, and California bearing ratio (CBR). The CBR results of the RASS samples satisfied the minimum CBR value (>80%) for usage as pavement subbase material in road construction. In addition, the repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests were carried out on the RASS samples to assess the response of the RASS under cyclic loading conditions. Furthermore, a range of chemical tests, consisting of leaching and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tests, were also performed on the RASS to address the environmental concerns. Comparing the chemical test results with the environmental protection authorities’ guidelines provided satisfactory evidence that RASS will not pose any environmental and health issues throughout its service life as a geotechnical construction material.
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Saepulloh, Dani. "PEMBUATAN SISTEM INFORMASI PREDIKSI PRODUKSI GARAM BERBASIS WEB." Jurnal Pari 6, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jp.v6i2.9737.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap sistem prediksi jumlah produksi garam nasional 2018, berdasarkan pola siklus klimatologis yang berpengaruh tehadap fluktuasijumlah produksi garam. Sistem prediksi ini mempunyai peran yang penting dalam pengelolaan garam di Indonesia. Sistem prediksi memberikan informasi dasar bagi keputusan penting dankompetitif pada tingkat strategis stok garam nasional. Tujuan selanjutnya adalah menggambarkan karakter produksi di setiap sentra garam berdasarkan perbedaan kondisi cuaca dan aspek fisiklingkungan lainnya serta menyiapkan konsep sistem pembacaan prediksi produksi garam di beberapa sentra garam nasional yang dapat diakses oleh masyarakat umum berbasis web danuntuk menyebar luaskan dan mempermudah mengakses informasi hasil riset mengenai prediksi produksi garam dibuatlah Sistem Informasi Prediksi Produksi GaramBerbasis Web. Metodepengembangan perangkat lunak yang digunakan yaitu metode Waterfall. Pembuatan sistem informasi produksi garam berbasis web dapat memberikan informasi produksi garam kepadaseluruh masyarakat maka tidak perlu datang ke pusriskel untuk mendapatkan informasi prediksi produksi garam, sehingga dihasilkan informasi yang cepat dan akuratThis study aims to evaluate the prediction system for the amount of national salt production in 2018, based on the climatological cycle patterns that affect the fluctuation of the amount of salt production. This prediction system has an important role in salt management in Indonesia. The prediction system provides basic information for important and competitive decisions at the strategiclevel of national salt stocks. The next objective is to describe the character of production in each salt center based on differences in weather conditions and other physical environmental aspects and to prepare a concept for reading prediction systems for salt production in several national saltcenters that can be accessed by the general public on a web-based basis and to disseminate and facilitate access to information on research results. Regarding the prediction of salt production, a Web-based Salt Production Prediction Information System is made. The software development method used is the Waterfall method. The creation of a web-based salt production informationsystem can provide information on salt production to the entire community, so there is no need to come to the pusriskel to get predictive information on salt production, so that information is produced quickly and accurately.
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Mokrani, Slimane, El-hafid Nabti, and Cristina Cruz. "Current Advances in Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Alleviating Salt Stress for Sustainable Agriculture." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 7025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207025.
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Humanity in the modern world is confronted with diverse problems at several levels. The environmental concern is probably the most important as it threatens different ecosystems, food, and farming as well as humans, animals, and plants. More specifically, salinization of agricultural soils is a global concern because of on one side, the permanent increase of the areas affected, and on the other side, the disastrous damage caused to various plants affecting hugely crop productivity and yields. Currently, great attention is directed towards the use of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB). This alternative method, which is healthy, safe, and ecological, seems to be very promising in terms of simultaneous salinity alleviation and improving crop productivity. This review attempts to deal with different aspects of the current advances concerning the use of PGPBs for saline stress alleviation. The objective is to explain, discuss, and present the current progress in this area of research. We firstly discuss the implication of PGPB on soil desalinization. We present the impacts of salinity on crops. We look for the different salinity origin and its impacts on plants. We discuss the impacts of salinity on soil. Then, we review various recent progress of hemophilic PGPB for sustainable agriculture. We categorize the mechanisms of PGPB toward salinity tolerance. We discuss the use of PGPB inoculants under salinity that can reduce chemical fertilization. Finally, we present some possible directions for future investigation. It seems that PGPBs use for saline stress alleviation gain more importance, investigations, and applications. Regarding the complexity of the mechanisms implicated in this domain, various aspects remain to be elucidated.
