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Jaki Tkalec, Vesna, Željko Cvetnić, Marina Mikulić, Krunoslav Sokolić, Petra Mustapić, Jadranka Sokolović, Marija Cvetnić, Maja Kiš, and Sanja Furmeg. "Učestalost serovarova Salmonella spp. u pilećem mesu s područja sjeverozapadne Hrvatske." Veterinarska stanica 52, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.52.4.11.
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Salmoneloza je jedna od najučestalijijh zoonoza koja se prenosi hranom, a najčešći izvor zaraze za ljude je kontaminirano meso i prerađevine od mesa peradi. Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja od 2016. do 2020. godine provedeno je istraživanje tijekom kojeg je na Salmonellu spp., pretraženo 2457 uzoraka pilećeg mesa koje je uzorkovano u klaonicama i mesnicama na području Međimurske, Varaždinske, Koprivničko- križevačke, Bjelovarsko-bilogorske i Zagrebačke županije. Salmonella spp. je izdvojena iz 136 (5,5 %) obrađenih uzoraka. Godine 2016. ustvrđena je u 5 (6 %) pretraženih uzoraka, 2017. godine u 41 (4,7 %) uzorku, 2018. godine u 33 (6,1 %) uzorka, 2019. godine u 26 (6,6 %) uzoraka i u 2020. godini u 31 (5,4 %) uzoraka. Serološkom tipizacijom S. Infantis je identificirana u 86 (63,2 %) izdvojenih izolata; S. Typhimurium u 8 (5,9 %) izolata; a S. Enteritidis je tipizirana u 3 (2,2 %) izdvojena izolata. Tipizirani su i slijedeći serovarovi salmonela: S. Corvallis - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Isaszeg - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Derby- 3 izolata (2,2 %), S. Give - 2 izolata (2,2 %), S. Indiana - 2 izolata (2,2 %), i po 1 izolat 7 (5,1 %) serovara (S. Schwarzengrund, S. Goldcoast, S. Chester, S. Bredeney, S. Mbandaka, S.Newport, S. Saintpaul). U 15 (11 %) izolata tipizacija nije izvršena. S. Infantis je tijekom svih godina bila najčešće potvrđeni serovar. Salmoneloza predstavlja znatan gospodarski problem zbog šteta u intenzivnoj proizvodnji, ali i kao zoonoza koja se mesom i mesnim prouzvodima od mesa peradi širi na ljude. Provedbom odgovarajućih higijenskih mjera i dobre higijenske prakse od peradarskih farmi i klaonica do prodajnih mjesta moglo bi se doprinijeti manjoj kontaminaciji pilećeg mesa različitim serovarovima Salmonella spp.
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BEACH, JOHN C., ELSA A. MURANO, and GARY R. ACUFF. "Serotyping and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Salmonella in Feedlot and Nonfeedlot Beef Cattle." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.11.1694.
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As part of a larger study to assess risk factors associated with hide and carcass contamination of beef cattle during transport to slaughter, a total of 281 salmonellae were isolated from 1,050 rectal, hide, carcass, and environmental samples. For feedlot cattle, salmonellae were recovered from 4.0% of rectal samples, 37.5% of hide samples, 19.0% of carcass samples, and 47.4% of environmental samples. For nonfeedlot cattle, salmonellae were recovered from 10.9% of rectal samples, 37.5% of hide samples, 54.2% of carcass samples, and 50.0% of environmental samples. Overall, the five serotypes most commonly associated with feedlot cattle and their environment were Salmonella Anatum (18.3% of the isolates), Salmonella Kentucky (17.5%), Salmonella Montevideo (9.2%), Salmonella Senftenberg (8.3%), and Salmonella Mbandaka (7.5%). The five serotypes most commonly associated with nonfeedlot cattle and their environment were Salmonella Kentucky (35.4%), Salmonella Montevideo (21.7%), Salmonella Cerro (7.5%), Salmonella Anatum (6.8%), and Salmonella Mbandaka (5.0%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all of the isolates associated with feedlot cattle revealed that 21.7% were resistant to tetracycline, compared with 11.2% of the isolates associated with nonfeedlot cattle. None of the other isolates from feedlot cattle were resistant to any of other antimicrobial agents tested, whereas 6.2% of nonfeedlot cattle isolates were resistant to more than four of the antimicrobial agents tested.
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MOTSOELA, CYNTHIA, ERNEST K. COLLISON, and BERHANU A. GASHE. "Prevalence of Salmonella in Two Botswana Abattoir Environments." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.12.1869.
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A 1-year study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in two abattoir environments coded “A” and “B” in Gaborone, Botswana. The total number of environmental samples collected from abattoirs A and B was 250 and 300, respectively. The samples were taken from soils in the corrals, knife blades, saw blades, cattle-drinking water, cattle feces, and feed. Preenrichment, enrichment, and selective/differential media, which enabled the favorable growth of Salmonella, were used in the study. Salmonellae were present in all sampled environments. The most common serotypes found in the environment at abattoir A were E1, C1, C2, and B. Serotypes B, C1, C2, C3, and E1 were common in abattoir B. Antigenic characterization of the salmonellae isolates showed that Salmonella Anatum, Salmonella Azteca, Salmonella Saintpaul, Salmonella Cerro, and Salmonella Westhampton were predominant in abattoir A, whereas Salmonella Anatum, Salmonella Mbandaka, Salmonella Molade, Salmonella Reading, and Salmonella Oranienburg were dominant in abattoir B. Implementing hazard analysis critical control point principles in work procedures would definitely reduce the gross contamination taking place in abattoirs.
