Relevant bibliographies by topics / Salt and ion transport

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Salt and ion transport'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Salt and ion transport"

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Dawson, D. C. "Ion Channels and Colonic Salt Transport." Annual Review of Physiology 53, no. 1 (October 1991): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.001541.

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Zhou, Xuechen, Zhangxin Wang, Razi Epsztein, Cheng Zhan, Wenlu Li, John D. Fortner, Tuan Anh Pham, Jae-Hong Kim, and Menachem Elimelech. "Intrapore energy barriers govern ion transport and selectivity of desalination membranes." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabd9045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd9045.

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State-of-the-art desalination membranes exhibit high water-salt selectivity, but their ability to discriminate between ions is limited. Elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying ion transport and selectivity in subnanometer pores is therefore imperative for the development of ion-selective membranes. Here, we compare the overall energy barrier for salt transport and energy barriers for individual ion transport, showing that cations and anions traverse the membrane pore in an independent manner. Supported by density functional theory simulations, we demonstrate that electrostatic interactions between permeating counterion and fixed charges on the membrane substantially hinder intrapore diffusion. Furthermore, using quartz crystal microbalance, we break down the contributions of partitioning at the pore mouth and intrapore diffusion to the overall energy barrier for salt transport. Overall, our results indicate that intrapore diffusion governs salt transport through subnanometer pores due to ion-pore wall interactions, providing the scientific base for the design of membranes with high ion-ion selectivity.
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Singh, CP, PK Shukla, and SL Agrawal. "Ion transport studies in PVA:NH4CH3COO gel polymer electrolytes." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 2 (March 2020): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008319898242.

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Ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are being intensively studied for their potential applications in various electrochemical devices. The poly(vinyl alcohol)-based GPE films containing ammonium acetate (NH4CH3COO) salt have been studied for various concentrations of salt. The gel electrolyte films (GPEs) have been prepared using solution casting technique. Structural characterization carried out using X-ray diffraction reveals an increase in the amorphous nature of the samples on increasing salt concentration up to 70 wt%. The complexation of polymer and salt has been studied by Fourier-transform infrared analysis. Ionic conductivity of the GPEs has been found to increase with salt concentration and reaches an optimum for an intermediate concentration. The room temperature conductivity isotherm exhibits a maximum in conductivity of 2.64 × 10−4 Scm−1 for 65 wt% salt concentration. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity exhibits a combination of Arrhenius and Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher behavior. Ion transport in the electrolyte system has been explored using dielectric response of the material and the observed variation in conductivity is suitably correlated to the change in charge carrier concentration and mobility of charge carriers.
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Mabuchi, Takuya, Koki Nakajima, and Takashi Tokumasu. "Molecular Dynamics Study of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes of All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091012.

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Atomistic analysis of the ion transport in polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries was performed using molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the relationship between Li-ion transport and polymer morphology. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) and poly(diethylene oxide-alt-oxymethylene), P(2EO-MO), were used as the electrolyte materials, and the effects of salt concentrations and polymer types on the ion transport properties were explored. The size and number of LiTFSI clusters were found to increase with increasing salt concentrations, leading to a decrease in ion diffusivity at high salt concentrations. The Li-ion transport mechanisms were further analyzed by calculating the inter/intra-hopping rate and distance at various ion concentrations in PEO and P(2EO-MO) polymers. While the balance between the rate and distance of inter-hopping was comparable for both PEO and P(2EO-MO), the intra-hopping rate and distance were found to be higher in PEO than in P(2EO-MO), leading to a higher diffusivity in PEO. The results of this study provide insights into the correlation between the nanoscopic structures of ion solvation and the dynamics of Li-ion transport in polymer electrolytes.
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Wiemhöfer, Hans Dieter, Steffen Jeschke, and Eva Cznotka. "Transport of Ions in Salt-in-Polymer Membranes." Diffusion Foundations 8 (July 2016): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.8.129.

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Replacing traditional liquid electrolytes by polymers will significantly improve electrical energy storage technologies. However, the ion transport mechanism in polymers has been one of the main barriers to further improvement in Li-ion batteries and is still not completely clarified. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the conduction phenomena in electrolytes, a comprehensive survey of all transport mechanism including solvation, segmental motion and hopping, is presented here. Included are a survey of the fundamentals of diffusion and conductivity in polymer electrolytes; recent developments in Li salts; and a detailed discussion about ion transport mechanism with representative references.
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Arroyo, Juan Pablo, Caroline Ronzaud, Dagmara Lagnaz, Olivier Staub, and Gerardo Gamba. "Aldosterone Paradox: Differential Regulation of Ion Transport in Distal Nephron." Physiology 26, no. 2 (April 2011): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00049.2010.

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The mechanisms through which aldosterone promotes apparently opposite effects like salt reabsorption and K+ secretion remain poorly understood. The identification, localization, and physiological analysis of ion transport systems in distal nephron have revealed an intricate network of interactions between several players, revealing the complex mechanism behind the aldosterone paradox. We review the mechanisms involved in differential regulation of ion transport that allow the fine tuning of salt and K+ balance.
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Lowy, R. J., J. H. Schreiber, and S. A. Ernst. "Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates ion transport in avian salt gland." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): R801—R808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.6.r801.

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Avian salt glands are considered to be under the control of cholinergic nerve fibers. Here we report evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also regulates ion transport. Nerve fibers stained immunocytochemically with anti-VIP were distributed throughout the tissue within the peritubular connective tissue and were in close proximity to the secretory tubules. VIP applied to primary cultures of the secretory cells elicited active ion transport as assayed by short-circuit current (Isc) analysis. The mucosal-to-serosal positive Isc was produced in a dose-dependent fashion [(EC50) = 3.1 X 10(-9) M], was potentiated by theophylline, and was inhibited by either ouabain or furosemide. This Isc was independent of activation by cholinergic agonists. VIP also increased ouabain-sensitive respiration 14-18% in acutely isolated cells from salt-stressed and unstressed animals. These data demonstrate for the first time that VIP is present in the avian salt gland and can act as a secretagogue by directly affecting the secretory cells. In addition, the results provide evidence for direct control of ion transport by an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-linked neurohormone in both adult unstressed and fully salt-stressed animals.
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Bailey, Ryan T., Saman Tavakoli-Kivi, and Xiaolu Wei. "A salinity module for SWAT to simulate salt ion fate and transport at the watershed scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 3155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3155-2019.

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Abstract. Salinity is one of the most common water quality threats in river basins and irrigated regions worldwide. However, no available numerical models simulate all major processes affecting salt ion fate and transport at the watershed scale. This study presents a new salinity module for the SWAT model that simulates the fate and transport of eight major salt ions (SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, CO32-, HCO3-) in a watershed system. The module accounts for salt transport in surface runoff, soil percolation, lateral flow, groundwater, and streams, and equilibrium chemistry reactions in soil layers and the aquifer. The module consists of several new subroutines that are imbedded within the SWAT modelling code and one input file containing soil salinity and aquifer salinity data for the watershed. The model is applied to a 732 km2 salinity-impaired irrigated region within the Arkansas River Valley in southeastern Colorado and tested against root zone soil salinity, groundwater salt ion concentration, groundwater salt loadings to the river network, and in-stream salt ion concentration. The model can be a useful tool in simulating baseline salinity transport and investigating salinity best management practices in watersheds of varying spatial scales.
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Keith, Jordan R., and Venkat Ganesan. "Ion transport mechanisms in salt‐doped polymerized zwitterionic electrolytes." Journal of Polymer Science 58, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.20190099.

