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1
Stone, M., and J. Marsalek. "Adoption of best practices for the environmental management of road salt in Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 46, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.105.
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There are increasing concerns regarding the adverse environmental impacts of chloride from road salts. A web-based survey was conducted to determine how the Code of Practice for the environmental management of road salts has influenced the adoption of best practices in Ontario, Canada. The majority of large Ontario municipalities have salt management plans that adequately address safety and the environment. Most municipalities train a high percentage of permanent staff but only half of seasonal workers and 21% of private contractors are trained. Most training programs cover key learning goals defined by the Code of Practice. There is little improvement in the management of salt-vulnerable areas. Many existing snow disposal sites are poorly designed and do not manage snowmelt quality. The Code has strongly contributed to the adoption and improvement of salt management practices in Ontario by helping to standardize practices and advance the rate of implementation of best practices. Barriers to further implementation of the Code include understanding the Code, institutional will, liability, limited technical/financial resources and public expectation of high service levels. Further benefits can be achieved by aggressively promoting the Code and improving education and training programs for the public, private contractors and staff of road authorities.
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Sokolova, V. P. "More Efficient Coal Flotation in Salt Solution: Physicochemical Aspects." Coke and Chemistry 64, no. 10 (October 2021): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x21100057.
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Woodruff, Sarah J., Katherine Fryer, Ty Campbell, and Mary Cole. "Associations among blood pressure, salt consumption and body weight status of students from south-western Ontario." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 5 (March 4, 2013): 1114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000335.
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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose was to examine the associations among body weight status, blood pressure and daily Na intake among grade 7 students from south-western Ontario, Canada.DesignCross-sectional. Data were collected using the Food Behaviour Questionnaire, including a 24 h diet recall. Measured height and weight were used to determine BMI. Blood pressure was taken manually using mercury sphygmomanometers.SettingTwenty-six schools in south-western Ontario, Canada.SubjectsGrade 7 students (n1068).ResultsBody weight status indicated 1 % were underweight, 56 % normal weight, 23 % overweight and 20 % were obese. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 108·3 (sd10·3) mmHg and 66·0 (sd7·5) mmHg, respectively, and mean Na intake was 2799 (sd1539) mg/d. Bivariate analyses suggested that SBP (P< 0·001) and DBP (P< 0·001) were significantly different by body weight status, yet no associations were observed for Na. Adjusted for gender, ethnicity and under-reporting, participants were more likely to be overweight/obese if they had higher SBP (v.lower: OR = 1·06, 95 % CI 1·05, 1·08,P< 0·001), higher DBP (v.lower: OR = 1·02, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·04,P= 0·043) and higher intakes of Na (3rdv.1st quartile: OR = 1·72, 95 % CI 1·14, 2·59,P= 0·009; 4thv.1st quartile: OR = 2·88, 95 % CI, 1·76, 4·73,P< 0·001).ConclusionsHigh intakes of Na, coupled with high SBP and DBP, were associated with overweight and obesity status among the grade 7 sample from south-western Ontario, Canada.
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Hamblin, P. F., and C. He. "Numerical models of the exchange flows between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-076.
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Accurate simulations of the flow and the transport of water quality constituents in such coastal zones of large lakes as the western end of Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbour are needed to assess the impact on pollutant levels of cleanup operations and sewage diversions. Coastal models in temperate zone lakes are classified in terms of density stratification, uniform in winter and stratified during summer. During the winter period a 1-D model of the flow between a lake and adjacent harbour is shown to agree favourably with advanced acoustic measurements of the flow in the connecting passage, but does not account for the observed winter buildup of salinity in the harbour. A calibrated 2-D hydrodynamic and salt transport model is used to show that significant exchange does not take place unless the excursion of the inflow is several times greater than the length of the connecting channel, an infrequent occurrence. The exchange is also shown to depend on the flow field at the entrances of the channel. In summer a 1-D vertical model illustrates the dramatic effect of the inflow from Lake Ontario on hypolimnetic temperatures of the harbour. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and temperaturesalt transport models are validated by extensive field observations taken in 1996. The stratified exchange is much stronger than its winter counterpart and more steady. Winter exchange is forced by short-term water level fluctuations, whereas summer or stratified exchange by slowly fluctuating density contrasts between the two water bodies.Key words: exchange flows, hydrodynamic and transport modelling, lakes, harbours, water quality.
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Davis, J. A. "Valleys of salt, channels of water, pools of life: environmental aspects of salinity engineering." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 9, no. 2 (January 2005): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2005.11465276.
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Holme, R. "Drinking water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario: positive resolutions from a tragic event." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0144.
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In May 2000, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni contaminated the drinking water supply in Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died and over 2,000 were ill as a result. The Ontario Provincial Government set up a judicial Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the outbreak and also moved quickly to introduce a new Drinking Water Regulation that incorporated some significant requirements for drinking water providers. The Inquiry itself was in three parts: (a) part 1 related to the events that occurred in Walkerton and why the water contamination occurred; (b) part 1A related specifically to the role of the Provincial Government in the event; and (c) part 2 related to the future of drinking water safety in Ontario with potential to influence regulation on a wider basis. A number of other actions were taken after Walkerton. In August 2000, the Ontario Government, through the Regulatory body, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) (a) re-issued and revised the Ontario Drinking Water Objectives (ODWO) as the Ontario Drinking Water Standards (ODWS) and (b) introduced new regulations governing drinking water in Ontario - the Ontario Drinking Water Protection Regulation. One of the key features of the Drinking Water Protection Regulation was the requirement to produce an independent Engineers’ Report on all water systems. This paper provides a unique perspective on the Walkerton tragedy and its aftermath. The author was active in many aspects of the resulting activity (Chair of the Ontario Water Works Association's (a section of the AWWA) Special Committee involved in Part 2 of the Walkerton Inquiry; author of several of the Engineers’ Reports mandated by Regulation; reviewer on behalf of the Regulator of Engineers' Reports submitted by others). The Engineers’ Reports were of interest because (1) the drinking water providers (mostly municipalities) were mandated by regulation to complete the Reports by specific dates and are paying for the Reports, (2) the work had to be done by a registered professional engineer who is not an employee of the owner or the operator if a different entity and (3) the engineer had to sign a declaration that the Regulator could rely on the accuracy of the Report. In other words, the Municipality retained the Engineer and paid them to produce the Report - the Engineer essentially carried the liability while the Regulator had the final say in the acceptability of the Report, a sort of eternal triangle of responsibilities. The paper will outline how the drinking water profession in North America worked together to provide the Walkerton Inquiry with the benefit of its experience and knowledge of best practices to the benefit of consumers and the drinking water providers. It will also outline the procedures adopted to produce the independent Engineers’ Reports and how the findings are being applied to further improve drinking water safety in Ontario, across Canada and in similar situations around the world.
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Haji, H. M., and L. A. Hunt. "Genotype × environment interactions and underlying environmental factors for winter wheat in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-075.
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Many studies have dealt with the problem of varying genotype performance in different environments (GE interaction). Little is known, however, of the underlying causes of GE interaction. This study was undertaken to identify some of the environmental factors that are associated with GE interactions in winter wheat in Ontario, Canada.Grain yields were obtained from the 1992/1993 and 1993/1994 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) recommendation trials in Ontario. In each year, trials were grown at nine sites. Variance components for the second-order interaction between genotypes × sites × years were considerably larger (22% of the phenotypic variance) than the first-order interactions between genotypes × years and genotypes × sites, which, respectively, accounted for only 5% of the total variation, suggesting that the genotypes were responding differentially to environmental factors at the various sites. Both linear and non-linear components of the regression of genotype grain yields on site mean grain yield were significant. Grain yield of many genotypes was associated with both the lowest and the mean minimum temperature in January and with precipitation during the vegetative stage (May) in 1992/1993 and during the grain-filling period (July) in 1993/1994. Interaction principal component analysis scores for the environment were associated with January minimum temperature in both years although winter survival differences were only apparent in 1992/1993.The results indicate that January temperatures, together with moisture supply before anthesis, are associated with some of the GE interaction noted with winter wheat in Ontario. Both of these aspects, but in particular January temperatures, should thus be taken into account when evaluating cultivar performance trials. Cultivars should be exposed to low January temperatures at some sites during the evaluation process, and weather records from evaluation sites should be examined to ensure that this has occurred. Key words: Genotype × environment interaction, wheat (winter), temperature, grain yield, stress, moisture
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Wilkinson, Margaret Ann. "Extending freedom of information and privacy legislation to municipalities in ontario." CISM journal 45, no. 3 (October 1991): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1991-0028.