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JERNGKLINCHAN, JAOWAPA, CHAILAI KOOWATANANUKUL, KRIENGSAG DAENGPROM, and KRIENGSAG SAITANU. "Occurrence of Salmonellae in Raw Broilers and Their Products in Thailand." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 808–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.9.808.
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A study was conducted to determine the presence of salmonellae in raw chicken meat, giblets (liver, heart, gizzard) and cooked chicken products (meatballs and sausages) in Bangkok. A total of 1,135 samples, collected from nine open markets, nine supermarkets and four poultry processing plants, were examined. Salmonellae were isolated from 467 (66%) of 705 chicken meat samples, 190 (86%) of 221 samples of giblets and 21 (10%) of 209 cooked products. Out of 678 tested isolates, 46 serotypes and one rough strain were found. The five most common serotypes isolated from chicken meat were Salmonella blockley, Salmonella virchow, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella hadar and Salmonella paratyphi B; these accounted for 14, 12, 12, 9 and 9%, respectively, of the strains isolated in this study. The major isolates from giblets were S. virchow, Salmonella Kentucky, S. enteritidis, Salmonella agona and S. blockley (15, 13, 12, 12 and 11%, respectively). Salmonella derby (33%) was the serotype most often isolated from the cooked poultry products.
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Poppe, C., R. J. Irwin, C. M. Forsberg, R. C. Clarke, and J. Oggel. "The prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella spp. among Canadian registered commercial layer flocks." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 2 (April 1991): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048408.
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SUMMARYA survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among Canadian commercial egg producing flocks. Environmental (faecal and eggbelt) samples from 152 of 295 (52·9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Thirty-five different salmonella serovars were isolated. Eggbelt samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than faecal samples (25·7 v. 10·1 %). The most prevalent serovars were S. heidelberg, S. infantis, S. hadar, and S. schwarzengrund; they were isolated from samples of 59/295 (20%), 18/295 (6·1%), 17/295 (5·8%), and 15/295 (5·1%) flocks, respectively. Feed samples of 21/295 (7·2%) flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the environmental samples of 8/295 (2·7%) flocks. Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 was isolated from 5 flocks, PT 13a from 2 flocks, and PT 13 from 1 flock.
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Poppe, C., R. J. Irwin, S. Messier, G. G. Finley, and J. Oggel. "The prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella spp. among Canadian registered commercial chicken broiler flocks." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (August 1991): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048822.
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SUMMARYA nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among Canadian commercial broiler flocks. Environmental (litter and/or water) samples from 226 of 294 (76·9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Litter samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than water samples (47·4 ν 12·3%). Fifty different salmonella serovars were isolated. The most prevalent serovars were S. hadar, S. infantis, and S. schwarzengrund; they were isolated from samples of 98/294 (33·3%), 26/294 (8·8%), and 21/294 (7·1%) flocks, respectively. Feed samples of 39/290 (13·4%) flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the environmental samples of 9/294 (3·1%) flocks. Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 was isolated from seven flocks, and PT 13a from two flocks.
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Mandal, B. K. "Salmonella typhi and other salmonellas." Gut 35, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 726–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.6.726.
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Feglo, P. K., and M. P. Dakorah. "Contribution of Dug-Out Wells to Salmonella Dissemination in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 6 (February 28, 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p124.
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Typhoid fever is rare in the developed world, but in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana, Salmonella infections are very common. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in addition to gastroenteritis are frequently reported. The reservoir, prevailing Salmonella species and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are not known, but in Ghana treatment of these infections are mostly empirical. 464 samples (270 stool and 194 blood) were collected from patients and 188 water samples were collected from different water sources in Kwaebibirem District and cultured for Salmonella at St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia. Salmonella prevalence of 11.6% (54/464) among patients and 2.7% (5/188) from dug-out wells were obtained. Total viable bacterial count in the water samples averaged 2.56 x103 -1.2 x 1013per milliliter. Five (5) out of 51 (9.8%) dug-out wells yielded Salmonellae upon culture. Typhoidal Salmonellae [11% (6/54)] and 68.6% (38/54) non-typhoidal Salmonellae were isolated from patients. The most affected age group ranged 6-15years with prevalence of 42.6% (23/54). The most frequent isolated was Salmonella Typhi 20% (11/54) followed by Salmonella Enterica, 29.6% (16/54). The Salmonella isolates were all susceptible to the cephalosporins (cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefepime) the carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) the quinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and the aminoglycoside (amikacin). Their resistant proportions to other drugs were ampicillin (69.5%), piperacillin (69.5%) and co-trimoxazole (76.3%). Salmonella infections were common in Kwaebibirem District, and home owned dug-out wells posed risk of Salmonella transmission to the people.
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Akinyemi, Kabiru O., Samuel O. Ajoseh, and Christopher O. Fakorede. "A systemic review of literatures on human Salmonella enterica serovars in Nigeria (1999-2018)." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 1222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12186.
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Introduction: Salmonella infections are endemic in Nigeria. There is lack of reliable data on culture-positive Salmonella with national coverage. This systemic review of literatures was undertaken to aggregate data on culture proven cases of human Salmonellae and to determine the prevailing serotypes for disease burden estimations.
Methodology: This involved comprehensive search engines of Pubmed, Google Scholar, Google and Embase for the literatures on culture positive human Salmonellae from 1999-2018. This review documented the prevalence, common Salmonella serotypes. antibiotic resistance and risk factors associated with human Salmonella infections.
