Journal articles: 'Salt and ion transport'

1

Dawson, D. C. "Ion Channels and Colonic Salt Transport." Annual Review of Physiology 53, no. 1 (October 1991): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.001541.

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Zhou, Xuechen, Zhangxin Wang, Razi Epsztein, Cheng Zhan, Wenlu Li, John D. Fortner, Tuan Anh Pham, Jae-Hong Kim, and Menachem Elimelech. "Intrapore energy barriers govern ion transport and selectivity of desalination membranes." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabd9045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd9045.

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State-of-the-art desalination membranes exhibit high water-salt selectivity, but their ability to discriminate between ions is limited. Elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying ion transport and selectivity in subnanometer pores is therefore imperative for the development of ion-selective membranes. Here, we compare the overall energy barrier for salt transport and energy barriers for individual ion transport, showing that cations and anions traverse the membrane pore in an independent manner. Supported by density functional theory simulations, we demonstrate that electrostatic interactions between permeating counterion and fixed charges on the membrane substantially hinder intrapore diffusion. Furthermore, using quartz crystal microbalance, we break down the contributions of partitioning at the pore mouth and intrapore diffusion to the overall energy barrier for salt transport. Overall, our results indicate that intrapore diffusion governs salt transport through subnanometer pores due to ion-pore wall interactions, providing the scientific base for the design of membranes with high ion-ion selectivity.

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Singh, CP, PK Shukla, and SL Agrawal. "Ion transport studies in PVA:NH4CH3COO gel polymer electrolytes." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 2 (March 2020): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008319898242.

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Ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are being intensively studied for their potential applications in various electrochemical devices. The poly(vinyl alcohol)-based GPE films containing ammonium acetate (NH4CH3COO) salt have been studied for various concentrations of salt. The gel electrolyte films (GPEs) have been prepared using solution casting technique. Structural characterization carried out using X-ray diffraction reveals an increase in the amorphous nature of the samples on increasing salt concentration up to 70 wt%. The complexation of polymer and salt has been studied by Fourier-transform infrared analysis. Ionic conductivity of the GPEs has been found to increase with salt concentration and reaches an optimum for an intermediate concentration. The room temperature conductivity isotherm exhibits a maximum in conductivity of 2.64 × 10−4 Scm−1 for 65 wt% salt concentration. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity exhibits a combination of Arrhenius and Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher behavior. Ion transport in the electrolyte system has been explored using dielectric response of the material and the observed variation in conductivity is suitably correlated to the change in charge carrier concentration and mobility of charge carriers.

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Mabuchi, Takuya, Koki Nakajima, and Takashi Tokumasu. "Molecular Dynamics Study of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes of All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091012.

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Atomistic analysis of the ion transport in polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries was performed using molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the relationship between Li-ion transport and polymer morphology. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) and poly(diethylene oxide-alt-oxymethylene), P(2EO-MO), were used as the electrolyte materials, and the effects of salt concentrations and polymer types on the ion transport properties were explored. The size and number of LiTFSI clusters were found to increase with increasing salt concentrations, leading to a decrease in ion diffusivity at high salt concentrations. The Li-ion transport mechanisms were further analyzed by calculating the inter/intra-hopping rate and distance at various ion concentrations in PEO and P(2EO-MO) polymers. While the balance between the rate and distance of inter-hopping was comparable for both PEO and P(2EO-MO), the intra-hopping rate and distance were found to be higher in PEO than in P(2EO-MO), leading to a higher diffusivity in PEO. The results of this study provide insights into the correlation between the nanoscopic structures of ion solvation and the dynamics of Li-ion transport in polymer electrolytes.

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Wiemhöfer, Hans Dieter, Steffen Jeschke, and Eva Cznotka. "Transport of Ions in Salt-in-Polymer Membranes." Diffusion Foundations 8 (July 2016): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.8.129.

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Replacing traditional liquid electrolytes by polymers will significantly improve electrical energy storage technologies. However, the ion transport mechanism in polymers has been one of the main barriers to further improvement in Li-ion batteries and is still not completely clarified. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the conduction phenomena in electrolytes, a comprehensive survey of all transport mechanism including solvation, segmental motion and hopping, is presented here. Included are a survey of the fundamentals of diffusion and conductivity in polymer electrolytes; recent developments in Li salts; and a detailed discussion about ion transport mechanism with representative references.

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Arroyo, Juan Pablo, Caroline Ronzaud, Dagmara Lagnaz, Olivier Staub, and Gerardo Gamba. "Aldosterone Paradox: Differential Regulation of Ion Transport in Distal Nephron." Physiology 26, no. 2 (April 2011): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00049.2010.

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The mechanisms through which aldosterone promotes apparently opposite effects like salt reabsorption and K+ secretion remain poorly understood. The identification, localization, and physiological analysis of ion transport systems in distal nephron have revealed an intricate network of interactions between several players, revealing the complex mechanism behind the aldosterone paradox. We review the mechanisms involved in differential regulation of ion transport that allow the fine tuning of salt and K+ balance.

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Lowy, R. J., J. H. Schreiber, and S. A. Ernst. "Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates ion transport in avian salt gland." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): R801—R808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.6.r801.

