Journal articles: 'Salt attack'

1

Tanaka, Y. "Performance Evaluation of Bridges Deteriorated by Salt Attack." Concrete Journal 55, no. 1 (2017): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.55.1_10.

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Zeidan, Mohamed, Mohamed T. Bassuoni, and Aly Said. "Physical salt attack on concrete incorporating nano-silica." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2016.1218802.

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3

Bowman, R. "The Determination of the Salt Attack Resistance of Bricks." Materials Science Forum 34-36 (January 1991): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.34-36.987.

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Bassuoni, M. T., and M. M. Rahman. "Response of concrete to accelerated physical salt attack exposure." Cement and Concrete Research 79 (January 2016): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.02.006.

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5

Qian, Wen Xun, Yan Chi Zhang, Xun Jie Chen, and You Lin Ouyang. "The Experimental Research on the Anti-Corrosion Performance of Concrete with Different Mineral Admixtures under Sulfate and Chloride Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1431.

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The performance of resistance to sulfate attack and permeability of chloride ion on concrete with different mineral admixtures (fly ash, slag single or both adding) under sulfate and chloride environment were discussed. The results indicated the performance of resistance to salt attack on concrete with appropriate mineral admixtures was improved. Under chloride environment, the resistance to sulfate attack coefficient of testing mortars descended, and compressive strength loss rate of concrete was raised after dry-wet cycles. Therefore, the performance of resistance to salt attack on concrete was decreased in this environment. Besides, on the initial stage of corrosion, the ability to resist chloride ion penetration of concrete was improved under sulfate environment, while the penetrating of chloride ion was accelerated on the later stage.

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Xie, You Jun, Kun Lin Ma, and Guang Cheng Long. "Sulfate Crystallization Attack on Cement-Based Materials." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.89.

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The physical crystallization action of sulfate in cement based material, which often occurs by dry-wet cycle, capillary rising and evaporating action, can damage seriously cement-based materials as compared to chemical corrosion by sulfate. The deterioration mechanism of cement-based materials by sulfate crystallization attack, experimental investigations of the process of sodium sulfate crystallization and the factors affecting the process, and the invading track of salt solution by capillary effect are presented in this paper. Results show that the crystal type and crystallization velocity of sodium sulfate is influenced greatly by relative humidity and ambient temperature. There is a close relationship between invading depth and the porosity of concrete. Addition of mineral admixture to concrete can significantly reduce the invading depth of sodium sulfate solution and thereby enhance the resistance of concrete to sulfate crystallization attack.The profile of invading track of salt solution by capillary effect is similar to the shape of concave parabola.

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Matsuo, T., H. Cho, and M. Takemoto. "Optical fiber acoustic emission system for monitoring molten salt attack." Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2005.11.010.

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DONG, R., B. MA, X. HE, H. ZHU, and J. WEI. "Sulfate Attack on Concrete in an Inland Salt Lake Environment." Journal of China University of Geosciences 17, no. 4 (December 2006): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0705(07)60009-0.

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9

Reddy CH, Venugopal, and Siddaiah P. "Medical Image Watermarking Schemes against Salt and Pepper Noise Attack." International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology 7, no. 6 (December 31, 2015): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijbsbt.2015.7.6.07.

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10

Sisomphon, K., O. Copuroglu, and A. L. A. Fraaij. "Development of blast furnace slag mixtures against frost salt attack." Cement and Concrete Composites 32, no. 8 (September 2010): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.06.001.

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11

Sakr, M. R., and M. T. Bassuoni. "Performance of concrete under accelerated physical salt attack and carbonation." Cement and Concrete Research 141 (March 2021): 106324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106324.

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12

Zhang, Yongqiu, Binglin Zou, Xiaolong Cai, Ying Wang, and Xueqiang Cao. "Hot corrosion behavior of Yb2Si2O7 ceramic under NaVO3 salt attack." Ceramics International 46, no. 3 (February 2020): 2618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.070.