Results: This study revealed that 21out of 36 States in Nigeria reported Salmonella-associated diseases, spanning the six geopolitical zones. Our study revealed prevalence of 1.9% (2,732/143,756) Salmonella-bacteraemia and 16.3% (1,967/12,081) Salmonella-associated gastroenteritis. Fifty-three 53 Salmonella serotypes were identified. 39 serotypes were associated with Salmonella-bacteraemia and 31 serotypes with Salmonella-gastroenteritis. Salmonella typhi remains the commonest serotype accounting for 85.2% for Salmonella-bacteraemia and 73.1% Salmonella-gastroenteritis. S. typhimurium (3.8%) was mostly implicated invasive non-typhoidal serotype followed S. enteritidis (2.8%) among others. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected individuals, malnutrition was among factors predisposing Salmonella infections. Over 60% of the reported Salmonella isolates developed resistance to two or more of 23 antibiotics recorded, mostly ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and amoxicillin.
Conclusions: This study revealed 39 Invasive and 31 non-invasive Salmonella serotypes. Ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanate and tetracycline are the most frequently reported antibiotics resisted by Salmonella isolates. This antimicrobial resistance exhibited poses a threat to public health. Data generated from this review would serve as a baseline information for future surveillance studies.
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SHIROTA, KAZUTOSHI, HIROMITSU KATOH, TOSHIYUKI MURASE, TOSHIHIRO ITO, and KOICHI OTSUKI. "Monitoring of Layer Feed and Eggs for Salmonella in Eastern Japan between 1993 and 1998." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.5.734.
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In order to investigate contamination of chicken farms with Salmonella, feed and eggs were sampled from 16 commercial layer farms in eastern Japan between 1993 and 1998 and cultured for salmonellae. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates belonging to 19 serovars were obtained from the feed. Six of the 19 serotypes, including Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, were observed in isolates recovered from the eggs. Salmonella serovar Enteritidis strains obtained from a feed sample and egg contents in a layer farm showed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns that were genetically related and belonged to a single phage type, suggesting that the contamination of the farms was linked to the occurrence of salmonellae in feed.
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Tezcan-Merdol, Dilek, Marianne Ljungstr�m, Jadwiga Winiecka-Krusnell, Ewert Linder, Lars Engstrand, and Mikael Rhen. "Uptake and Replication of Salmonella enterica in Acanthamoeba rhysodes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 6 (June 2004): 3706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.6.3706-3714.2004.
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ABSTRACT The ability of salmonellae to become internalized and to survive and replicate in amoebae was evaluated by using three separate serovars of Salmonella enterica and five different isolates of axenic Acanthamoeba spp. In gentamicin protection assays, Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin was internalized more efficiently than Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in all of the amoeba isolates tested. The bacteria appeared to be most efficiently internalized by Acanthamoeba rhysodes. Variations in bacterial growth conditions affected internalization efficiency, but this effect was not altered by inactivation of hilA, a key regulator in the expression of the invasion-associated Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. Microscopy of infected A. rhysodes revealed that S. enterica resided within vacuoles. Prolonged incubation resulted in a loss of intracellular bacteria associated with morphological changes and loss of amoebae. In part, these alterations were associated with hilA and the Salmonella virulence plasmid. The data show that Acanthamoeba spp. can differentiate between different serovars of salmonellae and that internalization is associated with cytotoxic effects mediated by defined Salmonella virulence loci.
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NABBUT, NASSIM H. "The Salmonella Problem in Lebanon and Its Role in Acute Gastroenteritis1." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.3.270.
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The present report presents the available data on the first isolation, occurrence, and distribution of the unadapted group of salmonellae in various nonhuman sources in Lebanon. Salmonella typhimurium was the most predominant serotype in poultry. It is the leading serotype in its zoological distribution as it was isolated from 10 animal species. Other unadapted Salmonella isolates from poultry, listed according to their descending frequency, included Salmonella bareilly, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella oranienburg, and Salmonella aqama. Salmonella dublin was the most frequent in cattle followed by S. typhimurium. The four most common serotypes encountered in animal feed were Salmonella meleagridis, Salmonella tennessee, Salmonella Chester, and Salmonella seftenberg, whereas the most predominant Salmonella serotypes recovered from sewage effluent were Salmonella montevideo, Salmonella goetborq, Salmonella paratyphi B, Salmonella bovis-morbificans, Salmonella livingstone and Salmonella muenster. The latter was isolated from leftover poultry meat that was incriminated in four separate food poisoning outbreaks of gastroenteritis which occurred in different places in East Beirut. The same serotype was isolated from the stools of some of the affected patients. Some of the documented Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreaks in Lebanon are briefly reviewed. The prevention and control of human salmonellosis are discussed.
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CARLI, K. TAYFUN, AYSEGUL EYIGOR, and VILDAN CANER. "Prevalence of Salmonella Serovars in Chickens in Turkey." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1832–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1832.