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Avian salt glands are considered to be under the control of cholinergic nerve fibers. Here we report evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also regulates ion transport. Nerve fibers stained immunocytochemically with anti-VIP were distributed throughout the tissue within the peritubular connective tissue and were in close proximity to the secretory tubules. VIP applied to primary cultures of the secretory cells elicited active ion transport as assayed by short-circuit current (Isc) analysis. The mucosal-to-serosal positive Isc was produced in a dose-dependent fashion [(EC50) = 3.1 X 10(-9) M], was potentiated by theophylline, and was inhibited by either ouabain or furosemide. This Isc was independent of activation by cholinergic agonists. VIP also increased ouabain-sensitive respiration 14-18% in acutely isolated cells from salt-stressed and unstressed animals. These data demonstrate for the first time that VIP is present in the avian salt gland and can act as a secretagogue by directly affecting the secretory cells. In addition, the results provide evidence for direct control of ion transport by an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-linked neurohormone in both adult unstressed and fully salt-stressed animals.

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Bailey, Ryan T., Saman Tavakoli-Kivi, and Xiaolu Wei. "A salinity module for SWAT to simulate salt ion fate and transport at the watershed scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 3155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3155-2019.

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Abstract. Salinity is one of the most common water quality threats in river basins and irrigated regions worldwide. However, no available numerical models simulate all major processes affecting salt ion fate and transport at the watershed scale. This study presents a new salinity module for the SWAT model that simulates the fate and transport of eight major salt ions (SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, CO32-, HCO3-) in a watershed system. The module accounts for salt transport in surface runoff, soil percolation, lateral flow, groundwater, and streams, and equilibrium chemistry reactions in soil layers and the aquifer. The module consists of several new subroutines that are imbedded within the SWAT modelling code and one input file containing soil salinity and aquifer salinity data for the watershed. The model is applied to a 732 km2 salinity-impaired irrigated region within the Arkansas River Valley in southeastern Colorado and tested against root zone soil salinity, groundwater salt ion concentration, groundwater salt loadings to the river network, and in-stream salt ion concentration. The model can be a useful tool in simulating baseline salinity transport and investigating salinity best management practices in watersheds of varying spatial scales.

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9

Keith, Jordan R., and Venkat Ganesan. "Ion transport mechanisms in salt‐doped polymerized zwitterionic electrolytes." Journal of Polymer Science 58, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.20190099.

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10

Sun, Jialin, Shuangnan Li, Huijuan Guo, and Zhenan Hou. "Ion homeostasis and Na+ transport-related gene expression in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties under saline, alkaline and saline-alkaline stresses." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e0256000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256000.

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The sensitivity of cotton to salt stress depends on the genotypes and salt types. Understanding the mechanism of ion homeostasis under different salt stresses is necessary to improve cotton performance under saline conditions. A pot experiment using three salt stresses saline stress (NaCl+Na2SO4), alkaline stress (Na2CO3+NaHCO3), and saline-alkaline stress (NaCl+Na2SO4+Na2CO3+NaHCO3) and two cotton varieties (salt-tolerant variety L24 and salt-sensitive variety G1) was conducted. The growth, ion concentrations, and Na+ transport-related gene expression in the cotton varieties were determined. The inhibitory effects of saline-alkaline stress on cotton growth were greater than that of either saline stress or alkaline stress alone. The root/shoot ratio under alkaline stress was significantly lower than that under saline stress. The salt-tolerant cotton variety had lower Na and higher K concentrations in the leaves, stems and roots than the salt-sensitive variety under different salt stresses. For the salt-sensitive cotton variety, saline stress significantly inhibited the absorption of P and the transport of P, K, and Mg, while alkaline stress and saline-alkaline stress significantly inhibited the uptake and transport of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn. Most of the elements in the salt-tolerant variety accumulated in the leaves and stems under different salt stresses. This indicated that the salt-tolerant variety had a stronger ion transport capacity than the salt-sensitive variety under saline conditions. Under alkaline stress and salt-alkaline stress, the relative expression levels of the genes GhSOS1, GhNHX1 and GhAKT1 in the salt-tolerant variety were significantly higher than that in the salt-sensitive variety. These results suggest that this salt-tolerant variety of cotton has an internal mechanism to maintain ionic homeostasis.

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11

Urtenov, Makhamet, Vitaly Gudza, Natalia Chubyr, and Inna Shkorkina. "Theoretical Analysis of the Stationary Transport of 1:1 Salt Ions in a Cross-Section of a Desalination Channel, Taking into Account the Non-Catalytic Dissociation/Recombination Reaction of Water Molecules." Membranes 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10110342.

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In electromembrane systems, the theoretical study of salt ion transport usually uses mathematical models of salt ion transport in the depleted diffusion layer of ion-exchange membranes. This study uses a one-dimensional mathematical model of salt ion transport in a cross-section of a desalination channel formed by anion-exchange and cation-exchange membranes, taking into account an effect of a dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules. The reaction on the one hand leads to an overlimiting mass transfer due to the effect of exaltation of the limiting current. On the other hand, an appearance of new electric charge carriers (hydrogen and hydroxyl ions) can reduce the space charge that occurs in membranes and suppress an electroconvective mechanism of overlimiting transport. Thus, there is a problem of studying these phenomena together, taking into account their mutual influence, and this article is devoted to the solution of this problem. Theoretically, using a method of mathematical modeling and numerical research, main regularities are established; in particular, it is shown that the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules does not lead to the destruction of the double electric layer at the membranes, but also creates a new double electric layer in the middle of the desalination channel. Thus, the space charge and the dissociation/recombination reaction significantly affect each other and simultaneously the transport of salt ions.

