Academic literature on the topic 'Salt – Environmental aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects"
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Sokolova, V. P. "More Efficient Coal Flotation in Salt Solution: Physicochemical Aspects." Coke and Chemistry 64, no. 10 (October 2021): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x21100057.
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Alasadi, Mufeed Daher, Abdulminam H. Ali, and Aqil Hadi Abdel-Wahid. "Response of date palm cv.barhi microshoots to salinity stress elevation." International journal of health sciences 6, S1 (March 18, 2022): 1109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.4846.
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Salinity is one of the serious and crucial problem facias the plant in this planet. Fortunately, plants have different lines of defending system that help to overcome such environmental stress. This study uses a different NaCl level to investigate the behavior of date palm microshoots at two stages (multiplication and elongation) of micropropagation protocol. Study found the salinity stress effect on multiplied and elongated shoots at high levels of salt 150 and 200mM. At these levels the morphological and physiological aspects are changed in compression with control and other salt treatments (25-100mM). The physiological aspects recorded elevation in the rates of carbohydrate, proline and abscisic acid when NaCl concentration increasing. However, study concluded the salinity may help to improve some morphological aspect like shoot diameter that help to increase the plant survival during acclimation stage. stage. Concentrations.
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Davis, J. A. "Valleys of salt, channels of water, pools of life: environmental aspects of salinity engineering." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 9, no. 2 (January 2005): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2005.11465276.
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Godts, Sebastiaan, Michael Steiger, Scott Allan Orr, Amelie Stahlbuhk, Julie Desarnaud, Hilde De Clercq, Veerle Cnudde, and Tim De Kock. "Modeling Salt Behavior with ECOS/RUNSALT: Terminology, Methodology, Limitations, and Solutions." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 3648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040190.
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Damage to porous materials in heritage buildings caused by salt mixture crystallization is driven by the surrounding environmental conditions. To understand the crystallization behavior of a mixed salt solution as a function of changing climatic conditions (i.e., relative humidity and temperature), excluding factors such as the internal pore structure, the thermodynamic model ECOS/RUNSALT is the only freeware available that requires simple input and includes the most relevant ions for heritage buildings and solids. We suggest the use of specific terminology and describe how to use the model and how to interpret the output, with emphasis on key limitations for which solutions are provided. When used correctly, the model output can be trusted, specifically when it is used to inform preventive conservation (e.g., environmental conditions in which salt crystallization cycles should not occur). However, salt mixture kinetics and the internal pore structure remain crucial parameters that are not considered in the model. These aspects need further attention to develop a better understanding and correctly model salt damage in relation to climatic changes.
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Sirikaew, Uba, and Uma Seeboonruang. "Assessment of Social Impacts of a Reservoir on a Saline Soil Area in Northeast Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1659.
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Although useful in flood prevention and as the source of water for irrigation and consumption, reservoirs could nevertheless not merely create negative social impacts for those living near them but also wreak havoc on the environment following their construction. These environmental and social impacts should be addressed especially in the Northeastern part of Thailand where their history revolving in salt mines and traditional salt production. The attitude questionnaires were used in this study to assess the impacts of a reservoir operation in a saline soil area on the social changes in 8 aspects. It was found, based on more than 160 replied questionnaires, that even if most respondents saw that the reservoir improved their standard of living in several aspects, a number of the respondents expressed concerns that their traditional way of life and ancient salt production method were disappearing. These people did express their concerns for their own safety, their worries about their community future, and hopes for better future of their own and that of their children.
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Guernsey, Julia. "Water, Maize, Salt, and Canoes: An Iconography of Economics at Late Preclassic Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.340.
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Images on Late Preclassic (300 B.C.–A.D. 250) monuments from Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico, featuring canoe scenes, maize deities, and water gods, have long been interpreted as representing mythic passages. While significant, such interpretations neglect other aspects of the scenes, including environmental and socioeconomic concerns that revolve around rain, subsistence, and water transport. By contextualizing these images and linking them to recent archaeological investigations that illuminate aspects of the Late Preclassic economy of Izapa, I argue that the scenes strategically situated economic activities— maize agriculture, the trade and transport of goods in canoes, even salt production—within a mythic framework. The images constitute an artistic program that entwined mythic tales, industries of salt production, and traditions of water navigation and that phrased them as part of a system of social order during a period of incipient state formation.
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Marques, Anne y. Castro, Mário Roberto Maróstica, and Gláucia Maria Pastore. "Some Nutritional, Technological and Environmental Advances in the Use of Enzymes in Meat Products." Enzyme Research 2010 (September 29, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/480923.
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The growing consumer demand for healthier products has stimulated the development of nutritionally enhanced meat products. However, this can result in undesirable sensory consequences to the product, such as texture alterations in low-salt and low-phosphate meat foods. Additionally, in the meat industry, economical aspects have stimulated researchers to use all the animal parts to maximize yields of marketable products. This paper aimed to show some advances in the use of enzymes in meat processing, particularly the application of the proteolytic enzymes transglutaminase and phytases, associated with nutritional, technological, and environmental improvements.
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Ali, Muhammad, Ghulam Hassan Abbasi, Moazzam Jamil, Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza, and Salman Ahmad. "Characterization of Maize Hybrids (Zea mays L.) for Salt Tolerance at Seedling Stage." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 64, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.2.2021.160.166.
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Salinity is the most atrocious environmental aspects restricting the productivity of agricultural crops. To fulfill global increasing demand of food, selection of salt tolerant genotypes to get production from salt affected soils is imperative. In the present experiment, ten maize genotypes were evaluated against four salinity levels (control, 40 mM, 80 mM and 120 mM NaCl) using different agronomic and physiological criteria. Significant variations were observed in all morpho-physiological and ionic attributes in all maize hybrids. Results depicts that maize hybrid 2225 exhibited salt tolerance and show higher plant biomass, chlorophyll and water contents, membrane stability along with K+/Na+ ratio. While maize hybrid 8711 had lower plant growth among all maize hybrids and considered as salt sensitive genotype. The results can be used as a selection tool for salinity tolerance in maize and provide a better source for breeders for further assessment on saline lands.
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Phuoc Minh, Nguyen, Pham Xuan Mai, and Nguyen Thi Van Linh. "Physical Aspects Influencing to the Production of Dry-Salted Snakeskin Gourami (Trichogaster Pectoralis)." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350238.
