Academic literature on the topic 'Salt – Environmental aspects – Ontario'
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Journal articles on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects – Ontario"
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Stone, M., and J. Marsalek. "Adoption of best practices for the environmental management of road salt in Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 46, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.105.
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There are increasing concerns regarding the adverse environmental impacts of chloride from road salts. A web-based survey was conducted to determine how the Code of Practice for the environmental management of road salts has influenced the adoption of best practices in Ontario, Canada. The majority of large Ontario municipalities have salt management plans that adequately address safety and the environment. Most municipalities train a high percentage of permanent staff but only half of seasonal workers and 21% of private contractors are trained. Most training programs cover key learning goals defined by the Code of Practice. There is little improvement in the management of salt-vulnerable areas. Many existing snow disposal sites are poorly designed and do not manage snowmelt quality. The Code has strongly contributed to the adoption and improvement of salt management practices in Ontario by helping to standardize practices and advance the rate of implementation of best practices. Barriers to further implementation of the Code include understanding the Code, institutional will, liability, limited technical/financial resources and public expectation of high service levels. Further benefits can be achieved by aggressively promoting the Code and improving education and training programs for the public, private contractors and staff of road authorities.
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Sokolova, V. P. "More Efficient Coal Flotation in Salt Solution: Physicochemical Aspects." Coke and Chemistry 64, no. 10 (October 2021): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x21100057.
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Woodruff, Sarah J., Katherine Fryer, Ty Campbell, and Mary Cole. "Associations among blood pressure, salt consumption and body weight status of students from south-western Ontario." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 5 (March 4, 2013): 1114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000335.
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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose was to examine the associations among body weight status, blood pressure and daily Na intake among grade 7 students from south-western Ontario, Canada.DesignCross-sectional. Data were collected using the Food Behaviour Questionnaire, including a 24 h diet recall. Measured height and weight were used to determine BMI. Blood pressure was taken manually using mercury sphygmomanometers.SettingTwenty-six schools in south-western Ontario, Canada.SubjectsGrade 7 students (n1068).ResultsBody weight status indicated 1 % were underweight, 56 % normal weight, 23 % overweight and 20 % were obese. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 108·3 (sd10·3) mmHg and 66·0 (sd7·5) mmHg, respectively, and mean Na intake was 2799 (sd1539) mg/d. Bivariate analyses suggested that SBP (P< 0·001) and DBP (P< 0·001) were significantly different by body weight status, yet no associations were observed for Na. Adjusted for gender, ethnicity and under-reporting, participants were more likely to be overweight/obese if they had higher SBP (v.lower: OR = 1·06, 95 % CI 1·05, 1·08,P< 0·001), higher DBP (v.lower: OR = 1·02, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·04,P= 0·043) and higher intakes of Na (3rdv.1st quartile: OR = 1·72, 95 % CI 1·14, 2·59,P= 0·009; 4thv.1st quartile: OR = 2·88, 95 % CI, 1·76, 4·73,P< 0·001).ConclusionsHigh intakes of Na, coupled with high SBP and DBP, were associated with overweight and obesity status among the grade 7 sample from south-western Ontario, Canada.
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Hamblin, P. F., and C. He. "Numerical models of the exchange flows between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-076.
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Accurate simulations of the flow and the transport of water quality constituents in such coastal zones of large lakes as the western end of Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbour are needed to assess the impact on pollutant levels of cleanup operations and sewage diversions. Coastal models in temperate zone lakes are classified in terms of density stratification, uniform in winter and stratified during summer. During the winter period a 1-D model of the flow between a lake and adjacent harbour is shown to agree favourably with advanced acoustic measurements of the flow in the connecting passage, but does not account for the observed winter buildup of salinity in the harbour. A calibrated 2-D hydrodynamic and salt transport model is used to show that significant exchange does not take place unless the excursion of the inflow is several times greater than the length of the connecting channel, an infrequent occurrence. The exchange is also shown to depend on the flow field at the entrances of the channel. In summer a 1-D vertical model illustrates the dramatic effect of the inflow from Lake Ontario on hypolimnetic temperatures of the harbour. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and temperaturesalt transport models are validated by extensive field observations taken in 1996. The stratified exchange is much stronger than its winter counterpart and more steady. Winter exchange is forced by short-term water level fluctuations, whereas summer or stratified exchange by slowly fluctuating density contrasts between the two water bodies.Key words: exchange flows, hydrodynamic and transport modelling, lakes, harbours, water quality.
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Davis, J. A. "Valleys of salt, channels of water, pools of life: environmental aspects of salinity engineering." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 9, no. 2 (January 2005): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2005.11465276.
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Holme, R. "Drinking water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario: positive resolutions from a tragic event." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0144.