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Muthuramalingam, Pandiyan, Rajendran Jeyasri, Kasinathan Rakkammal, Lakkakula Satish, Sasanala Shamili, Adhimoolam Karthikeyan, Alaguvel Valliammai, et al. "Multi-Omics and Integrative Approach towards Understanding Salinity Tolerance in Rice: A Review." Biology 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11071022.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants are simultaneously encountered by environmental stressors, most importantly salinity stress. Salinity is the major hurdle that can negatively impact growth and crop yield. Understanding the salt stress and its associated complex trait mechanisms for enhancing salt tolerance in rice plants would ensure future food security. The main aim of this review is to provide insights and impacts of molecular-physiological responses, biochemical alterations, and plant hormonal signal transduction pathways in rice under saline stress. Furthermore, the review highlights the emerging breakthrough in multi-omics and computational biology in identifying the saline stress-responsive candidate genes and transcription factors (TFs). In addition, the review also summarizes the biotechnological tools, genetic engineering, breeding, and agricultural practicing factors that can be implemented to realize the bottlenecks and opportunities to enhance salt tolerance and develop salinity tolerant rice varieties. Future studies pinpointed the augmentation of powerful tools to dissect the salinity stress-related novel players, reveal in-depth mechanisms and ways to incorporate the available literature, and recent advancements to throw more light on salinity responsive transduction pathways in plants. Particularly, this review unravels the whole picture of salinity stress tolerance in rice by expanding knowledge that focuses on molecular aspects.
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Petrosyan, V. S., I. O. Tikhonova, A. S. Epifantsev, K. A. Shchelchkov, and E. A. Tsvetkova. "Developing an Industrial Symbiosis of Chemical Industries: a Case Study." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-8-28-33.
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The article considers the approaches to building a circular economy based on the example of a functioning Russian industrial hub. Among the features analyzed are the specificities of the industrial symbiosis development of chemical enterprises and material flows that link different technical processes, namely the production of soda ash, lime, salt, and gypsum. This study assesses the pollutant emissions from the new technical processes and the use of accumulated chrome production wastes as secondary material resources. Likewise, the article demonstrates the possibility of direct absorption of carbon dioxide, as a byproduct of lime production during soda ash manufacturing. The study ends with recommendations for considering the aspects for the use of secondary resources in determining the sectoral and inter-sectoral best available techniques. Similarly, it sheds light on possibilities for optimizing the system of technological regulation and general binding rules application for managing insignificant environmental aspects of industrial production.
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Li, Zhonglong, Wei Ji, Yao Zhang, Sijia Ge, Haonan Bing, Mingjun Zhang, Zhifeng Ye, and Baowei Lv. "Study on the Reliability Evaluation Method and Diagnosis of Bridges in Cold Regions Based on the Theory of MCS and Bayesian Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113786.
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The safety assessment of bridges in cold areas under the special environmental effects of extremely low temperatures, frequent freezing and thawing, and chloride ion erosion from snow removal with deicing salt, presents challenges that requiring solving. Thus, this paper proposes a new method of safety assessment based on a combination of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and Bayesian theory that achieves the reliability evaluation and reverse diagnosis of the overall safety performance of reinforced concrete bridges in cold areas. Additionally, the new method accomplishes the intelligent grading of various safety performance aspects of the bridge, which provides substantial references for the maintenance and reinforcement of in-service bridges.
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Wang, Bixia, Hui Xu, Jiayi Hao, Jinchao Du, Chun Wu, Zhen Ma, and Wei Qin. "Mini-Review on the Regulation of Electrolyte Solvation Structure for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020073.