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Snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) is one of the most common fish in paddy field and river in Vietnam. It lives in waters at low dissolved oxygen and high organic accumulation. It has a high meat yield and favouritely consumed as dried fish in Vietnam. Farming area of snakeskin gourami has been opened dramatically in recent years. Therefore, it’s necessary to have an appropriate processing and preserving approach to accelerate its commercial value in local and international markets. Objective of the present study focused on the different aspects such as ethanol treatment to eliminate fishy ordor; addition of salt, sorbitol, as well as dry temperature that affected to to water activity (aw), microbial load (coliform, cfu/g), sensory score of dried snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis). Shelf-life of the dried product was also evaluated during preservation. Results showed that 40% ethanol at ratio 20:80 for primary treatment; 2.0% of salt soaking; 1.0% of sorbitol addition; 46°C of drying were appropriate to maintain water activity (aw=0.65). By preserving under vacuum in PA bag, the dry-salted snakeskin gourami still extended the product shelf-life for 12 months without any deterioration.
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Navarro, Franz E. C., José A. Santos Júnior, Juliana B. Martins, Ruana I. F. Cruz, Manassés M. da Silva, and Salomão de S. Medeiros. "Physiological aspects and production of coriander using nutrient solutions prepared in different brackish waters." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 11 (November 2022): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n11p831-839.
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ABSTRACT The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence is one of many ways to quantify the salt damage to photosynthetic performance and crop production. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the photochemical efficiency and production of coriander, cultivar ‘Verdão’, as a function of the electrical conductivity levels of the nutrient solution and the cationic nature. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four electrical conductivities of the nutrient solutions (ECns = 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 dS m-1) and three kinds of water of different cationic natures (Na+; Ca2+; Mg2+), which were prepared with the dissolution of different salts - NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O, and MgCl2.6H2O in supply water (ECw = 0.12 dS m-1), that is, three predominant cationic natures. The study was carried out in a greenhouse between November and December 2019 at the Fertigation and Salinity Laboratory of the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. It was found that the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution affected reaction centers, photochemical activity, and carboxylation efficiency and resulted in reductions in stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, and therefore, in the biomass production of coriander. Different cationic prevalence in water causes differences in the intensity of salt damage, especially with increasing concentration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects"
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Shaw, Gregory Alan. "Rehabilitation of the Orange River Mouth Salt Marsh : seed, wind and sediment characteristics." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/603.
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The Orange River is an important source of freshwater and like many other wetlands in semi-arid regions, supports various social (Spurgeon, 1998), economic (Spurgeon, 1998; Bornman et al., 2005) and ecological functions. The saltmarsh at the Orange River Mouth has become degraded over time following numerous anthropogenic impacts. As a result the Transboundary RAMSAR site was placed on the Montreux record emphasising the importance for rehabilitation. The potential of the marsh for natural rehabilitation was assessed through three physical factors which were considered to have the most influence on the saltmarsh i.e. 1) sediment 2) water 3) wind. Three sampling areas were chosen to investigate the sediment characteristics of the ORM saltmarsh and the suitability for seed germination and adult survival. Site A was representative of the general marsh area, Site B was thought to have favourable sediment conditions for saltmarsh growth because of the large numbers of seedlings and Site C was prone to inundation by wind blown sediment. The sites were sampled in 2005 (dry conditions) and in 2006 after high rainfall and river flooding. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the sediment throughout the marsh was hypersaline in many instances above the tolerance range for S. pillansii (> 80 mS.cm-1) The freshwater event in 2006 lowered salinity significantly in two of the three sites. Differences in sediment characteristics were also compared for three habitats i.e. driftlines, open sites and under vegetation. Driftlines (C. coronopifolia = 872 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 1296 seedlings m-2) and the microhabitat associated with adult plants (C. coronopifolia = 803 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 721 seedlings m-2) created favourable conditions for seedling growth, however open unvegetated (C. coronopifolia = 56 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 49 seedlings m-2) areas had significantly lower seedling density. Due to the marsh currently being in a desertified state this study aimed to establish whether the remaining vegetation could produce enough seed to revegetate the marsh. Laboratory studies indicated that seeds of both species germinated best in freshwater (0 psu). The germination of S. pillansii seeds was 40 percent at 0 psu compared to 5 percent at 35 psu. After storage under hypersaline conditions (35 psu) C. coronopifolia showed 100 percent seed germination when returned to freshwater whereas storage at 70 psu decreased the viability of S. pillansii seeds. The plants are producing adequate seed that will allow for regrowth and rehabilitation if sediment and groundwater characteristics are suitable for seed germination, seedling growth and adult survival. However the increase in bare areas at the Orange River mouth as a result of salt marsh dieback has increased the available sediment source. The wind blown sediment has covered large areas of the remaining adult salt marsh vegetation, particularly in the northern corner at Site C, causing further die-back.
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Sauer, Robert Eugene Jr. "Development and use of saltmarsh mesocosms in studies of sedimentary mercury transformation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19608.
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Sibley, Samuel D. Jr. "The Impact of Salt Marsh Hydrogeology on Dissolved Uranium." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7262.
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We quantified U removal and investigated the efficacy of uranium as a quantitative tracer of groundwater discharge in a headwater salt marsh of the Okatee River, Bluffton, SC. Determining the magnitude of U removal is important for advancing U as a tracer of paleo-oceanic conditions. Since salt marsh groundwater is typically enriched in nutrients and other biologically and chemically reactive species, quantifying groundwater discharge from marshes is critical for understanding the ability of salt marshes to modify the chemistry of important species in surface waters.
We hypothesized that water-column U(VI) was removed by tidally-induced advection of surface water into permeable, anoxic salt marsh sediments, a process resulting in bacterially-mediated precipitation of insoluble U(IV)O2 and/or sorption of uranium to iron-oxides at the oxic/anoxic sediment interface. Furthermore, we suggested that hydraulic pressure gradients established by marsh-surface tidal inundation and seasonally-variable rainfall promote the discharge of salt-marsh-processed, uranium-depleted groundwater to tidal creeks, producing the surface-water U-removal signal.
Groundwater and surface water data revealed non-conservative uranium behavior. We documented extensive uranium removal from shallow marsh groundwater and seasonally variable uranium removal from surface waters. These observations allowed for the calculation of seasonally-dependent salt marsh uranium removal rates. On a yearly basis, our removal rate (58 to 104 mol m-2 year-1) reemphasized the importance of anoxic coastal environments for U removal.