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Carpio, Pablo, M. Dolores Salvador, Amparo Borrell, Lucia Navarro, and Enrique Sánchez. "Molten salt attack on multilayer and functionally-graded YSZ coatings." Ceramics International 44, no. 11 (August 2018): 12634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.062.

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14

Poulin, Robert, and Gerard J. FitzGerald. "Water temperature, vertical distribution, and risk of ectoparasitism in juvenile sticklebacks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-293.

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We tested the hypothesis that the risk of juvenile sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) being parasitized by the crustacean ectoparasite Argulus canadensis decreases with increasing water temperature. In the laboratory, juvenile sticklebacks and parasites were acclimated to three different temperatures, 18, 22, and 26 °C. The attack performances of single parasites on groups of 20 fish were measured at each temperature. We found no significant effect of temperature on the attack success (percentage of attacks successful) or the attack rate (number of attacks per minute) of parasites. In addition, we sampled sticklebacks in their natural habitat, salt marsh tide pools, three times per day, when water temperatures were lowest, intermediate, and highest. The relative abundance of parasites on fish (total number of A. canadensis divided by the total number of sticklebacks sampled) was twice as high during midafternoon, when temperature was highest, than in the early morning, when temperature was lowest. Sticklebacks usually swam close to the bottom of tide pools, where parasites were resting, in midafternoon, and at the water surface in the early morning. These changes in the vertical distribution of the fish may result from diel fluctuations in temperature or in other abiotic factors, and small differences in these factors between the bottom and the surface of the pools. Our results indicate that, while it had no direct effects on the attack success and attack rate of the parasites, water temperature, or other abiotic factors, may have indirectly affected the sticklebacks' chances of being parasitized by changing their vertical distribution, and thus their spatial overlap with parasites.

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15

Sun, Tiankai, Xingyuan Wang, Da Lin, Rong Bao, Daihong Jiang, Bin Ding, and Dan Li. "Medical image security authentication method based on wavelet reconstruction and fractal dimension." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 4 (April 2021): 155014772110141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211014132.

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In this article, based on wavelet reconstruction and fractal dimension, a medical image authentication method is implemented. According to the local and global methods, the regularity of the mutation structure in the carrier information is analyzed through a measurement defined in the medical image transformation domain. To eliminate the redundancy of the reconstructed data, the fractal dimension is used to reduce the attributes of the reconstructed wavelet coefficients. According to the singularity of the fractal dimension of the block information, the key features are extracted and the fractal feature is constructed as the authentication feature of the images. The experimental results show that the authentication scheme has good robustness against attacks, such as JPEG compression, multiplicative noise, salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise, image rotation, scaling attack, sharpening, clipping attack, median filtering, contrast enhancement, and brightness enhancement.

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16

Hu, Yan Yan, Ting Shu He, and Xian Zhe Zhang. "Micro-Analysis of Sulfate Salt Attack Destruction on Autoclaved-Curing Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1094 (March 2015): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1094.273.

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The autoclaved-curing high strength concrete was prepared with quartz powder (QP). The deterioration behavior of concrete specimens partially exposed to Na2SO4solutions was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction as well. The results show that the interfacial transition zone cause the autoclaved-curing concrete damage. Sulfate chemical erosion is the main cause the damage of cement concrete. Hydration products of decomposition are the main cause of concrete crack mixing with QP. QP concrete is more susceptible to sulphate attack.

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17

Neal, Bruce. "Dietary Salt Is a Public Health Hazard That Requires Vigorous Attack." Canadian Journal of Cardiology 30, no. 5 (May 2014): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.02.005.

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18

Nadelman, E. I., and K. E. Kurtis. "Durability of Portland-limestone cement-based materials to physical salt attack." Cement and Concrete Research 125 (November 2019): 105859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105859.

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19

Mahdavi, Amirhossein, Eugene Medvedovski, Gerardo Mendoza, and André McDonald. "Corrosion Resistance of Boronized, Aluminized, and Chromized Thermal Diffusion-Coated Steels in Simulated High-Temperature Recovery Boiler Conditions." Coatings 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080257.

