Relevant bibliographies by topics / Salt attack

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Salt attack'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Salt attack"

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Tanaka, Y. "Performance Evaluation of Bridges Deteriorated by Salt Attack." Concrete Journal 55, no. 1 (2017): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.55.1_10.

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Zeidan, Mohamed, Mohamed T. Bassuoni, and Aly Said. "Physical salt attack on concrete incorporating nano-silica." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2016.1218802.

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Bowman, R. "The Determination of the Salt Attack Resistance of Bricks." Materials Science Forum 34-36 (January 1991): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.34-36.987.

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Bassuoni, M. T., and M. M. Rahman. "Response of concrete to accelerated physical salt attack exposure." Cement and Concrete Research 79 (January 2016): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.02.006.

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Qian, Wen Xun, Yan Chi Zhang, Xun Jie Chen, and You Lin Ouyang. "The Experimental Research on the Anti-Corrosion Performance of Concrete with Different Mineral Admixtures under Sulfate and Chloride Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1431.

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The performance of resistance to sulfate attack and permeability of chloride ion on concrete with different mineral admixtures (fly ash, slag single or both adding) under sulfate and chloride environment were discussed. The results indicated the performance of resistance to salt attack on concrete with appropriate mineral admixtures was improved. Under chloride environment, the resistance to sulfate attack coefficient of testing mortars descended, and compressive strength loss rate of concrete was raised after dry-wet cycles. Therefore, the performance of resistance to salt attack on concrete was decreased in this environment. Besides, on the initial stage of corrosion, the ability to resist chloride ion penetration of concrete was improved under sulfate environment, while the penetrating of chloride ion was accelerated on the later stage.
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Xie, You Jun, Kun Lin Ma, and Guang Cheng Long. "Sulfate Crystallization Attack on Cement-Based Materials." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.89.

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The physical crystallization action of sulfate in cement based material, which often occurs by dry-wet cycle, capillary rising and evaporating action, can damage seriously cement-based materials as compared to chemical corrosion by sulfate. The deterioration mechanism of cement-based materials by sulfate crystallization attack, experimental investigations of the process of sodium sulfate crystallization and the factors affecting the process, and the invading track of salt solution by capillary effect are presented in this paper. Results show that the crystal type and crystallization velocity of sodium sulfate is influenced greatly by relative humidity and ambient temperature. There is a close relationship between invading depth and the porosity of concrete. Addition of mineral admixture to concrete can significantly reduce the invading depth of sodium sulfate solution and thereby enhance the resistance of concrete to sulfate crystallization attack.The profile of invading track of salt solution by capillary effect is similar to the shape of concave parabola.
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Matsuo, T., H. Cho, and M. Takemoto. "Optical fiber acoustic emission system for monitoring molten salt attack." Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2005.11.010.

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DONG, R., B. MA, X. HE, H. ZHU, and J. WEI. "Sulfate Attack on Concrete in an Inland Salt Lake Environment." Journal of China University of Geosciences 17, no. 4 (December 2006): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0705(07)60009-0.

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Reddy CH, Venugopal, and Siddaiah P. "Medical Image Watermarking Schemes against Salt and Pepper Noise Attack." International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology 7, no. 6 (December 31, 2015): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijbsbt.2015.7.6.07.

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Sisomphon, K., O. Copuroglu, and A. L. A. Fraaij. "Development of blast furnace slag mixtures against frost salt attack." Cement and Concrete Composites 32, no. 8 (September 2010): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.06.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt attack"

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Burgess-Dean, Leon Sylvester, and leon burgessdean@deakin edu au. "Predicting the resistance of fired clay bricks to salt attack." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.132458.

