Academic literature on the topic 'Salt detachment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Salt detachment"
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Kendell, Kristopher L. "Variations in salt expulsion style within the Sable Canopy Complex, central Scotian margin 1This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue on the theme of Mesozoic–Cenozoic geology of the Scotian Basin." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 12 (December 2012): 1504–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-069.
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There are two allochthonous salt canopies within the central Scotian margin, one on the shelf and another in deeper waters on the Scotian slope. The Sable Shelf Canopy trends southwest–northeast and covers an area approximately 650 km2. Salt thickness within this canopy is generally <1000 m. Reloading of the salt has welded out the margins of the canopy, significantly reducing its extent. Salt tectonics related to this canopy produced many of the exploration targets drilled on the shelf. The Sable Slope Canopy is 50 km basinward on the Scotian slope. This canopy is significantly larger, covering 12 700 km2, and the allochthonous salt is as thick as 3500 m. Although the two canopies are separated by a significant distance, a common detachment surface connects them in multiple locations. Extensional systems detach in the Sable Shelf Canopy, displace strata downdip, and expel salt into the Sable Slope Canopy. The outer shelf and slope region separating these two canopies is dominated by detachment systems. One term, the Sable Canopy Complex, was developed to describe both salt canopies and the zone of detachment that separates them. Interpretation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic data throughout the Sable Canopy Complex has resulted in a detailed allochthonous salt map and all related components including welded systems, salt stocks, faults, sutures, and minibasins. Four distinct expulsion styles are observed to contribute volumes of salt to the canopies: salt-based detachments, counterregional systems, hybrids, and salt stocks. Potential explanations for the variations in expulsion style range from varying volumes of sediment input to paleogeographic positions on the margin to salt sheet length.
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Sherkati, Shahram, Matteo Molinaro, Dominique Frizon de Lamotte, and Jean Letouzey. "Detachment folding in the Central and Eastern Zagros fold-belt (Iran): salt mobility, multiple detachments and late basement control." Journal of Structural Geology 27, no. 9 (September 2005): 1680–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2005.05.010.
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Rowan, Mark G., Josep Anton Muñoz, Eduard Roca, Oriol Ferrer, Pablo Santolaria, Pablo Granado, and Marco Snidero. "Linked detachment folds, thrust faults, and salt diapirs: Observations and analog models." Journal of Structural Geology 155 (February 2022): 104509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2022.104509.
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Jackson, Martin P. A., and Michael R. Hudec. "Stratigraphic record of translation down ramps in a passive-margin salt detachment." Journal of Structural Geology 27, no. 5 (May 2005): 889–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2005.01.010.
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Lundin, Erik R. "Thin-skinned extensional tectonics on a salt detachment, northern Kwanza Basin, Angola." Marine and Petroleum Geology 9, no. 4 (August 1992): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(92)90051-f.
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Wilson, Paul, Joseph C. White, and Brian V. Roulston. "Structural geology of the Penobsquis salt structure: late Bashkirian inversion tectonics in the Moncton Basin, New Brunswick, eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-116.
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This study uses new information acquired from field mapping, mineral exploration boreholes, and seismic reflection profiles to constrain the structural geology, deformation mechanisms, and timing of the Penobsquis salt structure. This information is used to place the development of the salt structure into the context of the tectonic evolution of the Moncton Basin. The Penobsquis salt structure is an elongate salt wall separated from underlying rocks by a mylonitic detachment horizon. It may be divided into two segments: a southwestern asymmetric, southeast-verging structure and a northeastern strongly asymmetric to overturned, southeast-verging structure associated with the Penobsquis fault. An initial low-amplitude salt anticline formed during deposition of the Mabou Group (Serpukhovian time). The salt anticline was modified into a high-amplitude salt wall after deposition of Cumberland Group sediments (early Bashkirian or later). The sense of asymmetry of the Penobsquis salt structure, the presence of thrust faults within the structure, the spatial association of the structure with a major reverse fault in the salt cover, and the temporal association of salt movement and compressional tectonic events suggest that the salt structure developed in response to tectonic contraction during inversion of the Moncton Basin.