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Zinc as an anode, with low potential (−0.762 V vs. SHE) and high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1 or 5854 mAh L−1), shows great promise for energy storage devices. The aqueous zinc ion battery (ZIB) is known as a prospective candidate for large-scale application in the future due to its high safety, environmental friendliness, abundant zinc resources on earth, and low-cost advantages. However, the existence of zinc dendrites and side reactions limit the practical application of ZIBs. Therefore, a lot of effort has been made to improve the performance from aspects including the structure design and surface modification of zinc anodes, regulation of the electrolyte solvation structure, and design of the functional separator. In this review, we attempt to summarize recent advances on the regulation of the electrolyte solvation structure through a number of selected representative works from two aspects: high-concentration salt strategy and electrolyte additives. At the end of this review, the challenges and future development prospects are briefly outlined.
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Minh, Warneke, Bissett, Cao, Macdonald, and Strong. "Quantifying Gas Emissions and Denitrifying Genes in a Salt-Affected Soil." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036023.
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Salinity effects on microbial community relative to greenhouse gas emissions are not well understood in salt-affected soils. A better understanding of this interaction would be useful for agricultural practices to reduce nitrogen gas losses and manage environmental pollution. We hypothesized that elevated salinity would increase the abundance of denitrifier genes resulting in a low rate of gas emissions. Objectives of this study were to measure induced-soil greenhouse gas emissions and to quantify denitrifying genes in a salt-affected soil over a 3-week incubation period. This incubation study was conducted by submerging field-moist samples of an acid sulphate soil in different saline solutions. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify the abundance of resident bacterial denitrification genes in the salt-affected soil. It was found that increased salinity caused a decrease in both flux and cumulative emission of N2O from the incubated soil, relative to fresh water. Soil respiration was significantly reduced in salinity treatments compared to the treatment of distilled water. The study results showed that elevated salinity increased the denitrifying genes in the incubated acid sulfate soil. The abundance of the nir genes was usually high between the first and second week of incubation, while number copies of the nosZ gene were significantly low at those times. The study concludes that salinity controls the biological aspects of denitrification leading to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Findings from this investigation extend our knowledge about the underlying molecular ecological mechanisms of denitrification that manage nitrogen cycling in salt-affected soils.
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Khilchevskyi, V. K., and R. L. Kravchynskyi. "A METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MONITORING SPRINGS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS." Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, no. 3 (58) (2020): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2020.3.1.
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The purpose of the study is to generalize methodological approaches to monitoring springs in the territory of the Carpathian National Natural Park and to identify the main hydrological and hydrochemical laws of their functioning. We conducted research of springs outlined outside the Carpathian National Natural Park (CNNP) – the first (1980) and one of the largest (504.95 km2) nature parks in Ukraine, located in the territory of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The office is located in Yaremche, Ivano-Frankivsk region. Inventory and accounting of springs is included in the plan of annual nature conservation activities held in the park. In 2019, after the grant of two wetlands in the Carpathian National Park (Prut and Pogorelets) international status and their inclusion in the list of wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Imports of International Imports especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971 – the study of environmental components, including springs, becomes more relevant and practical.There are all the necessary conditions for a comprehensive study of natural groundwater output to the surface – scientific, logistical and informational base. For the period 2011-2019 about 40 expeditions were conducted to study the springs located in three main natural complexes on the territory of the Carpathian NNP: the Outer Gorgany, the Yasinsky-Verkhovynsky intermountain basin, the Chernogora massif. In the hydrological aspect, it is a Prut river basin (left tributary of the Danube). The main methodological approaches for monitoring springs were developed and consistently implemented. The general monitoring algorithm, which is considered in the article, can be presented in the form of a flowchart with successive steps: 1) collecting available information about the springs 2) field surveys of the first level (description of the springs and their mapping) 3) field surveys of the second level (measuring flow rates and water sampling); 4) regular observations on reference springs. The water mineralization of most springs in the Carpathian NPP (about 90%) is in the range of “very fresh” and “normally fresh” – 30-500 mg/dm3 (according to the classification of Valentyn Khilchevskyi). There are springs with very low salt content – “extremely fresh” (10-30 mg/dm3), and sometimes “super fresh” with a salinity of less than 10 mg/dm3. Such a low level of spring water mineralization corresponds to the norms of the regional natural background of the salt content in unpolluted atmospheric precipitation.