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In 1991, a new statute, the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 1989, came into effect in Ontario. It is modeled on the earlier Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 1987 which continues to apply to public sector organizations at the provincial level. Rather than provide an overview of this area of legislation, this article concentrates on certain aspects of the legislation which may prove to be troublesome to members of the public using these statutes in the future. These potential difficulties in some cases lie in differences between this new statute which governs the conduct of municipal bodies and the original statute which applies to provincial organizations. Other problematic areas are common to both statutes.
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Perera, Nandana, Bahram Gharabaghi, and Peter Noehammer. "Stream Chloride Monitoring Program of City of Toronto: Implications of Road Salt Application." Water Quality Research Journal 44, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2009.014.
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Abstract In cold regions, winter road safety is a major challenge for municipalities and provincial highway transportation agencies. Road salt is widely used to improve winter road conditions, but concerns have been raised about the effects of road salts on the environment. This paper describes a water quality monitoring program designed to measure both background chloride concentrations and the effects of road salt application on stream water quality in four watersheds (Humber River, Don River, Highland Creek, and Morningside tributary of Rouge River) located within the City of Toronto boundary. The effect of road salts on stream water quality was evaluated based on chloride concentration because of its conservative nature. A bilinear correlation was developed to transform measured specific conductance levels in stream water to chloride concentrations. There are no Ontario aquatic fresh water quality guidelines for chloride, but chloride concentrations in almost all the monitored streams in Toronto periodically exceeded chronic and acute chloride threshold levels of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The City of Toronto has been proactive in its efforts to implement management practices to reduce the impact of road salt application on the environment while maintaining safe driving conditions for its road users. Normalized salt application rates in Toronto have been on a gradual declining trend in the last decade from about 0.08 to 0.07 tonnes of salt applied per centimetre of snowfall per kilometre of lane. With public safety in mind, further reductions in salt application rates are being considered to reduce the adverse environmental effects to acceptable limits.
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Morsink, W. A. G., R. M. U. Ubbens, J. R. Pickering, R. G. Perkins, and P. A. Lewis-Watts. "An Urban Forestry Strategy For Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 65, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65097-2.
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An urban forestry strategy is presented for Ontario, in response to a growing need to manage for viable and healthy urban vegetation. Urban forestry is about planning and managing existing and/or new treed vegetation of all types and associated wildlife, to establish attractive urban habitats, using systematic forestry-like approaches and environmental principles, in combination with arboricultural and modified silvicultural techniques. Urban forestry managers, having various educational backgrounds, are increasingly becoming involved in managing our urban forest, our habitat.Currently, there is no educational institution that totally prepares students for a career in urban forestry. As a result, people entering this field do so on an ad hoc basis, having various educational backgrounds, which do not cover all aspects of urban forestry management. A second problem is the limited awareness of various levels of government that systematic urban forestry management for densely populated areas is a growing need.Factors contributing to the need for urban forestry management, as well as obstacles to establishing such programs, are discussed. The urban forest, its managers, the content of programs and experience in the USA are outlined. Proposed actions include:1 development of a provincial policy, through the enlargement of the private land forestry program to initiate and support urban forestry programs;2 evaluation of the feasibility of having conservation authorities include urban forestry in their mandate;3 establishment of an umbrella-type diploma course administered by an educational institution; and4 establishment of an urban forestry chair at a university with cross appointments in forestry, planning and/or landscape architecture. Key Words : Urban forestry programs, options and alternatives for Ontario communities.
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Gordon, Andrew M., Doug W. Larson, Ray A. McBride, Glen P. Lumis, Kim Rollins, and Sally Humphries. "Learning about the forest using alternative curricula the Guelph experience." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78373-3.
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The University of Guelph is a mid-sized university in southern Ontario that has many historical underpinnings with respect to both undergraduate and graduate education in forestry and forest-related subjects. Some of the earliest forward-thinking forest policies found in Ontario came from early faculty associated with the predecessor of the University, the Ontario School of Agriculture. Today, the University has numerous faculty in Colleges across campus that are involved in a multitude of teaching and research aspects associated with forested environments. The research-teaching link with respect to forestry is strong and the undergraduate population appears appreciative of this. Undergraduate courses and course segments at both undergraduate and graduate levels exist, and a minor in forest science, housed in the Department of Environmental Biology but drawing on resources from across multiple disciplines, is also available. The University of Guelph is currently evaluating its options with respect to undergraduate education in the forest sciences. Building on past and present strengths, the University is considering offering a non-accredited B.Sc. program that embraces the science and management of forests and the environmental impact and community benefits associated with interventions in the forest. Key words: Ontario forests, historical perspectives, learner-centred undergraduate curriculum, forest environments, forest science, forest and natural resource economics, internationalism, non-accredited B.Sc. undergraduate degree, graduate forest research
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Mashford-Pringle, Angela, and Suzanne L. Stewart. "Akiikaa (it is the land): exploring land-based experiences with university students in Ontario." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 3_suppl (April 2019): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975919828722.
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Indigenous learning traditionally comes from the land. Akiikaa (‘it is the land’ in Algonkian) is designed to assist graduate students in thinking beyond the classroom and understanding the elements of life as known by Indigenous people to live a healthy life. Akiikaa will provide graduate students (both Indigenous and non-Indigenous) with opportunities to learn about Indigenous ways of knowing. They will learn from an instructor, Elders and their peers about how the land is an instrumental part of all aspects of Indigenous life including health and well-being. One of the goals of the Master of Public Health in Indigenous Health program (at the University of Toronto) and the land-based experiences is to shift the thinking away from humans being the dominating force on Mother Earth to equality amongst all aspects of life. Graduate students are introduced to ‘personhood’ rights for plants, animals, water, and air, which is a shift from the current World Health Organization’s view of public health that builds upon a population health approach but neglects the elements that surround humans as necessary for living a healthy life. It has been suggested that Indigenous land-based education acts as a method of decolonization through reclamation of Indigenous ideology and use of land. Land and land experience are highly prized by Indigenous people around the world as cultures and languages are based on the interaction of people with nature/land. This move to delivering the curriculum in the natural environment using Indigenous knowledges as its pedagogy is anticipated to change attitudes about Indigenous people and issues as well as improving the health and well-being of graduate students and, over time, Indigenous peoples’ health and well-being.
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Mayer, T., Q. Rochfort, J. Marsalek, J. Parrott, M. Servos, M. Baker, R. McInnis, A. Jurkovic, and I. Scott. "Environmental characterization of surface runoff from three highway sites in Southern Ontario, Canada: 1. Chemistry." Water Quality Research Journal 46, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.035.
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Highway runoff is a significant source of contaminants entering many freshwater systems. To provide information on effects of highway runoff on aquatic biota, runoff samples were collected from three sites representing different classes of highways with low, intermediate and high traffic intensities. Samples were analysed for chloride, trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Runoff from a major multilane divided highway, with the highest traffic intensity, contained the highest levels of chloride (45–19,135 mg/L) and metals. Runoff solids from this highway contained the highest levels of PAHs (19.7–2142 mg/kg). PAHs were also high (9.83–237 mg/kg and 26.4–778 mg/kg) at the intermediate and low traffic intensity sites, respectively. High concentrations of potent mutagens and carcinogens such as benzo(a)pyrene (0.414–124.62 μg/g) and indeno-pyrene (0.549–50.597 μg/g) were measured in the particulate phase of all runoff samples. Chloride concentrations of winter and early spring runoff were significantly higher (P < 0.001, t = 2.66) than during the rest of the year. Levels of contaminants depended on traffic intensity, road condition (age, composition, maintenance), the condition of metal structures (drains, guardrails, etc.) and seasonal conditions. A companion paper discusses spatial and temporal aspects of contaminant-associated toxicity of highway runoff.