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Astromovich, Julia, Mark R. Baker, Diane I. Doser, and William Houston. "Application of gravity and magnetic techniques to model the geometry of the northern margin of the Onion Creek salt diapir, Paradox Basin, Utah." Mountain Geologist 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.59.1.5.
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The Onion Creek salt diapir lies within the Paradox Basin of southeast Utah where it forms part of a group of salt structures that separate the Paradox Basin into smaller sub-basins. A series of anomalous, tight folds occur on the northern side of the Onion Creek diapir within the Permian Cutler Group. These folds are thought to be associated with a shallow detachment horizon with three possible origins: 1) a weak shale layer within the Cutler Group; 2) a salt namakier; or 3) a salt shoulder. We collected and analyzed gravity and magnetics data across a portion of the concealed Onion Creek salt body. Since the salt is less dense and less magnetic than the Cutler Group siliciclastics, these geophysical data aid in defining the extent of subsurface salt. Our gravity data show a free-air anomaly low over the diapir with a gradual increase in values as more of the Cutler Group covers the subsurface salt. Magnetic data display a similar trend, but also suggest more complicated 3-D structure exists beneath the study area. Forward and inverse modeling indicated a salt shoulder model best fit the geophysical data. These results suggest gravity and magnetic methods are a low-cost method to evaluate plausible subsurface salt structure for oil and gas exploration studies.
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Kent, W. Norman. "Structures of the Kirkuk Embayment, northern Iraq: Foreland structures or Zagros Fold Belt structures?" GeoArabia 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 147–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1504147.
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ABSTRACT Several anticlines in northern Iraq and Syria have been studied through the construction of balanced and restored cross sections. Based upon structural analysis, each of the studied anticlines is a fault-propagation fold that developed due to Zagros-related, recent inversion of much older normal faults. Studies on the Iranian part of the Zagros Fold Belt have suggested that the regional variation in the character of the fold belt is related to weak detachment surfaces in the stratigraphic section, primarily the decollement developed near the top of the Hormuz Salt where the salt is present. No evidence for Hormuz Salt has been found within the Kirkuk Embayment, and although detachment surfaces contribute the area’s structural character, the prominent folds seem to originate mainly from basement involved faults. Two distinct inversion structural trends exist: E-W system and a NW system of inverted grabens. In Syria, several of the faults associated with the EW-trending system cut the basement on seismic data and have stratigraphic relationships indicating that their displacement originated in the Neoproterozoic. In Iraq, the thicker sedimentary section did not allow the deep parts of the fault systems to be imaged on the available seismic. While the NW fault system of inverted normal faults could be linked to the Zagros Orogen by a decollement surface in the sedimentary section, regional relationships and potential-field data suggest that this trend also is basement involved and has a Neoproterozoic origin.
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Barliya, Tilda, Ron Ofri, Shai Sandalon, Dov Weinberger, and Tami Livnat. "Changes in Retinal Function and Cellular Remodeling Following Experimental Retinal Detachment in a Rabbit Model." Journal of Ophthalmology 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4046597.
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Purpose.To explore functional electroretinographic (ERG) changes and associated cellular remodeling following experimental retinal detachment in a rabbit model.Methods.Retinal detachment was created in ten rabbits by injecting 0.1 ml balanced salt solution under the retina. Fundus imaging was performed 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postoperatively. ERGs were recorded pre- and 7 and 21 days postoperatively. Eyes were harvested on day 21 and evaluated immunohistochemically (IHC) for remodeling of second- and third-order neurons.Results.Retinal reattachment occurred within two weeks following surgery. No attenuation was observed in the photopic or scotopic a- and b-waves. A secondary wavefront on the descending slope of the scotopic b-wave was the only ERG result that was attenuated in detached retinas. IHC demonstrated anatomical changes in both ON and OFF bipolar cells. Bassoon staining was observed in the remodeled dendrites. Amacrine and horizontal cells did not alter, but Muller cells were clearly reactive with marked extension.Conclusion.Retinal detachment and reattachment were associated with functional and anatomical changes. Exploring the significance of the secondary scotopic wavefront and its association with the remodeling of 2nd- and 3rd-order neurons will shade more light on functional changes and recovery of the retina.