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In this study, 151 (18.6%) of 814 ceca obtained during in-line processing of 28 broiler (Hybro G, Avian, Arbor acres, and Cobb breeds) and 5 layer (Ross, Tetra SL, Isa Brown, and Brown Nick breeds) flocks in Turkey were found to be contaminated with four different Salmonella serovars. Only Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) was recovered from layer birds, whereas Salmonella Enteritidis (81.5%), Salmonella Agona (7.6%), Salmonella Thompson (10.1%), and Salmonella Sarajane (0.8%) were isolated from broiler birds. Isolations of Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Thompson from poultry are reported for the first time in Turkey. The isolation of Salmonella Sarajane from chickens is the first report in the world. The standard method of National Poultry Improvement Plan, U.S. Department of Agriculture, was used to detect Salmonella from chicken cecal samples. Primary and delayed secondary enrichments (PE and DSE) were done in tetrathionate-Hajna broth (TTHB). Two different agar media, xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) and brilliant green with novobiocin (BGN) were used to observe, and compared for their isolation and selective differentiation of, Salmonella-suspected colonies. Isolated salmonellae were then biotyped and serotyped. Ninety-one and 151 salmonellae were isolated with XLT4 agar after PE and DSE, respectively. From the same samples, BGN agar was able to detect only 50 and 131 Salmonella after PE and DSE, respectively. The isolation rate with XLT4 was 11.2% (P < 0.01) with PE, and this rate increased to 18.6% after DSE. Also, the PE isolation rate (11.2%) with XLT4 agar was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than PE with BGN agar (6.1%). Salmonella was isolated from 39.3% (11 of 28) of the broiler flocks and from 60.0% (3 of 5) of the layers. The detection sensitivity of the isolation method was determined as 1 CFU g−1 experimentally. These data demonstrate the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Thompson, Salmonella Agona, and Salmonella Sarajane in chicken flocks in Turkey.
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Manipura, Radhakrishna. "A RARE SEROTYPE SALMONELLA WELTEVREDEN CAUSING ENTERIC FEVER IN AN HIV POSITIVE PATIENT IN MANGALORE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.14144.
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Enteric fever is endemic in India. Usually caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A. Enteric fever due to non typhoidal salmonellae is rare. We report an extremely rare case of enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden in a HIV positive 27 year old male.
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BROCKMANN, STEFAN O., ISOLDE PIECHOTOWSKI, and PETER KIMMIG. "Salmonella in Sesame Seed Products." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.178.
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In the context of an international outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 that was correlated to the consumption of halvah (“helva,” an Asian candy made from sesame seed), we examined several sesame seed products for the occurrence of Salmonella. Of 117 ready-to-eat food items containing sesame, we isolated salmonellae from 11 (9.4%) samples. In addition to finding Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 in the halvah involved in the outbreak, we also isolated different Salmonella Typhimurium strains out of halvah from other manufacturers and countries of origin, as well as Salmonella Offa, Salmonella Tennessee, and Salmonella Poona from sesame paste (tahini) and sesame seed, which is sold for raw consumption in cereals.
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ZHU, JUNLI, JIANRONG LI, and JINRU CHEN. "Survival of Salmonella in Home-Style Mayonnaise and Acid Solutions as Affected by Acidulant Type and Preservatives." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-373.
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Mayonnaise made from contaminated eggs has been linked to outbreaks of Salmonella infections. This study was undertaken to determine the fate of salmonellae in home-style mayonnaise and acid solutions with or without chemical preservatives. Egg yolks were inoculated with different levels of a three-serotype (Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Enteritidis [untypeable phage type]) mixture of Salmonella or a three-phage-type (4, 8, and 13) mixture of Salmonella Enteritidis. The inoculated yolks were used to make mayonnaise with 2, 3, or 4 teaspoons of a commercial wine vinegar or lemon juice. The mayonnaise was sampled for salmonellae over a 15-day period at 4°C, and negative samples were tested further by a three-tube most-probable-number assay. The same Salmonella mixtures were respectively inoculated into six acid solutions including wine vinegar, lemon juice, and acetic or citric solutions with or without chemical preservatives. The Salmonella populations of the Salmonella Enteritidis mixture were more persistent than those of the other Salmonella mixture in mayonnaise. Both Salmonella mixtures survived longer in mayonnaise made with vinegar than with lemon juice during storage at 4°C. In the acid solutions, however, the populations of the two Salmonella mixtures were not significantly different. The numbers of the two Salmonella mixtures in acetic or citric acid solutions with the preservatives were significantly lower than those in vinegar, lemon juice, and the solutions without the preservatives. Results suggest that Salmonella in contaminated egg yolks could survive the mayonnaise-making process. The inhibition of Salmonella by vinegar and lemon juice is due to the hurdle effect of organic acids and chemical preservatives.
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Masdor, Noor Azlina, Azizah Abdul Talib, Noorshinah Hussin, Aseha Yahya, and Zamri Ishak. "Screening for the Presence of Salmonella typhimurium in Local Meat using Dot-Elisa." Journal of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology 2, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jemat.v2i1.88.
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Salmonella infections in commercial poultry have long been an industry concern and the subject of many investigations. Since poultry is a major food source, its contamination with salmonellae may result in the development of human illness. Salmonella typhimurium is one of paratyphoid Salmonellae most commonly associated with poultry. Thus, a detection assay for this bacterium is highly sought after. Detection of Salmonella typhimurium using monoclonal antibody is specific to only one epitope while polyclonal antibody has the ability to detect various serovars due to the presence of multitude of epitopes. In this study the production of polyclonal antibody was performed using rabbits immunized with formalin-killed cell lysate of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium ATTC® 53648. The purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) was carried out by affinity chromatography and the purity of IgG was characterized by SDS-PAGE.The purified IgG was used to detect Salmonella typhimurium by the dot-ELISA method. The specificity of the dot-ELISA was investigated with different foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobactor jejuni which produced no significant reaction signal compared to Salmonella typhimurium.
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FERNÁNDEZ-ESCARTÍN, EDUARDO, JOSEFINA SALDAÑA-LOZANO, and OFELIA RODRIGUEZ-GARCIA. "Fate of Salmonella in Salpicon, a Mexican Cold Shredded Beef Salad." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.3.197.