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Mundstock Xavier de Carvalho, Miguel. "Science and Agribusiness in the History of Pig Factory Farming in Ontario." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 10, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i2.p187-199.
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The article explores some of the connections between science and agribusiness in the history of pig factory farming in Ontario, Canada, between the 1950s and the present. The factory farm model of pig production submits animals to a very artificial way of life, which would not be possible without the inputs of scientific and technological innovations of the 20th century. Topics discussed include the use of antibiotics, swine nutrition, feed conversion (in)efficiency, and pork promotion and consumption. The primary sources utilized are a trade magazine, a census of agriculture, and other government and industry publications. The article sheds light on how notions such as “progress”, “improvement”, “modern” or “efficiency”, frequently used by scientists when referring to results of pig production, are restricted to narrow or internal considerations of the industry that, in turn, can be challenged by broader analysis of aspects (social, economic, environmental) of the food system. Scientists have not just produced scientific knowledge but in some cases have also promoted ideologies about animals and the food system. These ideologies of “progress”, “improvement”, “modern” or “efficiency”, as in the context of pig production in Ontario, only make sense if we understand the particular historical moment in the analysis, which since the 1950s has markedly been one of strong agribusiness interventionism.
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Meriano, Mandana, Nick Eyles, and Ken W. F. Howard. "Hydrogeological impacts of road salt from Canada's busiest highway on a Lake Ontario watershed (Frenchman's Bay) and lagoon, City of Pickering." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 107, no. 1-2 (June 2009): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.04.002.
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Phuoc Minh, Nguyen, Pham Xuan Mai, and Nguyen Thi Van Linh. "Physical Aspects Influencing to the Production of Dry-Salted Snakeskin Gourami (Trichogaster Pectoralis)." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350238.
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Snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) is one of the most common fish in paddy field and river in Vietnam. It lives in waters at low dissolved oxygen and high organic accumulation. It has a high meat yield and favouritely consumed as dried fish in Vietnam. Farming area of snakeskin gourami has been opened dramatically in recent years. Therefore, it’s necessary to have an appropriate processing and preserving approach to accelerate its commercial value in local and international markets. Objective of the present study focused on the different aspects such as ethanol treatment to eliminate fishy ordor; addition of salt, sorbitol, as well as dry temperature that affected to to water activity (aw), microbial load (coliform, cfu/g), sensory score of dried snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis). Shelf-life of the dried product was also evaluated during preservation. Results showed that 40% ethanol at ratio 20:80 for primary treatment; 2.0% of salt soaking; 1.0% of sorbitol addition; 46°C of drying were appropriate to maintain water activity (aw=0.65). By preserving under vacuum in PA bag, the dry-salted snakeskin gourami still extended the product shelf-life for 12 months without any deterioration.
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Cook, D. J., and W. T. Dickinson. "Impact of urbanization on hydrologic response of a small Ontario watershed." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-096.
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The Speedvale Experimental Basin, a 210 ha watershed on the outskirts of Guelph, Ontario, was established in 1965 as an International Hydrological Decade project for the purpose of studying impacts of urbanization on hydrologic response. A relatively extensive hydrologic database regarding precipitation, streamflow, soil moisture, and groundwater has been assembled for the preurbanization period from 1966 to 1974 and for the period of ongoing development from 1975 to 1982. The study area, located physiographically within the Guelph Drumlin Field, was used for mixed agricultural purposes prior to 1974. During 1975 and 1976, 155 ha of the basin were serviced for development for light industrial and commercial usage, dramatically altering the configuration of the drainage system. The major alteration was the installation of a stormwater conveyance system, consisting of a large-diameter storm sewer (2.5 and 3.0 m) and a network of open drainage ditches outletting through ditch inlet catch basins into a main drainage channel.With the changes in land use in the basin have come changes in both volumetric and time distribution aspects of hydrologic response. Changes in the response include (i) an increase in the mean annual runoff coefficient by a factor of 1.5, (ii) an increase in the average annual maximum instantaneous discharge by a factor of almost 3.0, (iii) a change in the time of the annual peak flow from occurring solely in the spring runoff period to occurring throughout the various seasons, (iv) a change in the seasonal pattern of monthly runoff coefficients, with the greatest change observed in the summer and lesser changes observed in the other seasons, (v) a 3-fold reduction in unit hydrograph lag time, and (vi) a 3.5-fold increase in unit hydrograph peak discharge. Key words: urbanization, hydrology, surface water runoff, streamflow, watersheds.
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Spinazze, Maria C., and Shashi Kant. "Market potential for certified forest (wood) products in Ontario, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75039-1.
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This study, conducted in the fall of 1997, documents: i) consumer perceptions regarding environmental marketing; ii) consumer willingness to purchase certified forest (wood) products and to pay a premium for such products; iii) variations in premium across products and prices; and, iv) levels of awareness and acceptance of certification within the forest industry. Analysis indicates that Ontario consumers are environmentally conscious. The mean response of consumers indicates that they are willing to pay a 10% premium for nearly all certified products. In some cases, premium varies with the price of certified products; low-price furniture items command a higher premium than do high-price furniture products. Approximately 90% of consumers prefer to purchase certified furniture and lumber products over non-certified, and 73% of consumers prefer to purchase recycled paper products over certified paper products. Generally, awareness and acceptance of certification among primary producers and re- manufacturers are low. Only 39% of respondents indicate a willingness to pay a 10% premium for certified products, but almost all respondents are willing to purchase certified forest products if all other aspects, such as price and quality, are equal. Separation of certified and non-certified wood and wood products may pose a problem for many companies. Key words: forest certification premium, green premium, market segmentation, niche markets
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Godts, Sebastiaan, Michael Steiger, Scott Allan Orr, Amelie Stahlbuhk, Julie Desarnaud, Hilde De Clercq, Veerle Cnudde, and Tim De Kock. "Modeling Salt Behavior with ECOS/RUNSALT: Terminology, Methodology, Limitations, and Solutions." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 3648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040190.
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Damage to porous materials in heritage buildings caused by salt mixture crystallization is driven by the surrounding environmental conditions. To understand the crystallization behavior of a mixed salt solution as a function of changing climatic conditions (i.e., relative humidity and temperature), excluding factors such as the internal pore structure, the thermodynamic model ECOS/RUNSALT is the only freeware available that requires simple input and includes the most relevant ions for heritage buildings and solids. We suggest the use of specific terminology and describe how to use the model and how to interpret the output, with emphasis on key limitations for which solutions are provided. When used correctly, the model output can be trusted, specifically when it is used to inform preventive conservation (e.g., environmental conditions in which salt crystallization cycles should not occur). However, salt mixture kinetics and the internal pore structure remain crucial parameters that are not considered in the model. These aspects need further attention to develop a better understanding and correctly model salt damage in relation to climatic changes.
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Tovilla, Edgar, and Kernaghan Webb. "Examining the emerging environmental protection policy convergence in the Ontario municipal drinking water, wastewater and stormwater sectors." Water Quality Research Journal 52, no. 3 (August 8, 2015): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2017.043.
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This study examines the governance approaches applying to Ontario's municipal water management activities and observes an environmental policy convergence occurring in two different dimensions: across the drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater aspects of municipal water activities with respect to governance approaches, and federal, provincial, and municipal governments in terms of drawing on private management system standards to supplement conventional regulatory requirements. This study supports the proposition that municipal water governance approaches are developed within a context that includes both state-based requirements and non-state market-oriented standards such as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001, and this context facilitates convergence and calibration between and among state-based and private governance at the public policy level adopted by municipalities. In addition to increasing use of private environmental management systems (EMSs) by Ontario municipalities as methods of addressing operational challenges they face, Canadian courts are also referencing EMS in their decisions. This article suggests that EMS standards such as ISO 14001 can be useful supplements to state regulations, and this supplementing would not be characterized as supplanting or substituting conventional state-based regulation, but rather as a form of practical and conceptual ‘bridge’ between public and private forms of regulation.
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Sekercioglu, Fatih, Daniel I. Pirrie, Yan Zheng, and Aimen Azfar. "Assessing Climate Change Vulnerabilities of Ontario's Rural Populations." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n4p91.