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Ramos, Adrià, Berta Lopez-Mir, Elisabeth P. Wilson, Pablo Granado, and Josep Anton Muñoz. "3D reconstruction of syn-tectonic strata in a salt-related orogen: learnings from the Llert syncline (South-central Pyrenees)." Geologica Acta 18 (December 11, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/geologicaacta2020.18.20.
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The Llert syncline is located in the South-central Pyrenees, between the eastern termination of the EW-trending Cotiella Basin and the north-western limb of the NS-trending Turbón-Serrado fold system. The Cotiella Basin is an inverted upper Coniacian-lower Santonian salt-floored post-rift extensional basin developed along the northern Iberian rift system. The Turbón-Serrado fold system consists of upper Santonian – Maastrichtian contractional salt-cored anticlines developed along an inverted transfer zone of the Pyrenean rift system. Based on field research, this paper presents a 3D reconstruction of the Llert syncline in order to further constrain the transition between these oblique salt-related structures. Our results suggest that the evolution of the Llert syncline was mainly controlled by tectonic shortening related to the tectonic inversion of the Cotiella Basin synchronously to the growth of the Turbón-Serrado detachment anticline, and by the pre-compressional structural framework of the Pyrenean rift system. Our contribution provides new insight into the geometric and kinematic relationships of structures developed during the inversion of passive margins involving salt.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt detachment"
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Fernández, Terrones Naiara [Verfasser]. "2D and 3D numerical modelling of multilayer detachment folding and salt tectonics / Naiara Fernández Terrones." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060702673/34.
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Vasconcelos, Trindade Fábio Miguel. "Colored Perfluorocarbon Liquids in Vitreoretinal Surgery in the Pig Eye." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129510.
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Los perfluorocarbonos líquidos (PFCLs) se utilizan casi exclusivamente como una
herramienta intraoperatoria. En la mayoría de los casos están en contacto con la retina
durante no más de 30 minutos. Pero como en cualquier intervención, existen
complicaciones potenciales, sobretodo relacionadas con su retención intraocular dentro
del ojo. Estas complicaciones se producen principalmente debido a la transparencia de
estos compuestos, ya que son difíciles de visualizar y eliminar por completo durante los
intercambios con aceite de silicona y aire. Desde este punto de vista los PFCLs
coloreados podrían ayudar a minimizar estas complicaciones, ya que permitirían la
visualización directa y la eliminación correcta y segura de todos los PFCL durante los
intercambios referidos, incluso del espacio subretiniano, minimizando su retención en la
cavidad vítrea.
Un total de 51 ojos de cerdo enucleados y 20 ojos de cerdo híbrido vivos se utilizaran con
el propósito de encontrar un PFCL coloreado que podría ayudar a reducir las
complicaciones descritas. En primer lugar, realizamos experimentos para evaluar el
comportamiento intraoperatorio, la mejor concentración visible, miscibilidad con el aceite
de silicona, retención de residuos de pigmento y estabilidad después de un tratamiento
intensivo de láser, de los PFCLs coloreados a nuestra disposición. Se estudiaron dos
tipos de PFCLs coloreados. Uno era una mezcla de un PFCL con un semifluoroalcano
(SFA) coloreado, y el otro era una nueva formulación que colorea directamente la
molécula del PFCL [ya sea perfluorodecalina (PFD) o perfluoro-n-octano (PFnO)]. Se
determinó primero el PFCL coloreado con las mejores características antes de proceder al
análisis de toxicidad, con el objetivo de reducir el número de cerdos vivos utilizados en
este análisis.