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The salt attack of Fired Clay Bricks (FCBs) causes surface damage that is aesthetically displeasing and eventually leads to structural damage. Methods for determining the resistances of FCBs to salt weathering have mainly tried to simulate the process by using accelerating aging tests. Most research in this area has concentrated on the types of salt that can cause damage and the damage that occurs during accelerated aging tests. This approach has lead to the use of accelerated aging tests as standard methods for determining resistance. Recently, it has been acknowledged that are not the most reliable way to determine salt attack resistance for all FCBs in all environments. Few researchers have examined FCBs with the aim of determining which material and mechanical properties make a FCB resistant to salt attack. The aim of this study was to identify the properties that were significant to the resistance of FCBs to salt attack. In doing so, this study aids in the development of a better test method to assess the resistance of FCBs to salt attack. The current Australian Standard accelerated aging test was used to measure the resistance of eight FCBs to salt attack using sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. The results of these tests were compared to the water absorption properties and the total porosity of FCBs. An empirical relationship was developed between the twenty-four-hour water absorption value and the number of cycles to failure from sodium sulfate tests. The volume of sodium chloride solution was found to be proportional to the total porosity of FCBs in this study. A phenomenological discussion of results led to a new mechanism being presented to explain the derivation of stress during salt crystallisation of anhydrous and hydratable salts. The mechanical properties of FCBs were measured using compression tests. FCBs were analysed as cellular materials to find that the elastic modules of FCBs was equivalent for extruded FCBs that had been fired a similar temperatures and time. Two samples were found to have significantly different elastic moduli of the solid microstructure. One of these samples was a pressed brick that was stiffer due to the extra bond that is obtained during sintering a closely packed structure. The other sample was an extruded brick that had more firing temperature and time compared with the other samples in this study. A non-destructive method was used to measure the indentation hardness and indentation stress-strain properties of FCBs. The indentation hardness of FCBs was found to be proportional to the uniaxial compression strength. In addition, the indentation hardness had a better linear correlation to the total porosity of FCBs except for those samples that had different elastic moduli of the solid microstructure. Fractography of exfoliated particles during salt cycle tests and compression tests showed there was a similar pattern of fracture during each failure. The results indicate there were inherent properties of a FCB that determines the size and shape of fractured particles during salt attack. The microstructural variables that determined the fracture properties of FCBs were shown to be important variables to include in future models that attempt to estimate the resistance of FCBs to salt attack.
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Rahman, Md Mahbubur. "Durability of nano-modified fly ash concrete to external sulfate attack under different environmental conditions." Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/24055.

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There are still research gaps regarding the effects of key parameters such as water-to-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), type of binder and pore structure characteristics on the response of concrete to special forms of sulfate attack: physical salt attack (PSA) and thaumasite sulfate attack (TSA). Hence, this study aims at developing an innovative type of concrete: nano-modified fly ash concrete, incorporating various dosages of nano-silica (NS) or nano-alumina (NA) and fly ash, and explores its efficiency in resisting various forms of sulfate attack.
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Kaufmann, Josef. "Experimental identification of damage mechanisms in cementitious porous materials on phase transition of pore solution under frost deicing salt attack /." Lausanne, 2000. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2037.

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Blanc, Gaël. "Développement de nouveaux composites cimentaires à bas module d'élasticité : propriétés mécaniques et durabilité vis-à-vis des sollicitations environnementales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30038/document.