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The fate of Salmonella during the preparation and storage of salpicon, a cold shredded beef salad commonly consumed in Mexico, was evaluated. Salmonella contamination was introduced by a person shredding the cooked beef, who previously had handled raw pork containing several native serotypes of Salmonella at 9,000 salmonellae per g. The salad was prepared with 0, 2, or 4% vinegar and was held for 48 h (8 at 24–26°C and 40 at 5–7°C). The optimal concentration of vinegar for acceptable salad flavor was 4%. The initial number of salmonellae in salads prepared with 0 or 4% vinegar was 20/g. Salmonella populations increased to 5,000 after 48 h. Salmonella did not grow in salad containing 4% vinegar (pH 5.3); however, the organism was isolated at levels of 7 cells per g at 48 h of incubation. Fourteen different serovars of Salmonella were isolated from the salads. Critical control points in the preparation and storage of salpicon are shredding the beef, the concentration of vinegar, and rapid cooling of salad before serving.
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MURCHIE, LAURA, PAUL WHYTE, BIN XIA, SARAH HORRIGAN, LOUISE KELLY, and ROBERT H. MADDEN. "Prevalence of Salmonella in Grade A Whole Shell Eggs in the Island of Ireland." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1238.
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Following the emergence of Salmonella Enteritidis as a widespread contaminant of eggs and the role of eggs in the transmission of human salmonellosis, control measures were introduced to curb the spread of infection. Two approaches to Salmonella control are currently used by egg producers in Ireland, because Northern Ireland producers, like those in the rest of the United Kingdom, widely adopted a vaccination regime, whereas the Republic of Ireland does not permit vaccination but introduced controls based on routine monitoring for specific Salmonella serovars and subsequent culling of infected flocks. To compare the efficacy of these two approaches and determine the prevalence of salmonellae in eggs produced for retail sale in the island of Ireland, a major survey of approximately 30,000 grade A eggs was undertaken. Egg shells and contents were analyzed separately for salmonellae by procedures based on International Organization for Standardization methodology. The survey yielded only two positive samples, with Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Montevideo isolated from shells; no egg contents yielded salmonellae. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of salmonellae between eggs produced in Northern Ireland and those from the Republic of Ireland; hence, both regimes appeared to be equally effective in controlling salmonellae. The prevalence was also significantly lower than that found in a recent major United Kingdom survey. Hence, shell eggs produced in the island of Ireland are unlikely to be a source of human salmonellosis.
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KEITH, MELVINA. "Evaluation of an Automated Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Immunoassay System for the Detection of Salmonellae in Foods." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.6.682.
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An automated qualitative enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay was compared to a conventional method outlined in the FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual for the detection of salmonellae in artificially contaminated milk, whey, and carbohydrate-based products. The evaluation parameters included sensitivity and specificity using pure cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella tennessee, and Citrobacter freundii and mixtures of these species to address the effect of competing microflora. The overall detection rate of the conventional method was 97% compared to a detection rate of 96% for the automated system. The conventional method sensitivity rate was 97% for the detection of pure cultures of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella tennessee. The automated system sensitivity rate was 96%. The sensitivity rates in the presence of competing microflora for the conventional method and automated system were 96 and 95% respectively. Both the conventional and automated system specificity rates were 100% when challenged with pure cultures of Citrobacter only. Blackburn et al. (Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 19:32-36, 1994) had previously evaluated the VIDAS (Vitek Immuno Diagnostic Assay System) Salmonella Assay using pure cultures of salmonellae in laboratory media. This study addresses the use of the VIDAS for detecting salmonellae when examining complex food matrices.
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Haley, Bradd J., Dana J. Cole, and Erin K. Lipp. "Distribution, Diversity, and Seasonality of Waterborne Salmonellae in a Rural Watershed." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 5 (January 5, 2009): 1248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01648-08.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella outbreaks from contaminated water and nonanimal foods (e.g., produce) are increasingly reported. To address the environment as a potential source of pathogenic Salmonella, we investigated levels of salmonellae and the geographic and temporal variation of Salmonella serotypes from surface waters in a region of Georgia (United States) with a history of high salmonellosis case rates. Monthly water samples were collected from six stations in the Little River (Upper Suwannee Basin) for 12 months (April 2005 to April 2006). Salmonellae were enumerated using a three-step most-probable-number (MPN) assay. Salmonellae were detected in 57 of the 72 water samples collected (79.2%). Monthly Salmonella densities ranged from an MPN of 2.5 liter−1 in April 2005 to 36.3 liter−1 in August 2005; concentrations were significantly higher in the summer months compared to other seasons (P < 0.05). Concentrations were not significantly different between stations. Levels of salmonellae were correlated with average daily watershed rainfall for the 1 and 2 days preceding each sample collection (r = 0.77 and 0.68, respectively; P < 0.005). Additionally, water temperature was also positively associated with total Salmonella levels (r = 0.44; P < 0.05). In total, 13 S. enterica serotypes were identified among 197 Salmonella isolates. Eighty (40.6%) were identified as S. enterica subsp. arizonae. Muenchen and Rubislaw were the most frequently identified serotypes of the remaining 117 isolates (28 and 26 isolates, respectively). Serotype diversity peaked in the summer, with 9 serotypes observed in August compared to only one serotype (S. enterica subsp. arizonae) observed in April (2005 and 2006) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, all samples collected in August (6/6) contained multiple serotypes (two to five per sample). The results of this study suggest that Salmonella abundance and diversity in the environment vary temporally and are strongly influenced by seasonal precipitation and water temperature.
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Guo, Xuan, Jinru Chen, Larry R. Beuchat, and Robert E. Brackett. "PCR Detection of Salmonella entericaSerotype Montevideo in and on Raw Tomatoes Using Primers Derived from hilA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 5248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.12.5248-5252.2000.