High uranium removal, high barium concentration water observed seeping from creek banks at low tide supported our hypothesis that groundwater discharge must contribute to uranium removal documented in tidal surface waters. Average site groundwater provided an analytically reasonable endmember for explaining uranium depletion in surface water. Therefore, we used three endmember mixing models for estimating the fraction of surface water with presumed a groundwater signature. Our discharge estimates of 8 to 37 L m-2 day-1 agreed closely with previously published salt marsh values. Seasonality in discharge rates can be rationalized with appeal to seasonal patterns in observed rainfall, tidal forcing, and marsh surface bioturbation. Although more work is needed, the results of this portion of the study suggest that U may be an effective quantitative tracer of groundwater discharge from salt marshes.
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Mudumbi, John-Baptist Nzukizi. "Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate contamination of riparian wetlands of the Eerste, Diep and Salt Rivers." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2017.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), in particular perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been found in aquatic environments throughout the world. Recent studies have reported that owing to their bioaccumulative nature, PFCs may also be present in various water sources, resulting in human and wild-life exposure. Although, these PFCs usually occur at low concentration levels, their presence in the environment has nevertheless been a concern in both developed and developing countries, since water remains an important natural resource for most living species. Water and sediment from rivers are one of the matrices in which PFC contamination is studied, since rivers receive water from various sources. However, limited studies have been conducted in South Africa on PFC contamination of river water and sediments. Although PFCs are sometimes unintentionally released into the environment, the concentration and type of PFCs that contaminate water sources vary among countries and depend on the types of industry releasing them into the environment, suggesting that PFC contamination patterns can be expected to differ from country to country, with PFOA and PFOS being the predominant perfluorinated contaminants. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the concentration of PFOS and PFOA in riparian wetlands of the Western Cape, focusing on the Eerste, Diep and Salt rivers, which are the primary rivers in the largest catchment areas of the Western Cape, South Africa.
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Wartena, Ryan Craig. "Generation of sodium oxide and discharge of carbon by the electrolysis of multi-component molten salt systems : a recycle process for kraft pulping chemicals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10281.
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Raffel, Ann Eileen. "Methyl Halide Production by Calcareous Periphyton Mats from the Florida Everglades." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1524.
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Methyl halides are trace gases with both natural and anthropogenic origins. Once generated, these gases transport chlorine and bromine into the stratosphere, where they play an important role in ozone depleting catalytic cycles. The Florida Everglades is one location where methyl halide emissions have been proposed to be elevated due to high primary production and ionic halogens. This region also provides a unique study environment due to salt water intrusions, which occur during storm or low marsh water level-high tide events. The purpose of this research was twofold. First, quantification of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) production from periphyton mats on a temporal scale was needed. Secondly, to determine how varying concentrations of salinity affect CH3Cl and CH3Br production originating from calcareous periphyton mats within the Everglades. Periphyton was exposed to continuous 12 hour dark/light cycles in varying concentrations of salt water (0, 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 parts per thousand). All water samples were analyzed to determine the production rate of CH3Cl and CH3Br in periphyton samples using a gas chromatograph coupled with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Periphyton mats were found to be a producer of CH3Cl in all freshwater (0 parts per thousand) trials and sampling times; however, results from CH3Br analysis found production rates that suggest consumption occurred in the majority of the 0 parts per thousand trials. Production rates for CH3Cl ranged from 0.077 to 0.109 g-1hr-1 after 24 hours, 0.027 to 0.073 pM g-1hr-1 after 48 hours, and 0.034 to 0.047 pM g-1hr-1 after 72 hours. Production rates for the CH3Br freshwater experiments ranged from -0.00025 to 0.00185 pM g-1hr-1 after 24 hours, -0.00022 to -0.00078 pM g-1hr-1 after 48 hours, and -0.00042 to -0.00061 pM g-1hr-1 after 72 hours. This research has also shown that increased salinity does have a significant positive effect on the production of CH3Cl and CH3Br from calcareous periphyton mats, which is important in areas that could be prone to salt water intrusions or rising sea levels due to global climate change.
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Forsyth, Donald Scott. "Determination of organolead salts in biological tissue." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=73971.
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Yang, Jeongwoo. "Fate and effect of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride in mixed aerobic and nitrifying cultures." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19871.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Committee Chair: Spyros G. Pavlostathis; Committee Member: Ching-Hua Huang; Committee Member: John A. Pierson.
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Silva, Ana Claudia Ribeiro Cardoso da. "Aspectos jurídicos do marco regulatório do pré-sal sob a luz da política nacional sobre mudança do clima." Universidade Católica de Santos, 2014. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/2281.
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The present dissertation had with main objective to analyse the regulatory framework of the pre ¿salt the light of national policy on climate change, identifying whether there are points of confronting between the two legal frameworks. Therefore, it was necessary to demonstrate the evolution of environmental law in the world and in Brazil, as well as the institutionalization of climate protection policy in Brazil, their policies and objectives. In the oil industry sector, evaluate the influence of owning countries and oil producers in the Brazilian energy matrix, the legal changes that have altered the ownership of natural resources throughout history, the change of legislation for oil exploration in the pre -salt field in 2010, and the current scenario of oil exploration in the polygon. In order to achieve the proposed goal, there was a brief overview on the scientific aspects of climate change and the voluntary commitments made by Brazil, in an effort to reduce gas emissions between 36,1 % to 38,9 % by 2020. It was found that oil is a finite resource and that, according to the theory of Peak Oil and the current target for oil exploration in the pre-salt, there are two possible future scenarios with different consequences to Brazil. It was understood that the country published two legislations, one of climate protection and other oil exploration in the pre-salt, which does not establish a dialogue and demonstrate a route of confront between the policies. Still, proposals were searched for confronting of the two scenarios mentioned above.