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12

Tran, Sen Thi Huong, Tomoaki Horie, Shahin Imran, Jiaen Qiu, Samantha McGaughey, Caitlin S. Byrt, Stephen D. Tyerman, and Maki Katsuhara. "A Survey of Barley PIP Aquaporin Ionic Conductance Reveals Ca2+-Sensitive HvPIP2;8 Na+ and K+ Conductance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 7135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197135.

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Some plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) aquaporins can facilitate ion transport. Here we report that one of the 12 barley PIPs (PIP1 and PIP2) tested, HvPIP2;8, facilitated cation transport when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. HvPIP2;8-associated ion currents were detected with Na+ and K+, but not Cs+, Rb+, or Li+, and was inhibited by Ba2+, Ca2+, and Cd2+ and to a lesser extent Mg2+, which also interacted with Ca2+. Currents were reduced in the presence of K+, Cs+, Rb+, or Li+ relative to Na+ alone. Five HvPIP1 isoforms co-expressed with HvPIP2;8 inhibited the ion conductance relative to HvPIP2;8 alone but HvPIP1;3 and HvPIP1;4 with HvPIP2;8 maintained the ion conductance at a lower level. HvPIP2;8 water permeability was similar to that of a C-terminal phosphorylation mimic mutant HvPIP2;8 S285D, but HvPIP2;8 S285D showed a negative linear correlation between water permeability and ion conductance that was modified by a kinase inhibitor treatment. HvPIP2;8 transcript abundance increased in barley shoot tissues following salt treatments in a salt-tolerant cultivar Haruna-Nijo, but not in salt-sensitive I743. There is potential for HvPIP2;8 to be involved in barley salt-stress responses, and HvPIP2;8 could facilitate both water and Na+/K+ transport activity, depending on the phosphorylation status.

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13

Brinkkötter, Marc, Guinevere A. Giffin, Arianna Moretti, Sangsik Jeong, Stefano Passerini, and Monika Schönhoff. "Relevance of ion clusters for Li transport at elevated salt concentrations in [Pyr12O1][FTFSI] ionic liquid-based electrolytes." Chemical Communications 54, no. 34 (2018): 4278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc01416g.

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14

Długołęcki, Piotr, Benoît Anet, Sybrand J. Metz, Kitty Nijmeijer, and Matthias Wessling. "Transport limitations in ion exchange membranes at low salt concentrations." Journal of Membrane Science 346, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.09.033.

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15

Dillon, Rensl E. A., and Duward F. Shriver. "Ion Transport in Cryptand and Crown Ether Lithium Salt Complexes." Chemistry of Materials 11, no. 11 (November 1999): 3296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm990376f.

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Bao, Xian, Wei Long, Hong Liu, and Qianhong She. "Boron and salt ion transport in electrically assisted reverse osmosis." Journal of Membrane Science 637 (November 2021): 119639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119639.

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17

Chen, Shaoliang, Jinke Li, Shasheng Wang, Eberhard Fritz, Aloys Hüttermann, and Arie Altman. "Effects of NaCl on shoot growth, transpiration, ion compartmentation, and transport in regenerated plants of Populus euphratica and Populus tomentosa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 967–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-066.

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The effect of a 20-day NaCl treatment on shoot growth, transpiration, ion uptake and transport, and intracellular ion compartmentation was investigated in regenerated plants of Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus tomentosa Carr. Plants watered with 100 mM NaCl for 8 days and then 200 mM NaCl for 12 days exhibited soil NaCl concentrations of 60 and 95 mM, respectively. Unit transpiration rates and relative growth rates of P. tomentosa were restricted more by salinity as compared with P. euphratica. Salinized P. tomentosa exhibited leaf necrosis whereas no damage was seen in stressed P. euphratica. Compared with P. tomentosa, P. euphratica had considerably lower rates of net root uptake and transport of salt ions (Na+ and Cl) to the shoots under salinity. The relatively lower unit transpiration rates of P. euphratica and the lower salt concentrations in the xylem of salinized P. euphratica contribute to its greater capacity for salt exclusion. X-ray microanalysis showed that P. euphratica had a greater ability to restrict radial salt transport in roots by blocking apoplasmic salt transport and sequestering more Cl in cortical vacuoles. In addition, P. euphratica maintained higher K+ uptake and transport than P. tomentosa in the presence of high external Na+ concentrations.

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18

Soberats, Bartolome, Masafumi Yoshio, Takahiro Ichikawa, Hiroyuki Ohno, and Takashi Kato. "Zwitterionic liquid crystals as 1D and 3D lithium ion transport media." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 21 (2015): 11232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00814j.

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19

Lowy, R. J., D. C. Dawson, and S. A. Ernst. "Mechanism of ion transport by avian salt gland primary cell cultures." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): R1184—R1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.6.r1184.