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ABSTRACT Salmonellae have been some of the most frequently reported etiological agents in fresh-produce-associated outbreaks of human infections in recent years. PCR assays using four innovative pairs of primers derived from hilA and sirA, positive regulators of Salmonella invasive genes, were developed to identify Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo on and in tomatoes. Based on examination of 83 Salmonella strains and 22 non-Salmonella strains, we concluded that a pair ofhilA primers detects Salmonella specifically. The detection limits of the PCR assay were 101 and 100 CFU/ml after enrichment at 37�C for 6 and 9 h, respectively. When the assay was validated by detecting S. enterica serotype Montevideo in and on artificially inoculated tomatoes, 102 and 101 CFU/g were detected, respectively, after enrichment for 6 h at 37�C. Our results suggest that the hilA-based PCR assay is sensitive and specific, and can be used for rapid detection of Salmonellae in or on fresh produce.
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Loynachan, A. T., and D. L. Harris. "Dose Determination for Acute Salmonella Infection in Pigs." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 5 (May 2005): 2753–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.5.2753-2755.2005.
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ABSTRACT Pigs were exposed to various levels of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium by either intranasal inoculation or by subjecting them to a contaminated environment. More than 103 salmonellae were required to induce acute Salmonella infection. These results indicate that intervention against acute Salmonella infection in lairage may be more readily achieved than previously thought.
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BUCHER, O., R. A. HOLLEY, R. AHMED, H. TABOR, C. NADON, L. K. NG, and J. Y. D'AOUST. "Occurrence and Characterization of Salmonella from Chicken Nuggets, Strips, and Pelleted Broiler Feed." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 2251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.10.2251.
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Raw, frozen chicken nuggets and strips have been identified as a significant risk factor in contracting foodborne salmonellosis. Cases of salmonellosis as a result of consuming partly cooked chicken nuggets may be due in part to Salmonella strains originating in broiler feed. This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and characterize the strains of Salmonella contaminating chicken nuggets, strips, and pelleted feeds, in an attempt to demonstrate whether the same Salmonella strains present in broiler feed could be isolated from raw, frozen chicken nuggets and strips available for human consumption. Salmonellae were recovered using the Health Canada MFHPB-20 method for the isolation and identification of Salmonella from foods. Strains were characterized by serotyping, phage typing, antimicrobial resistance typing (R-typing), and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonellae were isolated from 25-g samples in 27% (n = 92) of nugget and strip samples, 95% (n = 20) of chicken nugget meat samples, and from 9% (n = 111) of pelleted feed samples. Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Orion were the most commonly isolated serovars from chicken nuggets and strips, nugget and strip meat, and pelleted broiler feeds, respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis phage type (PT) 13a with PFGE pattern SENXAI.0006 and R-type sensitive as well as Salmonella Enteritidis PT13a with PFGE pattern SENXAI.0068 and R-type sensitive were isolated from pelleted feed, and chicken nugget and strip meat in two separate instances. Data showed that Salmonella strains isolated from broiler feed were indistinguishable from strains isolated from packaged raw, frozen chicken nuggets and strips. However, results did not rule out the possibility that breeding stock or contamination during processing may have contributed to chicken meat contamination by Salmonella.
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Awad, Amal, Mayada Gwida, Eman Khalifa, and Asmaa Sadat. "Phenotypes, antibacterial-resistant profile, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail chicken meat in Egypt." Veterinary World 13, no. 3 (2020): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.440-445.
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Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each). Salmonella isolates displayed a high antibiotic resistance against erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, doxycycline, cephalexin, cefaclor, tetracycline, polymyxin B, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and streptomycin. All Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) and demonstrated different virulence genes. The majority of Salmonella serovars (87.1%) harbored sopB gene, 54.8% carried avrA and pef genes, while all isolates carried invA and stn genes. Conclusion: The presence of virulent MDR Salmonellae in raw chicken meat could allow the possibility of transmission of these resistant serovars to humans. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed on the whole poultry production chain to decrease the potential transmission of Salmonella infection from poultry meat to humans.
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Desikan, Prabha, Yashwant Kumar, Hemant K. Pande, Aruna Jain, Nikita Panwalkar, Mayanka Verma, Hemant G. Bramhne, Anand Yadav, and Srikant Mohapatra. "Isolated ulcerative skin lesion caused by Salmonella Weltevreden." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 3, no. 07 (August 30, 2009): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.477.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden is not a commonly isolated serotype in India. We report isolation of Salmonella Weltevreden, from an unusual site—an ulcer on the gluteal region of a patient who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. To our knowledge, Salmonellae have never been reported to cause isolated ulcerative lesions on the skin. This is the first report of an isolated ulcerative lesion on the skin caused by Salmonella Weltevreden. Our findings indicate that there may be modes of pathogenesis of Salmonella infections that we are yet unaware of. Further work and extensive reporting of all Salmonella infections are necessary to elucidate these mechanisms.
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McQuiston, J. R., S. Herrera-Leon, B. C. Wertheim, J. Doyle, P. I. Fields, R. V. Tauxe, and J. M. Logsdon. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Salmonellae: Relationships among Salmonella Species and Subspecies Determined from Four Housekeeping Genes and Evidence of Lateral Gene Transfer Events." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 21 (August 29, 2008): 7060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01552-07.
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ABSTRACT The salmonellae are a diverse group of bacteria within the family Enterobacteriaceae that includes two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. In order to characterize the phylogenetic relationships of the species and subspecies of Salmonella, we analyzed four housekeeping genes, gapA, phoP, mdh and recA, comprising 3,459 bp of nucleotide sequence data for each isolate sequenced. Sixty-one isolates representing the most common serotypes of the seven subspecies of Salmonella enterica and six isolates of Salmonella bongori were included in this study. We present a robust phylogeny of the Salmonella species and subspecies that clearly defines the lineages comprising diphasic and monophasic subspecies. Evidence of intersubspecies lateral gene transfer of the housekeeping gene recA, which has not previously been reported, was obtained.