Se observó que los PFCLs que eran una mezcla con un SFA coloreado eran miscibles
con aceite de silicona. Debido a problemas inflamatorios y de toxicidad relacionados con
la retención de los SFA coloreados, este tipo de PFCLs fueron excluidos de nuestro
estudio y no deben ser usados o deben ser evitados al menos durante el intercambio
directo con el aceite de silicona. De los dos PFCLs directamente coloreados (PFnO azul y
PFD azul), el PFD azul era el que tenía menos problemas de retención de residuos de
pigmento, y así fue seleccionado para el estudio de toxicidad. El electrorretinograma y los
estudios histológicos confirmaron que el PFD azul no era tóxico.
El PFD azul parece facilitar claramente la vista durante los intercambios y en el espacio
subretiniano, y generalmente proporciona una mejor visualización durante la cirugía.
Puede ser útil en la enseñanza de los residentes y “fellows”, e incluso los cirujanos con
más experiencia podrían beneficiarse de ello en pacientes con opacidad de la córnea o
opacificación del cristalino. Los residuos de pigmento microscópicos dejados por este
compuesto "ex vivo" no parece ser un problema "in vivo", una vez que no se observó
ninguna inflamación, toxicidad o residuos al final de 1 semana en el ojo vivo, lo que
sugiere que su eliminación por el organismo del cerdo podría ser posible. Esto debe ser
confirmado en un estudio de fase 1 con el PFD azul.Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) are used almost exclusively as an intra-operative tool. In most cases, they are in contact with the retina for less than 30 minutes. But as for any intervention, there are potential complications with PFCL, mostly from its un-intended intraocular retention within the eye. These complications occur mainly due to the transparent nature of these compounds as they are difficult to visualize and completely remove during silicone oil and air exchanges. From this point of view colored PFCLs could help to minimize these important complications, allowing direct visualization and a correct and safe removal of all the PFCL during air and silicone oil exchanges, including from the subretinal space, minimizing its retention in the vitreous cavity. A total of 51 enucleated pig eyes and 20 live hybrid pig eyes were used with the purpose of identifying a colored PFCL that could help reduce the described complications. We first performed experiments to evaluate the intra-operative behavior, and checked optimal dye concentration, silicone oil miscibility, pigment residues retention and stability after laser stress, of the colored PFCLs at our disposal. Two types of colored PFCLs were studied. One type was a mixture of a PFCL with a colored semifluorinated alkane (SFA), and the other a new formulation that directly colored the PFCL molecule [either perfluorodecalin (PFD) or perfluoro-n-octane (PFnO)]. After the colored PFCL with the best characteristics was determined, toxicity analysis was performed. The two-stage approach was done in order to reduce the number of live pigs used in such analysis. It was observed that the PFCLs that were a mixture with a colored SFA were miscible with silicone oil. Due to inflammatory and toxicity concerns related with the SFA retentions these type of PFCLs were excluded from our study and should not be used or should at least be avoided during direct PFCL-silicone oil exchange. Of the two directly colored PFCLs (blue PFnO and blue PFD), the blue PFD was the one that had less pigment residue retention, and was selected for the toxicity study. Electroretinogram and histologic tests confirmed that the blue PFD was non-toxic. Blue PFD appeared to clearly facilitate the view during the exchanges and in the subretinal space, and generally provided a better visualization during surgery. It may be useful in teaching residents and fellows, and even experienced surgeons could benefit when operating on patients with cloudy corneas or lens opacification. The microscopic pigment residues observed “ex vivo” didn’t appear to be a problem “in vivo” as no inflammation, toxicity or residues were noted at the end of 1 week, suggesting elimination by the pig organism might be possible. This could be confirmed in a formal Phase 1 study with blue PFD.
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Eckert, N. W. "Investigating deformation styles of salt detachments using seismic attribute analysis: an example from the Gulf of Mexico." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110047.