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In this study, the high-temperature molten salt corrosion resistance of bare steels and steels with protective coatings, fabricated by thermal diffusion processes (boronizing, aluminizing and chromizing), were investigated and compared. Surface engineering through thermal diffusion can be used to fabricate protective coatings against corrosion, while alleviating issues around possible cracking and spallation that is typical for conventional thermal-sprayed coatings. In this regard, samples of low carbon steel and 316 stainless steel substrates were boronized, chromized, and aluminized through a proprietary thermal diffusion process, while some of the samples were further coated with additional thin oxide and non-oxide layers to create new surface architectures. In order to simulate the actual corrosion conditions in recovery boilers (e.g., from black liquor combustion), the surfaces of the samples sprayed with a modeling salt solution, were exposed to low-temperature (220 ∘C) and high-temperature (600 ∘C) environments. According to microstructural and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and results of hardness determination, the coatings with multilayered architectures, with and without additional oxide layers, showed successful resistance to corrosive attack over bare steels. In particular, the samples with boronized and chromized coatings successfully withstood low-temperature corrosive attack, and the samples with aluminized coatings successfully resisted both low- and high-temperature molten salt corrosive attacks. The results of this study conducted for the first time for the thermal diffusion coatings suggest that these coatings with the obtained architectures may be suitable for surface engineering of large-sized steel components and tubing required for recovery boilers and other production units for pulp and paper processing and power generation.

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20

Reddy, Narender, and Ashutosh S. Gandhi. "Molten salt attack on t′ yttria-stabilised zirconia by dissolution and precipitation." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33, no. 10 (September 2013): 1867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.02.022.

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21

Long, Guang Cheng, Zhe Li, Kun Lin Ma, and You Jun Xie. "Development of Cementitious Materials with High Resistance to Sulfate Attack by a Combination of Emulsified Asphalt and Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.8.

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Attack of sulfate crystallization and chemical interaction between sulfate and hydration product is one of the most important factors responsible for degradation of cementitious materials. This study investigates the effects of emulsified asphalt and fly ash as well as their combination on resistance of mortar to physicochemical attack of sulfate in order to develop high performance cementitious materials with high resistance to sulfate attack. The partly-submerged experiment with 5% Na2SO4 solution is designed to simulate physicochemical attack of sulfate salt on sample. Results indicate that, compared with fly ash, addition of emulsified asphalt is more effective in improving the resistance of mortar sample to physical crystallization role and chemical attack of sulfate. Moreover, a combination of fly ash and emulsified asphalt can further enhance the resistance of cementitious materials to physicochemical attack of sulfate, which results from the improvement of microstructure, reduction of CH product and increase of ductility of sample.

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22

Nishanth, N., and S. Suresh Babu. "Sequence Number Alteration by Logical Transformation (SALT): A Novel Method for Defending Session Hijacking Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Network." International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering 3, no. 5 (2014): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcce.2014.v3.346.

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23

TSUJI, Kazuhide, Yoichi MIMURA, Isamu YOSHITAKE, and Sumio HAMADA. "LIFE CYCLE COST OF CONCRETE SLAB UNDER SALT ATTACK FROM ANTI-FREEZING AGENT." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 784 (2005): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2005.784_65.

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24

Suleiman, Ahmed R., and Moncef L. Nehdi. "Exploring effects of supplementary cementitious materials in concrete exposed to physical salt attack." Magazine of Concrete Research 69, no. 11 (June 2017): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.16.00406.

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25

Allahverdi, Ali, and Mohammad Mahdi Bahri Rasht Abadi. "Resistance of chemically activated high phosphorous slag content cement against frost-salt attack." Cold Regions Science and Technology 98 (February 2014): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.11.001.

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26

Montgomery, Melanie, Ole Biede, and Ole Hede Larsen. "Experiences with Inconel 625 in Biomass and Waste Incineration Plants." Materials Science Forum 522-523 (August 2006): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.522-523.523.