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In May 2000, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni contaminated the drinking water supply in Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died and over 2,000 were ill as a result. The Ontario Provincial Government set up a judicial Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the outbreak and also moved quickly to introduce a new Drinking Water Regulation that incorporated some significant requirements for drinking water providers. The Inquiry itself was in three parts: (a) part 1 related to the events that occurred in Walkerton and why the water contamination occurred; (b) part 1A related specifically to the role of the Provincial Government in the event; and (c) part 2 related to the future of drinking water safety in Ontario with potential to influence regulation on a wider basis. A number of other actions were taken after Walkerton. In August 2000, the Ontario Government, through the Regulatory body, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) (a) re-issued and revised the Ontario Drinking Water Objectives (ODWO) as the Ontario Drinking Water Standards (ODWS) and (b) introduced new regulations governing drinking water in Ontario - the Ontario Drinking Water Protection Regulation. One of the key features of the Drinking Water Protection Regulation was the requirement to produce an independent Engineers’ Report on all water systems. This paper provides a unique perspective on the Walkerton tragedy and its aftermath. The author was active in many aspects of the resulting activity (Chair of the Ontario Water Works Association's (a section of the AWWA) Special Committee involved in Part 2 of the Walkerton Inquiry; author of several of the Engineers’ Reports mandated by Regulation; reviewer on behalf of the Regulator of Engineers' Reports submitted by others). The Engineers’ Reports were of interest because (1) the drinking water providers (mostly municipalities) were mandated by regulation to complete the Reports by specific dates and are paying for the Reports, (2) the work had to be done by a registered professional engineer who is not an employee of the owner or the operator if a different entity and (3) the engineer had to sign a declaration that the Regulator could rely on the accuracy of the Report. In other words, the Municipality retained the Engineer and paid them to produce the Report - the Engineer essentially carried the liability while the Regulator had the final say in the acceptability of the Report, a sort of eternal triangle of responsibilities. The paper will outline how the drinking water profession in North America worked together to provide the Walkerton Inquiry with the benefit of its experience and knowledge of best practices to the benefit of consumers and the drinking water providers. It will also outline the procedures adopted to produce the independent Engineers’ Reports and how the findings are being applied to further improve drinking water safety in Ontario, across Canada and in similar situations around the world.
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Haji, H. M., and L. A. Hunt. "Genotype × environment interactions and underlying environmental factors for winter wheat in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-075.
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Many studies have dealt with the problem of varying genotype performance in different environments (GE interaction). Little is known, however, of the underlying causes of GE interaction. This study was undertaken to identify some of the environmental factors that are associated with GE interactions in winter wheat in Ontario, Canada.Grain yields were obtained from the 1992/1993 and 1993/1994 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) recommendation trials in Ontario. In each year, trials were grown at nine sites. Variance components for the second-order interaction between genotypes × sites × years were considerably larger (22% of the phenotypic variance) than the first-order interactions between genotypes × years and genotypes × sites, which, respectively, accounted for only 5% of the total variation, suggesting that the genotypes were responding differentially to environmental factors at the various sites. Both linear and non-linear components of the regression of genotype grain yields on site mean grain yield were significant. Grain yield of many genotypes was associated with both the lowest and the mean minimum temperature in January and with precipitation during the vegetative stage (May) in 1992/1993 and during the grain-filling period (July) in 1993/1994. Interaction principal component analysis scores for the environment were associated with January minimum temperature in both years although winter survival differences were only apparent in 1992/1993.The results indicate that January temperatures, together with moisture supply before anthesis, are associated with some of the GE interaction noted with winter wheat in Ontario. Both of these aspects, but in particular January temperatures, should thus be taken into account when evaluating cultivar performance trials. Cultivars should be exposed to low January temperatures at some sites during the evaluation process, and weather records from evaluation sites should be examined to ensure that this has occurred. Key words: Genotype × environment interaction, wheat (winter), temperature, grain yield, stress, moisture
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Wilkinson, Margaret Ann. "Extending freedom of information and privacy legislation to municipalities in ontario." CISM journal 45, no. 3 (October 1991): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1991-0028.
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In 1991, a new statute, the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 1989, came into effect in Ontario. It is modeled on the earlier Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 1987 which continues to apply to public sector organizations at the provincial level. Rather than provide an overview of this area of legislation, this article concentrates on certain aspects of the legislation which may prove to be troublesome to members of the public using these statutes in the future. These potential difficulties in some cases lie in differences between this new statute which governs the conduct of municipal bodies and the original statute which applies to provincial organizations. Other problematic areas are common to both statutes.
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Perera, Nandana, Bahram Gharabaghi, and Peter Noehammer. "Stream Chloride Monitoring Program of City of Toronto: Implications of Road Salt Application." Water Quality Research Journal 44, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2009.014.
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Abstract In cold regions, winter road safety is a major challenge for municipalities and provincial highway transportation agencies. Road salt is widely used to improve winter road conditions, but concerns have been raised about the effects of road salts on the environment. This paper describes a water quality monitoring program designed to measure both background chloride concentrations and the effects of road salt application on stream water quality in four watersheds (Humber River, Don River, Highland Creek, and Morningside tributary of Rouge River) located within the City of Toronto boundary. The effect of road salts on stream water quality was evaluated based on chloride concentration because of its conservative nature. A bilinear correlation was developed to transform measured specific conductance levels in stream water to chloride concentrations. There are no Ontario aquatic fresh water quality guidelines for chloride, but chloride concentrations in almost all the monitored streams in Toronto periodically exceeded chronic and acute chloride threshold levels of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The City of Toronto has been proactive in its efforts to implement management practices to reduce the impact of road salt application on the environment while maintaining safe driving conditions for its road users. Normalized salt application rates in Toronto have been on a gradual declining trend in the last decade from about 0.08 to 0.07 tonnes of salt applied per centimetre of snowfall per kilometre of lane. With public safety in mind, further reductions in salt application rates are being considered to reduce the adverse environmental effects to acceptable limits.
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Morsink, W. A. G., R. M. U. Ubbens, J. R. Pickering, R. G. Perkins, and P. A. Lewis-Watts. "An Urban Forestry Strategy For Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 65, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65097-2.