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This item is only available electronically.The current deformation style of active salt detachments beneath delta and deep-water fold-thrust belts in the Gulf of Mexico is poorly constrained. The combination of seismic interpretation and seismic attribute analysis provides greater resolution for identifying fault patterns that are otherwise unresolved in conventional seismic amplitude displays. These techniques are applied to the Ship Shoal and North-West Gulf Coast 3D seismic volumes, and used to investigate the geometry of low signal amplitudes within six interpreted salt diapirs. The ridge enhancement filter and similarity attributes display a strong correlation with faults and fractures observed over a range of magnitudes, and identify structural relationships between salt diapirs and the surrounding sedimentary overburden. Conventional seismic amplitude displays show salt diapirs as ductile and homogenous structures. However, this study concludes that diapirs are likely to contain interbedded resistive sequences facilitating brittle shear. Deformation styles exhibited by active salt diapirs are broadly comparable to those observed in outcrops within exhumed detachment systems. Future application of seismic attribute analysis is needed to improve the understanding of deformation styles exhibited by similar submarine structures.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2014
Book chapters on the topic "Salt detachment"
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BROOKS, ROBERT O. "THE REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES ABOVE AND BELOW THE PLIO-MIOCENE DETACHMENT SURFACE-SOUTHERN LOUISIANA SHELF, GULF OF MEXICO." In Salt, Sediment and Hydrocarbons. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.5724/gcs.95.16.0025.
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Blythe, Nathan, Paul J. Umhoefer, Ernest M. Duebendorfer, William C. McIntosh, and Lisa Peters. "Development of the Salt Spring Wash Basin in a reentrant in the hanging wall of the South Virgin-White Hills detachment fault, Lake Mead domain, northwest Arizona." In Miocene Tectonics of the Lake Mead Region, Central Basin and Range. Geological Society of America, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2010.2463(04).
Full textConference papers on the topic "Salt detachment"
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Pla, O., J. A. Muñoz, O. Ferrer, E. Roca, and O. Gratacós. "Development of Detachment Folds on Syn-orogenic Sequences Including Salt Layers." In 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition - Workshops. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413490.
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Belgibaev, Muhit. "EOLOLOGY A NEW DIRECTION OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOECOLOGY." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1687.978-5-317-06490-7/108-112.
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The article considers a new scientific direction - eolology, which studies the causes and regularities of the processes of subaerial transport (detachment, transportation and accumulation) of aeolian material of natural and anthropogenic origin, as well as the relationship between the soil cover, troposphere and ocean. In the global system of salt transfer, a regularity is observed: the salts involved in the cycle enter the arid zone in the base by hydrochemical means (surface and underground runoff), are carried out by the eolian; they enter the humid one by the aeolian route and fall out with precipitation, and are carried out by the hydrochemical route, which is confirmed by quantitative estimates of the compiled salt balance. Eolology is of particular importance for the desert and semi-desert zone: with sandy, gypsum, clay, rubble and salt marshes.
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Liu, Qi, Yuxin Wu, Yang Zhang, and Junfu Lyu. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer and Bubble Dynamics in Saline Solution." In ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2020-8988.
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Abstract A visual pool boiling experimental device based on ITO coating layer heater and high-speed shooting technology was established for studying the bubble behavior and heat transfer characteristics of saline solution, which is of great significance for ensuring heat transfer safety in nuclear power plants, steam injection boilers and seawater desalination. Volume of fluid method was applied to simulate numerically the liquid–vapor phase change by adding source terms in the continuity equation and energy equation. The predictions of the model are quantitatively verified against the experimental data. It can be found based on the experimental data that the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient is enhanced as the salt concentration increases. Visualization studies and numerical data have shown that the presence and precipitation of salt leads to a decrease in the detachment diameter and growth time of the bubble and an increase in the frequency of detachment, thereby increasing the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient.
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Sapiie, B. "Mechanism of Gravity-Driven Deformation Using Sandbox Modeling: A Case Study of The Tarakan Sub-Basin, East Kalimantan." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-g-286.