A presente dissertação teve como objetivo principal analisar o marco regulatório do pré-sal sob a luz da política nacional sobre mudança do clima, identificando se existem pontos de colidência entre os dois marcos legais. Para tanto, foi preciso demonstrar a evolução do direito ambiental do mundo e no Brasil, assim como a institucionalização da política de proteção ao clima no Brasil, suas diretrizes e objetivos. No setor da indústria petrolífera, foi necessário avaliar a influência dos países possuidores e produtores de petróleo na matriz energética brasileira, as mudanças legais que alteraram a propriedade dos recursos naturais ao longo da história, a mudança da legislação do petróleo para a exploração no campo do pré-sal em 2010, e o atual cenário de exploração de petróleo no polígono do pré-sal. De modo a cumprir o objetivo proposto, realizou-se uma breve abordagem sobre os aspectos científicos das mudanças climáticas publicadas pelo IPCC e os compromissos voluntários assumidos pelo Brasil, no sentido de reduzir suas emissões de GEE entre 36,1% a 38,9%, até 2020. Constatou-se que o petróleo é um recurso finito e que, de acordo com a teoria do Peak Oil e a atual meta de exploração de petróleo no pré-sal, existem dois possíveis cenários futuros com consequências distintas paras o Brasil. Entendeu-se que o país editou duas legislações: uma de proteção ao clima e outra de regulamentação da exploração de petróleo no pré-sal, que que não estabelecem um diálogo e demonstram uma rota de confronto entre as políticas. Ainda, buscou-se propostas para o enfrentamento dos dois cenários mencionados acima.
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Tezel, Ulas. "Fate and effect of quaternary ammonium compounds in biological systems." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28229.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Pavlostathis, Spyros G.; Committee Member: Huang, Ching-Hua; Committee Member: Hughes, Joseph B.; Committee Member: Sobecky, Patricia A.; Committee Member: Spain, Jim C.
Books on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects"
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United States. Minerals Management Service. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. Proposed Central Gulf of Mexico sulphur/salt lease sale: Environmental assessment. [New Orleans, La.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office., 1987.
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United States. Minerals Management Service. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. Proposed Central Gulf of Mexico sulphur/salt lease sale: Environmental assessment. [New Orleans, La.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office., 1987.
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Region, United States Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS. Proposed Central Gulf of Mexico sulphur/salt lease sale: Environmental assessment. [New Orleans, La.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office., 1987.
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Piedrahita, O. Prevention of salt-spray injury to fruit and ornamental trees. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Research and Development Branch, 1987.
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Black, Bill D. Radon-hazard potential of the western Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah. [Salt Lake City]: Utah Geological Survey, 1996.
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Deuel, L. E. Guidebook for waste and soil remediation: For nonhazardous petroleum and salt-contaminated sites. New York: ASME Press, 2008.
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H, Holliday George, ed. Field guide to waste and soil remediation: For nonhazardous petroleum and salt-contaminated sites. New York: ASME Press, 2008.
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Herbst, David B. Aquatic ecology of the littoral zone of Abert Lake, Oregon: Defining critical lake levels and optimum salinity for biological health. [Portland, Or.]: Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Diversity Program, 1994.
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Long, A. E. Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, west Salt River Valley, Arizona. Tucson, Ariz: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Long, A. E. Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, west Salt River Valley, Arizona. Tucson, Ariz: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects"
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Pantelakis, Sp G., Al Th Kermanidis, G. A. Papadimitriou, G. N. Haidemenopoulos, and A. D. Zervaki. "Fatigue Performance of 2139 Aluminum Alloy Laser Beam Welds Following Exposure to Salt Spray Environment." In Particle and Continuum Aspects of Mesomechanics, 603–11. London, UK: ISTE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470610794.ch62.
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Katsuhara, Maki. "Molecular aspects of potassium and water transport, and their bearing under salt stress." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 201–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_48.
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Meseguer, I., M. Torreblanca, and F. Rodriguez-Valera. "Mode of Action of Halocins H4 and H6: Are They Effective Against the Adaptation to High Salt Environments?" In General and Applied Aspects of Halophilic Microorganisms, 157–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3730-4_19.
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Hasanuzzaman, Mohammad. "Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice and Wheat: Physiological and Molecular Mechanism." In Plant Defense Mechanisms [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101529.
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Salinity is a major obstacle to global grain crop production, especially rice and wheat. The identification and improvement of salt-tolerant rice and wheat depending upon the genetic diversity and salt stress response could be a promising solution to deal with soil salinity and the increasing food demands. Plant responses to salt stress occur at the organismic, cellular, and molecular levels and the salt stress tolerance in those crop plant involving (1) regulation of ionic homeostasis, (2) maintenance of osmotic potential, (3) ROS scavenging and antioxidant enzymes activity, and (4) plant hormonal regulation. In this chapter, we summarize the recent research progress on these four aspects of plant morpho-physiological and molecular response, with particular attention to ionic, osmolytic, enzymatic, hormonal and gene expression regulation in rice and wheat plants. Moreover, epigenetic diversity could emerge as novel of phenotypic variations to enhance plant adaptation to an adverse environmental conditions and develop stable stress-resilient crops. The information summarized here will be useful for accelerating the breeding of salt-tolerant rice. This information may help in studies to reveal the mechanism of plant salt tolerance, screen high efficiency and quality salt tolerance in crops.
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Mathivanan, Sivaji. "Abiotic Stress-Induced Molecular and Physiological Changes and Adaptive Mechanisms in Plants." In Abiotic Stress in Plants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93367.
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Abiotic stress is the primary cause of crop loss worldwide, reducing average yields for most major crop plants by more than 50%. Among abiotic stress, drought, salinity, high temperature, and cold are major adverse environmental factors that limit the crop production and productivity by inhibiting the genetic potential of the plant. So, it leads to complete change of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular behavior of the plants and modifies regular metabolism of life, thereby adversely affecting plant productivity. Major effects of the drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and cold stress are often interconnected and form similar cellular damage. To adopt plants with various abiotic stresses, plants can initiate a number of molecular, cellular, and physiological changes in its system. Sensors are molecules that perceive the initial stress signal from the outside of the plant system and initiate a signaling cascade to transmit the signal and activate nuclear transcription factors to induce the expression of specific sets of genes. Understanding this molecular and physiological basis of plant responses produced because of abiotic stress will help in molecular and modern breeding applications toward developing improved stress-tolerant crops. This review presents an overview and implications of physiological and molecular aspects of main abiotic stress, i.e., drought, heat, salt, and cold. Potential strategies to improve abiotic tolerance in crops are discussed.
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Akodad, Jaouad, Mohammed Bakkali, and Mounir Ghogho. "Computational Approaches for Urban Design Within the MENA Region." In Intelligent Environments 2021. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aise210085.
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This paper focuses on the use of computational tools to develop a data driven approach for an analytical study about different urban systems. This “framework” examines urban Big Data in the old medina of Sale in Morocco. The computational tools are more effective to provide insights within complexity, becoming a key to generate more efficient solutions throughout the design process. The findings of this study highlight the potential of a data driven approach to explore analytical aspects and move further to generative design using algorithms.