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Inconel 625 is utilised in both biomass and waste incineration plants in Denmark. In both cases, the performance is good however the morphology of corrosion attack is different which indicates different corrosion mechanisms. In waste incineration plants there is general attack and shallow pitting, and in some cases dendritic attack especially on the fins of waterwalls. The dendritic attack is in the dendritic core. The presence of pits or dendritic attack is linked to the temperature of the metallic surface and the molten salt composition. In a woodchip biomass plant, chromium depletion was observed on the surface of the weld overlay leaving behind a nickel and molybdenum rich porous structure. The corrosion attack was not related to the dendritic microstructure of the weld. In two straw-fired biomass plants, co-extruded Sanicro 63 (alloy 625 type) as well as Inconel 625 weld overlay revealed the same type of attack, again chromium depletion. This indicates that the corrosion mechanism in woodchip and straw power plants are similar. Another interesting result in straw-fired boilers was that Nibas welds (alloy 625 composition) could provoke excessive corrosion in adjacent 18-8 stainless steels indicating a galvanic reaction. The corrosion mechanisms observed in each case are discussed in relation to temperature and corrosive environment.

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27

Antepara, Iñigo, Igor Medveď, Jaromír Žumár, and Robert Černý. "A Contribution to the Treatment of Salt Damage in Historical Buildings." Materials Science Forum 824 (July 2015): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.824.127.

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Salts and water may cause serious damage to historical masonries. Therefore, numerous conservation treatments have been developed by research teams for the consolidation and protection of porous building materials affected by salt attack. Here the focus is on methods for obtaining an effective desalination of historical masonry, indicating their advantages and disadvantages. It is pointed out that cellulose is a favourite material added to poultices used in desalination.

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Bhindi, AK, B. Chiswell, and GP Rauchle. "Site of Chlorine Interaction With a Cation-Exchange Resin (Chelex-100)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 7 (1992): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9921143.

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X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 13C and 1H solution-state n.m.r., and 13C solid-state n.m.r. were used in chlorination studies on compounds, which act as models for the exchange group and the styrene divinylbenzene copolymer backbone of Chelex-100, to determine the site and mechanism of chlorine attack. Results indicate that the resin cleaves upon chlorination, and a cleavage mechanism, involving initial attack by chlorine on the exchange group imine nitrogen electron lone pairs, is proposed. The N-halo quaternary species formed loses a molecule of hydrogen chloride to give a Schiff base, which undergoes hydrolysis to an aldehyde and an ammonium salt.

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29

Lee, Seung-Tae, Dae-Wook Park, and Ki-Yong Ann. "Mitigating effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack of cement mortars with or without silica fume." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 11 (November 2008): 1210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-065.

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This paper presents a detailed experimental study on the sulfate attack of mortar specimens with or without silica fume exposed to sulfate and sulfate–chloride solutions (with the same concentration of SO42– ions) up to 510 d. The overall aim of the study is to investigate the beneficial effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack. In addition, the role of silica fume and water–binder ratio (w/b) in resisting sulfate attack is also reported. To qualitatively assess the performance of mortar specimens exposed to test solutions, visual examination and compressive strength and expansion tests were carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) techniques were also used to evaluate the products formed by hydration and chemical reaction and the change of porosity for paste samples. Results indicated that the presence of chloride ions in sulfate environments mitigated the deterioration of ordinary Portland cement mortar specimens, especially with a higher w/b, due to sulfate attack. It seems that the mitigating effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack is attributable to the increased solubility of sulfate products in the chloride-bearing sulfate solution, and the chemical binding of the ions to form Friedel’s salt.

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30

TANAKA, Yasushi, Takayuki YAMAGUCHI, and Takumi SHIMOMURA. "LOADING TEST AND NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAM DETERIORATED BY SALT ATTACK." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu E 66, no. 4 (2010): 466–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jsceje.66.466.