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Cette thèse, menée dans le cadre d'une Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE) avec l'entreprise MENARD, est consacrée à l'étude de la durabilité d'un procédé particulier de renforcement de sol appelé Colonnes à Module Contrôlé (CMC). Cette application consiste en la mise en place d'un réseau d'inclusions verticales semi-rigides dans un sol afin d'améliorer les caractéristiques globales du terrain avant construction. Ces travaux font suite aux travaux de thèse de François Duplan (2011-2014) sur le développement de nouveaux composites cimentaires destinés à cette application. Dans ce but, il avait optimisé des compositions de mortiers incorporant des granulats spéciaux tels que des billes d'argile expansée ou des granulats en caoutchouc issus du broyage de pneus usagés. Les effets de l'introduction de ces granulats dans les composites ont été analysés aussi bien à l'état frais qu'à l'état durci et complètent les précédentes analyses de F. Duplan, notamment en termes d'indicateur de durabilité (perméabilité aux gaz, diffusion aux ions chlorures) et de comportement mécanique à long terme (retrait et fluage). A l'issue d'une analyse environnementale de l'application, trois mécanismes potentiels de dégradation ont été sélectionnés pour des investigations sur la durabilité des CMC : l'attaque acide, l'attaque sulfatique externe et la dégradation par cristallisation de sels. La réalisation d'essais accélérés en laboratoire a permis de mettre en évidence la pertinence du ciment CEM III/C, utilisé actuellement par MENARD, dans la majorité des cas. La faible teneur en C3A de ce liant permet en effet de limiter la production d'éléments expansifs dans le cas d'une attaque sulfatique externe et sa proportion limitée en hydrates du clinker (en particulier en portlandite) ainsi que le faible rapport C/S des C-S-H assurent une meilleure tenue aux attaques acides. La dégradation par remontée capillaire et cristallisation de sels dépendant avant tout des caractéristiques du réseau poreux et des conditions d'évaporation et beaucoup moins du type de ciment, l'utilisation du ciment CEM III/C présente moins d'intérêt. L'incorporation de granulats en caoutchouc ou de billes d'argile expansée dans les composites ne modifie qu'à la marge leur tenue aux mécanismes de dégradations testés. La majorité des phénomènes de dégradation de l'application étant liée à la pénétration d'agents agressifs au cœur des composites cimentaires, la prédiction des propriétés diffusives du matériau est essentielle dans l'estimation des risques encourus par l'application. Un nouveau modèle prédictif est proposé et comporte deux échelles d'homogénéisation : la première au niveau de la pâte de ciment et la deuxième au niveau du mortier. Les résultats obtenus par ce modèle sont fidèles aux résultats expérimentaux avec des erreurs relatives inférieures à 15%. L'estimation du coefficient de diffusion est globalement plus précise pour les composites incorporant des billes d'argile expansée que pour ceux incorporant des granulats en caoutchouc, une conséquence de la forme sphérique de ces billes mieux en accord avec les hypothèses du modèle mis en œuvre
This CIFRE PhD-thesis carried out within the framework of Convention Industrielle de Formation par la REcherche (CIFRE) with the company MENARD, focuses on the durability of a specific soil-reinforcement system called Controlled Modulus Columns (CMC) which consists in a network of semi-rigid vertical inclusions cast into the ground in order to enhance its global characteristics before building. This study comes after the PhD work conducted by François Duplan (2011-2014) on the design of new cementitious composites intended for the CMC application and incorporating innovative aggregates like expanded clay grains or rubber aggregates obtained by grinding end-of-life tyres. The effects of addition of such aggregates into the composites have been studied both at fresh and hardened states and complete Duplan previous findings in particular with regards durability indicators (gas permeability, chloride diffusion) and mechanical long-term behaviour (creep and shrinkage). Three potential degradation mechanisms have been selected for the CMC system after an environmental analysis: acid attack, external sulphate attack and salt crystallisation. Laboratory accelerated tests highlighted that CEM III/C cement, actually used by MENARD, is suitable in most of the cases. The low C3A content of this binder reduces the production of expansive products in the case of external sulphate attack and its limited clinker hydrates proportions (in particular in portlandite), along with the low C/S ratio of the C-S-H enhance the resistance to acid attack. Salt crystallisation through capillary rise primarily depends on the porous network characteristics and less on the cement ones, meaning that CEM III/C cement is less relevant in that specific case. Based on the tested degradation mechanisms, incorporating rubber aggregates or expended clay ones into the cementitious composites does not significantly affect their durability. Most of the application degradation phenomenon being linked to the ingress of aggressive agents into the composites; the prediction of their diffusive properties is crucial to assess the risks involved for the application. A new predictive model is proposed with a dual homogenisation process: the first one at the cement paste level and the second one on the mortar level. Predicted results are in agreement with ones from experimental tests with a relative error less than 15%. Diffusion coefficient estimates are globally better for composites that contain expended clay aggregates than those incorporating rubber aggregates due to spherical shape of the first in accordance with the model hypotheses
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Alecrim, Andrade Jerusa. "Evaluation of the efficacy of acupuncture in the prevention of migraine attacks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286172.