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Mozola, Mark, Maximilian Botimer, Carolyn Jagadics, Paul Norton, Oscar Caballero, Nicole Enslin, Preetha Biswas, et al. "Evaluation of the ANSR® for Salmonella Assay for Identification of Salmonella spp. from Colony Picks from Selective/Differential Agar Media: First Action 2013.14." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-004.
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Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate performance of the ANSR® for Salmonella assay for identification of Salmonella spp. from colony picks taken from selective/differential agar media. The ANSR Salmonella assay is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test based on the nicking enzyme amplification reaction chemistry. The test can be completed in less than 40 min including sample preparation. A total of 18 laboratories representing industry, government, academic, and commercial testing laboratories participated in the study. Each collaborator tested up to 84 samples, comprised of colony picks of six Salmonella spp. and six non-salmonellae taken from six selective/differential agar media as well as tryptic soy agar. A total of 1441 analyses were performed, 1416 of which gave the correct identification, for overall accuracy of 98.3%. For identification of Salmonella spp., 755 of 756 tests (99.9%) produced the correct result. For identification of non-salmonellae as such, 661 of 685 assays (96.5%) produced the correct result. Of the 18 laboratories, 15 produced data sets with 99–100% accuracy. The majority of false-positive results were clustered in three laboratories; analysis of raw data suggests procedural difficulties in at least two cases, which may explain the atypical data from these collaborators. The ANSR Salmonella assay can be used as a rapid, accurate adjunct or alternative to biochemical testing for identification of presumptive Salmonella spp. isolates.
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IBRAHIM, GEORGE F., MARY J. LYONS, RETA A. WALKER, and GRAHAM H. FLEET. "Rapid Detection of Salmonellae in Foods Using Immunoassay Systems." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.2.92.
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A standard cultural method, radioimmunometric (RIMA) and enzyme immunometric (EIMA) assays were compared for detection of salmonellae in 235 food samples. The immunoassays used titanous hydroxide as the solid-phase, commercial Spicer-Edwards salmonella polyvalent H antisera (SEA) or pooled antisera produced against 10 salmonella flagellins (PFA). Nineteen food samples were positive for Salmonella by the standard cultural method. These as well as one additional sample were also positive for Salmonella by RIMA and EIMA. No false-negative results were obtained from the immunoassays using PFA, whereas two false-negative results were observed when SEA was used. The incidence of false-positive results when SEA and PFA were used were, respectively, 3.0 and 0.9% with RIMA and 2.6 and 0.9% with EIMA. The immunoassays were also able to detect 77 Salmonella serotypes when grown alone or in association with other species of Enterobacteriaceae, in mannitol selenite cystine broth. Both immunoassays performed reliably on enrichment cultures stored under refrigeration for up to 9 d. Also, of 6 non-motile salmonellae, 5 were detectable by the immunoassays. The immunoassays were simple, rapid and cost-efficient.
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Kylla, Hosterson, Tapan Kumar Dutta, Parimal Roychoudhury, Rajkumari Mandakini, and Prasant Kumar Subudhi. "Salmonella daarle and Salmonella hiduddify associated with acute gastroenteritis in piglets in India." Microbes and Health 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v5i1.31188.
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The present study was conducted to investigate an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in an unorganized pig farm in the North Eastern Hilly Region of India. Fecal samples were collected from 20 pigs including 5 piglets, which were suffering from acute gastroenteritis and were processed for detection of E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium sp., Rotavirus, Picobirnavirus as well as parasitic eggs and larvae by standard laboratory techniques. Virulence genes for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella were detected by specific PCR assays. A total of 77 E. coli were isolated, all of which were found to be negative for any putative virulence genes of STEC/VTEC, ETEC, EHEC and EPEC pathotype by PCR. A total of 5 salmonellae were also isolated from 5 affected piglets, of which 1 and 4 were recorded as Salmonella daarle and Salmonella hiduddify, respectively. All the Salmonellae were positive for enterotoxin (stn) and invasion (invA) genes by PCR. In conclusion it may be stated that this is the first report of S. daarle and S. hiduddify associated with piglet diarrhoea and also first report from India with any type of enteric infection in man and animalsMicrobes and Health, December 2016, 5(1): 1-3
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Khan, H. A., M. H. K. Almalki, R. Felemban, Kh Elbanna, and H. H. Abulreesh. "Antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia." Microbiology Independent Research Journal (MIR Journal) 9, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18527/2500-2236-2022-9-1-31-36.
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We investigated the occurrence rate of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in exotic pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia. Salmonellae samples were collected from eight different genera of pet reptiles (snakes and lizards). Selective enrichment and selective plating procedures were carried out in order to detect salmonellae. Isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests, API 20E strips, and the VITEK compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. Salmonella spp. belonging to subspecies I (Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica) were detected in 29.2% of the samples. All of the detected salmonellae showed multidrug resistance (p<0.001, χ2 ). The results demonstrated that pet reptiles in private households could present health hazards to humans. Therefore, these animals should be carefully handled to avoid infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the occurrence rate of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia. The detected Salmonella serovars should be subjected to further in-depth molecular analyses in order to understand the overall epidemiology of salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia.