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Confluent sheets formed from primary culture of avian salt gland secretory cells exhibit a short-circuit current (Isc) in response to cholinergic and beta-adrenergic stimulation [Lowy, R. J., D. C. Dawson, and S. A. Ernst. Am J. Physiol. 249 (Cell Physiol. 18): C41-C47, 1985]. To establish the ionic basis for the Isc, transmural fluxes of 22Na and 36Cl were measured. Under short-circuit conditions there was little net flux of either ion in the absence of agonists. Addition of carbachol elevated net serosal-to-mucosal Cl flux to 1.71 mu eq.h-1.cm-2, whereas a smaller increase to 0.85 mu eq.h-1.cm-2 occurred with isoproterenol. Neither agonist altered net Na flux. The stimulated Isc accounted for 70% of the net Cl flux induced by carbachol and nearly 100% of that induced by isoproterenol. Replacement of Cl by gluconate or Na by choline abolished (carbachol) or greatly reduced (isoproterenol) the Isc, which could be restored in a dose-dependent fashion by ion restitution. Active ion transport was preferentially inhibited by basal (vs. apical) addition of ouabain, furosemide, or barium. The results provide evidence that cholinergic and beta-adrenergic agonists elicit active transmural Cl secretion. They further suggest that transport is dependent on the Na+-K+-adenosine-triphosphatase, a Na-Cl cotransport process, and a basal K conductance, all features of a secondary active Cl secretory mechanism.

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20

Sethuraman, Vaidyanathan, Santosh Mogurampelly, and Venkat Ganesan. "Ion transport mechanisms in lamellar phases of salt-doped PS–PEO block copolymer electrolytes." Soft Matter 13, no. 42 (2017): 7793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01345k.

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21

Zhou, Suping, Roger J. Sauvé, Zong Liu, Sasikiran Reddy, Sarabjit Bhatti, Simon D. Hucko, Tara Fish, and Theodore W. Thannhauser. "Identification of Salt-induced Changes in Leaf and Root Proteomes of the Wild Tomato, Solanum chilense." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 136, no. 4 (July 2011): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.136.4.288.

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This article reports salt-induced changes in leaf and root proteomes after wild tomato (Solanum chilense) plants were treated with 200 mm NaCl. In leaf tissues, a total of 176 protein spots showed significant changes (P < 0.05), of which 104 spots were induced and 72 spots suppressed. Salt-induced proteins are associated with the following pathways: photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, glyoxylate shunt, glycine cleavage system, branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, protein folding, defense and cellular protection, signal transduction, ion transport, and antioxidant activities. Suppressed proteins belong to the following categories: oxidative phosphorylation pathway, photorespiration and protein translational machinery, oxidative stress, and ATPases. In root tissues, 106 protein spots changed significantly (P < 0.05) after the salt treatment, 63 spots were induced, and 43 suppressed by salt treatment. Salt-induced proteins are associated with the following functional pathways: regeneration of S-adenosyl methionine, protein folding, selective ion transport, antioxidants and defense mechanism, signal transduction and gene expression regulation, and branched-chain amino acid synthesis. Salt-suppressed proteins are receptor kinase proteins, peroxidases and germin-like proteins, malate dehydrogenase, and glycine dehydrogenase. In this study, different members of proteins were identified from leaf and root tissues after plants were subjected to salt treatment. These proteins represent tissue-specific changes in salt-induced proteomes. When protein expression was compared in the context of metabolic pathways, the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, glucose catabolism toward reducing cellular glucose level, and the antioxidant, detoxification, and selective ion uptake and transport were induced in both root and leaf tissues. These changes appear to be associated with salt tolerance in the whole plant.

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Bin, Wu, and Fan Chun. "Summary of Lithium-Ion Battery Polymer Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 2092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.2092.

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Polymer electrolyte is a good ion conductor in lithium-ion battery with an excellent performance in conductivity, ion mobility and ion transport number. Some researches show strengthening mechanisms of polymer electrolyte membranes correlated with macromolecules group weight of PEGDME such as concentration of compounded Li+ salt. Ion transport in glassy polymer electrolytes including polymer backbones with same mesogenic chains can affect amorphous structure and relaxation at ambient temperature. In addition, singe crystal structure polymer electrolytes have various internal microstructures and external properties such as conductivity and charge or discharge stability in electrochemical that correlating with layers of ion diffusion and forming.

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Cramer, GR, GJ Alberico, and C. Schmidt. "Salt Tolerance Is Not Associated With the Sodium Accumulation of Two Maize Hybrids." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 5 (1994): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940675.

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In this report, we test the hypothesis that Na+ accumulation in the shoot in maize is negatively correlated with salt tolerance. Salt tolerance is defined as a percentage of the control on a dry weight basis. Two hybrids (Pioneer hybrid 3578 and Pioneer hybrid 3772) differing widely in Na+ accumulation were compared. Plants were treated with two types of salinity for 15 days (80 mol m-3 NaCl or 80 mol m-3 NaCl plus 8.75 mol m-3 CaCl2). Ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl-) were measured in the roots, stalks, sheaths and leaves of plants harvested every third day. Ion concentrations were significantly affected by the treatments. Na+ and Cl- concentrations increased with salinity treatments; K+ and Ca2+ concentrations decreased. Supplemental Ca2+ increased Ca2+ and decreased Na+ concentrations. Hybrid 3772 maintained very low Na+ concentrations in the shoots, whereas 3578 did not. The largest distinction between the hybrids was in the ability to transport Na+ to the shoot; hybrid 3578 transported Na+ at twice the rate of hybrid 3772. In general, ion transport to the shoot appeared to be a function of root ion concentration. This model could account for the effects of NaCl salinity and supplemental Ca2+ on ion transport, although Na+ transport was complicated by an apparent reabsorption mechanism in the root and mesocotyl. The lack of correlation of Na+ accumulation in the shoot and other ion parameters with growth indicated that the mineral nutrition of the plants was not correlated with salt tolerance. It was concluded that the growth response of maize to salinity was primarily affected by osmotic factors.