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El objetivo de esta tesis es discutir los resultados de dos ensayos clínicos (Ensayo 1 e Ensayo 2) desarrollados para que pudiéramos diseñar con mejor calidad metodológica un protocolo para evaluar el papel de la acupuntura en la prevención de las crises de migraña. Posteriormente, un ensayo clínico fase III fue ejecutado haciendo uso de toda esa bases de conocimiento alcanzado después de esos ensayos clínicos referidos. En cada ensayo, los pacientes con migraña han sido asignados de manera aleatoria a dos grupos, el de acupuntura real y otro de acupuntura sham. Dos abordajes terapéuticas con acupuntura real han sido empleadas. En el primero ensayo, ha sido hecho un tratamiento individualizado. En el otro ha sido aplicado un tratamiento semi-estándar. Todos los enfermos han recibido 16 sesiones de acupuntura en 12 semanas. El seguimiento ha sido hecho por 6 meses después del término del tratamiento. Los “primary endpoints” eran: el porcentaje de pacientes con reducción ≥40% (ensayo 1) y ≥50% in la frecuencia de las crisis de migraña (ensayo 1 y 2) y el número de días con migraña (ensayo 2). Diarios de cefalea han sido adoptados para la recogida continua de datos. Todos los diarios han sido comparados con el diario del periodo “baseline”. Mejora con diferencia estadística significante apareció tan solo en el primero estudio. El grupo de acupuntura comparado al sham señalo mejora en el segundo mes de tratamiento cuando ha sido evaluado el porcentaje de pacientes con reducción ≥50% en el número de crisis de migraña (P=0.021). Hubo diferencias estadísticas también en dos variables secundarias: reducción en el número de días con migraña en el segundo mes de tratamiento (P=0.007) y el porcentaje de pacientes con reducción ≥40% de la frecuencia de crisis de migraña disminuyó en el primero (P=0.044) y segundo (P=0.004) mes de tratamiento. El tratamiento con acupuntura individualizado adoptado en el primero estudio parece ser un abordaje más adecuado cuando el objetivo sea el de evaluar cuál sería el efecto de la acupuntura para la profilaxis de la migraña.
The aim of this thesis is to discuss the results reached through two trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) developed to reach a best methodological design to evaluate the role of acupuncture to prevent migraine attacks. Phase III trial was done using the knowledge background obtained after these referred trials. Subjects with migraine were randomized to the real or sham acupuncture groups in two different trials. Distinctive treatment approaches were tested as being real acupuncture. In the first one, the “individualized” treatment was applied. The “semi-standardized” acupuncture treatment was evaluated in the second trial. All patients were treated with 16 acupuncture sessions during twelve weeks. Post-treatment follow-ups were done during 6-months. The primary endpoints adopted were the percentage of patients with reduction ≥40% (Trial 1) and ≥50% in migraine attacks frequency (Trials 1 and 2) and the total of days with migraine (Trial 2). Headache diaries were used to obtain data in the baseline period and the full time of the study. Data from all diaries were compared with the baseline period. Improvements with statistical significant differences appeared only in Trial 1. Real acupuncture group was superior to sham group in the second month of the treatment, when the percentage of patients with ≥50% reduction in migraine attack frequency was evaluated (P=0.021). The reported differences appeared also in two secondary endpoints: number of days with migraine per month (P=0.007) in the second month of the treatment and in the first (P=0.044) and second (P=0.004) months of the treatment when the percentage of patients with a ≥40% reduction in migraine attack frequency was measured. The “individualized” treatment adopted in Trial 1 seemed to be the best approach to test the acupuncture effects in trials for migraine prophylaxis.
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Lindgren, Viktor. "Implementation av MSIX App Attach samt design och konfiguration av VPN, Expressroute och ett Virtuellt Nätverk." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86332.

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Sekar, Sanjana. "Logic Encryption Methods for Hardware Security." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1505124923353686.

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Kasarabada, Yasaswy V. "Efficient Logic Encryption Techniques for Sequential Circuits." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613752483402656.

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Andersson, Jenny. "Tillsammans mot terrorn : En semiotisk analys av Dagens Nyheter samt Aftonbladets förstasidor i samband med terrorattacken på Drottninggatan 2017." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-18425.