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Based on the observations of subsurface and bathymetric maps, various structural patterns are observed in the Tarakan Basin, especially in the Tarakan and Tidung Sub-basins. One of the hypotheses put forward in this study that the gravity-driven mechanism is responsible to generate the normal faults system and folds -thrust belt in the offshore Tarakan Basin. We conducted an integrated study using palinspatic reconstructions of several seismic sections and an analogue-sandbox modeling to observe and explain this gravity-driven. The deformation modeling, which is controlled by gravity requires special conditions that can trigger the movement. The three main parameters that cause gravity deformation to occur are lithology, loading, and slope. In the case of the Tarakan Basin, modeling was carried out by referring to the results of 2D-seismic palinspatic reconstructions. Besides, the additional information as a basis for modeling is also based on the current topographic and bathymetric data. The tectonic reconstruction is used as a reference for paleo-stress data. In theory, one of the factors determining the occurrence of this mechanism is the presence of detachment. This detachment manifests the over-pressure fluid anomaly in the rock, such as over-pressure shale and salt layers. To simulate the conditions that may closely be like the behavior in this detachment, bead materials were selected in the sandbox modeling. Twenty-two experiments were conducted to test the bead as the materials in this modeling, and more than thirty experiments were carried out to model this case. From more than ten realizations, the model with the closest results to seismic interpretation and palinspastic analyses were chosen. From the results of experiments that have been conducted, the development of thrust faults related to the development of normal faults. This evidence is in line with the deformation of gravity-driven mechanism.
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Md Yusof, Muhammad Aslam, Mohamad Arif Ibrahim, Ismail M. Saaid, Ahmad Kamal Idris, Mazlin Idress, and Muhammad Azfar Mohamed. "Fines Migration During CO2 Injection: A Review of the Phenomenon and New Breakthrough." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200134-ms.
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Abstract Large volume of CO2 injection into the saline aquifer is considered to be the high potential CO2 storage method. Until now, the field of CO2 injectivity has been completely dominated by salt precipitation – and by far the most studied mechanism for the loss of injectivity. In this paper, our aim is to focus on recent findings on CO2 injectivity impairment by fines migration that should not be overlooked. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge obtained from theoretical, field studies, and experimental observations on CO2 injectivity impairment by fines migration in saline aquifers in the sense of CO2 storage. By gathering various data from books, DOE papers, field reports and SPE publications, a detailed and high quality data set for fines migration during CO2 injection into saline aquifer is created. Key reservoir/fluid/rock information, operational parameters and petrophysical evaluations are assessments are provided, providing the basis for comprehensive data analysis. The results are presented in terms of boxplot and histogram, where histogram displays the distribution of each parameter and identifies the best suitable ranges for best practices; boxplots are used to detect the special cases and summarize the ranges of each parameter. Previous coreflooding experiments concluded that salt precipitation, mineral precipitation, dissolution and mobilization are the main mechanisms that caused CO2 injectivity impairments. Dissolution of carbonate minerals is dominant and it increases the poro spaces and connectivity of sandstone core samples. Conversely, detachment, precipitation of salt and clay minerals and deposition of fines particles decreases the flow are and even clog the flow paths despite net dissolution. However, the results are case dependent and lack generality in terms of quantifying the petrophysical damage. It has been highlighted that injection scheme (flow rate, time frame), mineral composition (clay content, sensitive minerals), particulate process in porous media (pore geometry, particle and carrier fluid properties), and thermodynamic conditions (pressure, temperature, salinity, CO2 and brine composition) give substantial effect on the fines migration during CO2 injection. Additionally, the current experimental work is limited to rendering time and difficult to identify the dynamic process of fines migration during CO2 injection. A list of potential additional work has therefore been presented in this paper including the establishment of microscopic visualization of CO2-brine-rock interactions with representative pore-network under reservoir pressure and temperature. This is the first paper to summarize the contribution of fines migration on CO2 injectivity impairment in saline aquifer.
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Seto, Kelvin S. H., and Brian M. Ikeda. "Model Passivated Carbon Electrodes for Fluorine Generation in MSRs and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16642.