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31

Mu, R., C. Miao, X. Luo, and W. Sun. "Combined deterioration of concrete subjected to loading, freeze—thaw cycles and chloride salt attack." Magazine of Concrete Research 54, no. 3 (June 2002): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2002.54.3.175.

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32

IBA, Takamitsu, Manabu MATSUSHIMA, Hiroshi SEKI, and Hideo KAWADA. "Calculation Method of Life Cycle Cost to Reinforced Concrete Structures Deteriorated with Salt Attack." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 704 (2002): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.704_1.

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33

Yu, Hongfa, Yongshan Tan, and Liming Yang. "Microstructural Evolution of Concrete under the Attack of Chemical, Salt Crystallization, and Bending Stress." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29, no. 7 (July 2017): 04017041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001869.

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34

Huang, Qing, Ying Li, Chenggong Chang, Jing Wen, Jinmei Dong, Weixin Zheng, Danchun A, et al. "The Salt Attack Performance of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Exposure to Three Kinds of Brines." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 35, no. 1 (February 2020): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-020-2239-z.

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35

Pareek, V. K., and D. A. Shores. "Degradation of SiC-Base Materials in Environments Containing Potassium Salt Vapors." Corrosion 48, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3315910.

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Abstract Studies have shown that low levels of potassium salt vapor contaminants drastically lower the oxidation resistance of α-SiC. In this study, reaction-bonded SiC and a composite SiC + TiB2 suffered considerably more attack in environments containing potassium salt vapors than α-SiC. The kinetics were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the scales. In an attempt to mitigate the degradation, a thin aluminum layer was applied by physical vapor deposition and then oxidized to alumina. When applied to α-SiC, the Al2O3 layer reduced the corrosion rate where good overlayer coatings were achieved.

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36

Xie, You Jun, Xu Guang Tang, and Guang Cheng Long. "Experiment on Cement-Based Materials with Various Compositions against Sulfate Attack." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.94.

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According to the method of semi-immersion in 5% sodium sulfate solution, the property against sulfate attack of cement-based materials with various compositions are studied with the indexes of the amount of crystal salt in unit exposing area and the ratio of total mass change. The experiment indicates that the order of mortar with w/c=0.4 against sulfate attack from high to low are SAC 42.5>PO 42.5>Clinker>HAC 42.5. When w/b is constant and the cement was replaced by the same quantity of salic material, the order of mortar against sulfate attack are Clinker> PO 42.5> SAC 42.5> HAC 42.5. The replacement of SAC and HAC with the same quantity of salic material leads to the sharp decrease of its property against sulfate attack while the result is opposite for the clinker serial and PO 42.5 serial. Addition of redispersible polymer powder can lead to decrease of penetration and increase the properties of products to sulfate attack. Then, it comes to the conclusion that multi-binder with PO.42.5cement 70%–80% (quality percentage), and internal mixing of 5%–10% silica fume, 10%–15% fly ash can meet the high corrosion resistance requirements.

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37

Idora, M. S. Noor, M. M. Rahman, M. Ismail, and W. B. Wan Nik. "Effect of Zinc Coating Thickness on Corrosion Performance of Mild Steel in Atmospheric and Seawater Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.213.

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The application of zinc coating as a protective film to the mild steel against corrosion attack in atmospheric and seawater environment was studied. The objective of this study is to evaluate the corrosion performance of mild steel coated by different thickness of zinc under salt spray and also immersion test. The corrosion measurement test was performed by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization. From the experimental study, it was found that the corrosion rate of mild steel is inversely proportional to the zinc coating thickness. The result also showed that the corrosion rate of mild steel in the salt spray test is higher than the immersion test.

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38

Wang, Boxin, Ruichang Fang, Xu Chai, and Qing Wang. "Transportation Laws for Carbonate and Sulfate Ions in Concrete Based on Compartment Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1769186.