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I denna uppsats analyseras tio stycken förstasidor av nyhetstidningarna Dagens Nyheter samt Aftonbladet med syftet att undersöka hur och med vilka visuella uttryck terrorattacken på Drottninggatan 2017 visualiserades. Resultatet av en semiotisk analys av nyhetstidningarna Dagens Nyheter samt Aftonbladets förstasidors visualisering av terrorattacken på Drottninggatan 2017 visar på att journalisterna som rapporterade använde sig gärna av argument som spelade på läsarnas känslor. Stora bilder som gärna väcker känslor präglade förstasidorna dagen efter terrordådet. Bilderna i sig innehöll visuella element som visade på att de förhöll sig till en retorisk strategi vid rapporteringen. Tidigare studier har främst fokuserat på hur nyhetsmedia har ramat in händelsen, med hjälp av den semiotiska analysen kan djupare mening och förståelse nås för hur och på vilket sätt nyhetsmedia visualiserade terrorattacken.
In this essay, 10 front pages of the newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet are analysed with the aim of examining how and with what visual expression the terrorist attack on Drottninggatan 2017 was visualised. The results of a semiotic analysis of the newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet's front page visualisation of the terrorist attack on Drottninggatan 2017 show that the journalists who reported used arguments that alluding to readers' feelings. Large images that like to evoke emotions marked the front pages the day after the terrorist attack. The images themselves contained visual elements that showed that they related to a rhetorical strategy when reporting. Previous studies have mainly focused on how the news media has framed the incident, with the help of the semiotic analysis, a deeper meaning and understanding can be reached for how and in what way the news media visualised the terrorist attack.
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Thulasi, Raman Sudheer Ram. "Logic Encryption of Sequential Circuits." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553251689992143.

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Books on the topic "Salt attack"

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Obika, Bernard. Environmental and chemical influences on the degradation mechanisms of bituminous road surfaces through salt attack. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1989.

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Bill, Adler. The anti-cancer, heart attack, stroke diet. Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1991.

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Jones, Sondra. The trial of Don Pedro León Luján: The attack against Indian slavery and the Mexican traders in Utah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000.

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Anthony, Dicks, ed. Great fighting planes: World War I to the present day. New York: Military Press, 1985.

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Anthony, Dicks, ed. Great fighting planes: World War 1 to the present day. London: Octopus, 1985.

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Austin, Alan. Great fighting planes. London: Chancellor Press, 1992.

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Scaini, Maurizio. Dopo l'11 Settembre: Nuovi scenari internazionali : atti del Convegno 11-14-15 dicembre 2001 e 18-19 gennaio 2002, Sala del Consiglio Provinciale di Gorizia. Trieste, Italia: Università di Trieste, 2003.

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Bill, Bryson. At home: A short history of private life. New York: Doubleday, 2010.

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Bill, Bryson. At Home: A Short History of Private Life. New York, USA: Doubleday, 2010.

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Bill, Bryson. At Home: A Short History of Private Life. New York: Anchor Books, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Salt attack"

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Mazer, Wellington, Alessandra Monique Weber, Carlos Alberto Brunhara, and Juliana McCartney Fonseca. "Salt Attack, Durability and Service Life of Concrete Structures." In Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 57–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47302-0_3.

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Yoshizumi, Yuka, Kenichiro Nakarai, May H. Nguyen, Norie Tada, and Masayuki Yamamoto. "Chloride Penetration Test of Concrete Simulating Deicing Salt Attack." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 431–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5144-4_38.

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Park, Sun-young, and Keecheon Kim. "An Approach to Defense Dictionary Attack with Message Digest Using Image Salt." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 769–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19063-7_62.

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Park, DongGook, JungJoon Kim, Colin Boyd, and Ed Dawson. "Cryptographic Salt: A Countermeasure against Denial-of-Service Attacks." In Information Security and Privacy, 334–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47719-5_27.

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Gu, Ji-Dong, and Yoko Katayama. "Microbiota and Biochemical Processes Involved in Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage and Protection." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage, 37–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_2.