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Climate change causes considerable challenges for both urban and rural communities. Our study aimed at enhancing the understanding of climate change effects on rural populations. The study was promoted in Middlesex County library locations and on Middlesex County’s social media accounts; all residents of Middlesex County were eligible to participate. Through this method of convenience sampling, we successfully recruited 40 rural residents and conducted five focus group sessions. The study was conducted in Middlesex County, in southern Ontario, Canada, which provided a good representation of southern Ontario's rural communities. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data collected in focus group discussions. Focus group discussions yielded four main themes and provided valuable insights on several climate change-related topics. The four identified themes are: frequent extreme weather events, access to food and safe drinking water, protection from vector-borne diseases, and living in a rural community. Our results indicate key parameters to address the climate change issues for rural residents and lead to a series of recommendations to revamp climate change policy at local, provincial, and federal levels. Study Participants commented on the need for adaptation skills concerning the physical and mental health aspects of increased indoor activity (avoiding natural spaces/pollution). This could also be an indicator/opportunity for future health programming and funding to support new realities. Future research is needed to develop effective local solutions with collaboration among government, business sectors, and rural residents.
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Sirikaew, Uba, and Uma Seeboonruang. "Assessment of Social Impacts of a Reservoir on a Saline Soil Area in Northeast Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1659.
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Although useful in flood prevention and as the source of water for irrigation and consumption, reservoirs could nevertheless not merely create negative social impacts for those living near them but also wreak havoc on the environment following their construction. These environmental and social impacts should be addressed especially in the Northeastern part of Thailand where their history revolving in salt mines and traditional salt production. The attitude questionnaires were used in this study to assess the impacts of a reservoir operation in a saline soil area on the social changes in 8 aspects. It was found, based on more than 160 replied questionnaires, that even if most respondents saw that the reservoir improved their standard of living in several aspects, a number of the respondents expressed concerns that their traditional way of life and ancient salt production method were disappearing. These people did express their concerns for their own safety, their worries about their community future, and hopes for better future of their own and that of their children.
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Blanco-Metzler, Adriana, Hilda Núñez-Rivas, Jaritza Vega-Solano, María A. Montero-Campos, Karla Benavides-Aguilar, and Nazareth Cubillo-Rodríguez. "Household Cooking and Eating out: Food Practices and Perceptions of Salt/Sodium Consumption in Costa Rica." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031208.
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This research aims to study the food practices and perceptions related to excessive consumption of salt/sodium when cooking and eating outside the home in a study population representing the wide intergenerational and sociocultural diversity of Costa Rica. Key communities from around the country, cultural experts, and key informants were selected. Four qualitative research techniques were applied. Data was systematized based on the Social Ecological Model. Women are generally in charge of cooking and family food purchases. Salt is perceived as a basic ingredient, used in small amounts that can be reduced—but not eliminated—when cooking. Changes in food preparations and emotions associated with the consumption of homemade food with salt were identified. The population likes to eat out, where the establishments selected depend mainly on age group and income. Beyond cultural and geographical differences, age aspects are suggested as being the main differentiators, in terms of use of salt, seasonings, and condiments in the preparation of food at home, the recipes prepared, and the selection of establishments in which to eat out. The deeply rooted values and meanings associated with salt in food indicate that the implementation of salt reduction strategies in Costa Rica is challenging.
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Marques, Anne y. Castro, Mário Roberto Maróstica, and Gláucia Maria Pastore. "Some Nutritional, Technological and Environmental Advances in the Use of Enzymes in Meat Products." Enzyme Research 2010 (September 29, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/480923.
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The growing consumer demand for healthier products has stimulated the development of nutritionally enhanced meat products. However, this can result in undesirable sensory consequences to the product, such as texture alterations in low-salt and low-phosphate meat foods. Additionally, in the meat industry, economical aspects have stimulated researchers to use all the animal parts to maximize yields of marketable products. This paper aimed to show some advances in the use of enzymes in meat processing, particularly the application of the proteolytic enzymes transglutaminase and phytases, associated with nutritional, technological, and environmental improvements.
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Nandlal, Joan, Nadia Ianni Palarchio, and Carolyn S. Dewa. "Continuity of Care in Early Intervention Programs and Court Support Programs: Giving Voice to Service Recipients and Their Families." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 29, S5 (January 1, 2010): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2010-0033.
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Studies of continuity of care (CoC) have largely been quantitative and have originated outside of Canada. This qualitative study examined CoC using verbatim transcripts of interviews with 45 clients and 22 family members of early intervention or court support programs in Ontario. Data were analyzed drawing on Dewa et al.'s (this volume) conceptualization of CoC, which has orderliness, and temporal and cross-sectional aspects. Our analysis revealed a high degree of convergence in clients' and families' perspectives regarding key features of each of the five dimensions, indicating that indeed all dimensions are important to clients and families.
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Alasadi, Mufeed Daher, Abdulminam H. Ali, and Aqil Hadi Abdel-Wahid. "Response of date palm cv.barhi microshoots to salinity stress elevation." International journal of health sciences 6, S1 (March 18, 2022): 1109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.4846.
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Salinity is one of the serious and crucial problem facias the plant in this planet. Fortunately, plants have different lines of defending system that help to overcome such environmental stress. This study uses a different NaCl level to investigate the behavior of date palm microshoots at two stages (multiplication and elongation) of micropropagation protocol. Study found the salinity stress effect on multiplied and elongated shoots at high levels of salt 150 and 200mM. At these levels the morphological and physiological aspects are changed in compression with control and other salt treatments (25-100mM). The physiological aspects recorded elevation in the rates of carbohydrate, proline and abscisic acid when NaCl concentration increasing. However, study concluded the salinity may help to improve some morphological aspect like shoot diameter that help to increase the plant survival during acclimation stage. stage. Concentrations.
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Guernsey, Julia. "Water, Maize, Salt, and Canoes: An Iconography of Economics at Late Preclassic Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.340.
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Images on Late Preclassic (300 B.C.–A.D. 250) monuments from Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico, featuring canoe scenes, maize deities, and water gods, have long been interpreted as representing mythic passages. While significant, such interpretations neglect other aspects of the scenes, including environmental and socioeconomic concerns that revolve around rain, subsistence, and water transport. By contextualizing these images and linking them to recent archaeological investigations that illuminate aspects of the Late Preclassic economy of Izapa, I argue that the scenes strategically situated economic activities— maize agriculture, the trade and transport of goods in canoes, even salt production—within a mythic framework. The images constitute an artistic program that entwined mythic tales, industries of salt production, and traditions of water navigation and that phrased them as part of a system of social order during a period of incipient state formation.
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Lembcke, David, Bill Thompson, Kaitlyn Read, Andrew Betts, and Dilan Singaraja. "REDUCING ROAD SALT APPLICATION BY CONSIDERING WINTER MAINTENANCE NEEDS IN PARKING LOT DESIGN." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.1.