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An urban forestry strategy is presented for Ontario, in response to a growing need to manage for viable and healthy urban vegetation. Urban forestry is about planning and managing existing and/or new treed vegetation of all types and associated wildlife, to establish attractive urban habitats, using systematic forestry-like approaches and environmental principles, in combination with arboricultural and modified silvicultural techniques. Urban forestry managers, having various educational backgrounds, are increasingly becoming involved in managing our urban forest, our habitat.Currently, there is no educational institution that totally prepares students for a career in urban forestry. As a result, people entering this field do so on an ad hoc basis, having various educational backgrounds, which do not cover all aspects of urban forestry management. A second problem is the limited awareness of various levels of government that systematic urban forestry management for densely populated areas is a growing need.Factors contributing to the need for urban forestry management, as well as obstacles to establishing such programs, are discussed. The urban forest, its managers, the content of programs and experience in the USA are outlined. Proposed actions include:1 development of a provincial policy, through the enlargement of the private land forestry program to initiate and support urban forestry programs;2 evaluation of the feasibility of having conservation authorities include urban forestry in their mandate;3 establishment of an umbrella-type diploma course administered by an educational institution; and4 establishment of an urban forestry chair at a university with cross appointments in forestry, planning and/or landscape architecture. Key Words : Urban forestry programs, options and alternatives for Ontario communities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects – Ontario"
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Paul, Morrie. "The application of remote sensing in the assessment of pipeline construction and oil spill impacts on farmland in Glengarry County, Ontario /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65950.
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Ueckermann, Julius. "Green initiatives in hospitals in Ontario : is there a business case." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80784.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.This study was conducted to investigate on what basis hospitals in Ontario could justify the capital and resource requirements needed to implement green initiatives. The study used two theoretical references as the basis for the literature review as well as for the interpretation of the results. The one reference used was a report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Care Without Harm (HCWH) in 2009, that addressed the responsibility of hospitals towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The second reference looked at a theoretical model that discussed four potential competitive environmental strategies that businesses can use to differentiate themselves based on green initiatives. The literature review more specifically discussed the seven opportunities that were identified by the WHO and HCWH that hospitals can use to reduce their carbon footprint. These were: (1) energy efficiency; (2) built environment; (3) alternative energy; (4) transportation; (5) waste; (6) water; and (7) food. Each opportunity was discussed in detail and was evaluated in both a competitive and non-competitive environment. In addition, each opportunity was evaluated in light of its ability to be used in one of the competitive environmental sustainability strategies. In order to assess what the regulatory pressures are on Ontario hospitals, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act was evaluated. No major environmental legislative pressures on hospitals could be identified. Another important part of the literature review was the evaluation of the funding model for Ontario hospitals. It was seen, that hospitals in Ontario received around 85 percent of their funding from the Ontario government and that hospitals and the ministry are both under financial pressure. This is an important indicator that funding to hospitals is very restricted. The research data for this study was obtained through a survey that was conducted among hospital representatives who have already implemented some form of green initiatives. The results from 33 questionnaires indicated that hospitals primarily implemented green initiatives to obtain cost savings. In this regard, an eco-efficiency strategy would be a logical competitive strategy for Ontario hospitals to follow. This is a clear indication that green initiatives are seen more as a cost reduction tool than a direct attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Projects that are quick to implement, require low capital and have a quick payback, are favoured. The areas on which hospitals have focused, were energy efficiency, waste management and water savings. In general, it seems that most green initiative projects were still in an immature stage. Further results also showed that hospitals had no opportunity to increase revenue by making use of the benefits of green initiative projects. The research concluded that the only basis on which Ontario hospitals could justify the capital and resource required to implement green initiatives, were on a cost savings basis. This report concludes with a discussion on the use of certain competitive strategies in a non-competitive environment before recommendations are made on how to improve the current situation. The study concludes with shortcomings of this study and recommendations on further research to be done.
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Branfireun, Marnie. "The role of decomposing plant litter in methylmercury cycling in a boreal poor fen /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33382.
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Decomposition and MeHg concentration were measured for Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum angustifolium and Chamaedaphne calyculata in a poor fen in the low boreal forest zone of the Canadian Shield. Litter bags were transplanted reciprocally into hummocks, hollows and lawns and retrieved after 1, 2, 3,11 and 15 months.Mass losses follow the trend: Chamaedaphne calyculata >> S. angustifolium > S. fuscum. Between species differences were far more significant than differences between locations or depths, indicating that litter quality is the major control on decomposition.
McHg concentrations generally increased during decomposition, particularly near the water table: for C. calyculata up to 13000%, for the two Sphagnum mosses up to 500%, suggesting that decomposition stimulates mercury methylation or McHg scavenging.
The discovery of a high McHg substance on C. calyculata leaf surfaces (25 ng g-1) suggests that much plant MeHg data may by skewed by the presence of a biologically active 'film'.
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Sauer, Robert Eugene Jr. "Development and use of saltmarsh mesocosms in studies of sedimentary mercury transformation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19608.
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Shaw, Gregory Alan. "Rehabilitation of the Orange River Mouth Salt Marsh : seed, wind and sediment characteristics." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/603.