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Sun, Jialin, Shuangnan Li, Huijuan Guo, and Zhenan Hou. "Ion homeostasis and Na+ transport-related gene expression in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties under saline, alkaline and saline-alkaline stresses." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e0256000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256000.

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The sensitivity of cotton to salt stress depends on the genotypes and salt types. Understanding the mechanism of ion homeostasis under different salt stresses is necessary to improve cotton performance under saline conditions. A pot experiment using three salt stresses saline stress (NaCl+Na2SO4), alkaline stress (Na2CO3+NaHCO3), and saline-alkaline stress (NaCl+Na2SO4+Na2CO3+NaHCO3) and two cotton varieties (salt-tolerant variety L24 and salt-sensitive variety G1) was conducted. The growth, ion concentrations, and Na+ transport-related gene expression in the cotton varieties were determined. The inhibitory effects of saline-alkaline stress on cotton growth were greater than that of either saline stress or alkaline stress alone. The root/shoot ratio under alkaline stress was significantly lower than that under saline stress. The salt-tolerant cotton variety had lower Na and higher K concentrations in the leaves, stems and roots than the salt-sensitive variety under different salt stresses. For the salt-sensitive cotton variety, saline stress significantly inhibited the absorption of P and the transport of P, K, and Mg, while alkaline stress and saline-alkaline stress significantly inhibited the uptake and transport of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn. Most of the elements in the salt-tolerant variety accumulated in the leaves and stems under different salt stresses. This indicated that the salt-tolerant variety had a stronger ion transport capacity than the salt-sensitive variety under saline conditions. Under alkaline stress and salt-alkaline stress, the relative expression levels of the genes GhSOS1, GhNHX1 and GhAKT1 in the salt-tolerant variety were significantly higher than that in the salt-sensitive variety. These results suggest that this salt-tolerant variety of cotton has an internal mechanism to maintain ionic homeostasis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salt and ion transport"

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Thomson, Susmita. "Local feedback regulation of salt & water transport across pumping epithelia : experimental & mathematical investigations in the isolated abdominal skin of Bufo marinus." University of Western Australia. Dept. of Physiology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0022.

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[Truncated abstract] This study describes the results of a four and a half year investigation examining local regulation of ion transport through pumping epithelial cells. The study focussed on the standard isolated toad skin preparation, made famous by Hans Ussing. Originally, the objective was to perform some simple manipulations on the isolated toad skin, a standard and well-tested epithelial layer, which, according to the literature, was a well-behaved and stable preparation. The purpose of doing these toad skin experiments was to gain familiarity with the experimental techniques, such as measuring the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and the short-circuit current (Isc) across an epithelium. In the process, the experimental information that was obtained was to assist in the development and refinement of a mathematical model of a single pumping epithelial cell . . . Finally, it should be emphasised the toad skin was a convenient tissue model for exploring more general issues such as: (i) how pumping epithelial cells may adjust to changes in the extracellular environment by locally regulating their membrane conductances; (2) how the topology of a cell can influence its function (i.e. the topology can determine whether a cell is optimised for salt transport or water transport). (3) how different cells, with different functions, may be positioned in apposition in a pumping epithelial tissue so that gradients generated by one cell type can be utilised by another. From a broader perspective, it is likely that such issues are also applicable to other pumping epithelia, and ultimately, may assist in understanding how these epithelia function.
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AL, HASSAN MOHAMAD. "Comparative analyses of plant responses to drought and salt stress in related taxa: A useful approach to study stress tolerance mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/61985.