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María Martínez-Espinosa, Rosa, and Javier Torregrosa-Crespo. "Haloarchaea May Contribute to the Colour of Avian Plumage in Marine Ecosystems." In Birds - Challenges and Opportunities for Business, Conservation and Research. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96414.
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Some seabirds or coastal birds such as flamingos or pelicans display elegant pink or reddish colours. These colours are due to pigments that birds cannot synthesize de novo. Thus, this coloration is mainly originated from carotenoids ingested trough carotenoid rich food sources like microalgae (Dunaliella) or small shrimps (Artemia), which are microorganisms inhabiting the salty environments where the mentioned birds live. New advances in this field of knowledge have revealed that extreme microorganisms belonging to the haloarchaea group (Archaea Domain) may contribute significantly to the characteristic pink- red colour of flamingos’ feathers for instance. Alive haloarchaea cells have been found on the surface of the feathers. Besides, the major carotenoid produced by haloarchaea (bacterioruberin) has also been identify within the feathers structure. This work summarizes the main contributions recently reported about this topic as well as general aspects regarding bacterioruberin as a powerful colour carotenoid. Discussions about potential role of these microorganisms in the life of seaside birds are also included.
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Thornes, John. "Land Degradation." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0036.
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‘Land degradation’ means the reduction and loss of the biological or economic productivity caused by land use change or by a physical process or a combination of the two. ‘Land’ means the terrestrial bio-productive system that comprises soil, vegetation, and other biota and the ecological and hydrological processes that operate within the system (UNEP 1992). The main components of land degradation are ecological degradation, soil loss, and reduction in the amount and quality of the available water resources for human survival and economic sustainability. Conacher and Sala (1998) have edited a major volume on land degradation in Mediterranean environments of the world and soil erosion mechanisms and water resources are considered in other chapters of this book (Chapters 6 and 21). This chapter will focus on the ecological aspects of land degradation by exploring some of the interactions between land use change, vegetation dynamics, grazing patterns, and wildfires. This chapter will also try to identify and avoid repeating the myths that abound in the more popular and/or politically motivated accounts of Mediterranean land degradation. Because of the complex spatial mosaic of environmental and cultural conditions across the Mediterranean (see Blondel 2006), it is not simple to identify the causes or main controls of land degradation or the management strategies required to combat degradation (Lesschen et al. 2007; Märker et al. 2008). As discussed in the context of lake sediment records in Chapter 9, it is certain that the origins of land degradation extend far back into prehistory. Indeed, Naveh and Dan (1973) have proposed a seven-phase history of land degradation for the Mediterranean basin, paraphrased thus: Phase 1 was the Lower Palaeolithic (around 1,000,000 to 100,000 years BP), when the Levant was the main route of biotic and hominid dispersal from Africa to Eurasia and later westwards through the Mediterranean basin. Hunting and gathering were the main activities and the populations were probably very low. Human impact on the environment is not known—but land degradation is assumed to have been negligible. After this, in Phase 2, it is argued that the use of fire as a tool for the opening up of dense forest spread westwards from Greece, possibly reaching France as early as 400,000 BP.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. "Introduction: Obeying Nature." In The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0005.
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This book focuses on the human-caused environmental woes of America’s 11 contiguous western states, its mostly arid western continental frontier. In the nineteenth century, penny pamphlets and dime novels mythologized the American west, making icons of its prospectors, “cowboys,” northwestern loggers, and wide open spaces. The west was free of encroaching neighbors and government controls, open to fresh starts. As Robert Penn Warren wrote, in All the King’s Men, “West . . . is where you go when the land gives out and the old-field pines encroach . . . when you are told that you are a bubble on the tide of empire . . . when you hear that thar’s gold in them-thar hills. . . . ” But the “West” was more than gold and oil bonanzas—it was also a land of rich soils, bountiful - sheries, immense, dense forests, desert wonders, and sparkling streams. It is no myth that the western states were America’s treasure house. The romantic myths related to “winning” the west tend to obscure both its basic objective of resource exploitation and the huge public expenditures that supported every aspect, bestowing fortunes on a few. Western resources supported U.S. industrial growth and affluent lifestyle, but now they are highly depleted or largely gone, and the region is in danger of losing the ability to sustain an even moderately comfortable future. Much of what we have done to these magni- cent lands opened them to devastating erosion and pollution. Today, whole mountains are being dismantled to produce metals from barely mineralized zones. Entire regions may be devastated in the attempt to extract the last possible drops of petroleum. We soon could cut down the last remnants of ancient western forests, along with the possibility of ever again seeing their like. Large-scale farming has opened vulnerable western soils to erosion by water and wind, perhaps inviting another dust bowl era. Irrigating vast crop acreages has converted many of them to salt farms, perhaps resembling the conditions that spelled doom for the ancient Babylonian Empire.
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Furdychko, Orest, Oleg Yaremko, and Volodymyr Bondar. "IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OF FORESTRY PRODUCTION ON THE BASIS OF A MARKET ECONOMY." In Transformation of economy, finance and management in modern conditions:. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-220-3-23.
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The directions of improving the organizational and institutional mechanism of public authorities on aspects of public administration of forestry: first, a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of organizational and institutional mechanism of state regulation of forestry institutions and public authorities and developing a methodological approach to the formation of tasks in the administrative reform process. Ukraine, secondly, substantiation of the system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of legal regulation of regional forestry at the regional and forestry at the regional level; third, the systematization of aspects of the distribution of managerial powers. The economic Strategy of development of forestry production in the context of organizational and institutional maintenance is offered. The purpose of such a Strategy is to coordinate the production activities of forestry enterprises; carrying out forestry activities; protection of forest protection; sale of wood; development of implementation of construction projects, in particular forest roads; implementation of investment projects. It was found that the introduction of electronic accounting by all permanent forest users will promote openness and transparency in the timber market, monitoring of illegally harvested timber, as well as regulate the accounting of harvested timber and bring it closer to international standards for forest management and conservation forest protection in order to highlight the function of public administration. It is proved that this Strategy will include: development (indicators) of effective forest management, increasing forest cover, improving the ecological situation, reducing erosion, reducing the resource and ecological potential of forest ecosystems, preserving biodiversity and increasing the resilience of forest ecosystems, promoting social solutions. Economic problems of territorial communities, increasing the resilience of forest ecosystems to the impact of negative environmental factors, increasing man-made load, climate change, efficient use of forest resources in market relations, improving financial and economic mechanism, ensuring self-sufficiency and profitability of forestry in forestry regions strengthening the legal protection of forest protection workers. Based on the proposed innovations, it is determined that increasing the production of balanced forest ecosystems will increase wood growth by optimizing logging and other forestry activities, including the introduction of forest inventory legislation, which will allow accounting, monitoring and increasing forest ecosystems.