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INTRODUCTION Winter snow and ice can have a significant impact on our mobility, whether on foot or by car. Alongside plowing, arguably the greatest tool in combating snow and ice is salt. The most commonly used salt for winter maintenance is Sodium Chloride (NaCl), the same salt used in food and water softeners, is applied to roads, sidewalks, and parking lots as it is an effective deicer when temperatures are between 0°C and −12°C. Studies have shown that deicing with salt reduces accidents by 88% and injuries by 85% (Salt Institute 2017). The effectiveness of road salt, as well as its relative affordability, means that as much as four million tonnes may be applied annually in Canada for deicing (Environment Canada 2012). However, while salt is relatively inexpensive to purchase, there are a number of external costs that are becoming increasingly apparent. These include corrosion of vehicles and infrastructure like concrete, bridges, and water mains; damage and staining to the interior and exterior of buildings; impacts to roadside vegetation and soils; and the contamination of fresh water. In fact, the environmental impacts are such that it prompted Environment Canada to propose that winter salt be considered a toxic substance primarily due to the quantity that is applied annually (Environment Canada 2001). The Lake Simcoe watershed, approximately 3,400km2 in size, is situated just 20km north of Toronto, Ontario, with the southern portion of the watershed being considered part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. As part of the GTA, the Lake Simcoe watershed has experienced and continues to experience considerable growth, and with this growth comes an increase in the amount of impervious surfaces requiring winter salting. Indeed, chloride has been showing a strong increasing trend in the urban creeks and in Lake Simcoe itself over the last 30 years. Even rural creeks are showing an increasing trend, albeit not as severe, nor are the concentrations of chloride reaching the same levels (LSRCA 2015). The highest chloride level recorded in a Lake Simcoe tributary was 6,120mg/l in the winter of 2013. Chloride guidelines for the protection of aquatic ecosystems utilize a guideline of 120mg/L for chronic exposure and 640mg/L for acute exposure (CCME 2011). While the high value recorded in the Lake Simcoe tributary greatly exceeds these guidelines, it is still drastically lower than values being recorded in larger, intensively urbanized catchments such as Cooksville Creek in Mississauga, Ontario, which sees concentrations in excess of 20,000 mg/L, the concentration of sea water, nearly every winter (Credit Valley Conservation personal comm). Similarly, in July of 2011 a small population of Atlantic blue crabs, a marine species, was found surviving in Mimico Creek in Toronto (Toronto Star: May 26, 2012). That a marine species was able to survive in this fresh water creek in summer demonstrates that the impacts of winter salt are not just limited to winter but are impacting shallow groundwater and thus summer baseflow, maintaining high chloride concentrations year round. The same is being seen in some urban creeks in the Lake Simcoe watershed, with summer baseflow concentrations exceeding the chronic guideline and trending upwards (LSRCA unpublished). While not yet as extreme as rivers in the more densely urbanized parts of the GTA, these examples foreshadow what is in store for Lake Simcoe rivers if current winter salt practices continue along with the projected urban growth. During the winter of 2012 an estimated 99,300 tonnes of salt was applied in the Lake Simcoe watershed, an amount that equals nearly 250kg of salt per capita, or ~3 times the average person's body weight in salt. This estimate was generated through a survey of local road agencies along with the total area of commercial/institutional parking lots within the watershed. The exercise served to highlight a knowledge gap around application practices and rates in commercial/institutional parking lots. The majority of road agencies were found to record annual volumes, application dates and rates whereas literature values range from 10–40% of the salt applied in a catchment come from commercial/institutional parking lots (Perera et al, 2009; Trowbridge et al, 2010; Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, 2015), and a survey of winter maintenance contractors cite an average value of approximately 58g/m2/application (Fu et al, 2013) ( Figure 1 ). [Figure: see text] While these values were used in the estimation as they were the best available, observational data suggested these may be on the conservative side ( Figure 2 ). [Figure: see text] Therefore, monitoring of a 14 ha commercial lot was undertaken for the winters of 2014/15, 2015/16, and 2016/17 to better quantify the amount of salt coming from this type of land use. The winters of 2014/15 and 2016/17 saw similar applications of 1,067 and 1,010 tonnes applied respectively, while the mild winter of 2015/16 saw 556 tonnes applied. While the amounts varied somewhat each winter, the impacts downstream were consistent. Maximum concentrations recorded in the melt water reached 3.5 to 4 times the salt concentration of sea water every winter, equating to chloride concentrations of 70,000mg/L to 85,000mg/L; two orders of magnitude above the water quality guideline. As with most parking lots constructed in the last two decades, the runoff from this parking lot is captured in a stormwater pond prior to entering the receiving watercourse. Interestingly, the winter salt also caused persistent chemical stratification in the permanent pool of the pond. The pond was monitored with continuous monitors for the ice free period of 2015 and 2016 (April to December) during which the bottom water chloride concentration remained distinct from the surface chloride concentration, indicating stratification ( Figure 3 ). This has two significant implications; first of which is that this pond, and therefore many other ponds like it, may not be functioning as designed which is leading to diminished performance (McEnroe 2012, Marsalek 2003). Second is that ponds are acting as salt reservoirs, slowly releasing salt year round and contributing to river chloride concentrations that continually exceed the chronic exposure guideline and thereby exposing aquatic life to harmful concentrations during sensitive life cycle stages. [Figure: see text] To determine the extent to which the catchment land use type impacts stormwater ponds, chemical profiles were measured on three ponds in February 2017. The catchments included the 24.6 ha commercial catchment with 14 ha of salt application surface, an institutional catchment (14.3 ha) with 6 ha of salt application area that includes parking lots and roads, and a 16.4 ha residential catchment with 3 ha of salt application area comprised of tertiary municipal roads. Interestingly, all three ponds showed chemical stratification, with the severity of the stratification and highest chloride concentrations relating to the amount of salt application area in the catchment. The residential pond yielded a maximum chloride concentration of 3,115mg/L in the bottom waters, the institutional yielded 16,144mg/L, and the commercial yielded 25,530 mg/L with chloride concentrations in the bottom 0.5m of the pond exceeding that of sea water. The maximum chloride concentration recorded in the receiving watercourse downstream of the commercial lot was measured at 5,406 mg/L, well in excess of the acute guideline of 640 mg/L. These results highlight that commercial parking lots are not only receiving a significant volume of salt but are also having the most dramatic impacts on receiving stormwater infrastructure and watercourses.
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Ali, Muhammad, Ghulam Hassan Abbasi, Moazzam Jamil, Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza, and Salman Ahmad. "Characterization of Maize Hybrids (Zea mays L.) for Salt Tolerance at Seedling Stage." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 64, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.2.2021.160.166.
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Salinity is the most atrocious environmental aspects restricting the productivity of agricultural crops. To fulfill global increasing demand of food, selection of salt tolerant genotypes to get production from salt affected soils is imperative. In the present experiment, ten maize genotypes were evaluated against four salinity levels (control, 40 mM, 80 mM and 120 mM NaCl) using different agronomic and physiological criteria. Significant variations were observed in all morpho-physiological and ionic attributes in all maize hybrids. Results depicts that maize hybrid 2225 exhibited salt tolerance and show higher plant biomass, chlorophyll and water contents, membrane stability along with K+/Na+ ratio. While maize hybrid 8711 had lower plant growth among all maize hybrids and considered as salt sensitive genotype. The results can be used as a selection tool for salinity tolerance in maize and provide a better source for breeders for further assessment on saline lands.
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Drescher, M., A. H. Perera, L. J. Buse, K. Ride, and S. Vasiliauskas. "Uncertainty in expert knowledge of forest succession: A case study from boreal Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84194-2.
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Expert knowledge of forest succession is used widely in forest management planning, but its level of uncertainty is unknown. Using boreal Ontario as an example, we examined the level of uncertainty in expert knowledge of forest succession and explored possible sources of this uncertainty. Overall, the level of uncertainty associated with expert knowledge was high for all aspects of forest succession, except for post-fire species establishment. Higher levels of uncertainty were associated with knowledge of forest succession for mixed forest types and moderate site conditions, as opposed to coniferous or non-coniferous forest types and extreme dry/wet or poor/rich sites. We hypothesize that uncertainty in expert knowledge is highest when vegetation dynamics are highly stochastic as with complex species assemblages, environmental controls on succession are weak, and effects of disturbances are less drastic. Awareness about the degree of uncertainty in expert knowledge of forest succession could be incorporated into forest management decision processes. It could also help researchers to identify critical knowledge gaps to guide further studies. Key words: uncertainty assessment, post-fire establishment, natural succession, knowledge elicitation
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Shehunova, S. B., and N. V. Alyeksyeyenkova. "LITHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ROCK SALT DEPOSITS DEVELOPING BY UNDERGROUND LEACHING (VERKHNIY STRUTYN AND SLOVYANSK FIELDS)." Collection of Scientific Works of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine 5 (January 12, 2012): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2012.150465.
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Navarro, Franz E. C., José A. Santos Júnior, Juliana B. Martins, Ruana I. F. Cruz, Manassés M. da Silva, and Salomão de S. Medeiros. "Physiological aspects and production of coriander using nutrient solutions prepared in different brackish waters." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 11 (November 2022): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n11p831-839.