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AbstractThe world cultural heritage sites face new challenges for an effective protection and management because of destruction and damage initiated by both natural and anthropogenic causes. Fresh rock and sandstone surfaces of buildings are quickly colonized and covered by a layer of microorganisms, including phototrophs, lithotrophs, and heterotrophs to form a biofilm that alters the local conditions of the stone surfaces, especially under the favorable tropical climate conditions for autotrophic microorganisms and plants. Biofilms had been studied with indigenous or pure cultures of isolated microorganisms, but the selective ones that contribute to deterioration of the cultural heritage cannot be confirmed easily. Currently, high-throughput sequencing and metegenomics analyses are capable of obtaining microbial community and composition in great depth, but they also suffer from similar weakness unable to identify the culprits in the community. With these as background, this article presents a different approach by focusing on the biochemical processes and the responsible microorganisms involved to reveal the destruction processes for management and protection. Among these different functional groups of microorganisms, lichens are known as pioneering rock-decomposing microorganisms, and both sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and fungi participate in the decomposition of sandstone via sulfur cycling and initiation of salt attack of the stone afterward, resulting in defoliation and cracking of stone. Other microorganisms including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea, especially the latter, have been recently detected on sandstone monuments providing evidence on the new organisms involved in the deterioration of cultural heritage and buildings. In addition, fungi can colonize the surfaces of the matured biofilms and play a new role in the removal of them, which has a potential biotechnological application in conservation of cultural heritage. The new proposed approach by focusing the microorganisms with identified biochemical function is more productive than a description of the community composition and assembly when assessing cultural heritage biodeterioration, and this provides basic and useful information for effective protection strategies and management.
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Hizver, Jennia, and Tzi-cker Chiueh. "An Introspection-Based Memory Scraper Attack against Virtualized Point of Sale Systems." In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 55–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29889-9_6.

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"Sailortown Under Attack." In Black Salt, 153–70. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/upo9781846317675.011.

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"The FIVE. Police Attack on Impoverished Qi Ji." In Salt of the Earth, 140–65. University of California Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520311763-008.

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"FOUR. Qian Kou Village: The Police Attack on Prosperity." In Salt of the Earth, 109–39. University of California Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520311763-007.

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"Degradation Model for Reinforced Concrete Structures Under Salt Attack Environment." In Concrete Technology for a Sustainable Development in the 21st Century, 169–76. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482272215-18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Salt attack"

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Beran, Pavel, Dita Frankeová, and Zbyšek Pavlík. "Salt attack in parking garage in block of flats." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (ICNAAM 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4992326.

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Thiel, C., V. Lomakovych, and C. Gehlen. "Freeze-Thaw Deicing salt Attack on Concrete: Towards Engineering Modelling." In XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. CIMNE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.069.

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Yan, Chaojun, and Qingling Wu. "Damage of concrete subjected to salt spray corrosion and seawater attack." In International Conference on Civil, Transportation and Environmental Engineering (CTEE 12). Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ctee120981.

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Ren, Weiju, and Kevin Robb. "Alloy Selection and C-276 Code Design Value Extension for Advanced Molten Salt Technology Test Facilities Experimentation." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21029.

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Abstract Molten halide salts are being considered as working fluids for nuclear and concentrated solar power applications. High temperature molten fluoride and chloride salts are known to preferentially attack and deplete Cr in alloys, which leads to the use of high-Ni low-Cr alloys in test facilities for advanced molten salt technology. Alloy C-276 is a commercially available Ni alloy that has adequate Cr contents and is qualified to the maximum temperature of 677°C (1,251°F) in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The alloy has good corrosion resistance to acids, is resistant to stress-corrosion cracking, and has long track records of use in the chemical industry. Therefore, it has been considered as a structural material for test facilities that require operations at 700°C (1,292°F) or greater to develop high-temperature molten salt technology. To meet the requirements, predictions of the Maximum Allowable Stress above the usage temperatures permitted by the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code were developed with experimental data as an extension to the current code design values. Analysis showed that above current Codified maximum temperature, strength of the alloy is mainly controlled by creep rupture life under the average stress, although the Sc creep rate criterion is close to the Favg.Savg rupture criterion. This paper presents the intended test facilities and the design requirements, alloy selection considerations, literature review, data analysis, and proposed allowable stress extension based on some creep test data for C-276 at temperatures greater than 677°C (1,251°F). Further research activities are also briefly mentioned.
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Shifler, D. A., and S. R. Choi. "CMAS Effects on Ship Gas-Turbine Components/Materials." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75865.