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Singh, Madhu B., Ranjana Fotedar, and J. Lakshminarayana. "Micronutrient deficiency status among women of desert areas of western Rajasthan, India." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 5 (May 2009): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008002395.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the magnitude of three micronutrient deficiency disorders (iron, vitamin A and iodine), nutritional deficiencies and their association with related factors.Material and MethodsUsing the three-stage sampling technique, a study was conducted in twenty-eight villages of Jodhpur district. A total of 1193 women, 384 pregnant, 400 lactating and 409 non-pregnant non-lactating controls (15 years and above, women who have not attained their family status) were examined for three micronutrient deficiency disorders, nutritional deficiencies, dietary and associated factors.ResultsMajority of the women were anaemic. Anaemia was higher among pregnant and lactating women (80·7 %). Severe anaemia was three-fold higher among pregnant and lactating women in comparison to controls (4·1 %). Vitamin A deficiency was observed to be higher among pregnant women (8·8 %). A high proportion of women (80·8 %) consumed salt, having inadequate iodine content. Median urinary iodine values were less in pregnant and lactating women than the WHO cut-off points. Consumption of pulses and legumes was low besides leafy vegetables. Average intake of nutrients showed deficiency of protein and energy, iron and folic acid and vitamin A deficiency. Anaemia and iodine deficiency disorder were found to be inversely proportional to education and income.ConclusionsThe proportion of anaemia in this study was higher in comparison to national-level studies besides the low consumption of normal iodised salt. Only 19 % of salt samples had adequate iodine content, which calls for caution. In addition to iodisation of salt, the study suggests the development of nutritional packages utilising local dietary aspects.
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Parlak, Salih, and Erdem Tetik. "Soil characteristics of natural silver linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench) populations." BioResources 14, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 9588–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9588-9600.
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Studies regarding the determination of the ecological characteristics of the natural distribution areas of the silver linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench) are limited. It is of great importance to select areas with similar natural cultivation characteristics in the plantations established for flower or timber production. Physiographical factors affecting these forests were explored to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. The soil samples were collected from three natural populations, and a total of 43 samples were examined in terms of aspect, elevation, declivity position, and slope. It was determined that the natural linden populations expanded between the altitudes of 0 m and 400 m and 88% of the populations were denser in aspects with shadow. It was found that 91% of the soil was in the class of “deep to very deep”, 61% showed an expansion in sandy clay loam soils, and 30% showed an expansion in sandy loam soils. Average soil pH ranged between 5.6 and 6.6. The soils were found to be salt-free and slightly limy. In terms of the organic carbon amount, the soils were classified as medium.
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Polle, Andrea, and Heinz Rennenberg. "Physiological Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Forest Trees." Forests 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090711.
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Forests fulfill important ecological functions by sustaining nutrient cycles and providing habitats for a multitude of organisms. They further deliver ecosystem services such as carbon storage, protection from erosion, and wood as an important commodity. Trees have to cope in their environment with a multitude of natural and anthropogenic forms of stress. Resilience and resistance mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stresses are of special importance for long-lived tree species. Since trees exist for many decades or even centuries on the same spot, they have to acclimate their growth and reproduction to constantly changing atmospheric and pedospheric conditions. In this special issue, we invited contributions addressing the physiological responses of forest trees to a wide array of different stress factors. Among the eighteen papers published, seventeen covered drought or salt stress as major environmental cues, highlighting the relevance of this topic in times of climate change. Only one paper studied cold stress [1]. The dominance of drought and salt stress studies underpins the need to understand tree responses to these environmental threats from the molecular to the ecophysiological level. The papers contributing to this Special Issue cover these scientific aspects in different areas of the globe and encompass conifers as well as broadleaf tree species. In addition, two studies deal with bamboo (Phyllostachys sp., [1,2]). Bamboo, although botanically belonging to grasses, was included because its ecological functions and applications are similar to those of trees.
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Silva, Evandro Manoel da, Hans Raj Gheyi, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, and Benedito Ferreira Bonifácio. "Saline waters and nitrogen/potassium fertilization combinations on physiological aspects and production of West Indian cherry." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 16, no. 6 (November 23, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2780.