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[EN] Abstract Introduction Salinity and drought are the most important environmental stress conditions reducing crop yields worldwide and limiting the distribution of wild plants in nature. Soil salinity, especially secondary salinity caused by anthropogenic practices, such as prolonged irrigation, lead to substantial agricultural yield losses, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Drought, caused by reduced water content in the soil, occurs due to disorders in nature's water cycle, chiefly when evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation in a certain area, to the point where soil water reserves can no longer support plant growth. Drought and salt stress trigger the activation of a series of basic stress mechanisms that includes among others, the control of ion transport, exclusion and compartmentalization, as well as the accumulation of compatible solutes ('osmolytes'), and the activation of antioxidant systems. These mechanisms are conserved in all plants, stress tolerant and sensitive alike, and don't necessarily confer tolerance. To decipher those mechanisms and have a better understanding on the contribution of different stress responses to the stress tolerance of a given species, we have carried out comparative studies on the responses to drought and salinity in a number of genetically related taxa with different tolerance potentials. Methodology The experimental approach was mostly based on i) establishing the relative tolerance to water and salt stress in the studied species from their distribution in nature (in the case of wild species) and through the relative inhibition of growth in the presence of stress, and ii) correlating changes in the levels of biochemical 'stress markers' associated to specific response pathways (ion transport, osmolyte accumulation¿) upon stress treatments, with the already established relative tolerance to stress. This strategy proved to be appropriate to distinguish mere general responses to stress from those mechanisms relevant for stress tolerance of the investigated species and cultivars. The work also sheds light on other aspects affected by salt stress, specifically regarding germination and reproductive success or anatomical changes in salt-stressed plants. The expression patterns of the gene NHX1, encoding a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter were also studied in the Plantago taxa, as a first step in the full characterisation of this ion transporter, that appears to play an important role in the mechanisms of salt tolerance in this genus. Conclusion The results obtained in this work contribute to a better understanding of general stress tolerance mechanisms in plants, and provides clear insights into the mechanisms conferring tolerance, specifically, to drought and salt stress in some wild species and crops. This work also shed more light on the highly efficient responses to stress in halophytes, plants that could be viewed as nature's answer to the aforementioned adverse environmental conditions via evolution and adaptation. Halophytes can therefore be considered as a suitable source - underutilized at present, in our opinion - of knowledge, genetic resources and biotechnological tools for the needed improvement of stress tolerance in crops.
[ES] Resumen Introducción La salinidad y la sequía son las condiciones de estrés ambiental más importantes, que reducen los rendimientos de los cultivos en todo el mundo y que limitan la distribución de las plantas silvestres en la naturaleza. La salinidad del suelo, especialmente la salinización secundaria causada por prácticas antropogénicas, como la irrigación prolongada, conducen a pérdidas importantes de rendimiento agrícola, especialmente en las regiones áridas y semiáridas. La sequía, provocada por la reducción de contenido de agua en el suelo, se produce debido a alteraciones en el ciclo del agua en la naturaleza, principalmente cuando la evapotranspiración excede la precipitación en un área determinada, hasta el punto que las reservas de agua del suelo ya no pueden soportar el crecimiento de la planta. La sequía y el estrés salino desencadenan la activación de una serie de mecanismos básicos de respuesta, que incluyen entre otros el control del transporte, la exclusión y la compartimentación de iones, así como la acumulación de solutos compatibles ('osmolitos'), y la activación de sistemas antioxidantes. Estos mecanismos están conservados en todas las plantas, tolerantes y sensibles a estrés por igual, y no confieren necesariamente tolerancia. Para descifrar estos mecanismos y conseguir una mejor comprensión de la contribución de diferentes respuestas a estrés a la tolerancia al estrés en una especie dada, hemos llevado a cabo estudios comparativos sobre las respuestas a la sequía y la salinidad, en un número de taxones relacionados genéticamente con diferentes potenciales de tolerancia. Metodología El enfoque experimental se basó principalmente en i) establecer la tolerancia relativa al estrés hídrico y al estrés salino en las especies estudiadas, a partir de su distribución en la naturaleza (en el caso de especies silvestres) y atendiendo a la inhibición relativa de su crecimiento en presencia de estrés, y ii) correlacionar cambios en los niveles de 'marcadores bioquímicos de estrés' asociados a vías específicas de respuesta (transporte de iones, acumulación de osmolitos ...) inducidos por los tratamientos de estrés, con la tolerancia relativa a estrés de las plantas, previamente establecido. Esta estrategia ha resultado ser apropiada para distinguir meras respuestas generales a estrés de los mecanismos relevantes para la tolerancia a estrés de las especies y cultivares investigados. El trabajo también arroja luz sobre otros aspectos afectados por el estrés salino, específicamente en relación con la germinación y el éxito reproductivo, o cambios anatómicos en las plantas tratadas con sal. También se estudiaron los patrones de expresión del gen NHX1, que codifica un antiportador vacuolar Na+/H+, en las especies de Plantago, como un primer paso en la caracterización completa de este transportador de iones, que parece desempeñar un papel importante en los mecanismos de tolerancia a sal en este género. Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos generales de tolerancia al estrés en plantas, y proporcionan ideas claras sobre los mecanismos que confieren tolerancia, en concreto, a la sequía y al estrés salino, en algunas especies silvestres y cultivadas. Este trabajo también arroja más luz sobre las respuestas a estrés altamente eficientes en halófitas, plantas que podrían ser vistas como la respuesta de la naturaleza a las condiciones ambientales adversas antes mencionadas, a través de la evolución y la adaptación. Por lo tanto, las halófitas pueden ser consideradas como una fuente adecuada - infrautilizada en la actualidad, en nuestra opinión - de conocimiento, recursos genéticos y herramientas biotecnológicas para la necesaria mejora de la tolerancia al estrés en plantas cultivadas.
[CA] Resum Introducció La salinitat i la sequera són les condicions d'estrès ambiental més importants, que redueixen els rendiments dels cultius a tot el món i que limiten la distribució de les plantes silvestres en la naturalesa. La salinitat del sòl, especialment la salinització secundària causada per pràctiques antropogèniques, com la irrigació perllongada, condueixen a pèrdues importants de rendiment agrícola, especialment en les regions àrides i semiàrides. La sequera, provocada per la reducció de contingut d'aigua en el sòl, es produeix a causa d'alteracions en el cicle de l'aigua en la naturalesa, principalment quan la evapotranspiració excedeix la precipitació en un àrea determinada, fins al punt que les reserves d'aigua del sòl ja no poden suportar el creixement de la planta. La sequera i l'estrès salí desencadenen l'activació d'una sèrie de mecanismes bàsics de resposta, que inclouen entre uns altres el control del transport, l'exclusió i la compartimentació d'ions, així com l'acumulació de soluts compatibles ('osmolits'), i l'activació de sistemes antioxidants. Aquests mecanismes estan conservats en totes les plantes, tolerants i sensibles a estrès per igual, i no confereixen necessàriament tolerància. Per a desxifrar aquests mecanismes i aconseguir una millor comprensió de la contribució de diferents respostes a estrès a la tolerància a l'estrès en una espècie donada, hem dut a terme estudis comparatius sobre les respostes a la sequera i la salinitat, en un nombre de taxons relacionats genèticament amb diferents potencials de tolerància. Metodologia L'enfocament experimental es va basar principalment en i) establir la tolerància relativa a l'estrès hídric i a l'estrès salí en les espècies estudiades, a partir de la seua distribució en la naturalesa (en el cas d'espècies silvestres) i atenent a la inhibició relativa de el seu creixement en presència d'estrès, i ii) correlacionar canvis en els nivells de 'marcadors bioquímics d'estrès' associats a vies específiques de resposta (transport d'ions, acumulació d'osmolits ...) induïts pels tractaments d'estrès, amb la tolerància relativa a estrès de les plantes, prèviament establert. Aquesta estratègia ha resultat ser apropiada per a distingir meres respostes generals a estrès dels mecanismes rellevants per a la tolerància a estrès de les espècies i conreus investigats. El treball també llança llum sobre altres aspectes afectats per l'estrès salí, específicament en relació amb la germinació i l'èxit reproductiu, o canvis anatòmics en les plantes tractades amb sal. També es van estudiar els patrons d'expressió del gen NHX1, que codifica un anti-portador vacuolar Na+/H+, en les espècies de Plantago, com un primer pas en la caracterització completa d'aquest transportador d'ions, que sembla exercir un paper important en els mecanismes de tolerància a sal en aquest gènere. Conclusió Els resultats obtinguts en aquest treball contribueixen a una millor comprensió dels mecanismes generals de tolerància a l'estrès en plantes, i proporcionen idees clares sobre els mecanismes que confereixen tolerància, en concret, a la sequera i a l'estrès salí, en algunes espècies silvestres i conreades. Aquest treball també llança més llum sobre les respostes a estrès altament eficients en halòfites, plantes que podrien ser vistes com la resposta de la naturalesa a les condicions ambientals adverses abans esmentades, a través de l'evolució i l'adaptació. Per tant, les halòfites poden ser considerades com una font adequada - infrautilitzada en l'actualitat, en la nostra opinió - de coneixement, recursos genètics i eines biotecnològiques per a la necessària millora de la tolerància a l'estrès en plantes conreades.
Al Hassan, M. (2016). Comparative analyses of plant responses to drought and salt stress in related taxa: A useful approach to study stress tolerance mechanisms [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61985
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Kader, Md Abdul. "Salt stress in rice : adaptive mechanisms for cytosolic sodium homeostasis /." Ultuna : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200657.pdf.

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Berhaut, Christopher Logan. "Propriétés de transport des sels de lithium LiTDI et LiFSI : application à la formulation d'électrolytes optimisés pour batteries Li-ion." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4017/document.