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Recent inspection of shipboard gas-turbine components under the platform has indicated the apparent presence of CMAS (calcium, magnesium, alumino-silicate) and its related attack. This type of attack has often been observed in aero gas turbine engines when sand and similar siliceous matter is ingested into the engine and the sand debris melts due to high engine operating temperature greater than 1150°C. Initial chemical analysis shows that the CMAS-affected areas of ship engine components versus aero engine components are similar. However, this phenomenon commonly observed in advanced aeroengines are not supposed to occur in the ship engine components since their probable temperature is known to be much lower than 1150°C (i.e., melting temperature of CMAS). As a consequence, some important questions arise as to: What caused this “CMAS” attack in ship engine components? Was this initiated by hot corrosion, which created a molten salt pool at a sufficient temperature to trigger CMAS attack? Did sodium chloride mixed with dust and debris lower the temperature at which molten CMAS would initiate? Past research provides a basic understanding of hot corrosion, but may ignore other reactants and other species inherently associated with ‘natural CMAS’ and mechanisms contributing to hot corrosion or CMAS attack. Further examination of ship and aero components will discern the local structure chemical profile of the component coatings, the chemical compositions of the alloy substrates, and the interface between the coating and the molten “CMAS” by several methods. Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) and validating experiments will assist in developing degradation mechanisms. The environment complexity is also to be taken into account to determine whether salt-induced CMAS attack or CaO-induced hot corrosion may be dominant. The mechanisms need to be further studied and defined. The current work will address a series of systematic approaches to the aforementioned CMAS issues and will also present some recent results on CMAS-related effects on components and an elected alloy material system.
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Crum, J. R., G. D. Smith, and H. L. Flower. "Resistance of Automotive Exhaust Flexible Coupling Alloys to Hot Salt Attack, Stress Corrosion Cracking and High Temperature Embrittlement." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0372.

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Osada, Koji, Kiyohisa Ono, Masafumi Hattori, and Shoji Nojima. "Study on Evaluation Procedures for Prestressed Concrete Bridges Damaged by Salt Attack with Severe Corrosion of PC Cables." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1088.

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<p>Considering the management of highway bridges in service under severe conditions for more than 100 years, evaluation of safety is indispensable. By adopting design formulae, it is possible to evaluate the safety quantitatively without complicated processes. However, to adopt a formula from the design, the structure needs to satisfy the Navier hypothesis and other requirements. For these reasons, the authors carried out an examination of evaluation procedures to define the limit deterioration state of PC structures for adopting a design formula. By comparing evaluation results of a design formula and experimental results of an actual PC beam removed from service, and also nonlinear FEM analysis results, the study shows the limit deterioration state of PC structures for adopting a design formula for the evaluation of safety.</p>
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Pontika, Evangelia, Panagiotis Laskaridis, Theoklis Nikolaidis, and Max Koster. "Comparison of Sodium Sulphate Deposition Rate Models Based on Operational Factors Influencing Hot Corrosion Damage in Aero-Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15715.

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Abstract Hot corrosion is defined as the accelerated oxidation/sulphidation in the presence of alkali metal molten salts. It is a form of chemical attack that causes good metal loss. Current lifing models in aircraft engines focus on creep, fatigue and oxidation while hot corrosion damage has been overlooked as being of secondary importance. However, the absence of hot corrosion lifing models for aircraft engines often leads to unexpected and unexplained hot corrosion findings by aircraft engine operators and Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) providers during inspections. Although hot corrosion does not cause failure on its own, the interaction with other damage mechanisms can reduce component life significantly, consequently, there is a requirement for including hot corrosion in the damage prediction process of aircraft engines. In both theoretical and experimental studies in literature, deposition of molten salts is identified as one of the primary conditions for hot corrosion to occur and an increased amount of deposited liquid salts accelerates the attack. Currently, most hot corrosion studies are limited to experimental testing of superalloys which are pre-coated with a controlled layer of salts. Such experimental studies are disconnected from gas turbine operating conditions during service. The present paper analyses two deposition rate models applicable to gas turbine operating conditions using Design of Experiments. Design space exploration is presented by taking into account gas turbine operating parameters which vary during a flight as well as temperature ranges where hot corrosion can occur. Analysis of variance is presented for 6 input parameters using Box-Behnken 3-level factorial design. Results from the Analysis of Variance indicate that the deposition rate models are sensitive to pressure and salt concentration in the gas flow. Finally, the saturation point of sodium sulphate has been investigated within the operating range of gas turbine and it was found that it can vary significantly under different conditions.
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Niles, David W., and Ronald W. Kee. "Al Bondpads, Halogens, and an ESCA-Based Search for the Invisible Cause of Poor Throughput at Wafer Probe." In ISTFA 2011. ASM International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2011p0118.