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ABSTRACT The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence is one of many ways to quantify the salt damage to photosynthetic performance and crop production. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the photochemical efficiency and production of coriander, cultivar ‘Verdão’, as a function of the electrical conductivity levels of the nutrient solution and the cationic nature. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four electrical conductivities of the nutrient solutions (ECns = 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 dS m-1) and three kinds of water of different cationic natures (Na+; Ca2+; Mg2+), which were prepared with the dissolution of different salts - NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O, and MgCl2.6H2O in supply water (ECw = 0.12 dS m-1), that is, three predominant cationic natures. The study was carried out in a greenhouse between November and December 2019 at the Fertigation and Salinity Laboratory of the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. It was found that the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution affected reaction centers, photochemical activity, and carboxylation efficiency and resulted in reductions in stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, and therefore, in the biomass production of coriander. Different cationic prevalence in water causes differences in the intensity of salt damage, especially with increasing concentration.
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MacEachren, Zabe. "Unplugged Craftivism: A Story of Humans and Environmental Education." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 381–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29401.
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This is a written account of a keynote presentation given at the Council of Outdoor Educators of Ontario, annual conference in Canada. The conference themes included revival of the hand-made and Folk Schools. This article outlines the dramatic effects and hand-made props used to present an “unplugged” presentation that was simultaneously humourous and educational. The presentation began by drawing upon research from the field of anthropology that links the historical development of the brain with early flint-knapping skills. Following the introduction a rationale for understanding the importance of fibre and edge technology was conveyed. An exploration of hand skills was further explored by examining some materials and the design aspects involved in making clothing. The later part of the article describes the child developmental ideas that correspond with Waldorf Handwork programs and outlines the origin of two of North America’s largest Folk Schools. Short narrations occur throughout the paper and are used to emphasize the way making things with our hands link human’s environmental survival to human development and education. The paper concludes with three short stories that emphasize the importance of using our hands in conjunction with our minds to make the stuff of life we need to live.
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Fadhil Smaisim, Ghassan, Azher M. Abed, Salema K. Hadrawi, and Ali Shamel. "Parametric investigation of thermal behaviour of salt-gradient solar pool for climatic conditions." Clean Energy 6, no. 5 (September 3, 2022): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac040.
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Abstract The use of solar energy is highly welcomed due to its availability everywhere. Among the types of solar energy technologies, the use of this type of energy to produce heat from different aspects is much more common, so in this research we have tried to examine different aspects of producing thermal energy from solar energy to supply the heat required by the pool. For this purpose, numerical modelling of the solar pool has been done by considering the heat-transfer characteristics and validation has been done to ensure the obtained results. In this paper, according to the physical realities facing solar systems in two scenarios, an analysis with shadow and without shadow has been done. One of the important results is that as the surface of the pool increases, the amount of heat absorption by the pool fluid will increase, but the effect of the shadow will decrease.
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Clancy, K. G., and D. J. Carroll. "Key Issues in Planning Submarine Outfalls for Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0151.
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This paper describes three large tunnelled submarine ocean outfalls, planned to safely discharge primary effluent from about two-thirds of the regional population of Sydney, Australia into deep ocean water. Environmental and investigation aspects are dealt with briefly. Interesting aspects of design and construction planning are described. The design includes the handling of special hydraulic problems such as dilution and salt water removal. The construction planning foreshadows the extensive use of tunnelling machines including roadheaders and a full face tunnel boring machine. The offshore engineering describes the design and testing of innovative G R P risers and diffusers, and their intended installation by a semi–submersible drill ship using standard oil field techniques. The cost estimate and program is included.
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Corrigan, Jeff, and Mary Sweat. "Heat flow and gravity responses over salt bodies: A comparative model analysis." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 4 (July 1995): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443831.
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Two‐dimensional numerical modeling of sea‐floor heat flow and water‐bottom gravity responses to systematic variations in simple subsurface salt body geometries provides insight on the relative usefulness of these two data types for extracting salt geometry information. For a given salt body geometry, diffusion of heat through overlying sediments results in a dramatic decrease in the amplitude of heat flow anomalies as the depth to the top of the salt body increases. For top‐of‐salt depths greater than about 1 km, the heat flow response is insensitive to the length of salt feeder stocks and to the thickness of salt tongues/sheets. This shallow depth‐to‐top‐of‐salt sensitivity range, in addition to a number of environmental factors that can adversely affect interpretation of heat flow anomalies in terms of heat refraction towards and through salt bodies, severely limits the usefulness of sea‐floor heat flow data for constraining aspects of salt body geometry. For gravity data, the critical factor for addressing salt body geometry is the distribution of salt relative to the sediment‐salt density crossover depth (above and below which salt is more and less dense, respectively, than the surrounding sediment). Except when the relevant geometry information being sought (presence and/or length of feeder stock, thickness of salt tongue or sheet) is near the density crossover depth, the geometry‐related information content of the gravity field is greater than that of the heat flow field. Based on these model results, measurement uncertainty considerations, and data limitations, we conclude that gravity data generally offer an order of magnitude greater resolution capability than sea‐floor heat flow data for addressing salt body geometry issues of exploration interest.
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Li, Xiaopeng, Scott X. Chang, and K. Francis Salifu. "Soil texture and layering effects on water and salt dynamics in the presence of a water table: a review." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0035.
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Soil texture and its vertical spatial heterogeneity may greatly influence soil hydraulic properties and the distribution of water and solutes in the soil profile; therefore, they are of great importance for agricultural, environmental, and geo-engineering applications such as land reclamation and landfill construction. This paper reviews the following aspects on water and salt dynamics in the presence of a water table: (i) the effect of soil texture on the extent of upward movement of groundwater in homogenous soils and (ii) the impact of soil textural layering on water and salt dynamics. For a homogenous soil, the maximum height of capillary rise (hmax) or the evaporation characteristic length (ECL) is closely related to the soil texture. When the water table is deeper than hmax, water will evaporate at some depth below surface and salts will be retained below the evaporation front, causing the separation of water and salt. For layered soils, flow barriers (capillary and hydraulic barriers) can make the soil hold more water than a nonlayered one. A capillary barrier may work when a fine-textured layer overlies a coarse-textured layer during infiltration or a coarse-textured layer overlies a fine-textured layer during evaporation, and a hydraulic barrier may occur when a poorly permeable layer exists in the soil profile. The extra water held by flow barriers may improve water availability to plants and may at the same time increase salinization and other environmental risks. Under special conditions, such as in seasonally frozen soils with a shallow water table, there is an additional soil salinization incentive caused by freeze–thaw cycles. Above all, further research is needed to understand the complex effects of soil texture and layering on water and salt dynamics, especially in artificial soils such as reclaimed soils with contrasting properties.
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Rideng, I. Wayan, I Made Minggu Widyantara, and Desak Gede Dwi Arini. "Empowerment of Coastal Communities in Cultural and Environmental Preservation (Karolahan Traditional Village, West Tianyar, Karangasem)." Law Doctoral Community Service Journal 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/ldcsj.1.1.4450.8-13.
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Indonesia is a maritime country, this is shown through its territory consisting of islands with very long coastal boundaries. Coastal and coastal areas are very rich in marine life and others. Aside from being a place of livelihood for fishermen, it is also a place for traditional salt farmers whose production has a specificity. Beaches in Bali not only have economic and social functions, but also have cultural aspects or religious functions. For this reason, the existence of beaches and their coasts is very important and strategic, it is necessary for people who live on the coast to be empowered in order to preserve culture and the environment. Because every traditional village in Bali there is a ceremony process in the coastal area, including the Karolahan Traditional village, Tianyar village. With these conditions, there needs to be an understanding and knowledge of the existing community empowerment efforts on the coast, as well as playing a role in environmental conservation efforts. Activities that need to be carried out through legal counseling to Krama Desa Adat, considering that fishermen and traditional salt farmers are part of Krama Desa Adat.
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Williams, D. Dudley, Nancy E. Williams, and Yong Cao. "Spatial differences in macroinvertebrate community structure in springs in southeastern Ontario in relation to their chemical and physical environments." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 1404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-767.
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This study examined the benthic macroinvertebrate communities of 20 springs in southeastern Ontario in relation to major water chemical variables and temperature. Significant differences were evident among the spring communities, and a TWINSPAN classification showed three major groups, which were associated with different levels of urbanization and water chemical conditions. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordinations indicated that the major environmental gradient was related to temperature and NH4 and to two springs adjacent to a landfill site. CCA ordination of a sub-data set excluding these latter two sites together with 3 closely related variables better illustrated the response of spring communities to different levels of urbanization. The strongest relationship to emerge was that between taxon occurrences and chloride, a major contaminant in groundwater in the study area and believed to be derived from road salt. Several taxa were closely associated with high chloride levels (e.g., Tipulidae and Ceratopogonidae), whereas others occurred only in springs with low chloride levels (e.g., Gammarus pseudolimnaeus and Turbellaria). The possibility of using spring macroinvertebrates as biological indicators of chloride contamination of groundwater is discussed.