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La plupart des batteries Li-ion aujourd’hui utilisent des électrolytes à base de LiPF6 un sel de lithium connu pour son instabilité chimique au-delà de 60°C car il se dégrade en libérant PF5 et LiF. En présence de traces d’eau il génère en plus des composés oxyfluorophosphorés et du HF qui peut être dommageable à la fois pour les performances et pour le vieillissement de l’accumulateur. Plusieurs sels sont candidats au remplacement de LiPF6, notamment ceux basés sur les anions fluorosulfonylamidures et les anions de Hückel. Ce travail concerne l’étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et de transport des électrolytes à base de 4,5-dicyano-2- (trifluoromethyl)imidazolide de lithium (LiTDI) et bis(fluorosulfonyl)amidure de lithium (LiFSI) pour une utilisation au sein d’accumulateurs de type Li-ion. Dans ce travail il a d’abord été montré que LiTDI n’est que faiblement dissocié dans les mélanges de carbonates d’alkyles utilisés dans les batteries Li-ion tels que le binaire (EC/DMC) ce qui limite sa conductivité. Pour pouvoir remédier à cet inconvénient, une étude des phénomènes de solvatation et d’associations ioniques a été menée et a conduit à proposer un mélange ternaire de solvants (EC/GBL/MP) dans lequel LiTDI est plus dissocié. Le mélange ternaire proposé améliore à la fois les propriétés de transport et les caractéristiques thermiques de l’électrolyte sans compromettre le domaine de stabilité chimique et électrochimique. Enfin, le nouvel électrolyte EC/GBL/MP contenant LiTDI, a été testé en accumulateurs dans les conditions opératoires usuelles (régime C/10 et température ambiante) et sévères (régime 10C et des températures allant de -20 °C à 60 °C). Le problème de corrosion de l’aluminium de LiFSI a aussi été pris en compte. Un électrolyte prometteur à base d’un mélange LiTDI/LiFSI montrant de meilleures performances que chaque sel utilisé séparément dans EC/DMC a été présenté. Les conclusions de cette thèse prouvent que LiTDI ou LiFSI peuvent être utilisés comme sels de lithium dans les électrolytes pour accumulateurs Li-ion
Most of the Li-ion batteries used in electrical devices contain a solution of LiPF6 in alkylcarbonate solvents with the risk of releasing PF5 at elevated temperatures and HF in the presence of water. Several salts are candidates for the replacement of LiPF6, including those based on fluorosulfonylamides and Hückel anions. This work concerns the study of physicochemical and transport properties of lithium 4,5-dicyano-2- (trifluoromethyl)imidazolide (LiTDI) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI) based electrolytes and their use in Li-ion battery. First it was revealed that LiTDI is only weakly dissociated in alkylcarbonate mixtures used in Li-ion batteries such as EC/DMC limiting its conductivity. To overcome this disadvantage, a study of the solvation phenomena and of ionic association within the electrolytes was conducted. This study led to a ternary mixture of solvents (EC/GBL/MP) in which LiTDI is more dissociated. This new solvent mixture improves both the transport properties and the thermal stability of the LiTDI based electrolyte without compromising its chemical and electrochemical stability. Finally, the new LiTDI in EC/GBL/MP electrolyte was tested in NMC/graphite batteries under normal (C/10 rate and room temperature) and severe (10C rate and temperatures varying from - 20 ° C to 60 °C) operating conditions. The aluminium corrosion problem encountered by LiFSI based electrolytes was taken into account and a LiTDI/LiFSI salt mixture based electrolyte showing promising results was presented. The findings of this thesis show that LiTDI or LiFSI can be used as lithium salts in electrolytes for Li-ion batteries
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Guerrero, Galan Maria del Carmen. "Impact of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis for plant adaptation to nutritional and salt stress : characterization and role of potassium channels in the model fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT142.

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La symbiose ectomycorhizienne, répandue dans les forêts tempérées et boréales, se base sur des échanges nutritionnels entre la plante hôte et des champignons du sol. Ce mutualisme améliore la nutrition minérale et en eau de plantes ligneuses à travers des mécanismes encore méconnus. Ce manuscrit de thèse présente l’ensemble des systèmes de transport membranaire du champignon ectomycorhizien Hebeloma cylindrosporum identifié à partir du génome séquencé, avec un accent sur les gènes dont l’expression est induite en symbiose avec son hôte naturel, le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster). Ces données aideront à focaliser les futures recherches sur les gènes qui sont induits par la symbiose. Le champignon H. cylindrosporum améliore la nutrition potassique de son hôte en situation de carence. Cette étude est axée sur trois canaux ioniques qui peuvent être impliqués dans le transfert de K+ vers la plante. Ces canaux appartiennent à la famille TOK (Tandem-pore Outward-rectifying K+), spécifique de champignons et ont été caractérisés par plusieurs approches expérimentales. Des analyses in silico ont déterminé que ces trois canaux appartiennent à deux sous-familles et ont été nommés HcTOK1, HcTOK2.1 et HcTOK2.2. Leurs propriétés fonctionnelles ont été caractérisées par expression hétérologue pour une analyse en voltage-clamp à deux électrodes et complémentation de levures. La localisation a été étudiée par hybridation in situ en mycorhizes et par fusions gène-eGFP exprimés chez la levure et chez H. cylindrosporum. Le rôle physiologique des canaux HcTOK a été testé en culture pure et en symbiose avec P. pinaster grâces à des lignées transgéniques surexprimant ces gènes. En plus, les effets de la mycorhization par H. cylindrosporum et la nutrition potassique ont été testés chez P. pinaster cultivé en conditions de stress salin. Dans un premier temps, la tolérance du champignon au stress salin a été vérifiée en culture pure, ainsi que l’élément toxique de ce stress. Ensuite, le champignon a été cultivé en deux conditions de nutrition potassique et quatre de salinité pour connaître son homéostasie du K+ et analyser l’expression de ses systèmes de transport. Finalement, des plantules de P. pinaster ont été cultivées inoculées ou non en deux conditions de K+ et quatre de stress salin. En résumé, l’analyse de trois canaux HcTOK ont permis de démontrer les spécificités pour les sous-familles TOK1 et TOK2 et ont suggéré que HcTOK2.2 est probablement un élément clé pour le transfert du K+ via la plante en mycorhize. H. cylindrosporum semble jouer un rôle dans la tolérance à la salinité du pin maritime en diminuant le transfert du Na+ vers la plante et améliorant la nutrition potassique
The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, widespread in temperate and boreal ecosystems, is based in nutritional exchanges between the host plant and soil-borne fungi. This mutualism improves plant mineral and water nutrition of woody plants through mechanisms that are still largely unknown. This manuscript presents the whole set of membrane transport systems of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum identified from the sequenced genome, with an emphasis on the genes that are up-regulated in symbiosis with its natural host, the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). These data will help to focalize future research on symbiosis-induced genes. The fungus H. cylindrosporum enhances the potassium (K+) nutrition of P. pinaster under starvation. This study has focused on three ion channels that could transfer the K+ to the plant. These channels belong to the fungal-specific TOK (Tandem-pore Outward-rectifying K+) family and have been characterized using several approaches. In silico analyses have positioned them in two subfamilies, giving them the names HcTOK1, HcTOK2.1 and HcTOK2.2. Their functional activity has been characterized by heterologous expression for two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements and yeast complementation. Localization has been studied by in situ hybridization in mycorrhiza and by expression of gene-eGFP constructs in yeast and H. cylindrosporum. The physiological role of these channels has been tested in pure culture and symbiosis with transgenic fungal lines overexpressing the HcTOK channels. Furthermore, the effects of H. cylindrosporum and K+ nutrition have been tested in P. pinaster seedlings subjected to salt stress. First, the tolerance to salinity of the fungus was analysed in pure culture with different compounds to identify the most toxic component. Second, the fungus was cultured in different NaCl and K+ conditions to know whether it kept the homeostasis and to check the expression of K+ transport systems. Finally, P. pinaster seedlings were cultured inoculated or not in two different K+ nutrition and four salinity conditions. Altogether, analysis of the three HcTOK channels revealed specificities of the TOK1- and TOK2-type and suggested that HcTOK2.2 might be a main player for the K+ transfer from the fungus towards the plant. H. cylindrosporum seems to play a role in the tolerance to salt stress of the maritime pine by reducing the Na+ transfer to the plant and improving K+ nutrition
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Sayah, Simon. "Impact de la formulation d'électrolytes sur les performances d'une électrode négative nanocomposite silicium-étain pour batteries Li-ion." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4025/document.