Conference papers on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects"
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Lominac, John K., and Joseph F. Boytos. "Aeropropulsion Environmental Test Facility." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-555.
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As part of the DoD Base Realignment and Closure process, the unique Navy capability to test aircraft engines under various environmental conditions is being transitioned to the Air Force. A new facility, using two modified sea-level Air Force T-9 test cells as building blocks, formed the basis of the new design. The structural design of the test cells and test control building was based on the aerodynamic and acoustic requirements for testing large afterburning turbojet/turbofan engines. Major construction has passed the 90-percent completion milestone. Aerodynamic criteria were defined in 1/12th-scale model tests of an engine installation using an F110 engine simulator. Modifications were then made to the basic T-9 test cells to allow ram air duct direct-connect capability. Following construction, activation/validation of the test facility will be conducted with an actual F110 engine, run in both direct-connect and bellmouth inlet configurations. Initial Operational Capability is scheduled for September 1998. Technical aspects of the facility design, construction, and ram air duct are described. Final system capabilities are airflow of 249.48 kg/sec; inlet air temperature range of 219 to 503 K; and inlet air pressures up to 206.85 kPa (1.1 Mach number). Environmental conditions of high and low temperature, water and ice ingestion, sand ingestion, and salt air corrosion can be duplicated. Engine transient operation, and mission profile endurance tests with simulated inlet conditions of forward flight velocities will be available to both government and industry users.
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Ogawa, Takeshi, Yuki Sugiyama, Toshihiko Kanezaki, and Noboru Hayashi. "Characteristics of Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth in Salt Water of Aluminum Alloys for Hydrogen Gas Containers." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97259.
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A hydrogen gas container is one of the critical components for fuel cell vehicles (FCV), which is expected for CO2-free personal transportation. In the early stage of commercial FCV, the major container structure will be a compressed hydrogen gas cylinder, which consists of metal or plastic linear with metal boss and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). In order to choose an appropriate material for the metal boss and metal liner, corrosion resistance should be evaluated for various aspects such as corrosion fatigue crack growth (CFCG) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the high pressure hydrogen as well as in salt water environment for the purpose of vehicle use. In the present study, CFCG characteristics were evaluated for several aluminum alloys in air and in salt waters with various concentrations. The results showed that the crack growth rates were accelerated in salt water for all the materials and their environmental sensitivities were compared. The concentrations of the salt water exhibited minor effect on the fatigue crack growth rates. These CFCG characteristics were compared with the corrosion test results based on the ISO 7866 Annex A [1]. A basic idea was proposed for the evaluation of compressed hydrogen gas containers and the important material properties were suggested.
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Ustohalova, Veronika, and Christian Ku¨ppers. "Intermediate and Long-Term Radiological Consequences of an Uncontrolled Access of Saline Solution Into the Asse Mine." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59163.
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The risk of radioactive contamination in the biosphere surrounding the Asse salt mine has been assessed to determine the possible radioactive exposure to humans if the mine collapses. Geological conditions and anthropogenic activities have made the mine instable and allow salt-saturated ground water to seep in. This uncontrolled brine inflow significantly increases the risk of the mine collapsing. If the mine collapses, the brine will be pressed into groundwater, where the radionuclides can migrate into the biosphere and cause radioactive exposure. The key issue discussed in this paper is estimating the short- and long-term radiation burden for humans under several possible scenarios of radionuclide release. Only a radioecological model able to quantify and estimate processes taking place can generate usable results. This work develops the radioecological model describing both radionuclide migration and the resulting radiological exposure along several exposition pathways. Development of the model took into account the sorption processes, solubility limits and special aspects of decay chain migration. The radiological exposure was estimated under non-equilibrated conditions for the case of short-time expositions. At the end of this paper, the model’s background, the results of the computations and a comparison of several scenarios will be presented.
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Gonçalves, Maiara Moreira, Celso Kazuyuki Morooka, and Ivan Rizzo Guilherme. "Selection of an Offshore Petroleum Production System by Evaluating an Environmental Impact Index." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23461.
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The development of an offshore petroleum production system corresponds to define a set of equipment to make possible oil and gas extraction from an underwater petroleum reservoir. To better comprehension of the process, definition of this production system can be divided into phases. Phase I corresponds to the selection of number of wells and type of the well. Then, following the previous work (Franco, 2003), in the Phase II, the layout arrangement of wells and the set of the stationary Floating Production Unit (FPU) are selected. And, in the Phase III, storage and offloading alternatives for the produced oil and gas are selected. The present paper aims to identify environmental impacts associated with the each component of an offshore system for oil and gas production, and quantify each of them through indexes. It is expected to support the decision makers to select the best fitted system for a given offshore petroleum field. The increasing needs of petroleum to fulfill the energy matrix demanded in Brazil, the growing concern of the society for keeping the environment clean and the inclusion of an index related to the environment besides the technical and technological indexes usually taken makes it an important contribution to improve the process for selection and decision about the offshore production system. Particularly, it will be fundamental in the adverse condition of the Pre-salt scenario of petroleum production, in ultra-deep water depth and oil and gas with more aggressive contaminants to the system. The proposed methodology follows a similar procedure for the assessment of environmental impacts through the use of environmental sensitivity index (ESI) and the use of impact matrix (NOOA, 1997; Patin, 1999; Mariano and La Rovere, 2006). For the estimation of environmental impacts, it was defined the ESI of the area to be developed, and it was constructed an impact matrix based on the activities involved in the installation of platform, operational phase and decommissioning of a FPU and the elements from environment. Therefore, this systematic and structured approach allowed incorporating to the process of selection of the offshore production system for an oil and gas field the selection of alternative which combines the best technical and technological characteristics with better aspects from the environment.
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Graf, Reinhold, Wolfgang Filbert, Klaus-Ju¨rgen Brammer, and Wilhelm Bollingerfehr. "Disposal of Spent Fuel From German Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16028.