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Lowy, R. J., D. C. Dawson, and S. A. Ernst. "Primary culture of duck salt gland. II. Neurohormonal stimulation of active transport." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 249, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): C41—C47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1985.249.1.c41.

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Primary cultures of structurally polarized sheets of avian salt gland secretory cells were mounted in Lucite chambers for transmural electrophysiological analysis. Transmural resistance values increased during the first 3 days of culture to 293 +/- 35 omega X cm2 and then decreased slowly thereafter. There was little short-circuit current (Isc) in the absence of secretagogues. Serosal addition of either carbachol or epinephrine resulted in a Isc consistent with positive charge flow from mucosa to serosa, thus demonstrating that these cell layers were capable of active ion transport in response to either cholinergic or adrenergic neurohormonal stimulation. Serosal ouabain or furosemide abolished the response to either agonist, while theophylline enhanced the response. Receptor specificity for the electrical responses was shown by selective inhibition of carbachol- and epinephrine-induced Isc by atropine and propranolol, respectively. The results demonstrate that these primary epithelial cell cultures are capable of active ion transport and are sensitive to known inhibitors of secretory transport, and suggest that intracellular coupling mechanisms for hormonal control are retained in culture. These cultures should be useful for studying mechanisms of ion secretory transport and their regulatory control.

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Blommaert, Marijn A., David A. Vermaas, Boaz Izelaar, Ben in ’t Veen, and Wilson A. Smith. "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a performance indicator of water dissociation in bipolar membranes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 32 (2019): 19060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta04592a.

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Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we observed the rate of water dissociation decrease in the presence of salt ions while observing the transport of these salt ions, showing a clear link between the peaks observed in EIS and ion crossover.

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Corry, Ben. "Mechanisms of selective ion transport and salt rejection in carbon nanostructures." MRS Bulletin 42, no. 04 (April 2017): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.56.

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Timachova, Ksenia, Mahati Chintapalli, Kevin R. Olson, Sue J. Mecham, Joseph M. DeSimone, and Nitash P. Balsara. "Mechanism of ion transport in perfluoropolyether electrolytes with a lithium salt." Soft Matter 13, no. 32 (2017): 5389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00794a.

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Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) are polymer electrolytes with fluorinated carbon backbones that have high flash points and have been shown to exhibit moderate conductivities and high cation transference numbers when mixed with lithium salts.

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Gudza, Vitaly Alexandrovich. "One-dimensional mathematical models of salt ion transport in electromembrane systems." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3A (September 6, 2021): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173a1398p.253-267.

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This article presents a 1D classification and analysis of mathematical models of binary salt ion transport in electromembrane systems. The various phenomena of concentration polarization occurring in these systems are studied using mathematical models, both individually and in combination with each other. In accordance with this, we have carried out the classification of these phenomena, problems and mathematical models. The article presents a hierarchy of subordination of 1D mathematical models. A brief review, comparison, and analysis of the results of the boundary value problems from the proposed hierarchy are carried out. A numerical study and comparison of some mathematical models from the proposed hierarchy are carried out. The scope of applicability and limitations for each model are defined.

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Imran, Shahin, Tomoaki Horie, and Maki Katsuhara. "Expression and Ion Transport Activity of Rice OsHKT1;1 Variants." Plants 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010016.

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OsHKT1;1 in rice, belongs to the high-affinity K+ Transporter family, has been found to be involved in salt tolerance. OsHKT1;1 in japonica rice (Nipponbare) produces mRNA variants, but their functions remain elusive. In salt tolerant rice, Pokkali, eight OsHKT1;1 variants (V1-V8) were identified in addition to the full-length OsHKT1;1 (FL) cDNA. Absolute quantification by qPCR revealed that accumulation of OsHKT1;1-FL mRNA is minor in contrast to that of OsHKT1;1-V1, -V2, -V4, and -V7 mRNAs, all of which are predominant in shoots, while only V1 and V7 mRNAs are predominant in roots. Two electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) experiments using Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that oocytes-expressing OsHKT1;1-FL from Pokkali exhibited inward-rectified currents in the presence of 96 mM Na+ as reported previously. Further TEVC analyses indicated that six of eight OsHKT1;1 variants elicited currents in a Na+ or a K+ bath solution. OsHKT1;1-V6 exhibited a similar inward rectification to the FL protein. Contrastingly, however, the rests mediated bidirectional currents in both Na+ and K+ bath solutions. These data suggest possibilities that novel mechanisms regulating the transport activity of OsHKT1;1 might exist, and that OsHKT1;1 variants might also carry out distinct physiological roles either independently or in combination with OsHKT1;1-FL.

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Gudza, V., M. Urtenov, N. Chubyr, and I. Shkorkina. "Mathematical modelling of space charge breakdown in membrane systems taking into account the non-catalytic dissociation/ recombination reaction of water molecules." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022402009.

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In electromembrane systems, a theoretical study of salt ion transfer usually uses mathematical models of salt ion transfer in the depleted diffusion layer of ion-exchange membranes. In this paper, a new mathematical model of ion transport in the cross-section of the desalination channel formed by two ion-exchange membranes – anion-exchange (AEM) and cation-exchange (CEM), taking into account the non-catalytic dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules. The model is a boundary value problem for a non-stationary system of Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations. A numerical analysis of the boundary value problem is performed and the main regularities of the 1:1 salt ion transfer process are established, in particular, the occurrence and development of space charge breakdown is shown. The interaction of the space charge and the noncatalytic dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules are theoretically investigated.