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This study evaluated the influence of combinations of nitrogen and potassium doses on the physiology and fruit production of West Indian cherry irrigated with waters of different salinities in the second year of cultivation. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Pombal-PB, Brazil, in plastic containers adapted as lysimeters installed in the field, in a randomized block design, 5 x 4 factorial scheme corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): 0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3 and 4.3 dS m-1, and four combinations of nitrogen and potassium fertilization: 70% N + 50% K2O; 100% N + 75% K2O; 130% N + 100% K2O and 160% N + 125% K2O of the dose recommended for West Indian cherry, with three replicates and one plant per plot. The cv. ‘Flor Branca’ was grafted on the cv. ‘Junco’, between 420 and 550 days after transplanting. Nitrogen and potassium combinations did not mitigate the deleterious effects of water salinity on the physiology and fruit formation of West Indian cherry. An increase in ECw intensifies the intercellular electrolyte leakage and reduces the water potential in the branch, chlorophyll content in the leaves, CO2 assimilation rate, equatorial and polar diameters as well as the mass of fruits. Fertilization of plants with 70% N + 50% of K2O, compared to the other fertilization combinations, causes less intercellular electrolyte leakage and promotes higher CO2 assimilation rates, higher chlorophyll content in leaves, and fruits of larger size and mass.
Keywords: Malpighia emarginata D. C, mineral fertilization, salt stress.
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Pető, Judit, András Palkovics, Endre Pölös, and Attila Hüvely. "Changes in Soil Characteristics of Farmers Participating in Agri-Environment Protection Programmes." Advanced Research in Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arls-2022-0035.
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Abstract Examination of the most important soil properties appears as a mandatory element in agricultural subsidies. The observance of environmental aspects is essential in sustainable farming and the study of the properties of the soil, and especially the level of the main nutrients. The aim of our study was to follow changes in the soil characteristics of farmers participating in agri-environment and area-based support schemes in recent support cycles. Based on the data, we tried to conclude, mainly on the basis of the examination of the areas of south-eastern Hungary, about the tendencies of the changes in soil physical and chemical properties. We experienced a significant fall in soil soluble salt and nitrate levels and tendencies of pH neutralization and potassium elevation in 2021 compared to 2016.
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N. Thaker, Pooja, Nayana Brahmbhatt, and Karishma Shah. "A REVIEW: IMPACT OF SOIL SALINITY ON ECOLOGICAL, AGRICULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCERNS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 07 (July 31, 2021): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13200.
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In recent years, salinization of soil is one of the challenging environmental concerns occurring all over the world. The effects of concentration of salt can be detected in both natural (primary) as well as man-made (secondary) environment. This is due to massive urbanization and industrialization in coastal regions, Soil salinity may lead to degradative changes in the composition of natural water resources, loss of fertile soil, loss of biodiversity, changes in local climatic conditions which in turn affects many aspects like, increasing salinization (salt affected soil) of lands converted in to non-productive conditions which significantly affects human life and posing major interruption to the economic development of farmers and their economy in the country. Furthermore, the overview of salinization and its effects on ecology, agriculture and economic growth and development is presented in this paper. Purpose of this review paper represented is according to most recent literature and refines knowledge on consistent research efforts for the types of soil salinity, problems of soil salinization, effect on plant growth and management strategies in agriculture to mitigate soil conditions in the salinity affected areas as well as rise in crop productivity and suggests future perspectives for on-going salinity research in the country.
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Xu, Y., S. Yao, K. Soetaert, and X. Fan. "Effects of salt marsh restoration on eukaryotic microbenthic communities in the Yangtze Estuary." Marine Ecology Progress Series 638 (March 19, 2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13242.