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The “direct disposal of spent fuel” as a part of the current German reference concept was developed as an alternative to spent fuel reprocessing and vitrified HLW disposal. The technical facilities necessary for the implementation of this part of the reference concept, the so called POLLUX® concept, i.e. interim storage buildings for casks containing spent fuel, a pilot conditioning facility, and a special cask “POLLUX” for final disposal have been built. With view to a geological salt formation all handling procedures for the direct disposal of spent fuel were tested aboveground in full-scale test facilities. To optimise the reference concept, all operational steps have been reviewed for possible improvements. The two additional concepts for the direct disposal of SF are the BSK 3 concept and the DIREGT concept. Both concepts rely on borehole emplacement technology, vertical boreholes for the BSK 3 concept und horizontal boreholes for the DIREGT concept. Supported by the EU and the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), DBE TECHNOLOGY built an aboveground full-scale test facility to simulate all relevant handling procedures for the BSK 3 disposal concept. GNS (Company for Nuclear Service), representing the German utilities, provided the main components and its know-how concerning cask design and manufacturing. The test program was concluded recently after more than 1.000 emplacement operations had been performed successfully. The BSK 3 emplacement system in total comprises an emplacement device, a borehole lock, a transport cart, a transfer cask which will shuttle between the aboveground conditioning facility and the underground repository, and the BSK 3 canister itself, designed to contain the fuel rods of three PWR-fuel assemblies with a total of about 1.6 tHM. The BSK 3 concept simplifies the operation of the repository because the handling procedures and techniques can also be applied for the disposal of reprocessing residues. In addition to this, the feasibility of the direct disposal of transport and storage casks, the so-called “DIREGT concept”, is being investigated. The implementation of this concept would avoid the necessity to separate fuel rods from structural parts and to procure custom-made final disposal casks. All investigations and studies performed so far support the feasibility of direct disposal of spent fuel in multipurpose casks as today used for transport and storage. Both additional concepts, BSK 3 and DIREGT, are expected to simplify disposal processes and to reduce operational risk without any compromise in long-term radiological safety aspects.
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Stalder, Jean-Pierre, and Peter A. Huber. "Use of Chromium Containing Fuel Additive to Reduce High Temperature Corrosion of Hot Section Parts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0138.
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The use of “clean” fuel is a prerequisite at today’s elevated gas turbine firing temperature, modern engines are more sensitive to high temperature corrosion if there are impurities present in the fuel and/or in the combustion air. It is a common belief that distillate grade fuels are contaminant-free, which is often not true. Frequently operators burning distillates ignore the fuel quality as a possible source of difficulties. This matter being also of concern in plants mainly operated on natural gas and where distillate fuel oil is the back-up fuel. Distillates may contain water, dirt and often trace metals such as sodium, vanadium and lead which can cause severe damages to the gas turbines. Sodium being very often introduced through contamination with seawater during the fuel storage and delivery chain to the plant, and in combination, or with air borne salt ingested by the combustion air. Excursions of sodium in treated crude or heavy fuel oil can occur during unnoticed malfunctions of the fuel treatment plant, when changing the heavy fuel provenience without centrifuge adjustment, or by inadequate fuel handling. For burning heavy fuel, treatment with oil-soluble magnesium fuel additive is state of the art to inhibit hot corrosion caused by vanadium. Air borne salts, sodium, potassium and lead contaminated distillates, gaseous fuels, washed and unwashed crude and residual oil can not be handled by simple magnesium based additives. The addition of elements like silicon and/or chromium is highly effective in reducing turbine blade hot corrosion and hot section fouling. This paper describes field experience with the use of chromium containing fuel additive to reduce high temperature corrosion of hot section parts, as well as the interaction of oil-soluble chromium and magnesium-chromium additives on material behaviour of blades and vanes, and their economical and environmental aspects.
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Pokhitonov, Yury, Vasiliy Babain, Vladislav Kamachev, and Dennis Kelley. "Russia: Results and Prospects of Liquid Solidification Experiments at ROSATOM Sites." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59112.
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Ongoing experimental work has been underway at selected nuclear sites in the Russian State Atomic Energy Corporation (ROSATOM) during the past two years to determine the effectiveness, reliability, application and acceptability of high technology polymers for liquid radioactive waste solidification. The long term project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention (IPP) program. IPP was established in 1994 as a non-proliferation program of DOE / National Nuclear Security Administration and receives its funding each year through Congressional appropriation. The objectives of IPP are: • To engage former Soviet nuclear weapons scientists, engineers and technicians, currently or formerly involved with weapons of mass destruction, in peaceful and sustainable commercial activities. • To identify non-military, commercial applications for former Soviet institute technologies through cooperative projects among former Soviet weapons scientists, U.S. national laboratories and U.S. industry. • To create new technology sources and to provide business opportunities for U.S. companies, while offering commercial opportunities and meaningful employment for former weapons scientists. Argonne National Laboratory provides management oversight for this project. More than 60 former weapons scientists are engaged in this project. With the project moving toward its conclusion in 2012, the emphasis is now on expanding the experimental work to include the sub-sites of Seversk (SCC), Zheleznogorsk (MCC) located in Siberia and Gatchyna (KRI) and applying the polymer technology to actual problematic waste streams as well as to evaluate the prospects for new applications, beyond their current use in the nuclear waste treatment field. Work to date includes over the solidification of over 80 waste streams for the purpose of evaluating all aspects of the polymer’s effectiveness with LLW and ILW complex waste. Waste stream compositions include oil, aqueous, acidic and basic solutions with heavy metals, oil sludge, spent extractants, decontamination solutions, salt sludge, TBP and other complex waste streams. Extensive irradiation evaluation (up to 270 million rad), stability and leach studies, evaporation and absorption capacity tests and gas generation experimentation on tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) waste have been examined. The extensive evaluation of the polymer technology by the lead group, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, has resulted in significant discussion about its possible use within the ROSATOM network. At present the focus of work is with its application to legacy LLW and ILW waste streams that exist in a variety of sectors that include power plants, research institutes, weapons sites, submarine decommissioning and many others. As is the case in most countries, new waste treatment technologies first must be verified by the waste generator, and secondly, approved for use by the government regulators responsible for final storage. The polymer technology is the first foreign sorbent product to enter Russia for radioactive waste treatment so it must receive ROSATOM certification by undergoing irradiation, fire / safety and health / safety testing. Experimental work to date has validated the effectiveness of the polymer technology and today the project team is evaluating criteria for final acceptance of the waste form by ROSATOM. The paper will illustrate results of the various experiments that include irradiation of actual solidified samples, gas generation of irradiated samples, chemical stability (cesium leach rate) and thermal stability, oil and aqueous waste stream solidification examples, and volume reduction test data that will determine cost benefits to the waste generator. Throughout the course of this work, it is apparent that the polymer technology is selective in nature; however, it can have broad applicability to problematic waste streams. One such application is the separation and selective recovery of trans-plutonium elements and rare earth elements from standard solutions. Another application is the use of polymers at sites where radioactive liquids are accidently emitted from operations, thus causing the risk of environmental contamination.