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Transportation of carbonate and sulfate ions in concrete under the drying-wetting cycle environment is similar to the ingression and elimination of medicine in human body. Given this similarity, such a process is described dynamically using the classic compartment model in pharmacokinetics. The compartment model was applied to predict the content of carbonate and sulfate ions in different regions of concrete. Factors such as water-cement ratio, salt category, carbonate-ion and sulfate-ion attack depth, and drying-wetting cycle were synthetically considered in the compartment model. In conjunction with the prediction value of the compartment model, the experiment data uniformly distributed two sides of the model curve, and the difference is within the accepted range, thus verifying the reliability of the model prediction consequence. The compartment model in this article provides references for predicting the drying-wetting varied cycles and ions attack depth of concrete under carbonate and sulfate ions attack.

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Lee, Kang N. "Key Durability Issues With Mullite-Based Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 4 (May 15, 2000): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287584.

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Plasma-sprayed mullite 3Al2O3s˙2SiO2 and mullite/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) dual layer coatings have been developed to protect silicon-based ceramics from environmental attack. Mullite-based coating systems show excellent durability in air. However, in combustion environments, corrosive species such as molten salt or water vapor penetrate through cracks in the coating and attack the Si-based ceramics along the interface. Thus the modification of the coating system for enhanced crack-resistance is necessary for long-term durability in combustion environments. Other key durability issues include interfacial contamination and coating/substrate bonding. Interfacial contamination leads to enhanced oxidation and interfacial pore formation, while a weak coating/substrate bonding leads to rapid attack of the interface by corrosive species, both of which can cause a premature failure of the coating. Interfacial contamination can be minimized by limiting impurities in coating and substrate materials. The interface may be modified to improve the coating/substrate bond. [S0742-4795(00)03203-8]

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40

Kliukas, Romualdas, Arūnas Jaras, and Ona Lukoševičienė. "The Impact of Long-Term Physical Salt Attack and Multicycle Temperature Gradient on the Mechanical Properties of Spun Concrete." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 4811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174811.

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The article is focused on spun concrete made with different chemical admixtures under long-term exposure to aggressive salt-saturated ground water and a cyclic temperature gradient. Over a long-term experimental investigation, 64 prismatic spun concrete specimens were subjected to multicycle (75–120) processing under combined aggressive ambient conditions. Prismatic specimens were soaked in water or saline and dried at a temperature of 45–50 °C. The long-term multi-cycle effect of the temperature gradient and physical salt attack on the compressive strength, Young’s modulus and durability of concrete was found to be negative. Chemical admixtures, though, improved the structure of spun concrete, thus having a significant positive effect on its physical-mechanical properties and durability.

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41

Tian, Wei, and Nv Han. "Experiment Analysis of Concrete’s Mechanical Property Deterioration Suffered Sulfate Attack and Drying-Wetting Cycles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5673985.

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The mechanism of concrete deterioration in sodium sulfate solution is investigated. The macroperformance was characterized via its apparent properties, mass loss, and compressive strength. Changes in ions in the solution at different sulfate attack periods were tested by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The damage evolution law, as well as analysis of the concrete’s meso- and microstructure, was revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and computed tomography (CT) scanning equipment. The results show that the characteristics of concrete differed at each sulfate attack period; the drying-wetting cycles generally accelerated the deterioration process of concrete. In the early sulfate attack period, the pore structure of the concrete was filled with sulfate attack products (e.g., ettringite and gypsum), and its mass and strength increased. The pore size and porosity decreased while the CT number increased. As deterioration progressed, the swelling/expansion force of products and the salt crystallization pressure of sulfate crystals acted on the inner wall of the concrete to accumulate damage and accelerate deterioration. The mass and strength of concrete sharply decreased. The number and volume of pores increased, and the pore grew more quickly resulting in initiation and expansion of microcracks while the CT number decreased.

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42

Kato, Y., M. Yamamoto, S. Otani, and K. Takeko. "Monitoring of Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection Applied to Deteriorated Concrete Structures Caused by Salt Attack." Concrete Journal 56, no. 1 (2018): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.56.1_73.