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The Orange River is an important source of freshwater and like many other wetlands in semi-arid regions, supports various social (Spurgeon, 1998), economic (Spurgeon, 1998; Bornman et al., 2005) and ecological functions. The saltmarsh at the Orange River Mouth has become degraded over time following numerous anthropogenic impacts. As a result the Transboundary RAMSAR site was placed on the Montreux record emphasising the importance for rehabilitation. The potential of the marsh for natural rehabilitation was assessed through three physical factors which were considered to have the most influence on the saltmarsh i.e. 1) sediment 2) water 3) wind. Three sampling areas were chosen to investigate the sediment characteristics of the ORM saltmarsh and the suitability for seed germination and adult survival. Site A was representative of the general marsh area, Site B was thought to have favourable sediment conditions for saltmarsh growth because of the large numbers of seedlings and Site C was prone to inundation by wind blown sediment. The sites were sampled in 2005 (dry conditions) and in 2006 after high rainfall and river flooding. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the sediment throughout the marsh was hypersaline in many instances above the tolerance range for S. pillansii (> 80 mS.cm-1) The freshwater event in 2006 lowered salinity significantly in two of the three sites. Differences in sediment characteristics were also compared for three habitats i.e. driftlines, open sites and under vegetation. Driftlines (C. coronopifolia = 872 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 1296 seedlings m-2) and the microhabitat associated with adult plants (C. coronopifolia = 803 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 721 seedlings m-2) created favourable conditions for seedling growth, however open unvegetated (C. coronopifolia = 56 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 49 seedlings m-2) areas had significantly lower seedling density. Due to the marsh currently being in a desertified state this study aimed to establish whether the remaining vegetation could produce enough seed to revegetate the marsh. Laboratory studies indicated that seeds of both species germinated best in freshwater (0 psu). The germination of S. pillansii seeds was 40 percent at 0 psu compared to 5 percent at 35 psu. After storage under hypersaline conditions (35 psu) C. coronopifolia showed 100 percent seed germination when returned to freshwater whereas storage at 70 psu decreased the viability of S. pillansii seeds. The plants are producing adequate seed that will allow for regrowth and rehabilitation if sediment and groundwater characteristics are suitable for seed germination, seedling growth and adult survival. However the increase in bare areas at the Orange River mouth as a result of salt marsh dieback has increased the available sediment source. The wind blown sediment has covered large areas of the remaining adult salt marsh vegetation, particularly in the northern corner at Site C, causing further die-back.
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Blackburn, Lynda G. "Quantification and estimation of nitrous oxide emissions from dairy manure applications in a western Quebec pea-forage and an eastern Ontario alfalfa-forage cropping system : by Lynda G. Blackburn." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100771.
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Agricultural systems are known to emit nitrous oxide (N2O)---a potent greenhouse gas. The roving flux tower measuring system of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada was used to make continuous measurements of N2O fluxes in an edible pea field in Western Quebec in 2003-04 and then in an alfalfa-timothy forage field in Eastern Ontario in 2004-05. The experiment was designed to capture, at the field scale, the expected large N2O emissions occurring as a result of fertilizer application for a year, in relation to both large precipitation events and spring thaw.Growing season N2O emissions averaged 0.5 to 5 mg N2 O-N m-2 d-1 with peaks following snow melt (between 5 and 8 mg N2O-N m-2 d-1) and manure applications (8 to 37 mg N2O-N m-2 d -1). Although generally small (<0.25 mg N2O-N m -2 d-1), emissions were detectable during the fall and winter, indicating the importance of including them in annual emission totals.
The measurements were used to verify the performance of the simulation model DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) in estimating N2O emissions from legumes and in response to dairy manure application. Sensitivity tests were also carried out in which baseline input values were modified. Results suggest that the current model version (DNDC8.9) requires further modification prior to application for estimating greenhouse gas emissions in national accounting systems.
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Patterson, Tai Zachary. "Freight shipper mode choice in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor and its impact on carbon dioxide emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102823.
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The Quebec City - Windsor corridor is the busiest and most important trade and transportation corridor in Canada. The transportation sector is the second largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emission category in the country. Governments around the world, including Canada, are considering increased mode share by rail as a way to reduce transportation emissions. To understand whether freight mode shift is a realistic means to reduce transportation emissions, an analytical model is needed that can predict the effect of government policy on mode split.This thesis provides background on the freight transportation-GHG nexus in Canada and describes the development, implementation, reasoning behind, and results of, a Stated Preference shipper carrier choice survey for the Quebec City - Windsor corridor conducted during the fall of 2005. It then describes how the resulting carrier choice models are used to estimate the potential to displace truck traffic to rail (premium-intermodal) under current conditions, as well as to test the effectiveness of different possible future policy or service offering scenarios.
The results show that premium-intermodal has the potential to capture a substantial share of traffic between the main destinations in the Quebec City - Windsor Corridor. However, its ability to contribute significantly to reducing CO2 emissions is limited. According to the analyses conducted, potential reductions are considered to be in the range of nil to 0.413 Mt---a fraction of what the federal government was hoping to be able to achieve through "further public-private collaboration to promote the use of intermodal freight opportunities and to increase the use of low-emission vehicles and modes" (Government of Canada 2002).
At the same time, these potential reductions are based on a small proportion of total truck-related emissions and a few city-pairs. Extension of the current analysis to more city-pairs separated by longer distances might arrive at different conclusions.
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Sibley, Samuel D. Jr. "The Impact of Salt Marsh Hydrogeology on Dissolved Uranium." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7262.
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We quantified U removal and investigated the efficacy of uranium as a quantitative tracer of groundwater discharge in a headwater salt marsh of the Okatee River, Bluffton, SC. Determining the magnitude of U removal is important for advancing U as a tracer of paleo-oceanic conditions. Since salt marsh groundwater is typically enriched in nutrients and other biologically and chemically reactive species, quantifying groundwater discharge from marshes is critical for understanding the ability of salt marshes to modify the chemistry of important species in surface waters.
We hypothesized that water-column U(VI) was removed by tidally-induced advection of surface water into permeable, anoxic salt marsh sediments, a process resulting in bacterially-mediated precipitation of insoluble U(IV)O2 and/or sorption of uranium to iron-oxides at the oxic/anoxic sediment interface. Furthermore, we suggested that hydraulic pressure gradients established by marsh-surface tidal inundation and seasonally-variable rainfall promote the discharge of salt-marsh-processed, uranium-depleted groundwater to tidal creeks, producing the surface-water U-removal signal.