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Ravindar Reddy, M., Anna Mallikarjun, M. Jaipal Reddy, A. R. Subrahmanyam, and M. Vikranth Reddy. "Investigation of morphology and transport properties of Na+ ion conducting PMMA:PEO hybrid polymer electrolyte." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0346.

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Abstract The aim of this research work is to examine the modification of structure, morphology and conductivity properties of PMMA: PEO blend hybrid polymer electrolyte system complexed with NaClO4 salt. Solution-cast procedure was adopted in preparation of these films. These films were characterized with XRD, SEM, DSC, and DC conductivity for the evaluation of modified properties. Peaks have disappeared and broadened in the XRD pattern of PMMA for higher concentration of PEO polymer and salt presented films, which indicated that attaining of higher amorphous phase in these polymer electrolyte films. Almost smooth surface morphology with fewer pores was observed in 20 wt. % of PEO and NaClO4 salt present PMMA films of SEM image. This establishes a dominant presence of amorphous content in these NaClO4 complexed PMMA:PEO hybrid electrolyte films when compared to pure PMMA and PEO. Disappearance of melting temperature was observed in all concentrations of NaClO4 salt and PEO polymer added PMMA polymer films, which suggests a decrease of crystalline and an increase of amorphous nature. Enhancing of DC conductivity with temperature was observed in all the films but higher conductivity was exhibited at higher concentration of NaClO4 salt present films.

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Lowy, R. J., and S. A. Ernst. "Beta-adrenergic stimulation of ion transport in primary cultures of avian salt glands." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 252, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): C670—C676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.252.6.c670.

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Adrenergic stimulation of transmural ion transport was identified and characterized in primary cultures of avian salt gland. Adrenergic activation was mediated by beta-receptors since stimulation of the short-circuit current (Isc) was blocked by propranolol but not phentolamine. The Isc's elicited by isoproterenol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were dose dependent, with respective EC50 values of 1.5 X 10(-8) M, 5.0 X 10(-6) M, and 1.1 X 10(-5) M. The apparent Ki for propranolol inhibition after isoproterenol stimulation was 7.5 X 10(-10) M. 8-Br cyclic AMP (8-Br cAMP) and forskolin-elicited Isc's that were insensitive to propranolol, were potentiated by theophylline, and inhibited by furosemide or ouabain. Isoproterenol also induced an increase in ouabain-sensitive respiration in acutely dispersed cells from salt-stressed juvenile or unstressed adult animals, but not in fully salt-stressed adults. The data indicate that, in addition to the well-established cholinergic receptors, beta-adrenergic receptors can control ion transport in these glands. Furthermore, the results suggest for the first time that an intracellular effector pathway involving cAMP is present.

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Magliola, L., E. G. McMahon, and A. W. Jones. "Alterations in active Na-K transport during mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): C540—C546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.250.4.c540.

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Studies have been conducted to determine which, if any, of the parameters governing active Na-K transport (K and/or ouabain sensitive) are altered in vascular smooth muscle during mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension. Rats with one kidney removed were treated with either aldosterone or deoxycorticosterone acetate plus saline for 3-4 wk. Ion transport was measured in arteries incubated in a physiological salt solution for periods of 4-6 h. Increased active Na efflux was observed in femoral arteries and aortas from the hypertensive group. This alteration resulted primarily from an elevation in the saturation or maximal capacity of the active transport mechanism, which operated with no significant change in cell Na concentration. The transport parameters related to ion selectivity, cooperativity, and temperature dependence were not significantly altered. Measures of active Na efflux and K influx in the same aortic strips indicated that both fluxes were elevated in the hypertensive group. The ratio of Na to K for active transport was significantly greater than one but was unchanged in the hypertensive rats. These studies provide evidence for the electrogenic operation of the Na-K pump in arterial smooth muscle and for the operation of the pump at a higher level during mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension. This alteration may result from increased turnover of individual sites or possibly the incorporation of more sites into the membrane as a result of mineralocorticoid-salt treatment.

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Lin, Chih-Yuan, Fu Chen, Li-Hsien Yeh, and Jyh-Ping Hsu. "Salt gradient driven ion transport in solid-state nanopores: the crucial role of reservoir geometry and size." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 43 (2016): 30160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp06459k.

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Batelli, Giorgia, Paul E. Verslues, Fernanda Agius, Quansheng Qiu, Hiroaki Fujii, Songqin Pan, Karen S. Schumaker, Stefania Grillo, and Jian-Kang Zhu. "SOS2 Promotes Salt Tolerance in Part by Interacting with the Vacuolar H+-ATPase and Upregulating Its Transport Activity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 27, no. 22 (September 17, 2007): 7781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00430-07.