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Ce projet de thèse porte sur la recherche de nouveaux électrolytes et additifs dans le but d’améliorer la cyclabilité d’une électrode négative composite de formule Si0.32Ni0.14Sn0.17Al0.04C0.35 et d’obtenir une interface électrode|électrolyte stable. En effet, comme la plupart des matériaux à base de silicium, ce composite de grande capacité (plus de 600 mA.h.g-1) souffre actuellement d’une faible durée de vie provenant essentiellement des expansions volumiques qu’il subit lors de sa lithiation et de sa SEI défaillante. Deux types d'électrolytes ont été évalués : (i) un mélange de carbonates d’alkyles EC/PC/3DMC auquel a été ajouté un sel de lithium (LiPF6, LiTFSI, LiFSI ou LiDFOB) ainsi que des additifs aidant à la formation de la SEI tels que le carbonate de vinylène (VC) ou le carbonate de fluoroéthylène (FEC), (ii) des liquides ioniques (LI) contenant un cation ammonium quaternaire (N1114+), imidazolium (EMI+) ou pyrrolidinium (PYR+), associé à un anion à charge délocalisée comme le bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)amidure (TFSI-) ou le bis(fluorosulfonyl)amidure (FSI-). L’analyse du diagramme d’ionicité de Walden a permis de mettre en évidence la bonne dissociation de LiFSI et LiPF6 dans EC/PC/3DMC assurant ainsi des conductivités ioniques supérieures à 12 mS.cm-1. Bien que possédant des propriétés de transport a priori moins intéressantes dans ce mélange ternaire que les autres sels, LiDFOB forme en réduction une SEI permettant au composite de fournir les meilleures performances en cyclage sans additif avec 560 mA.h.g-1 pour un rendement coulombique de 98,4%. L’ajout d’additif est cependant nécessaire pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par le projet en termes de rendement coulombique (>99,5%). Dans ce cas, l’ajout de 2%VC+10%FEC au mélange ternaire est le plus intéressant avec LiPF6. Le matériau fourni ainsi des capacités de 550 mA.h.g-1 durant une centaine de cycles à un régime de C/5 avec un rendement coulombique de 99,8%. En milieu LI, les performances optimales sont atteintes avec le [EMI][FSI] et 1 mol.L-1 de LiFSI. Le composite atteint alors une capacité de 635 mA.h.g-1 durant 100 cycles à un régime de C/5 avec un rendement coulombique très proche de 100%, tout en s’affranchissant de l’ajout d’additifs. Malgré une viscosité bien plus élevée que celles des mélanges de carbonates d’alkyles, cette formulation permet de générer une SEI plus stable dont la nature, principalement minérale, est issue majoritairement des produits de réduction de FSI-
This study focuses on new electrolytes and additives in order to improve the cyclability of a Si0.32Ni0.14Sn0.17Al0.04C0.35 negative composite electrode (Si-Sn) and to obtain a stable electrolyte|electrolyte interface. Indeed, like most silicon-based materials, this high-capacity Si-Sn composite (over 600 mA.hg-1) currently suffers from a short cycle life due to volume expansion during charge-discharge processes leading to the degradation of the SEI. To improve the quality of the interface, two kinds of electrolytes were evaluated: (i) mixtures of alkyl carbonates EC/PC/3DMC in which a lithium salt (LiPF6, LiTFSI, LiFSI or LiDFOB) and additives like SEI builder (vinylene carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)) were added, (ii) ionic liquids (IL) based on quaternary ammonium (N1114+), imidazolium (EMI+) or pyrrolidinium (PYR+) cation, associated with delocalized charge anions such as bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) or bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-). The Walden diagram confirms the efficient dissociation of LiFSI and LiPF6 in EC/PC/3DM ensuring ionic conductivities as high as 12 mS.cm-1. Although possessing limited transport properties in such a ternary mixture compared to other salts, LiDFOB forms, without additional additives, an high quality SEI allowing the composite to provide the best performances in half cells (560 mA.hg-1 and 98.4% coulombic efficiency). The use of additive is however necessary to reach the objectives fixed by the ANR research project in terms of coulombic efficiency (>99.5%). In this case, the addition of 2%VC+10%FEC to the ternary mixture is the most interesting composition with LiPF6 as lithium salt. So, the Si-Sn nanocomposite material reaches 550 mA.h.g-1 during 100 cycles at C/5 with 99.8% efficiency. In IL, the best performances are achieved in [EMI][FSI]/LiFSI (1 mol.L-1). The performances of the Si-Sn composite reaches 635 mA.h.g-1 for 100 cycles at C/5 with coulombic efficiency close to 100%, without additives. This electrolyte formulation generates a stable SEI which the mainly mineral composition, is predominantly derived from the reduction products of FSI-
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Shen, Kuan-Hsuan. "Modeling ion conduction through salt-doped polymers: Morphology, ion solvation, and ion correlations." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595422569403378.

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Daher, Ibrahim. "Salt transport experiments in fractured media." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/45285.