Groundwater and surface water data revealed non-conservative uranium behavior. We documented extensive uranium removal from shallow marsh groundwater and seasonally variable uranium removal from surface waters. These observations allowed for the calculation of seasonally-dependent salt marsh uranium removal rates. On a yearly basis, our removal rate (58 to 104 mol m-2 year-1) reemphasized the importance of anoxic coastal environments for U removal.
High uranium removal, high barium concentration water observed seeping from creek banks at low tide supported our hypothesis that groundwater discharge must contribute to uranium removal documented in tidal surface waters. Average site groundwater provided an analytically reasonable endmember for explaining uranium depletion in surface water. Therefore, we used three endmember mixing models for estimating the fraction of surface water with presumed a groundwater signature. Our discharge estimates of 8 to 37 L m-2 day-1 agreed closely with previously published salt marsh values. Seasonality in discharge rates can be rationalized with appeal to seasonal patterns in observed rainfall, tidal forcing, and marsh surface bioturbation. Although more work is needed, the results of this portion of the study suggest that U may be an effective quantitative tracer of groundwater discharge from salt marshes.
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Mudumbi, John-Baptist Nzukizi. "Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate contamination of riparian wetlands of the Eerste, Diep and Salt Rivers." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2017.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), in particular perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been found in aquatic environments throughout the world. Recent studies have reported that owing to their bioaccumulative nature, PFCs may also be present in various water sources, resulting in human and wild-life exposure. Although, these PFCs usually occur at low concentration levels, their presence in the environment has nevertheless been a concern in both developed and developing countries, since water remains an important natural resource for most living species. Water and sediment from rivers are one of the matrices in which PFC contamination is studied, since rivers receive water from various sources. However, limited studies have been conducted in South Africa on PFC contamination of river water and sediments. Although PFCs are sometimes unintentionally released into the environment, the concentration and type of PFCs that contaminate water sources vary among countries and depend on the types of industry releasing them into the environment, suggesting that PFC contamination patterns can be expected to differ from country to country, with PFOA and PFOS being the predominant perfluorinated contaminants. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the concentration of PFOS and PFOA in riparian wetlands of the Western Cape, focusing on the Eerste, Diep and Salt rivers, which are the primary rivers in the largest catchment areas of the Western Cape, South Africa.
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Wartena, Ryan Craig. "Generation of sodium oxide and discharge of carbon by the electrolysis of multi-component molten salt systems : a recycle process for kraft pulping chemicals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10281.
Full textBooks on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects – Ontario"
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Energy, Ontario Ministry of Environment and. Economic assessment: Ontario environmental remediation sector. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1997.
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Ontario. Ministry of Environment and Energy. Economic assessment: Ontario environmental remediation sector. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1997.
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Black, Bill D. Radon-hazard potential of the western Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah. [Salt Lake City]: Utah Geological Survey, 1996.
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Pollution Control Association of Ontario. Conference. Pollution Control Association of Ontario 1991 Annual Conference: April 21-24, 1991, Skyline Brock, Niagara Falls, Ontario. [Toronto]: PCAO, 1991.
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Ontario Hydro sustainable development/environmental performance report. Toronto: Ontario Hydro, 1995.
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Transportation and Climate Change Collaborative (Canada). A strategy for sustainable transportation in Ontario. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Ontario Roundtable on Environment and Economy, 1995.
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Workshop, on Atmospheric Ozone (1996 Downsview Ontario). Proceedings of the Ontario Climate Advisory Committee Workshop on Atmospheric Ozone: Downsview, Ontario, September 30-October 1, 1996. [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1997.
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Long, A. E. Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, west Salt River Valley, Arizona. Tucson, Ariz: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Long, A. E. Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, west Salt River Valley, Arizona. Tucson, Ariz: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Long, A. E. Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, west Salt River Valley, Arizona. Tucson, AZ: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects – Ontario"
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Mitchell, Bruce. "Stakeholders and Partnerships." In Resource and Environmental Management, 145–76. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885816.003.0006.
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Key aspects of sustainable development and resilience include empowerment of local people, self-reliance, and social justice. One way to achieve those aspects is to incorporate experience, knowledge, and understanding of various groups and people. The terms “stakeholders” and “partnerships” are often used to characterize engaging organized interest groups and the general public into resource and environmental planning. This chapter reviews characteristics of stakeholder engagement through partnerships. Attention also is given to the role of local knowledge, including gender perspectives, to inform plans and decisions. In-depth case studies include a state-wide network of partnerships in Wisconsin, stakeholder consultation to manage conflict between commercial fishers and tourism in a natural park in Mexico, the Chipko movement in India, and gender engagement regarding climate change in Nepal. Wendy Cridland, in her guest statement, examines partnership initiatives to address proliferation of an aggressive invasive non-native weed species in coastal wetlands of Lake Erie, Ontario.
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Hasanuzzaman, Mohammad. "Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice and Wheat: Physiological and Molecular Mechanism." In Plant Defense Mechanisms [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101529.