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Swanton, Clarence J., and Stephan F. Weise. "Integrated Weed Management: The Rationale and Approach." Weed Technology 5, no. 3 (September 1991): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027512.
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A growing awareness of environmental issues in Canada has had a major influence on government policies. An initiative was launched by the government of Ontario to promote research toward the development of an integrated weed management (IWM) system. Research in IWM must take all aspects of the cropping system into consideration and evolve in a progressive manner. This approach must encompass the role of conservation tillage, knowledge of the critical period of weed interference, alternative methods of weed control, enhancement of crop competitiveness, modeling of crop-weed interference, influence of crop rotation and seed bank dynamics, and education and extension of the findings. The complexity involved in addressing these issues requires a multi-disciplinary approach.
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Gartland, Kevan M. A., and Jill S. Gartland. "Contributions of biotechnology to meeting future food and environmental security needs." EuroBiotech Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2018-0002.
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Abstract Biotechnology, including genetic modifications, can play a vital role in helping to meet future food and environmental security needs for our growing population. The nature and use of biotechnology crops are described and related to aspects of food security. Biotechnological applications for food and animal feed are described, together with trends on global adoption of these crops. The benefits of biotechnology crops through increased yield, reduced pesticide use and decreased environmental damage are discussed. Examples of biotechnology crops which do not involve genetic modification are also described. Applications of biotechnology to drought and salt tolerance, and biofortification in which micronutrient content is enhanced are discussed. Emergent technologies such as RNA spraying technology, use of genome editing in agriculture and future targets for improved food and environmental security are considered.
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Bond, W. J. "Effluent irrigation—an environmental challenge for soil science." Soil Research 36, no. 4 (1998): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98017.
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With the growth of concern for the impact of humankind on the environment, soil scientists have increasingly shifted the emphasis of their work towards the effect of agricultural and other land management practices on the environment. This shift has required some changes to the way soil science is practised. The example of land application of wastes, an increasingly popular practice, is used to illustrate the role of soil science in the complex web of scientific, social, and economic aspects of environmental issues, and the need to influence community thinking and the policy debate. The issues often most likely to be limiting to effluent irrigation are excessive nitrate leaching, poor salt management, and the effects of increasing soil sodicity on current and future land uses. The scientific challenges that these pose are discussed, together with some broader issues including those associated with implementation of effluent irrigation, and socioeconomic and environmental considerations that should influence the decision to select effluent irrigation as the means for disposal or reuse.
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Grapentine, Lee, Quintin Rochfort, and Jiri Marsalek. "Assessing urban stormwater toxicity: methodology evolution from point observations to longitudinal profiling." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 9 (May 1, 2008): 1375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.261.
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The quality of aquatic habitat in a stormwater management facility located in Toronto, Ontario, was assessed by examining ecotoxicological responses of benthic invertebrates exposed to sediment and water from this system. Besides residential stormwater, the facility receives highway runoff contaminated with trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and road salt. The combined flow passes through two extended detention ponds (in series) and a vegetated outlet channel. Toxicity of surficial sediment collected from 14 longitudinally arrayed locations was assessed based on 10 acute and chronic endpoints from laboratory tests with four benthic organisms. Greatest overall toxicity was observed in sediment from sites in the upstream pond, where mortality to amphipods and mayflies reached up to 100%. Downstream pond sediment was less toxic on average than the upstream pond sediment, but not the outlet channel sediment where untreated stormwater discharges provided additional sources of contamination. Macroinvertebrate communities in sediment cores were depauperate and dominated by oligochaetes and chironomids, with minimum densities and diversity at the deeper central pond sites. While sediment toxicity was associated with high concentrations of trace metals and high-molecular weight PAHs, benthic community impoverishment appeared related to high water column salinity.
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van Geel, Bas, Otto Brinkkemper, Guido B. A. van Reenen, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Jasmijn E. Sybenga, Carla Soonius, Annemieke M. Kooijman, Tom Hakbijl, and William D. Gosling. "Multicore Study of Upper Holocene Mire Development in West-Frisia, Northern Netherlands: Ecological and Archaeological Aspects." Quaternary 3, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat3020012.
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We studied twelve late Holocene organic deposits in West-Frisia, The Netherlands. Pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, mosses, other botanical macrofossils and insect remains were recorded for reconstructions of changing environmental conditions. Eastern West-Frisia was a cultivated landscape during the Bronze Age, but it became a freshwater wetland in the Late Bronze Age. In most of our sites, radiocarbon dates show that time transgressive inundation of soils preceded the climate shift at 850 cal BC for several centuries. We suggest that solar forcing of climate change may have delivered the final push to the inundation and depopulation of West-Frisia, which had already commenced several centuries before, due to sealevel rise. We did not find evidence for significant Bronze Age tree growth in West-Frisia before the inundations. Vegetation successions in the new wetlands developed from shallow mineral-rich freshwater to rich-fen vegetation. Subsequently poor fen vegetation with birch and pine developed, and the natural succession led to ombrotrophic raised bog vegetation. Complete successions from shallow, mineral-rich lakes to raised bog lasted between 1000 and 1500 calendar years. We hypothesize that medieval drainage and reclamation became possible only when the mires of West-Frisia had reached the raised bog stage. Reclamation of raised bogs by medieval farmers (drainage, eutrophication, peat digging) caused compaction, oxidation and loss of the upper part of the peat deposit. Seeds of salt-tolerant and salt-demanding plant species indicate that the medieval sites were inundated during storm surges with brackish or salt water, which triggered the farmers to build artificial mounds and, later, dikes. Under mounds and dikes, peat deposits remained protected against further decay. With our data we deliver a long-term perspective on contemporary ecosystem dynamics of freshwater wetlands, relevant for nature conservation and future climate change.
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Hymers, Lesley Anne, Bill Steer, and Janice Williams. "The Teachers’ Mining Tour in Ontario - A Professional Development Program for Educators." Geoscience Canada 42, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2015.42.083.
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The Teachers’ Mining Tour is a professional development program for educators hosted at the Canadian Ecology Centre (CEC) located near Mattawa, Ontario. Each year in late summer for three years (2010–2012) approximately thirty Ontario teachers participated in a five day program that included presentations by mineral industry professionals, site visits to mines and mine manufacturing operations, and educational resource workshops. In 2013, to meet demand, the Tour program was expanded to include two tours, annually. The goal of the Tour is to provide teachers with the information and resources that they need to become more proficient Earth Science teachers and to educate their students about the mining industry and, through this increased knowledge and experience, to encourage their students to pursue post-secondary education and careers in Earth Sciences and mining-related disciplines. Additional objectives are to create and cultivate a network of teachers using mining as a theme in their classrooms, and to promote informed opinions amongst participants with regard to the economic, social and environmental aspects of mining. The Tour content focuses on modern mining techniques and technology, environmental responsibility, workplace safety, and mining careers. Tours consistently receive favourable reviews from teachers, industry participants and representatives from sponsor organizations. In addition to the feedback sought through evaluation forms at the conclusion of each Tour program, additional feedback is sought from participants in the following spring of each academic year. A formal survey is circulated, providing teachers with the opportunity to report back about how their Tour experience is influencing their teaching. Respondents report that they are satisfied with the information and resources that they received during the Tour, that the program is directly applicable to the subjects that they are teaching, and that their perceptions about mining changed because of their experience. RÉSUMÉLe Teachers’ Mining Tour est un programme de formation pour enseignants qui se tient au Centre écologique du Canada (CEC) situé à Mattawa, Ontario. Chaque année à la fin de l'été depuis trois ans (2010–2012) une trentaine d’enseignants d'Ontario ont participé à ce programme de cinq jours de présentations par des professionnels de l'industrie minérale, de visites de sites miniers et d’usines de transformation, et d’ateliers sur les moyens éducatifs. En 2013, pour répondre à la demande, le programme du Tour a été porté à deux sessions par année. L’objectif de ce Tour est de fournir aux enseignants les informations et les moyens éducatifs requis pour devenir des enseignants en sciences de la Terre mieux qualifiés pour instruire leurs élèves sur la réalité de l'industrie minière et, par là, d’encourager leurs élèves à poursuivre une formation postsecondaire et opter pour des carrières en sciences de Terre ou dans les disciplines de l’industrie minière. Ce programme vise aussi d’autres objectifs dont ceux de créer et promouvoir un réseau d'enseignants qui utilisent le thème minier dans leur enseignement, et faire en sorte que les participants en ressortent avec des opinions mieux éclairés sur les aspects économiques, sociaux et environnementaux de l'exploitation minière. Le contenu du Tour porte surtout sur les processus et la technologie de l’exploitation minière moderne, l’éco-responsabilité, la sécurité du milieu de travail et les opportunités de carrière dans l’industrie minière. Ce programme d’activités est systématiquement louangé par les enseignants, les participants d'industrie et les représentants des organismes de parrainage. Le niveau de satisfaction est établi par l’administration de formulaires d’évaluation à la fin de chaque session du programme d’activités, et par les réactions colligées auprès des participants au printemps suivant l’année scolaire. Un sondage formel est soumis aux enseignants dans le but d’évaluer l’impact des activités du Tour sur leur enseignement. Les répondants se disent satisfaits des informations reçues et des moyens éducatifs enseignés pendant le Tour, confirment que le programme d’activités est directement applicable aux sujets qu'ils enseignent, et que leurs perceptions de l'exploitation minière en ont été changées.