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During the sequestration of CO2 into down-hole rock formations, salt precipitation may occur due to the drying of the formation brine if the injected CO2 is dry. This can negatively affect the performance of injection wells and can even lead to well clogging, which is a serious risk for such operations. Further, the salt deposition can alter the flow of the CO2 in the formation altering the storage capacity. Therefore, it is very important to explore the effect on CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) process of drying out and salt precipitation during CO2 injection. This study is focused on CCS in fractured aquifers, which has received less attention than their un-fractured counterparts and particularly, the flow impairment associated with salt precipitation during the injection of dry CO2. When CO2 is injected into a conductive fracture network, the brine will rapidly be displaced from the fractures near the point of injection and the subsequent mass transfer between the matrix and the fracture; orthogonal to the flow direction in the fracture, is the major target of the project. The dry-out that occurs due to the evaporation of water from the brine filled region of the matrix into the under-saturated CO2 filling the fracture can cause deposition of salt in the matrix or the fracture, locally reducing permeability. This thesis reports on an investigation of the evaporative drying kinetics and salt precipitation using a combination of gravimetric and X-ray µ-CT techniques to measure the water and brine saturation, salt precipitation and distribution of salt deposition in two rocks; a sandstone, Bentheimer and a carbonate, Ketton. Based on the experimental results for de-ionised water, two main regimes occur during the dry-out process: a capillarity driven regime which seems to be dominant for most of the dry-out process in the experiments, during which evaporation happens only at the surface of the fracture, followed by a diffusion limited regime after the liquid bridge to the surface breaks and pores near the surface become dry for the first time. In pure water, this results in an almost constant evaporation flux in the first regime followed by a mass loss that is linear when plotted against the square root of time. The experiments with brine were initially similar with an evaporative flux almost constant with time. However, a short time into the process the evaporative flux started to decrease approximately linearly with the square root of time, following the deposition of salt at the surface of the fracture. At the end of gravimetric dry-out tests, µ-CT images were obtained showing that salt was mainly precipitated at the surface of the sample; however, relatively small amount of salt was observed precipitated in the interior of the sample. The pore structure of the precipitated salt at the end of the dry-out tests maintained connectivity between the surface of the deposit and the rock matrix. Dynamic µ-CT imaging of Bentheimer during brine drying showed that during the early stage of evaporation, salt was continuously deposited at the surface of the matrix. During this stage in the evaporation of brine, advection dominates the transport of dissolved salt, indicated by a large Peclet number, and this resulted in an increased salt concentration very local to the site of evaporation. The ongoing formation of an efflorescence therefore, is evidence for the continuity of the liquid connections to the outside of the sample, despite the evaporation becoming linear against the square root of time. Unfortunately, the liquid bridges to the surface were too small to be seen directly in the µ-CT imaging. The volume of precipitated salt increased with time and this resulted in a change in the pore structure at the surface of the sample structure, consequently reducing the brine-drying rate. However, as the salt deposition and therefore the location of the evaporation continued to be at the exposed surface, vapour diffusion cannot account for the mass lost by evaporation becoming linear in the square root time as is usually stated. Some other mechanism must account for the observed behaviour and we speculate that the surface area for evaporation was reduced by the appearance of dry patched on the surface. At a very late stage of evaporation, it was observed that no further salt precipitated at the surface of the sample; and subsequently, salt precipitation progressed with time towards the interior of the sample core with small amount of salt. At this stage the liquid connection to the surface must finally have broken and a true diffusion controlled process occurred. In the limited sample size used in this study, this mechanism accounted for only a small fraction of the total salt deposited. From permeability measurements before and after the complete drying of the samples, it was demonstrated that the permeability of Bentheimer was reduced by 81 % from 2.2 D to 0.41 D by the salt deposition. However, Lattice Boltzmann simulations of single phase permeability in the segmented µ-CT images, showed a reduction by 54% from 2.27 D to 1.28 D at 6 µm scanned voxel resolution and 54% from 2.7D to 1.48D at 15um scanned voxel resolution. From these results, it can be concluded that salt precipitation during the injection of CO2 into a fractured porous medial result in a significant reduction in formation permeability, but connectivity between the matrix and the fracture is maintained.
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9

Venter, Jason Stephen. "Salt River multi modal transport interchange." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5580.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
South African cities have unique spatial design challenges which can be attributed to our historical and politically charged urban planning practices. Our cities are characterised by modernist town planning principles which have fragmented communities through spatial barriers such as highways, train lines and fences while current development perpetuates urban sprawl. Due to these circumstances many contemporary urban design policies promote densification strategies through transit orientated approaches.In my thesis project, I propose to redesign Salt River Train Station into a multi modal transport interchange. I argue that this multimodal interchange can have an urban developmental and regenerative effect that can address some of the challenges faced in our urban landscape. This design report will attempt to document the processes and explorative methods that I have incorporated during this design process.
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Aloy, i. Lleonart Merce. "Leaf ion concentrations and salt tolerance in barley." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/leaf-ion-concentrations-and-salt-tolerance-in-barley(b9c4ca87-24dd-424d-b5f6-7c8f24c3a886).html.

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Breeding and selection for salt tolerance has been limited because of the large heterogeneity of natural saline soils and the lack of efficient criteria for measuring salt tolerance. Regulation of salt balances in leaves is an important aspect of salt tolerance. This work analyses the relationship between leaf ion concentrations and salt tolerance with the aim of using these traits as indicators of salt tolerance. This is done both in solution culture (hydroponics) and field trials (sprinkler irrigation with saline water). Varieties were found to differ in the amounts of ions accumulated in their leaves. However, these differences did not relate directly with their level of salt tolerance. The lack of correlation was partly due to difficulties in estimating salt tolerance in the field. Also, the Triple Line Sprinkler system (TLS) used in the field experiments posed several problems, the most important ones being related to direct ion absorption by the leaves. The high concentrations of CaC12 (in addition to NaCl) used in the irrigation water added a further complication. In hydroponic experiments, a minimum of 2 mol in-' Ce' was enough to prevent an indiscriminate entry of Na' and to ameliorate the growth inhibition of plants growing at 200 mol in-' NaCl. Higher Caý' concentrations (50 mol in-' CaCl2) reduced even more the concentrations of Na' in leaves without significantly affecting growth. At these high levels of CaCl2 any toxic effect was probably caused by high Clconcentrations.
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Books on the topic "Salt and ion transport"

1

Environment, Alberta Alberta. Evaluation of computer models for predicting the fate and transport of salt in soil and groundwater. [Edmonton]: Science and Standards Branch, Alberta Environment, 2003.

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Till, E. Calculation of the radiation transport in rock salt using Monte Carlo methods: Final report (HAW Project). Neuherberg: GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Strahlenschutz, 1994.

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Lawson, Daniel E. Physical processes and natural attenuation alternatives for remediation of white phosphorus contamination, Eagle River Flats, Fort Richardson, Alaska. [Hanover, N.H.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1996.

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Scrosati, Bruno. Fast ion transport in solids. Dordrecht: Springer, 1993.

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Clauss, Wolfgang, ed. Ion Transport in Vertebrate Colon. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77118-7.

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Scrosati, B., A. Magistris, C. M. Mari, and G. Mariotto, eds. Fast Ion Transport in Solids. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1916-0.

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Electrogenic ion pumps. Sunderland, Mass., U.S.A: Sinauer Associates, 1991.

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W, Wilson John. Nonperturbative methods in HZE ion transport. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1993.

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Fink, Dietmar. Transport Processes in Ion-Irradiated Polymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10608-2.

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Fink, Dietmar. Transport Processes in Ion-Irradiated Polymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Salt and ion transport"

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Yun, Ping, and Sergey Shabala. "Ion Transport in Salt Glands and Bladders in Halophyte Species." In Handbook of Halophytes, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17854-3_76-1.

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Yun, Ping, and Sergey Shabala. "Ion Transport in Salt Glands and Bladders in Halophyte Species." In Handbook of Halophytes, 1859–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57635-6_76.

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Djanaguiraman, Maduraimuthu, and P. V. Vara Prasad. "Effects of Salinity on Ion Transport, Water Relations and Oxidative Damage." In Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress, 89–114. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4747-4_3.