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43

Gentilini, Cristina, Antonio Maria D'Altri, Marco Amato, Paolo Zanotti, Franco Favaro, and Stefano de Miranda. "Salt Attack Effects on the Shear Behavior of Masonry: Preliminary Results of an Experimental Campaign." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.512.

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In this paper, preliminary results of an experimental campaign carried out on masonry triplets subjected to weathering cycles in salt solution are presented. Weathering cycles are constituted of a wetting phase by capillary rise of a sodium chloride solution and a drying phase in oven. At the end of the last conditioning cycle, triplets are shear tested in order to quantitatively assess the effects of salts on their mechanical behaviour, in particular on the Mohr-Coulomb relationship. To this aim, three levels of pre-compression are applied during the shear tests. For comparison purposes, unconditioned triplets are also tested under the same loading conditions.

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Agyekum, Kofi, Joshua Ayarkwa, and Christian Koranteng. "Holistic Diagnosis of Rising Damp and Salt Attack in Two Residential Buildings in Kumasi, Ghana." Journal of Construction Engineering 2014 (July 24, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/398627.

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Rising damp is one of the most severe phenomena that leads to decay and deterioration of both old and modern types of buildings. This study employed a holistic approach to dampness investigation and sought to examine the problem of rising damp in the walls of two residential apartments in Kumasi, Ghana. The study sought to determine the types of soluble salts and their concentrations in the soils and accumulated percentages in the walls over time and whether there exists any linkage between the salts in the walls and those in the ground. Results from the geotechnical survey of the building sites found that the soils on site 1 consisted of silty sandy gravel with some clay particles and those on site 2 consisted of silty sandy soil with some clay and traces of gravel. The study identified several groups of salts in the walls of the buildings, with the most damaging and dangerous being magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride, and sodium sulphate salts. Similar salts were identified in the soil samples from the trial pits. The results therefore indicate a linkage between the salts found in the ground and those found in the walls and therefore confirm the presence of rising dampness.

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Baumgärtner, M., and H. Kaesche. "Microtunnelling during localized attack of passive aluminum: The case of salt films vs oxide films." Corrosion Science 29, no. 2-3 (January 1989): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(89)90041-3.

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Zhou, Jikai, and Xu He. "Experimental Study on Internal and External Salt Attack from Seawater and Sea-Sand to Mortars." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 8 (April 23, 2021): 2951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0375-4.

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Ravi Shankar, A., and U. Kamachi Mudali. "Corrosion of Nickel Alloys in Molten LiCl-KCl Medium Under Cl2 Bubbling." Corrosion 74, no. 2 (August 27, 2017): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2284.

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Pyrochemical reprocessing utilizing molten chloride salt medium has been considered as one of the best options for the reprocessing of spent metallic fuels from future fast breeder reactors. Purification of molten salt is an important step where chlorine gas is purged in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at 873 K. Materials for manufacturing of vessels and components for salt purification system should possess high corrosion resistance under such a highly corrosive environment. The present paper discusses the corrosion behavior of INCONEL Alloys 600 (UNS N06600), 625 (UNS N06625), and 690 (UNS N06690) and their welds in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at 873 K under Cl2 bubbling. Characterization of the exposed surfaces was performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and glancing incidence x-ray diffraction. The results of the present study indicated that N06600 and N06690 offered better corrosion resistance compared to N06625. Surface morphology of the exposed base metal and weld metal surfaces exhibited intergranular and interdendritic corrosion, respectively, on N06600 and N06625. SEM micrographs clearly indicated that N06690 exhibited uniform dissolution, while N06600 and N06625 exhibited localized attack. The paper highlights the results of the present investigation.

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Musliyana, Zuhar, Teuku Yuliar Arif, and Rizal Munadi. "Peningkatan Sistem Keamanan Autentikasi Single Sign On (SSO) Menggunakan Algoritma AES dan One-Time Password Studi Kasus: SSO Universitas Ubudiyah Indonesia." Jurnal Rekayasa Elektrika 12, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17529/jre.v12i1.2896.