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Salinity is a major obstacle to global grain crop production, especially rice and wheat. The identification and improvement of salt-tolerant rice and wheat depending upon the genetic diversity and salt stress response could be a promising solution to deal with soil salinity and the increasing food demands. Plant responses to salt stress occur at the organismic, cellular, and molecular levels and the salt stress tolerance in those crop plant involving (1) regulation of ionic homeostasis, (2) maintenance of osmotic potential, (3) ROS scavenging and antioxidant enzymes activity, and (4) plant hormonal regulation. In this chapter, we summarize the recent research progress on these four aspects of plant morpho-physiological and molecular response, with particular attention to ionic, osmolytic, enzymatic, hormonal and gene expression regulation in rice and wheat plants. Moreover, epigenetic diversity could emerge as novel of phenotypic variations to enhance plant adaptation to an adverse environmental conditions and develop stable stress-resilient crops. The information summarized here will be useful for accelerating the breeding of salt-tolerant rice. This information may help in studies to reveal the mechanism of plant salt tolerance, screen high efficiency and quality salt tolerance in crops.
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Mathivanan, Sivaji. "Abiotic Stress-Induced Molecular and Physiological Changes and Adaptive Mechanisms in Plants." In Abiotic Stress in Plants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93367.
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Abiotic stress is the primary cause of crop loss worldwide, reducing average yields for most major crop plants by more than 50%. Among abiotic stress, drought, salinity, high temperature, and cold are major adverse environmental factors that limit the crop production and productivity by inhibiting the genetic potential of the plant. So, it leads to complete change of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular behavior of the plants and modifies regular metabolism of life, thereby adversely affecting plant productivity. Major effects of the drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and cold stress are often interconnected and form similar cellular damage. To adopt plants with various abiotic stresses, plants can initiate a number of molecular, cellular, and physiological changes in its system. Sensors are molecules that perceive the initial stress signal from the outside of the plant system and initiate a signaling cascade to transmit the signal and activate nuclear transcription factors to induce the expression of specific sets of genes. Understanding this molecular and physiological basis of plant responses produced because of abiotic stress will help in molecular and modern breeding applications toward developing improved stress-tolerant crops. This review presents an overview and implications of physiological and molecular aspects of main abiotic stress, i.e., drought, heat, salt, and cold. Potential strategies to improve abiotic tolerance in crops are discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects – Ontario"
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Case, G. G., and R. L. Zelmer. "Comparative Experiences in Environmental Remediation of LLR Waste Sites in Diverse Canadian Environments." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4846.
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A variety of sites contaminated with legacy low-level radioactive (LLR) waste materials have been identified across Canada. Many of these sites, associated with former radium and uranium refining and processing operations, are located in urbanized areas of southern Ontario. However, other sites have been discovered at more remote locations in Canada, including northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories. The diversity of waste froms, ranging from pitchblende ore and processing wastes, to discarded luminescent products, combined with construction and transportation logistical issues encountered at these sites, present ongoing challenges for the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office (LLRWMO) to overcome in meeting its mandate to resolve these legacy problems. Since its establishment in 1982, the federal government’s LLRWMO has operated programs to characterize and delineate contaminated historic waste sites across Canada. These programs have included undertaking property decontaminations, waste consolidation and interim storage projects at many sites, and participating with federal and provincial government departments and local communities to consider long-term storage and disposal opportunities. This paper compares four specific environmental remediation programs conducted by the LLRWMO within diverse Canadian settings found at Port Hope and Toronto (southern Ontario), Fort McMurray (northern Alberta), and Vancouver (west coast of British Columbia). Contaminant characterization and delineation, and remediation plan design and implementation aspects of these individual programs span the time period from the early 1980s through to 2002. The individual programs dealt with a variety of legacy waste forms that contained natural radioactive materials such as radium-226, total uranium, total thorium and thorium-230, as well as coincidental inorganic contaminants including arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, mercury, vanadium and zinc. Application of the lessons learned during these individual programs, as well as the development of new and innovative technologies to meet the specific needs of these programs, have enabled the LLRWMO to effectively and efficiently implement environmental remediation solutions that address the variety of Canada’s legacy LLR wastes.introduction.
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Lominac, John K., and Joseph F. Boytos. "Aeropropulsion Environmental Test Facility." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-555.
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As part of the DoD Base Realignment and Closure process, the unique Navy capability to test aircraft engines under various environmental conditions is being transitioned to the Air Force. A new facility, using two modified sea-level Air Force T-9 test cells as building blocks, formed the basis of the new design. The structural design of the test cells and test control building was based on the aerodynamic and acoustic requirements for testing large afterburning turbojet/turbofan engines. Major construction has passed the 90-percent completion milestone. Aerodynamic criteria were defined in 1/12th-scale model tests of an engine installation using an F110 engine simulator. Modifications were then made to the basic T-9 test cells to allow ram air duct direct-connect capability. Following construction, activation/validation of the test facility will be conducted with an actual F110 engine, run in both direct-connect and bellmouth inlet configurations. Initial Operational Capability is scheduled for September 1998. Technical aspects of the facility design, construction, and ram air duct are described. Final system capabilities are airflow of 249.48 kg/sec; inlet air temperature range of 219 to 503 K; and inlet air pressures up to 206.85 kPa (1.1 Mach number). Environmental conditions of high and low temperature, water and ice ingestion, sand ingestion, and salt air corrosion can be duplicated. Engine transient operation, and mission profile endurance tests with simulated inlet conditions of forward flight velocities will be available to both government and industry users.
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Ustohalova, Veronika, and Christian Ku¨ppers. "Intermediate and Long-Term Radiological Consequences of an Uncontrolled Access of Saline Solution Into the Asse Mine." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59163.