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Schlatter, E., and R. Greger. "NaCl Transport in Salt Glands." In NaCl Transport in Epithelia, 273–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73285-0_7.

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DuPont, F. M. "Salt-Induced Changes in Ion Transport: Regulation of Primary Pumps and Secondary Transporters." In Transport and Receptor Proteins of Plant Membranes, 91–100. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3442-6_8.

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Serrano, Ramón. "Yeast Halotolerance Genes: Crucial Ion Transport and Metabolic Reactions in Salt Tolerance." In Biochemical and Cellular Mechanisms of Stress Tolerance in Plants, 371–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79133-8_23.

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Tomlinson, S. M., C. R. A. Catlow, and J. H. Harding. "Defect Clustering In Rock-Salt Structured Transition Metal Oxides." In Transport in Nonstoichiometric Compounds, 539–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2519-2_41.

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Yates, S. R., R. Zhang, P. J. Shouse, and M. Th van Genuchten. "Use of Geostatistics in the Description of Salt-Affected Lands." In Water Flow and Solute Transport in Soils, 283–304. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77947-3_18.

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Stassart, J. M. "Ionic composition and metabolic changes in salt stressed roots." In Structural and Functional Aspects of Transport in Roots, 247–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0891-8_46.

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Hebert, Steven C., and Thomas E. Andreoli. "The Effects of ADH on Salt and Water Transport in the Mammalian Nephron." In Membrane Transport Processes in Organized Systems, 317–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5404-8_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Salt and ion transport"

1

Duan, Chuanhua, and Arun Majumdar. "Ion Transport in 2-NM Nanochannels." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82190.

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In this paper, we report ion transport in 2-nm-deep nanochannels. These nanochannels are formed by controlled dry etching in silicon wafer and following anodic bonding with pyrex substrate. Our results show that surface charge dominates ion transport in these channels at concentration up to 100 mM. Due to geometry confinement effect, these nanochannel take ultra long time to reach a steady state, 3 or 4 magnitude longer than bulk diffusion. Conductance data at different ionic concentrations are compared with simulation results from a one dimensional model that accounts for salt & pH-dependent surface charge. Difference between model and experimental data indicates that proton mobility at low concentration is one magnitude higher than bulk mobility while Na+/K+ mobility doens’t change at this length scale.
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Hijikata, Takatoshi, and Tadafumi Koyama. "Transport of High-Temperature Molten Salt Slurry for Pyro-Reprocessing." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75379.

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Pyro-reprocessing is one of the most promising technologies for advanced fuel cycle with favorable economic potential and intrinsic proliferation resistance. The development of transport technology for molten salt is a key issue in the industrialization of pyro-reprocessing. As for pure molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at approximately 773 K, we have already reported the successful results of transport using gravity and a centrifugal pump. However, molten salt in an electrorefiner mixes with insoluble fines when spent fuel is dissolved in porous anode basket. The insoluble consists of noble metal fission products, such as Pd, Ru, Mo, and Zr. There have been very few transport studies of a molten salt slurry (metal fines - molten salt mixture). Hence, transport experiments on a molten salt slurry were carried out to investigate the behavior of the slurry in a tube. The apparatus used in the transport experiments on a molten salt slurry consisted of a supply tank, a 10° inclined transport tube (10 mm inner diameter), a valve, a filter, and a recovery tank. Stainless steel (SS) fines with diameters from 53 to 415 μm were used. To disperse these fines homogenously, the molten salt and fines were stirred in the supply tank by an impeller at speeds from 1200 to 2100 rpm. The molten salt slurry containing 0.2 to 0.4 vol.% SS fines was transported from the supply tank to the recovery tank through the transportation tube. In the recovery tank, the fines were separated from the molten salt by the filter to measure the transport behavior of molten salt and SS fines. When the velocity of the slurry was 0.02 m/s, only 1% of the fines were transported to the recovery tank. On the other hand, most of the fines were transported when the velocity of the slurry was more than 0.6 m/s. Consequently, the molten salt slurry can be transported when the velocity is more than 0.6 m/s.
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Rahimi, Arman, T. Metzger, A. Kharaghani, and E. Tsotsas. "Discrete modeling of ion transport and crystallization in layered porous media during drying." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7415.

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In this work, an isothermal pore network model has been utilized to investigate ion transport and crystallization in layerd porous media during drying. Said network consists of two distinct layers each with a different pore size distribution. One-dimensional approximation at the throat level describes transport phenomena for liquid, vapor, and dissolved salt. An explicit time stepping scheme has been used to obtain fluid pressure fields and ion concentration. Various simulations are carried out which indicate the effect of mean pore size disparity in the top and bottom layer, as well as the effect of drying rate on final crystal distribution. Keywords: pore network modeling, composite material, drying porous media, crystallization, ion transport.
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Balasubramanian, Ganesh, Mehdi Ghommem, Muhammad R. Hajj, William P. Wong, Jennifer A. Tomlin, and Ishwar K. Puri. "Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Salt Hydrates." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39779.

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We investigate the capability of salt hydrates, using magnesium sulfate heptahydrate as a model salt, to store thermo-chemical energy as they dissociate into anhydrous salts or lower hydrates and water vapor upon heating. When salt hydrates are heated to the temperature required to activate the dehydration reaction, water desorption occurs from the compound. While thermal diffusion governs thermal transport below this reaction temperature, the heat transfer during the dehydration process is influenced by thermochemical kinetics. An anhydrous salt that has relatively higher energy content than its hydrated counterpart can be stably stored over long durations and transported at ambient temperatures. Thus, thermal energy can be released by allowing water vapor to flow across the anhydrous salt, which transforms its chemically stored heat into a sensible form. We model the thermochemical process based on the conservation of mass and energy and a relation describing the chemical kinetics, and employ finite difference technique to solve them. Different cases are considered to provide suggestions to improve the process performance. This storage application has potential for long-term thermal applications, e.g., for storing solar heat during summer months and releasing it in the winter to warm buildings.
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Kelly, Bruce, Henry Price, Doug Brosseau, and David Kearney. "Adopting Nitrate/Nitrite Salt Mixtures as the Heat Transport Fluid in Parabolic Trough Power Plants." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36172.

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The present generation of commercial parabolic trough solar power plant uses a synthetic oil as the heat transport fluid in the collector field. The plants are currently operating at the upper temperature limit of the fluid, and further improvements in the solar-to-electric conversion efficiency are likely to be incremental. In contrast, adoption of a nitrate salt, or a nitrate/nitrite salt, mixture as the heat transport fluid would allow the collector field outlet temperature to increase by 50 to 100 °C, which translates into an increase in the gross Rankine cycle efficiency from the present 37.5 percent to new values in the range of 40 to 41 percent. Further, the low cost and the low vapor pressure of the candidate salt mixtures allow the heat transport fluid to also act as the storage medium in a thermal storage system. Using a salt mixture in the collector field should reduce the unit cost of thermal storage by approximately half compared to the current indirect designs. The principal, and far from minor, liability of the candidate salt mixtures are freezing points in the range of 120 °C to 220 °C. As a consequence, all salt components, including the collector field, will require some form of electric heating for freeze protection. Further, collector designs will need to be demonstrated, or developed, which are tolerant of a limited number of freeze/thaw cycles. The candidate salts are also corrosive to the current ball joint sealing materials. This paper outlines the problems which need to be solved before a commercial salt project could reasonably be considered by a project developer, the elements of a test and demonstration program to solve the problems, and the contributions which will be necessary from the salt component vendors, the project developers, and the financial community.
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Hijikata, Takatoshi, and Tadafumi Koyama. "Development of High Temperature Transport Technologies for Molten Salt and Liquid Cadmium in Pyrometallurgical Reprocessing." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48355.