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Abstract The authors use electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and Auger electron analysis to study the interaction of Cl and F with Al thin-films deposited as thin-films on Si wafers and as Al bondpads. The motivation behind the study is F contamination being the putative source of poor throughput at wafer probe. F species stemming from NH4F and XeF2 exposure behave quite differently from HF on the Al surface. Whereas HF tends to attack the Al metal and leave an extended oxygenated-fluorinated surface, NH4F and XeF2 promote the formation of a stable, non-deliquescent fluoride salt of aluminum. HCl is far less corrosive to Al than HF, leaving a thin chlorinated-oxygenated surface. Immersion of Al thin-films in tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and NH4OH provided non-halogenated surfaces for comparison. With exposure to air, the surface coated with the fluorinated Al salt (NH4F) adsorbs oxygen from the air to form a segregated AlF3/Al2O3 bilayer that remains stable with a total thickness on the order of 5 nm to 10 nm. Furthermore, wafers treated with NH4F display stellar throughput performance at wafer test despite having surface F contamination. A mechanical rather than chemical model is proposed to explain the improved performance at wafer probe with the immersion of wafers in a bath containing fluoride salts before wafer probe.
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Lee, Kang N. "Key Durability Issues With Mullite-Based Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-443.

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Plasma-sprayed mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) and mullite/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) dual layer coatings have been developed to protect silicon-based ceramics from environmental attack. Mullite-based coating systems show excellent durability in air. However, in combustion environments, corrosive species such as molten salt or water vapor penetrate through cracks in the coating and attack the Si-based ceramics along the interface. Thus the modification of the coating system for enhanced crack-resistance is necessary for long-term durability in combustion environments. Other key durability issues include interfacial contamination and coating/substrate bonding. Interfacial contamination leads to enhanced oxidation and interfacial pore formation, while a weak coating/substrate bonding leads to rapid attack of the interface by corrosive species, both of which can cause a premature failure of the coating. Interfacial contamination can be minimized by limiting impurities in coating and substrate materials. The interface may be modified to improve the coating/substrate bond.
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Reports on the topic "Salt attack"

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Dutra, Lauren M., James Nonnemaker, Nathaniel Taylor, Ashley Feld, Brian Bradfield, John Holloway, Edward (Chip) Hill, and Annice Kim. Visual Attention to Tobacco-Related Stimuli in a 3D Virtual Store. RTI Press, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.rr.0036.2005.

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We used eye tracking to measure visual attention to tobacco products and pro- and anti-tobacco advertisements (pro-ads and anti-ads) during a shopping task in a three-dimensional virtual convenience store. We used eye-tracking hardware to track the percentage of fixations (number of times the eye was essentially stationary; F) and dwell time (time spent looking at an object; DT) for several categories of objects and ads for 30 adult current cigarette smokers. We used Wald F-tests to compare fixations and dwell time across categories, adjusting comparisons of ads by the number of each type of ad. Overall, unadjusted for the number of each object, participants focused significantly greater attention on snacks and drinks and tobacco products than ads (all P<0.005). Adjusting for the number of each type of ad viewed, participants devoted significantly greater visual attention to pro-ads than anti-ads or ads unrelated to tobacco (P<0.001). Visual attention for anti-ads was significantly greater when the ads were placed on the store’s external walls or hung from the ceiling than when placed on the gas pump or floor (P<0.005). In a cluttered convenience store environment, anti-ads at the point of sale have to compete with many other stimuli. Restrictions on tobacco product displays and advertisements at the point of sale could reduce the stimuli that attract smokers’ attention away from anti-ads.
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