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Elemental fluorine, F2, is used in the nuclear fuel cycle for the isotopic separation of uranium-235 and 238, as well as for the purification of LiF-BeF2 in molten salt reactors. F2 is generated on an industrial scale by an electrochemical process using carbon electrodes in a KF-2HF molten salt. Carbon electrodes are used for industrial F2 generation due to its chemical stability, high conductivity, and relatively low cost. One of the main issues faced when using carbon electrodes in this chemical system is passivation through the formation of C-F compounds on the surface of the electrode. This results in a loss of anode wettability to the electrolyte and diminished charge transfer rate. The voltage needed for the fluorine evolution reaction increases which negatively impacts the safety of the system, increases the operating costs, and leads to faster degradation of the electrode. The degradation of electrical properties during passivation is progressive, eventually leading to electrode deactivation. The process of deactivation begins with a passivating C-F layer at potentials above the equilibrium potential (2.92 V). The layer is both non-wetting to the KF-2HF media and insulating. Deactivation begins with inhibited F2 bubble detachment, formation of a persistent gas layer, and finally deactivation as the electrode surface is completely covered by a thick, insulating C-F layer causing charge transfer to cease. Only a small current is able to flow, even at high potentials (up to 9 V), indicating F2 generation is completely inhibited. The purpose of this study is to manufacture and test model carbon electrodes and, to examine the non-wetting properties of a partially fluorinated surface. The electrodes will be prepared by mixing PTFE-particles with Vulcan carbon powder and then pressing to form pellets. These electrodes should have a reproducible surface for electrochemical performance studies that will lead to a better understanding of the surface chemistry. The research will develop novel electrodes with a goal to minimize the voltage required for F2 production. This will enhance the efficiency in the overall process and lower the manufacturing costs for F2. Carbon electrodes with different PTFE-content (20 w.% and 35 w.%) were synthesized. Electrochemical fluorination was then carried out at different potentials in the F2 generation region (4 to 8 V) in molten KF·2HF electrolyte at ∼90 °C. The electrochemical behaviour of the carbon-PTFE electrodes was examined and compared for both fluorine passivated and non-passivated graphite, amorphous carbon, and vitreous carbon electrodes. The growth of the electrical double-layer capacitance between the carbon electrodes and the KF·2HF molten salt was studied. The effects of composition of fluorinated and non-fluorinated carbon on electrode performance are presented.
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Richards*, Lachlan J. "Halite Microstructures Reveal Deformation Mechanisms Occurring in Salt Detachments Underlying Resource-Rich Fold-Thrust Belts." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2199400.
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Yutkin, M. P., K. M. Kaprielova, S. Kamireddy, A. Gmira, S. C. Ayirala, C. J. Radke, and T. W. Patzek. "Fast Screening of LSW Brines Using QCM-D and Crude Oil-Brine Interface Analogs." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209389-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This work focuses on a potentially economic incremental oil-recovery process, where a brine amended with inexpensive salts (in contrast to expensive surfactants and other chemicals) is injected into a reservoir to increase oil production. Historically, this process received the name of low salinity waterflooding (LSW) although the salinity is not always low(er). Nevertheless, we keep using this terminology for historical reasons. The idea of LSW has been known for three decades, but to the best of our knowledge no specific brine recipes that guarantee success have been presented so far. The reasons hide in the problem's complexity, disagreements in the scientific community, and a race to publish rather than to understand the fundamental principles behind the process. In this paper, we present an experimental model system that captures many of the important fundamental features of the natural process of crude oil attachment to mineral surfaces, but at the same time decomposes this complex process into simpler parts that can be more precisely controlled and understood. We systematically investigate the first-order chemical interactions contributing to the well-known strong attachment of crude oil to minerals using SiO2 as a mineral for its surface chemistry simplicity. Our preliminary results suggest that magnesium and sulfate ions are potent in detaching amino/ammonium-based linkages of crude oil with a SiO2 surface. However, when used together in the form of MgSO4, they lose part of their activity to the formation of a MgSO4 ion pairs. We also find that sulfate-detachment propensity stems not from the interaction with prototype mineral surface, but rather from the interactions with the crude oil-brine interface analog. We continue the systematic study of the ion effects on crude oil detachment, with and more results following in the future.