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Single Sign On (SSO) merupakan model autentikasi independen yang diimplementasikan Universitas Ubudiyah Indonesia (UUI) menggunakan Message-Digest Algorithm 5 (MD5) dan web service NuSOAP berbasis bahasa pemograman PHP. Sistem ini berjalan pada protokol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Faktanya penggunaan protokol HTTP ini sangat rentan terhadap berbagai jenis serangan karena data dikirim dalam bentuk plaintext tanpa ada proses enkripsi dan penerapan algoritma MD5 pada autentikasi login juga rentan terhadap serangan dictionary attacks dan rainbow tables. Disisi lain, Penggunaan web service NuSOAP juga menciptakan celah keamanan karena pengiriman dan penerimaan payload tidak dienkripsi. Saat ini diketahui sudah ada beberapa metode yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan pengamanan kerentanan tersebut diantaranya yaitu menggunakan Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (SHTTP) dan Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA). Namun beberapa hasil penelitian terkait memperlihatkan masih terdapat beberapa kelemahan dari penggunaan HTTPS, SHTTP dan CAPTCHA. Penelitian ini mengusulkan penggunaan algoritma Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) dengan pembangkit kunci dinamis dan metode One-Time Password (OTP) berbasis sinkronisasi waktu dengan kombinasi salt untuk meningkatkan keamanan pada autentikasi SSO UUI. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan penerapan algoritma AES dan OTP dapat mengamankan proses autentikasi SSO dari serangan dictionary attack dan rainbow table.

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Faltýnková, A., M. Hruška, and J. Kudláček. "Influence of steel sheets surface state on evaluation of cadmium coatings in salt spray." Koroze a ochrana materialu 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2014-0007.

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Abstract The work is focused on the evaluation of cadmium layer corrosion according to Boeing specification and how is the status of the underlying material influenced by the corrosion. Plating was applied on the steel panels (type 4130). These metal sheets were partially corroded, therefore there were chosen various surface pretreatment, which removed the corrosion attack and subsequently cadmium plating was carried out. Corrosion neutral salt spray test for 336 hours was done according to ASTM B117.

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Liu, Peng, Ying Chen, Zhiwu Yu, Lingkun Chen, and Yongfeng Zheng. "Research on Sulfate Attack Mechanism of Cement Concrete Based on Chemical Thermodynamics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (March 9, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6916039.

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Based on principles of chemical thermodynamics, the relationship between temperature and the Gibbs free energy of erosion products generated during the sulfate attack on cement concrete was deduced. The orientation of chemical reactions of sulfate attack on cement concrete was theoretically determined as well as the critical sulfate ion concentration and the formation conditions of erosion products. The phase composition, microstructure, crystal form, and morphology of erosion products before and after sulfate attack were investigated by environmental scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis (ESEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the effects of sulfate ion concentration and temperature on cement concrete sulfate attack are significant, and different influencing factors correlate with each other. The crystal transition temperature between the anhydrite and dihydrate gypsum is 42°C, and the corresponding concentration of sulfate ion is about 2.3 × 10−3 mol/L. Simultaneously, the crystal transition temperature between the thenardite and mirabilite is 32.4°C. Moreover, the theoretical upper limit temperature and sulfate ion lower limit concentration of thaumasite are 44°C and 0.0023 mol/L, respectively. The ESEM-EDS and XRD results imply that the chemical thermodynamics can be used to reveal the erosion mechanism of sulfate attack on cement concrete. The major erosion products of sulfate attack on cement concrete are rod-like ettringite with a larger slenderness ratio, plate-like gypsum, granular sulfate salt, incompletely corroded calcium hydroxide, and residual skeleton of calcium silicate hydrate. The sulfate attack has double effects on mechanical properties of specimens, which can affect the microstructure, phase composition, type, and morphology of erosion products.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salt attack'

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