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BRAN, Mariana, Simona Roxana PĂTĂRLĂGEANU, Mihai DINU, and Silviu Ionut BEIA. "SUPPORTING A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH LIVESTOCK." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2019/8/04.
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The importance of animal husbandry reaches all aspects (social, economic and environmental) of sustainable development in rural areas. People produce for sale, but also for consumption. At the same time, considering the location of this economic activity and the practice of farm technology, it is necessary to observe certain norms in order to ensure good environmental conditions. Of course, the future points to the mistakes of the past. Today, modern animal technology is coordinated through IT programs, which anticipate not only the production but also the risks. Specialized literature indicates the environmental risks arising from cattle breeding at planetary level: accumulation of methane as a specificity of digestion, but also through accumulated manure. In this sense, however, the bibliographic studies and the statistical analyses are in favour of maintaining the herds of cattle, on condition there is genetic improvement in the nutritional aspect, as well as judicious waste management. These considerations are appreciated by Romanian farmers in the economic activity of cattle breeding, promoting measures to reduce greenhouse gases in this field.
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Usrey, Michael W., Yiping Liu, Mark Anderson, Jon Lubbers, Brady Knowles, Kevin Harsh, and Evan Pilant. "Development of High Temperature, Corrosion Resistant Sensors for Concentrating Solar Power Systems." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6569.
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Solar power is a sustainable resource which can reduce the power generated by fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy independence. The U.S. Department of Energy’s SunShot Initiative has set goals to increase the efficiency of concentrating solar power (CSP) systems. One SunShot effort to help CSP systems exceed 50% efficiency is to make use of high-temperature heat transfer fluids (HTFs) and thermal energy storage (TES) fluids that can increase the temperature of the power cycle up to 1300°C. Sporian has successfully developed high-temperature operable pressure, temperature, thermal flux, strain, and flow sensors for gas path measurements in high-temperature turbine engines. These sensors are based on a combination of polymer derived ceramic (PDC) sensors, advanced high-temperature packaging, and integrated electronics. The overall objective is the beneficial application of these sensors to CSP systems. Through collaboration with CSP industry stakeholders, Sporian has established a full picture of operational, interface, and usage requirements for trough, tower, and dish CSP architectures. In general, sensors should have accurate measurement, good reliability, reasonable cost, and ease of replacement or repair. Sensors in contact with hot salt HTF and TES fluids will experience temperature cycling on a daily basis, and parts of the system may be drained routinely. Some of the major challenges to high-temperature CSP implementation include molten salt corrosion and flow erosion of the sensors. Potential high-temperature sensor types that have been identified as of interest for CSP HTF/TES applications include temperature, pressure, flow, and level sensors. Candidate solar salts include nitrate, carbonate, and chloride, with different application temperatures ranging from 550°C-900°C. Functional ceramics were soaked for 500 hours in molten nitrate, carbonate, and chloride salts, showing excellent corrosion resistance in chloride salts and good resistance in nitrate salts. The demonstration of functional ceramics in relevant HTFs laid the foundation for full prototype sensor and packaging demonstration. Sporian has developed a packaging approach for ceramic-based sensors in various harsh gaseous environments at temperatures up to 1400°C, but several aspects of that packaging are not compatible with corrosive and electrically conductive HTFs. In addition to consulting published literature, a 300 hour soak test in molten chloride salt allowed the authors to identify suitable structural metals and ceramics. Based on discussions with stakeholders, molten salt corrosion testing and room-temperature water flow testing, suitable for CSP sensor/packaging concepts were identified for future development, and initial prototypes have been built and tested.
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Moreira, Rafael Peralta, Diego Ribeiro, and Thiago Piedade. "Overcoming the Challenges for Cementing Salt Zones in Deepwater Top Hole Drilling in Brazilian Pre-Salt Wells: A Well Containment Barrier Approach." In IADC/SPE International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208691-ms.
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Abstract When a surface casing is set in front of salt zones, challenges such as hole enlargement and salt dissolution need to be addressed in the cementing design. This study compares the several possible solutions for drilling and cementing in deepwater top hole drilling with exposed salt formation, with the general objective to provide valuable insight on the relevance of cement integrity on well containment analysis in deepwater wells. Several studies reported in the literature have evaluated the different approaches that industry follows on drilling and cementing top hole sections when salt formations are present. In addition to a review on these practices, through a detailed analysis of field data from hundreds of wells in Santos basin pre-salt wells, we identify the main aspects of cement sheath quality and its ability to withstand well containment loads from cement slurry formulation to the drilling practices and geological conditions. From data in real scale, a new and robust design and its field results are presented. From the analytical study of several possibilities, it is shown that well geometry aspects - such as inclination, tortuosity, and hole enlargement – shall attend minimum requirements to obtain the desired cement sheath quality. These requirements were able to be established through extensive field data analysis and simulations for cementing in different conditions. When those requirements are not achieved, even the highest efforts on the sole cementing design does not mitigate the loss of well integrity. Another set of important conclusions are concerned the cementing slurry design and centralizer selection and placement: salt concentration in cement slurry, bond strength between salt formation and cement slurry stands as the key characteristic and the salt-based cement slurry with this property provided the best for specific field results. Since the industry is continuously discussing the best drilling and cementing practices on salt formations, this paper provides compiled results from a large field dataset on top hole drilling in deepwater wells. Furthermore, both theoretical and applied engineering considerations on the salt-based cement slurry design, its mechanical properties, and the placement environment (hole diameter, geology, and casing centralization) are addressed to bring on a discussion on general guidelines for cement sheath quality in well containment analysis.
Reports on the topic "Salt – Environmental aspects"
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.