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Bracciale, Maria Paola, Svetlana Sammut, JoAnn Cassar, Maria Laura Santarelli, and Assunta Marrocchi. "Molecular Crystallization Inhibitors for Salt Damage Control in Porous Materials: An Overview." Molecules 25, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081873.
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The use of inhibition chemicals holds the prospect of an efficient strategy to control crystallization in porous materials, thereby potentially contributing to the prevention or mitigation of the salt decay phenomenon in modern as well as historical building materials in a more sustainable manner. In this review, we first provide an essential background on the mechanism of salt crystallization and on the factors influencing this phenomenon; next, we illustrate the mechanism at the basis of the action of crystal growth inhibitors, and critically discuss the major advances in the development of different families of inhibitors, particularly focusing on their influence on salt transport and crystallization within the structure of porous media. Specifically, correlations between the crystallization inhibition processes in porous materials and variables, such as porous substrate composition and properties, contaminant salt type and concentrations, microclimatic conditions, inhibiting solution concentration and properties, and application methods, will be highlighted. Environmental aspects, limitations, and problems associated with some inhibition chemicals are also taken into account. Finally, a survey and a discussion on the most representative experimental techniques and instrumentation available to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the inhibitor effectiveness, as well as recently developed modelling tools are given out.
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Garrido-Vargas, Fernanda, Tamara Godoy, Ricardo Tejos, and José Antonio O’Brien. "Overexpression of the Auxin Receptor AFB3 in Arabidopsis Results in Salt Stress Resistance and the Modulation of NAC4 and SZF1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 9528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249528.
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Soil salinity is a key problem for crop production worldwide. High salt concentration in soil negatively modulates plant growth and development. In roots, salinity affects the growth and development of both primary and lateral roots. The phytohormone auxin regulates various developmental processes during the plant’s life cycle, including several aspects of root architecture. Auxin signaling involves the perception by specialized receptors which module several regulatory pathways. Despite their redundancy, previous studies have shown that their functions can also be context-specific depending on tissue, developmental or environmental cues. Here we show that the over-expression of Auxin Signaling F-Box 3 receptor results in an increased resistance to salinity in terms of root architecture and germination. We also studied possible downstream signaling components to further characterize the role of auxin in response to salt stress. We identify the transcription factor SZF1 as a key component in auxin-dependent salt stress response through the regulation of NAC4. These results give lights of an auxin-dependent mechanism that leads to the modulation of root system architecture in response to salt identifying a hormonal cascade important for stress response.
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Parker, Barbara, and Mario Koeppel. "Beyond Health & Nutrition: Re-framing school food programs through integrated food pedagogies." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 7, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v7i2.371.
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In this paper, we present findings from a community-based research project on school food environments in 50 elementary and high schools in a mid-sized city in Ontario, Canada. Our findings highlight that schools' privilege five intersecting domains in the school food environment: 1) health and nutrition; 2) food access; 3) education and food literacy; 4) environment and sustainability; and 5) the socio-cultural aspects of food. These results illustrate that the dominant discourses about school food mainly revolve around health, nutrition and food access, yet many of the K-12 principals also identified food literacy and learning about sustainable food systems and the environment, in addition to the relational or socio-cultural aspects of foods as important elements of their school food environments. This integrative approach to food extends our understanding of food beyond charity, and opens up conversations about food as a human right. Ouranalysis shows the need to go beyond a health or nutrition school food program and consider integrative food pedagogies which will promote social and environmental food justice in the school food environment.
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Ge, Lianjing, Xiaoyu Yang, Yue Liu, Huimeng Tang, Qifang Wang, Shunpeng Chu, Jinxiang Hu, Ning Zhang, and Qinghua Shi. "Improvement of Seed Germination under Salt Stress via Overexpressing Caffeic Acid O-methyltransferase 1 (SlCOMT1) in Solanum lycopersicum L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010734.
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Melatonin (MT) is a phytohormone-like substance and is profoundly involved in modulating nearly all aspects of plant development and acclimation to environmental stressors. However, there remain no studies about the effects of MT on tomato seed germination under salt stress. Here we reported that the overexpression of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 (SlCOMT1) significantly increased both MT content and salt tolerance in the germinated seeds of a transgenic tomato relative to wild type (WT) samples. Physiological investigation showed higher amylase activity in the stressed overexpression seeds than WT, leading to the promoted starch decomposition and enhanced soluble sugar content. The stimulated production of osmolytes and enhanced activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, together with the significant reduction in H2O2 and O2·− accumulation, were revealed in the stressed overexpression seeds relative to WT, largely accounting for their lower membrane lipid peroxidation. qPCR assay showed that, upon salt stress, the transcript abundance of hub genes related to germination (SlCYP707A1, SlABA1, SlGA3ox2 and SlGA2ox4) and stress tolerance (SlCDPK1, SlWRKY33 and SlMAPK1) were distinctly altered in the overexpression samples when compared to WT, providing a molecular basis for MT-mediated improvement of seed salt tolerance. Altogether, our observations shed new insights into biological functions of SlCOMT1 and could expand its utilization in genetic improvement of tomato salt tolerance in future.
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Zhang, Zijie, Lei Zhang, Yang Liu, Xulan Shang, and Shengzuo Fang. "Identification and Expression Analysis of R2R3-MYB Family Genes Associated with Salt Tolerance in Cyclocarya paliurus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 22, 2022): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073429.
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R2R3-MYB transcription factors are most abundant in the MYB superfamily, while the R2R3-MYB genes play an important role in plant growth and development, especially in response to environmental stress. Cyclocarya paliurus is a multifunction tree species, and the existing resources cannot meet the requirement for its leaf production and medical use. Therefore, lands with some environmental stresses would be potential sites for developing C. paliurus plantations. However, the function of R2R3-MYB genes in C.paliurus in response to environmental stress remains unknown. In this study, to identify the roles of R2R3-MYB genes associated with salt stress response, 153 CpaMYB genes and their corresponding protein sequences were identified from the full-length transcriptome. Based on the comparison with MYB protein sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana, 69 R2R3-MYB proteins in C. paliurus were extracted for further screening combined with conserved functional domains. Furthermore, the MYB family members were analyzed from the aspects of protein sequences alignment, evolution, motif prediction, promoter cis-acting element analysis, and gene differential expression under different salt treatments using both a pot experiment and hydroponic experiment. The results showed that the R2R3-MYB genes of C.paliurus conserved functional domains, whereas four R2R3-MYB genes that might respond to salt stress via regulating plant hormone signals were identified in this study. This work provides a basis for further functional characterization of R2R3-MYB TFs in C. paliurus.