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Antonietti, S., and C. Paglia. "The Damage of a Concrete Pavement in an Alpine Cold Region." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/a5bj6y8w.
Full textAbstract:
Concrete pavements still represent a wide range of existing infrastructure. In particular, for external parking lots. The concrete pavement in the present study was placed directly on a natural ground without steel rebar or nets, without separation layer against water upward movement and with no superficial abrasion coating. The structure was exposed to an alpine clima. The microstructure and several properties of the pavement were characterized, such as density, compression strength, porosity, and water permeability. After six years, the first damage appeared and the surface layer was restored by applying a 10 mm thick mortar. Cracks were formed due to the plastic shrinkage and hygrometric inadequate post-treatment, as well as differential ground subsidence. This latter was promoted by the too high presence of fine aggregate components, which induced a compaction problem. In addition, disgregation in an advanced stage was observed. Especially along the contraction junctions, because of a too early fresh mortar cutting. Freeze/thaw cycles in the presence of deicing salts, as well as vehicles loads, also increased the deterioration. Mortar detachment from the underground concrete was due to the insufficient surface preparation, lack of adhesion and no mechanical treatment, shrinkage tension, low direct tension of the mortar and general concrete low quality. Mortar spalling was also caused by the freeze/thaw cycles in the presence of deicing salts, in particular along junctions, that were cut only on a superficial level within the mortar layer and not in depth.
Reports on the topic "Salt detachment"
1
Bradford, Joe, Itzhak Shainberg, and Lloyd Norton. Effect of Soil Properties and Water Quality on Concentrated Flow Erosion (Rills, Ephermal Gullies and Pipes). United States Department of Agriculture, November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613040.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Concentrated flow erosion in rills, pipes, ephermal gullies, and gullies is a major contributor of downstream sedimentation. When rill or gullies form in a landscape, a 3- to 5-fold increase in soil loss commonly occurs. The balance between the erosive power of the flow and the erosion resistance of the bed material determines the rate of concentrated flow erosion. The resistance of the bed material to detachment depends primarily on the magnitude of the interparticle forces or cohesion holding the particles and aggregates together. The effect of soil properties on bed material resistance and concentrated flow erosion was evaluated both in the laboratory and field. Both rill erodibility and critical hydraulic shear were greater when measured in 9.0 m long rills under field conditions compared with laboratory mini-flumes. A greater hydraulic shear was required to initiate erosion in the field compared to the mini-flume because of the greater aggregate and clod size and stability. Once erosion was initiated, however, the rate of erosion as a function of hydraulic shear was greater under field conditions because of the greater potential for slaking upon wetting and the greater soil surface area exposed to hydraulic shear. Erosion tests under controlled laboratory conditions with the mini-flume allowed individual soil variables to be studied. Attempts to relate rill erosion to a group soil properties had limited success. When individual soil properties were isolated and studied separately or grouped separately, some trends were identified. For example, the effect of organic carbon on rill erodibility was high in kaolinitic soils, low in smectitic soils, and intermediate in the soils dominated by illite. Slow prewetting and aging increased the cohesion forces between soil particles and decreased rill erodibility. Quick prewetting increased aggregate slaking and increased erodibility. The magnitude of the effect of aging depended upon soil type. The effect of clay mineralogy was evaluated on sand/clay mixtures with montmorillonite (M), Illite (I), and kaolinite (K) clays. Montmorillonite/sand mixtures were much less erodible than either illite or kaolonite sand mixtures. Na-I and Na-K sand mixtures were more erodible than Ca-I and Ca-K due to increased strength from ionic bonding and suppression of repulsive charges by Ca. Na-M was less erodiblethan Ca-M due to increased surface resulting from the accessibility of internal surfaces due to Na saturation. Erodibility decreased when salt concentration was high enough to cause flocculation. This occurred between 0.001 mole L-1 and 0.01 mole L-1. Measuring rill erodibility in mini-flumes enables the measurement of cohesive forces between particles and enhances our ability to learn more about cohesive forces resisting soil detachment under concentrated water flow.