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To fight invasion of Spartina alterniflora and conserve biodiversity of migratory shorebirds, several S. alterniflora marshes and bare mudflats have been restored back to Scirpus mariqueter marshes in the Yangtze River estuary in recent years. Although it is known that changes in plant cover in salt marshes alters the physical environment, findings on its effects on benthic communities are inconsistent and site-specific. In the present study, we tested how ciliates were influenced by a recent restoration. Ciliated protozoa play a key role in wetland benthic food webs and are useful bioindicators. We investigated 3 habitats: restored S. mariqueter meadow, S. alterniflora-invaded meadow, and bare mudflats, where we quantified environmental conditions, community composition (species and traits), and 3 aspects of biodiversity (classic, taxonomic, and functional diversity) over 4 seasons. CAP and ANOSIM were used to determine the differences among samples, while RDA and GLMs were used to reveal potential driving factors. We found that, although changes in the type of vegetation due to restoration or invasion significantly modified the sediment properties and ciliate species composition, it had limited influence on functional trait composition as well as on diversity, especially on functional diversity. These results indicate that the conversion of mudflats to S. mariqueter meadow did not affect ciliate community functions at the time scale of this study. However, biomonitoring based on microbenthic communities should be included when evaluating the long-term success of coastal wetland restoration.
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Silva, Elane B. da, Thales V. de A. Viana, Geocleber G. de Sousa, José T. M. de Sousa, Max F. dos Santos, and Benito M. de Azevedo. "Growth and nutrition of peanut crop subjected to saline stress and organomineral fertilization." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 7 (July 2022): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n7p495-501.
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ABSTRACT The peanut crop, owing to its microbiological and nutritional aspects, is of great economic importance for agriculture and the food industry. However, salt stress can negatively affect nutrient uptake and plant growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and foliar nutrient concentrations of peanut plants subjected to irrigation with saline water and different forms of organomineral fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design (5 × 2 factorial scheme) with five forms of fertilization (F1 = 100% mineral; F2 = 100% bovine biofertilizer; F3 = 100% vegetal ash; F4 = 50% mineral + 50% bovine biofertilizer; and F5 = 50% mineral + 50% vegetal ash), two levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw) (1.0 and 5.0 dS m-1), and five replicates. Salt stress inhibited plant growth and the number of leaves, but increased the average stem diameter with the use of 100% bovine biofertilizer and higher salinity water. When ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 was used along with the bovine biofertilizer (100%), the P concentration in plants increased. The K concentration was reduced in plants fertilized with bovine biofertilizer (100%) and vegetal ash (100%), while Mg concertation was reduced in plants fertilized with bovine biofertilizer (100%) or mineral fertilizer (50%) + bovine biofertilizer (50%) with irrigation water of 5.0 dS m-1.
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Shaw, R., L. Brebber, C. Ahern, and M. Weinand. "A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940143.
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The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.
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Petrenko, S. V., O. V. Kharchenko, M. G. Sobko, and S. I. Medvid. "Ecological aspects of agricultural cultures for growing." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Agronomy and Biology, no. 4(38) (December 25, 2019): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/agrobio.2019.4.7.
Full textAbstract:
The studies were conducted on the experimental field of the department of agriculture of the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East on black earth typical of large-dusted-medium-loam on forest species
Arable soil layer (0–20 cm) has the following agrochemical parameters: Thurin humus 4.1–4.7 %, pH salt 6,0, water pH 7,9, content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen according to Cornfield ‒ 11.2, mobile compounds P2O5 and K2O according to Chirikov respectively 11.8 and 10.0 mg per 100 g of soil. Granulometric composition of soil according to Kachinsky large-dust-medium-loam: in the layer of 0‒20 sm of physical clay (particles 0.05–0.01) 49.1–52.1 %, silt (particles less than 0,001 mm) 23.4–25.5 %. The main elements of cultivation technology are generally accepted in the area of the Northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Agrotechnical measures were strictly adhered to in a timely manner. The experiment was accompanied by a set of related observations and analytical studies.
In the presented work describes the evaluation of ecological cultivation on the level of maturity of domestic corn hybrids from a condition of deficit-free balance of major nutrients. It is established that for such an assessment it is important first of all to determine the level of intensity of each hybrid according to the level of use of such a resource as mineral nutrition. In General, this indicator represents the ratio of the actual and normative level of yield. At the same time for the normative yield adopted calculated by one or another method of its value. Comparison of the actual norms of mineral fertilizers with the number of elements taken out with the harvest was carried out by a special technique, which at the same time allowed to determine the equivalent level of productivity, that is, its value, which corresponds to the deficit-free rate of fertilizers.