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The risk of radioactive contamination in the biosphere surrounding the Asse salt mine has been assessed to determine the possible radioactive exposure to humans if the mine collapses. Geological conditions and anthropogenic activities have made the mine instable and allow salt-saturated ground water to seep in. This uncontrolled brine inflow significantly increases the risk of the mine collapsing. If the mine collapses, the brine will be pressed into groundwater, where the radionuclides can migrate into the biosphere and cause radioactive exposure. The key issue discussed in this paper is estimating the short- and long-term radiation burden for humans under several possible scenarios of radionuclide release. Only a radioecological model able to quantify and estimate processes taking place can generate usable results. This work develops the radioecological model describing both radionuclide migration and the resulting radiological exposure along several exposition pathways. Development of the model took into account the sorption processes, solubility limits and special aspects of decay chain migration. The radiological exposure was estimated under non-equilibrated conditions for the case of short-time expositions. At the end of this paper, the model’s background, the results of the computations and a comparison of several scenarios will be presented.
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Ogawa, Takeshi, Yuki Sugiyama, Toshihiko Kanezaki, and Noboru Hayashi. "Characteristics of Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth in Salt Water of Aluminum Alloys for Hydrogen Gas Containers." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97259.
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A hydrogen gas container is one of the critical components for fuel cell vehicles (FCV), which is expected for CO2-free personal transportation. In the early stage of commercial FCV, the major container structure will be a compressed hydrogen gas cylinder, which consists of metal or plastic linear with metal boss and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). In order to choose an appropriate material for the metal boss and metal liner, corrosion resistance should be evaluated for various aspects such as corrosion fatigue crack growth (CFCG) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the high pressure hydrogen as well as in salt water environment for the purpose of vehicle use. In the present study, CFCG characteristics were evaluated for several aluminum alloys in air and in salt waters with various concentrations. The results showed that the crack growth rates were accelerated in salt water for all the materials and their environmental sensitivities were compared. The concentrations of the salt water exhibited minor effect on the fatigue crack growth rates. These CFCG characteristics were compared with the corrosion test results based on the ISO 7866 Annex A [1]. A basic idea was proposed for the evaluation of compressed hydrogen gas containers and the important material properties were suggested.
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Gonçalves, Maiara Moreira, Celso Kazuyuki Morooka, and Ivan Rizzo Guilherme. "Selection of an Offshore Petroleum Production System by Evaluating an Environmental Impact Index." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23461.
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The development of an offshore petroleum production system corresponds to define a set of equipment to make possible oil and gas extraction from an underwater petroleum reservoir. To better comprehension of the process, definition of this production system can be divided into phases. Phase I corresponds to the selection of number of wells and type of the well. Then, following the previous work (Franco, 2003), in the Phase II, the layout arrangement of wells and the set of the stationary Floating Production Unit (FPU) are selected. And, in the Phase III, storage and offloading alternatives for the produced oil and gas are selected. The present paper aims to identify environmental impacts associated with the each component of an offshore system for oil and gas production, and quantify each of them through indexes. It is expected to support the decision makers to select the best fitted system for a given offshore petroleum field. The increasing needs of petroleum to fulfill the energy matrix demanded in Brazil, the growing concern of the society for keeping the environment clean and the inclusion of an index related to the environment besides the technical and technological indexes usually taken makes it an important contribution to improve the process for selection and decision about the offshore production system. Particularly, it will be fundamental in the adverse condition of the Pre-salt scenario of petroleum production, in ultra-deep water depth and oil and gas with more aggressive contaminants to the system. The proposed methodology follows a similar procedure for the assessment of environmental impacts through the use of environmental sensitivity index (ESI) and the use of impact matrix (NOOA, 1997; Patin, 1999; Mariano and La Rovere, 2006). For the estimation of environmental impacts, it was defined the ESI of the area to be developed, and it was constructed an impact matrix based on the activities involved in the installation of platform, operational phase and decommissioning of a FPU and the elements from environment. Therefore, this systematic and structured approach allowed incorporating to the process of selection of the offshore production system for an oil and gas field the selection of alternative which combines the best technical and technological characteristics with better aspects from the environment.
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Graf, Reinhold, Wolfgang Filbert, Klaus-Ju¨rgen Brammer, and Wilhelm Bollingerfehr. "Disposal of Spent Fuel From German Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16028.
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The “direct disposal of spent fuel” as a part of the current German reference concept was developed as an alternative to spent fuel reprocessing and vitrified HLW disposal. The technical facilities necessary for the implementation of this part of the reference concept, the so called POLLUX® concept, i.e. interim storage buildings for casks containing spent fuel, a pilot conditioning facility, and a special cask “POLLUX” for final disposal have been built. With view to a geological salt formation all handling procedures for the direct disposal of spent fuel were tested aboveground in full-scale test facilities. To optimise the reference concept, all operational steps have been reviewed for possible improvements. The two additional concepts for the direct disposal of SF are the BSK 3 concept and the DIREGT concept. Both concepts rely on borehole emplacement technology, vertical boreholes for the BSK 3 concept und horizontal boreholes for the DIREGT concept. Supported by the EU and the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), DBE TECHNOLOGY built an aboveground full-scale test facility to simulate all relevant handling procedures for the BSK 3 disposal concept. GNS (Company for Nuclear Service), representing the German utilities, provided the main components and its know-how concerning cask design and manufacturing. The test program was concluded recently after more than 1.000 emplacement operations had been performed successfully. The BSK 3 emplacement system in total comprises an emplacement device, a borehole lock, a transport cart, a transfer cask which will shuttle between the aboveground conditioning facility and the underground repository, and the BSK 3 canister itself, designed to contain the fuel rods of three PWR-fuel assemblies with a total of about 1.6 tHM. The BSK 3 concept simplifies the operation of the repository because the handling procedures and techniques can also be applied for the disposal of reprocessing residues. In addition to this, the feasibility of the direct disposal of transport and storage casks, the so-called “DIREGT concept”, is being investigated. The implementation of this concept would avoid the necessity to separate fuel rods from structural parts and to procure custom-made final disposal casks. All investigations and studies performed so far support the feasibility of direct disposal of spent fuel in multipurpose casks as today used for transport and storage. Both additional concepts, BSK 3 and DIREGT, are expected to simplify disposal processes and to reduce operational risk without any compromise in long-term radiological safety aspects.