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Pyrometallurgical reprocessing technology is currently being focused in many countries for closing actinide fuel cycle because of its favorable economic potential and an intrinsic proliferation-resistant feature due to the inherent difficulty of extracting weapons-usable plutonium. The feasibility of pyrometallurgical reprocessing has been demonstrated through many laboratory scale experiments. Hence the development of the engineering technology necessary for pyrometallurgical reprocessing is a key issue for industrial realization. The development of high-temperature transport technologies for molten salt and liquid cadmium is crucial for pyrometallurgical processing; however, there have been very few transport studies on high-temperature fluids. In this study, a salt transport test rig and a metal transport test rig were installed in an argon glove box with the aim of developing technologies for transporting molten salt and liquid cadmium at approximately 773 K. It was demonstrated that; using a centrifugal pump, molten salt at 773 K could be transported at a controlled rate from 4 to 8 dm3/min against a 1 m head. The transport behavior of the molten salt was found to be similar to that of water, and could be predicted from their similarity of kinematic viscosity. On the other hand, the transportation of liquid cadmium at approximately 700 K could be controlled at a rate of 0.5 to 1.6 dm3/min against a 1.6 m head using the centrifugal pump.
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Canova, David P., Mark P. Fischer, Ryan Pollyea, and Rick Jayne. "ADVECTIVE HEAT TRANSPORT AND THE SALT CHIMNEY EFFECT: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-281487.

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Clifton, Rebecca L., Carlos A. Rios Perez, Rachel Naylor, and Carlos Hidrovo. "Characterization of Ion Transport and -Sorption in a Carbon Based Porous Electrode for Desalination Purposes." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2012-73183.

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New and more efficient water desalination technologies have been a topic of incipient research over the past few decades. Although much of the attention and efforts have focused on the improvement of membrane-based desalination methods such as reverse osmosis, the development of new high-surface area carbon-based-electrode materials have brought substantial interest towards capacitive deionization (CDI), a novel technique that uses electric fields to separate the ionic species from the water. Part of the new interest on CDI is its ability to store and return a fraction of the energy used in the desalination process. This characteristic is not common to other electric-field-based desalination methods such as electro-deionization (EDI) and electro-dialysis reversal (EDR) where none of the input energy is recoverable. This paper presents work conducted to analyze the energy recovery, thermodynamic efficiency, and ionic adsorption/desorption rates in a CDI cell using different salt concentration solutions and various flow-rates. Voltage and electrical current measurements are conducted during the desalination and porous electrode regeneration processes and used to evaluate the percentage of energy recovery.. Salinity measurements of the inflow and outflow stream concentrations using conductivity probes, alongside the current measurements, are used to calculate ion adsorption/desorption efficiencies. Correlation of these measurements with an analytical species transport model provides information about the net ionic adsorption/desorption rates in non-saturated-carbon-electrode scenarios. The results show a strong dependence of the net electrical energy requirements with the number of carbon electrodes regeneration cycles. Finally, a non-dimensional number that compares the convective and electro-kinetic transport times is presented. The energy requirements and adsorption/desorption rates analyses conducted for this water-desalination process could be extended to other ion-adsorption applications such as the re-process of spent nuclear fuels in a near future.
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Qin, Hao, Chenglong Wang, Suizheng Qiu, Dalin Zhang, Wenxi Tian, and Guanghui Su. "Tritium Transport Characteristics Analysis in Molten Salt Reactor Under Transient Conditions." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81728.

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Tritium control is one of the most critical issues for the development of Molten Salt Reactor (MSR). The point kinetic model has been added into the TAPAS (Tritium trAnsPort chAracteristicS code) to research the dynamic responses of tritium transport characteristics during transients. Two typical transient accident conditions for Transportable Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor (TFHR) are simulated, including unprotected reactivity insertion (URIA) and unprotected overcooling (UOC). The distributions of the key variables in the primary loop and variations with time are obtained including TF, T2 and Cr2+. Numerical results show that during transients, tritium has quite different transport characteristics compared with steady state, ranging from tritium production and speciation, absorption by graphite, Cr corrosion and deposition to tritium permeation. The results are discussed in comparison with earlier findings in detail. This study may provide a valuable reference for the tritium control in MSR.
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Luo, X. L., Z. L. Gu, J. Chai, X. Z. Meng, Z. Lu, and B. X. Zhu. "Investigation on Moisture and Salt Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media of Relics-Soil in Archaeology Museum." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39488.

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The unearthed relics in archaeology museum are usually being presented to the public as still partly connected to their primitive environment. Migration of moisture may cause the carbonate from the soil being deposited on the relic’s surface and some carbonates would react with the penetrating SO2 to form sulphates, which will change the relics’ primitive form and material properties. In this research, experiments were carried out to clarify the migration mechanism of water and salt in a soil-relic-atmosphere coupling environment. The research results show that there existing a one-way transport of moisture from the soil-relics to the air even though the relative humidity approximates to 100%. Meanwhile, the effects of soil properties, air temperature, relative humidity and salt concentration on the transports of moisture and salt are identified.
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Reports on the topic "Salt and ion transport"

1

Jordan, Amy B., Hakim Boukhalfa, Florie Andre Caporuscio, and Philip H. Stauffer. Brine Transport Experiments in Granular Salt. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1257087.

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Hwang, Y., W. W. L. Lee, P. L. Chambre, and T. H. Pigford. Mass transport in salt repositories: Steady-state transport through interbeds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5497096.

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Taiz, L. [Tonoplast transport and salt tolerance in plants]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6653558.

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Taiz, L. [Tonoplast transport and salt tolerance in plants]. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141769.

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Hwang, Y., W. W. L. Lee, P. L. Chambre, and T. H. Pigford. Mass transport in salt repositories: Transient diffusion into interbeds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5384909.

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Bulusu, Subrahmanyam. Northern Indian Ocean Salt Transport (NIOST): Estimation of Fresh and Salt Water Transports in the Indian Ocean using Remote Sensing, Hydrographic Observations and HYCOM Simulations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598535.

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Welch, T. D. Tank Waste Transport Stability: Summaries of Hanford Slurry and Salt-Solution Studies in FY 2000. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814393.

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Pattrick Calderoni. An experimental test plan for the characterization of molten salt thermochemical properties in heat transport systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1000534.

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Ho, D. D. M., and R. M. Kulsrud. Ion transport in stellarators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5142094.

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Fondeur, F. F. Crystalline Silicotitanate Ion Exchange Support for Salt-Alternatives. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/775072.

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