It should be noted that the existing recommendations on the use of mineral fertilizers take into account the qualitative removal of the main elements of food from the crop, but this is not always consistent with the reaction of the crop to the established norms.
In this case, the greater the value FAR the hybrid is characterized, the more efficiently the batteries are used, the more the deficit is formed.
The results of studies have shown that the later the level of aging is a hybrid the greater the crop is formed, the greater the equivalent rate of mineral fertilizers should be. Depending on the level of ripeness, the actual deficiency of essential nutrients ranges from 52 to 89 kg/ha. Making practical decisions based on the results of research in each case is determined by the adopted or existing parity between the environmental and economic criteria for growing crops.
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Angeli, Viktória, Pedro Miguel Silva, Danilo Crispim Massuela, Muhammad Waleed Khan, Alicia Hamar, Forough Khajehei, Simone Graeff-Hönninger, and Cinzia Piatti. "Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An Overview of the Potentials of the “Golden Grain” and Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Its Cultivation and Marketization." Foods 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020216.
Full textAbstract:
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to the Andean region and has attracted a global growing interest due its unique nutritional value. The protein content of quinoa grains is higher than other cereals while it has better distribution of essential amino acids. It can be used as an alternative to milk proteins. Additionally, quinoa contains a high amount of essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, and carbohydrates with beneficial hypoglycemic effects while being gluten-free. Furthermore, the quinoa plant is resistant to cold, salt, and drought, which leaves no doubt as to why it has been called the “golden grain”. On that account, production of quinoa and its products followed an increasing trend that gained attraction in 2013, as it was proclaimed to be the international year of quinoa. In this respect, this review provides an overview of the published results regarding the nutritional and biological properties of quinoa that have been cultivated in different parts of the world during the last two decades. This review sheds light on how traditional quinoa processing and products evolved and are being adopted into novel food processing and modern food products, as well as noting the potential of side stream processing of quinoa by-products in various industrial sectors. Furthermore, this review moves beyond the technological aspects of quinoa production by addressing the socio-economic and environmental challenges of its production, consumption, and marketizations to reflect a holistic view of promoting the production and consumption of quinoa.
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Ibáñez, Carles, Nuno Caiola, and Oscar Belmar. "Environmental Flows in the Lower Ebro River and Delta: Current Status and Guidelines for a Holistic Approach." Water 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 2670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102670.
Full textAbstract:
Deltas are a particular type of estuarine system in which the dependence on river flow (water, sediments and nutrients) is very strong, especially in river-dominated deltas such as the Mediterranean ones, but environmental flow (e-flow) proposals for deltaic systems are scarce. The Ebro Delta is one of the largest wetland areas in the western Mediterranean and one of the most important estuarine systems in Europe. The aim of this paper is to review the state of the art regarding e-flows and to carry out a critical analysis of the proposals for the lower Ebro River and Delta, in order to highlight the possible environmental and socioeconomic impacts arising from the e-flow regime currently approved. Additionally, based on existing scientific information, methods to establish an e-flow regime that allows the maintenance of the main socio-ecological functions and values are discussed; including those functions and values for which not enough information is available. The study concludes that the currently approved e-flows are not suitable for maintaining most functions and values, as they would not prevent the proliferation of alien fish species and macrophytes in the river, the intrusion of the salt wedge in the estuary, the deficit of sediment/nutrient transport and the degradation of riparian habitats or the decline of coastal fisheries. Socioeconomic consequences on coastal fisheries, river navigation, salt water intrusion, sediment deficit, biodiversity, water quality, aquaculture and hydropower are also considered. Other e-flow proposals such as the proposed by the Catalan government would be more suitable to maintain the main socioecological functions and values of the lower Ebro River and Delta. Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to validate e-flows in some relevant aspects such as the capacity of the river to transport sediments to the delta to avoid coastal regression and mitigate the effects of sea level rise and subsidence, as well as the capacity of floods to control the spread of macrophytes. The lower Ebro River and delta is among the case studies where more quantitative and qualitative criteria to set e-flows with a holistic approach have been established.