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Pokhitonov, Yury, Vasiliy Babain, Vladislav Kamachev, and Dennis Kelley. "Russia: Results and Prospects of Liquid Solidification Experiments at ROSATOM Sites." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59112.
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Ongoing experimental work has been underway at selected nuclear sites in the Russian State Atomic Energy Corporation (ROSATOM) during the past two years to determine the effectiveness, reliability, application and acceptability of high technology polymers for liquid radioactive waste solidification. The long term project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention (IPP) program. IPP was established in 1994 as a non-proliferation program of DOE / National Nuclear Security Administration and receives its funding each year through Congressional appropriation. The objectives of IPP are: • To engage former Soviet nuclear weapons scientists, engineers and technicians, currently or formerly involved with weapons of mass destruction, in peaceful and sustainable commercial activities. • To identify non-military, commercial applications for former Soviet institute technologies through cooperative projects among former Soviet weapons scientists, U.S. national laboratories and U.S. industry. • To create new technology sources and to provide business opportunities for U.S. companies, while offering commercial opportunities and meaningful employment for former weapons scientists. Argonne National Laboratory provides management oversight for this project. More than 60 former weapons scientists are engaged in this project. With the project moving toward its conclusion in 2012, the emphasis is now on expanding the experimental work to include the sub-sites of Seversk (SCC), Zheleznogorsk (MCC) located in Siberia and Gatchyna (KRI) and applying the polymer technology to actual problematic waste streams as well as to evaluate the prospects for new applications, beyond their current use in the nuclear waste treatment field. Work to date includes over the solidification of over 80 waste streams for the purpose of evaluating all aspects of the polymer’s effectiveness with LLW and ILW complex waste. Waste stream compositions include oil, aqueous, acidic and basic solutions with heavy metals, oil sludge, spent extractants, decontamination solutions, salt sludge, TBP and other complex waste streams. Extensive irradiation evaluation (up to 270 million rad), stability and leach studies, evaporation and absorption capacity tests and gas generation experimentation on tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) waste have been examined. The extensive evaluation of the polymer technology by the lead group, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, has resulted in significant discussion about its possible use within the ROSATOM network. At present the focus of work is with its application to legacy LLW and ILW waste streams that exist in a variety of sectors that include power plants, research institutes, weapons sites, submarine decommissioning and many others. As is the case in most countries, new waste treatment technologies first must be verified by the waste generator, and secondly, approved for use by the government regulators responsible for final storage. The polymer technology is the first foreign sorbent product to enter Russia for radioactive waste treatment so it must receive ROSATOM certification by undergoing irradiation, fire / safety and health / safety testing. Experimental work to date has validated the effectiveness of the polymer technology and today the project team is evaluating criteria for final acceptance of the waste form by ROSATOM. The paper will illustrate results of the various experiments that include irradiation of actual solidified samples, gas generation of irradiated samples, chemical stability (cesium leach rate) and thermal stability, oil and aqueous waste stream solidification examples, and volume reduction test data that will determine cost benefits to the waste generator. Throughout the course of this work, it is apparent that the polymer technology is selective in nature; however, it can have broad applicability to problematic waste streams. One such application is the separation and selective recovery of trans-plutonium elements and rare earth elements from standard solutions. Another application is the use of polymers at sites where radioactive liquids are accidently emitted from operations, thus causing the risk of environmental contamination.
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Stalder, Jean-Pierre, and Peter A. Huber. "Use of Chromium Containing Fuel Additive to Reduce High Temperature Corrosion of Hot Section Parts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0138.
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The use of “clean” fuel is a prerequisite at today’s elevated gas turbine firing temperature, modern engines are more sensitive to high temperature corrosion if there are impurities present in the fuel and/or in the combustion air. It is a common belief that distillate grade fuels are contaminant-free, which is often not true. Frequently operators burning distillates ignore the fuel quality as a possible source of difficulties. This matter being also of concern in plants mainly operated on natural gas and where distillate fuel oil is the back-up fuel. Distillates may contain water, dirt and often trace metals such as sodium, vanadium and lead which can cause severe damages to the gas turbines. Sodium being very often introduced through contamination with seawater during the fuel storage and delivery chain to the plant, and in combination, or with air borne salt ingested by the combustion air. Excursions of sodium in treated crude or heavy fuel oil can occur during unnoticed malfunctions of the fuel treatment plant, when changing the heavy fuel provenience without centrifuge adjustment, or by inadequate fuel handling. For burning heavy fuel, treatment with oil-soluble magnesium fuel additive is state of the art to inhibit hot corrosion caused by vanadium. Air borne salts, sodium, potassium and lead contaminated distillates, gaseous fuels, washed and unwashed crude and residual oil can not be handled by simple magnesium based additives. The addition of elements like silicon and/or chromium is highly effective in reducing turbine blade hot corrosion and hot section fouling. This paper describes field experience with the use of chromium containing fuel additive to reduce high temperature corrosion of hot section parts, as well as the interaction of oil-soluble chromium and magnesium-chromium additives on material behaviour of blades and vanes, and their economical and environmental aspects.