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ABSTRACT The salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway is critical for plant salt stress tolerance and has a key role in regulating ion transport under salt stress. To further investigate salt tolerance factors regulated by the SOS pathway, we expressed an N-terminal fusion of the improved tandem affinity purification tag to SOS2 (NTAP-SOS2) in sos2-2 mutant plants. Expression of NTAP-SOS2 rescued the salt tolerance defect of sos2-2 plants, indicating that the fusion protein was functional in vivo. Tandem affinity purification of NTAP-SOS2-containing protein complexes and subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis indicated that subunits A, B, C, E, and G of the peripheral cytoplasmic domain of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) were present in a SOS2-containing protein complex. Parallel purification of samples from control and salt-stressed NTAP-SOS2/sos2-2 plants demonstrated that each of these V-ATPase subunits was more abundant in NTAP-SOS2 complexes isolated from salt-stressed plants, suggesting that the interaction may be enhanced by salt stress. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that SOS2 interacted directly with V-ATPase regulatory subunits B1 and B2. The importance of the SOS2 interaction with the V-ATPase was shown at the cellular level by reduced H+ transport activity of tonoplast vesicles isolated from sos2-2 cells relative to vesicles from wild-type cells. In addition, seedlings of the det3 mutant, which has reduced V-ATPase activity, were found to be severely salt sensitive. Our results suggest that regulation of V-ATPase activity is an additional key function of SOS2 in coordinating changes in ion transport during salt stress and in promoting salt tolerance.

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Gudza, Vitaly Alexandrovich. "The Influence of Water Dissociation/Recombination on Transport of Binary Salt in Diffusion Layer Near Ion Exchange Membrane." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP4 (March 31, 2020): 923–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp4/20201563.

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37

Cooke, H. J. "Neuroimmune signaling in regulation of intestinal ion transport." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 266, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): G167—G178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.2.g167.

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Complex interactions between the enteric nervous system, the immune system, and the epithelium govern the transport rates of salt and water across the intestinal lining. Luminal antigens or bacterial products are detected by the immune system, which triggers a cascade of events associated with the release of inflammatory mediators. These mediators, by lowering the response threshold for transmission in some neural circuits, augment ongoing neural reflexes that promote secretion. Associated with these effects is a dampening of responses in other neural circuits innervating the mucosal effectors. Selective excitation and inhibition of the neural reflex circuitry coupled with direct actions of inflammatory mediators on epithelial cells result in stereotypical motility and secretory patterns that are characterized by strong muscular contractions, copious secretion, and diarrhea.

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Shi, Le, Ruggero Rossi, Moon Son, Derek M. Hall, Michael A. Hickner, Christopher A. Gorski, and Bruce E. Logan. "Using reverse osmosis membranes to control ion transport during water electrolysis." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 9 (2020): 3138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee02173c.

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A relatively inexpensive commercially available RO membrane was shown to be useful for direct seawater H₂ generation as the membrane can selectively transport protons and hydroxide ions over other salt ions, and keep the inert anolyte contained to avoid chlorine gas evolution.

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Roy, Santanu, Shobha Sharma, Waruni V. Karunaratne, Fei Wu, Ruchi Gakhar, Dmitry S. Maltsev, Phillip Halstenberg, et al. "X-ray scattering reveals ion clustering of dilute chromium species in molten chloride medium." Chemical Science 12, no. 23 (2021): 8026–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc01224j.

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Ion clustering of dilute chromium species was unexpectedly revealed in a high-temperature molten chloride salt, challenging several long-held assumptions regarding specific ionic interactions and transport in molten ionic media.

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Shetty, Supriya K., Ismayil, Shreedatta Hegde, V. Ravindrachary, Ganesh Sanjeev, Rajashekhar F. Bhajantri, and Saraswati P. Masti. "Dielectric relaxations and ion transport study of NaCMC:NaNO3 solid polymer electrolyte films." Ionics 27, no. 6 (April 13, 2021): 2509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04023-y.

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AbstractNa+ ion-conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) doped with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was developed by solution casting method. FTIR technique confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonding between $$ {NO}_3^{-} $$ NO 3 − anion and functional groups of NaCMC. XRD study revealed the low degree of crystallinity that reduced upon doping. Impedance spectroscopy was adapted in order to analyze the conductivity and dielectric relaxation phenomena of the polymer-salt complex. FTIR deconvolution technique was employed to understand the factor that influences the ionic conductivity in SPE; concentration of mobile ions and ionic mobility both play a vital role. Ion transference number has been found out to be > 0.97 for all samples indicating that the conducting species are primarily ions. The highest ionic conductivity of ̴ 3 × 10−3 Scm−1 with the mechanical strength of 30.12 MPa was achieved for a host containing 30 wt.% NaNO3 at ambient temperature.

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41

Li, Yuhao, Zhongwu Li, Fikret Aydin, Jana Quan, Xi Chen, Yun-Chiao Yao, Cheng Zhan, Yunfei Chen, Tuan Anh Pham, and Aleksandr Noy. "Water-ion permselectivity of narrow-diameter carbon nanotubes." Science Advances 6, no. 38 (September 2020): eaba9966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba9966.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) pores, which mimic the structure of the aquaporin channels, support extremely high water transport rates that make them strong candidates for building artificial water channels and high-performance membranes. Here, we measure water and ion permeation through 0.8-nm-diameter CNT porins (CNTPs)—short CNT segments embedded in lipid membranes—under optimized experimental conditions. Measured activation energy of water transport through the CNTPs agrees with the barrier values typical for single-file water transport. Well-tempered metadynamics simulations of water transport in CNTPs also report similar activation energy values and provide molecular-scale details of the mechanism for water entry into these channels. CNTPs strongly reject chloride ions and show water-salt permselectivity values comparable to those of commercial desalination membranes.