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Yang, Shuai (Marshall), Jinbao Huang, Jian Chen, James Joseph Noël, Ivan Barker, Jeffrey Daniel Henderson, Ping He, Haiping Zhang, Hui Zhang, and Jesse Zhu. "A Comparative Study on the Anti-Corrosive Performance of Zinc Phosphate in Powder Coatings." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020217.
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Powder coatings are gaining popularity for their economic and environmental benefits. Additives (pigments) such as zinc phosphate enhance the anti-corrosive properties of coatings, but their behavior in powder coatings has not been extensively studied. In this study, zinc phosphate was incorporated into three powder coating systems: polyester clearcoat, polyester and epoxy coatings with filler BaSO4. Neutral salt spray and electrochemical tests (OCP, LPR, and EIS) confirmed that the anti-corrosive performance improved with the addition of zinc phosphate. The optimal additive dosage was determined to be 2% for all of the coating systems studied here, based on salt spray tests. Here, the time until failure increased by 1.5 to 2 times. Using electrochemical tests, an optimal additive dosage of 8% was found for the polyester clearcoat, while the other coating systems maintained an optimal additive dosage of 2%. Performance increased by as much as one order of magnitude based on resistance/impedance measurements. This suggested a synergistic effect between the additive and the filler. The passivation layer was confirmed by both X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Based on the results and discussion presented in this article, the discrepancy was caused by different features of the two tests, such that the electrochemical tests probe the function of intact coatings, whereas salt spray measures only the corrosion spreading from the scribe. It is proposed that the two test methods characterize different aspects of the coatings, corresponding to their service conditions. This has theoretical and practical significance in the evaluation of anti-corrosive coatings. Other properties of the coatings, including adhesion, gloss, distinctness-of-image, and pencil hardness, were measured as per applicable standards and the conformance was verified.
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Pegler, Joseph, Christopher Grof, and Andrew Eamens. "Profiling of the Differential Abundance of Drought and Salt Stress-Responsive MicroRNAs Across Grass Crop and Genetic Model Plant Species." Agronomy 8, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8070118.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, it has become readily accepted among interdisciplinary agriculturalists that the current global crop yield to land capability ratio is significantly insufficient to achieve food security for the predicted population of 9.5 billion individuals by the year 2050. This issue is further compounded by the: (1) food versus biofuel debate; (2) decreasing availability of arable land; (3) required reductions to the extensive and ongoing environmental damage caused by either poor agricultural practices or agriculture expansion, and; (4) increasingly unfavorable (duration and severity) crop cultivation conditions that accompany man-made climate change, driven by ever-expanding urbanization and its associated industrial practices. Mounting studies are repeatedly highlighting the critical importance of linking genotypes to agronomically beneficial phenotypes and/or using a molecular approach to help address this global crisis, as “simply” clearing the remaining natural ecosystems of the globe for the cultivation of additional, non-modified crops is not efficient, nor is this practice sustainable. The majority of global food crop production is sourced from a small number of members of the Poaceae family of grasses, namely; maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). It is, therefore, of significant concern that all three of these Poaceae grass species are susceptible to a range of abiotic stresses, including drought and salt stress. Highly conserved among monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species, microRNAs (miRNAs) are now well-established master regulators of gene expression, influencing all aspects of plant development, mediating defense responses against pathogens and adaptation to environmental stress. Here we investigate the variation in the abundance profiles of six known abiotic stress-responsive miRNAs, following exposure to salt and drought stress across these three key Poaceae grass crop species as well as to compare these profiles to those obtained from the well-established genetic model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Additionally, we outline the variables that are the most likely primary contributors to instances of differential miRNA abundance across the assessed species following drought or salt stress exposure, specifically; (1) identifying variations in the experimental conditions and/or methodology used to assess miRNA abundance, and; (2) the distribution of regulatory transcription factor binding sites within the putative promoter region of a MICRORNA (MIR) gene that encodes the highly conserved, stress-responsive miRNA. We also discuss the emerging role that non-conserved, species-specific miRNAs play in mediating a plant’s response to drought or salt stress.