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Lee, Chiara, Shoko Yashiro, David L. Dotson, Povilas Uzdavinys, So Iwata, Mark S. P. Sansom, Christoph von Ballmoos, Oliver Beckstein, David Drew, and Alexander D. Cameron. "Crystal structure of the sodium–proton antiporter NhaA dimer and new mechanistic insights." Journal of General Physiology 144, no. 6 (November 24, 2014): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201411219.

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Sodium–proton antiporters rapidly exchange protons and sodium ions across the membrane to regulate intracellular pH, cell volume, and sodium concentration. How ion binding and release is coupled to the conformational changes associated with transport is not clear. Here, we report a crystal form of the prototypical sodium–proton antiporter NhaA from Escherichia coli in which the protein is seen as a dimer. In this new structure, we observe a salt bridge between an essential aspartic acid (Asp163) and a conserved lysine (Lys300). An equivalent salt bridge is present in the homologous transporter NapA, but not in the only other known crystal structure of NhaA, which provides the foundation of most existing structural models of electrogenic sodium–proton antiport. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the stability of the salt bridge is weakened by sodium ions binding to Asp164 and the neighboring Asp163. This suggests that the transport mechanism involves Asp163 switching between forming a salt bridge with Lys300 and interacting with the sodium ion. pKa calculations suggest that Asp163 is highly unlikely to be protonated when involved in the salt bridge. As it has been previously suggested that Asp163 is one of the two residues through which proton transport occurs, these results have clear implications to the current mechanistic models of sodium–proton antiport in NhaA.

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Kamcev, Jovan, Michele Galizia, Francesco M. Benedetti, Eui-Soung Jang, Donald R. Paul, Benny D. Freeman, and Gerald S. Manning. "Partitioning of mobile ions between ion exchange polymers and aqueous salt solutions: importance of counter-ion condensation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 8 (2016): 6021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06747b.

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Equilibrium partitioning of ions between a membrane and a contiguous external solution strongly influences transport properties of polymeric membranes used for water purification and energy generation applications.

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44

Chen, Lei, Yan Ding, Yapeng Hou, Yanhong Liu, and Hongguang Nie. "Regulation of Cl- Electrolyte Permeability in Epithelia by Active Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomers for Diarrhea." Current Drug Targets 21, no. 9 (July 28, 2020): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200504073635.

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The epithelial layer, lining the inner surface of the mammalian alveolar, kidney, brain and colon, is a typical electrolyte transporting tissue. Large quantities of salt and fluid are actively moved from the mucosal side toward the blood vessel. Transepithelial salt re-absorption in epithelial tissues plays an important role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. In absorptive epithelium, fluid and salt flux is controlled by the machinery mainly composed of epithelial sodium channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter, Na+/H+ exchanger, and Na+/K+-ATPase. Dysregulation of salt permeability across epithelium contributes to the pathogenesis of organ edema. In numerous ion transporters, epithelial Cl- transportation plays an important role in water secretion across epithelial tissues and regulation of body fluid content. Many traditional Chinese medicines treat diarrhea by regulating the Cl- electrolyte transport. We systematically summarized the recent progress regarding the traditional Chinese medicine on Cl- electrolyte transport in the intestinal epithelial tissues. The pharmaceutical relevance of developing advanced strategies to mitigate edematous disorders is also implicated. In conclusion, the crosstalk between Cl- electrolyte transport and active traditional Chinese medicine monomers may lead to the development of new strategies for diarrhea by manipulating the function and expression of ion channels.

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45

Goujon, Nicolas, Nolene Byrne, Tiffany R. Walsh, and Maria Forsyth. "The Influence of Water and Metal Salt on the Transport and Structural Properties of 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 3 (2015): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14240.

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The addition of diluents to ionic liquids (ILs) has recently been shown to enhance the transport properties of ILs. In the context of electrolyte design, this enhancement allows the realisation of IL-based electrolytes for metal–air batteries and other storage devices. It is likely that diluent addition not only impacts the viscosity of the IL, but also the ion–ion interactions and structure. Here, we investigate the nano-structured 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride (OMImCl) with varying water concentrations in the presence of two metal salts, zinc chloride and magnesium chloride. We find that the choice of metal salt has a significant impact on the structure and transport properties of the system; this is explained by the water structuring and destructing properties of the metal salt.

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Zhang, Zidan, Amir T. Nasrabadi, Dipak Aryal, and Venkat Ganesan. "Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Lithium Salt-Doped Polymeric Ionic Liquid Electrolytes." Macromolecules 53, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 6995–7008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01444.

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Rodríguez-Sargent, C., J. L. Cangiano, G. Berríos Cabán, E. Marrero, and M. Martínez-Maldonado. "Cataracts and hypertension in salt-sensitive rats. A possible ion transport defect." Hypertension 9, no. 3 (March 1987): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.9.3.304.

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Smeets, Ralph M. M., Ulrich F. Keyser, Diego Krapf, Meng-Yue Wu, Nynke H. Dekker, and Cees Dekker. "Salt Dependence of Ion Transport and DNA Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores." Nano Letters 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052107w.

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Bhattacharyya, Aninda J. "Ion Transport in Liquid Salt Solutions with Oxide Dispersions: “Soggy Sand” Electrolytes." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 3, no. 6 (February 29, 2012): 744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz201617w.

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Wildman, Scott S. P., and Brian F. King. "P2X Receptors: Epithelial Ion Channels and Regulators of Salt and Water Transport." Nephron Physiology 108, no. 3 (2008): p60—p67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000122028.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salt and ion transport'

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