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DARGATZ, D. A., P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY, S. R. LADELY, and K. E. FERRIS. "Survey of Salmonella Serotypes Shed in Feces of Beef Cows and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1648.
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Salmonella prevalence on cow-calf operations was studied as a part of a national study of health and management of the U.S. beef cow-calf industry and was conducted as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System. Within this study, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. shed in feces was determined. A total of 5,049 fecal samples were collected from 187 beef cow-calf operations each visited on a single occasion. The number of fecal samples collected per operation was predetermined based on herd size. Salmonellae were recovered from 1 or more fecal samples collected on 11.2% (21 of 187) of the operations. Overall 78 salmonellae representing 22 serotypes were recovered from 1.4% (70 of 5,049) of samples. Multiple serotypes were recovered from eight samples from a single operation. The five most common serotypes were Salmonella Oranienburg (21.8% of isolates), and Salmonella Cerro (21.8%), followed by Salmonella Anatum (10.3%), Salmonella Bredeney (9.0%), and Salmonella Mbandaka (5.1%). The most common serogroups identified were C1 (33.3%), K (21.8%), B (16.7%), and E (15.4%). Even though the recovery rate of salmonellae from fecal samples was very low, 43.6% (34 of 78) and 38.5% (30 of 78) of the isolates were among the 10 most common serotypes from cattle with clinical signs of disease or isolated from humans, respectively. The majority of the isolates (50 of 78; 64.1%) were recovered from fecal samples from two operations. All isolates were screened for resistance to a panel of 17 antimicrobics, and 87.2% (68 of 78) were susceptible to all of the antimicrobics. The resistant isolates were most commonly resistant to streptomycin (n = 9) and/or sulfamethoxazole (n = 9). Nine isolates showed multiple (≥2 antimicrobics) resistance most commonly to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole (n = 6).
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IN ‘T VELD, PAUL H., and SERVÉ NOTERMANS. "Use of Reference Materials (Spray-Dried Milk Artificially Contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium) to Validate Detection Methods for Salmonella." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.11.855.
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Reference materials consisting of 0.28 g of spray-dried milk artificially contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium and contained in gelatin capsules (mean contamination level 4.2 salmonellae per capsule) were used to validate detection of Salmonella species in food. For this, 10 samples of 25 g of mayonnaise, milk powder, minced meat, or poultry meat were spiked with reference materials without repair and with reference materials after repair, respectively. It was found that the physiological condition of Salmonella present in the reference material had no influence on the recovery rate of the organism. The recovery rates of Salmonella were tested by applying various methods [ISO-6579 method, SALMONELLA-TEK™ (Organon Teknika), the modified semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis agar (MSRV), and the Salmonella rapid test (Oxoid)]. The recovery rates found (averaged on the types of foods tested) were 67% for the Salmonella rapid test, 83% for the MSRV, 86% for the ISO-6579, and 91% for the SALMONELLA-TEK. The use of reference materials is recommended to validate detection of Salmonella species.
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TAY, SAMUEL C. K., ROBERT A. ROBINSON, and MICHAEL M. PULLEN. "Salmonella in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Cecal Contents of Slaughtered Sows." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.3.202.
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From August 1983 to February 1984, sampling was conducted on 200 slaughtered sows for Salmonella. The sampling was to determine the presence of Salmonella in cull sows at a Minnesota slaughtering establishment. The weight range of the sows varied from 300 to 400 lb. Two samples (mesenteric lymph nodes and cecal contents) were collected from each sow. Conventional methods, using enrichment and plating onto selective media followed by biochemical and serological analyses, were used to isolate and identify Salmonella serotypes. Salmonellae were isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes and cecal contents of 167/200 (84%) sows. Nine Salmonella serotypes were identified. The four most frequently identified Salmonella serotypes (S. agona, S. anatum, S. derby, S. java) accounted for 71% (141/200) of the Salmonella-positive sows. Salmonella were isolated from 131/200 (66%) of the mesenteric lymph nodes examined and 60/200 (30%) of the cecal contents examined.
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Rahmiati, Rahmiati. "ANALISIS BAKTERI SALMONELLA-SHIGELLA PADA KUAH SATE PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan) 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v3i1.809.
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A study of Analysis Salmonella-Shigella in Sate Sauce, was conducted in Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology University Medan Area. The purpose of this study was to find out the bacteria found in the street vendors sate and detect the presence of Salmonella-Shigella in the sample. The results showed that the total number of total bacteria in sample was 24 x 104 CFU. Detection of Salmonelle-Shigella was done by growing bacteria on selective medium of Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) and showed positive results for Salmonella bacteria presence by the change of media color from green to blue.
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Šišák, F., H. Havlíčková, R. Karpíšková, and I. Rychlík. "Prevalence of Salmonellae and their resistance to antibiotics in slaughtered pigs in the Czech Republic." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, No. 6 (November 16, 2011): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3428-cjfs.
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Salmonella prevalence was assessed in 816 pigs from fifteen herds which were slaughtered in ten slaughterhouses from June 2001 to December 2002. No Salmonellae were isolated in pigs from eight herds in four slaughterhouses. Salmonella prevalence in pigs originating from the other seven herds ranged from 2.0% to 12.0%. The most frequent site of Salmonella isolation was caecum (2.45%). This finding is statistically significant (P < 0.01) as compared to those obtained with mesenteric lymph nodes (0.73%) and carcass swabs (0.12%). Salmonellae were not found in samples from the environments (n = 197). A total of 27 Salmonella isolates were classified into serotypes S. infantis (n = 8), S. typhimurium (n = 5), S. agona (n = 4), S. kaapstad (n = 4), S. derby (n = 3), S. bredeney (n = 2), and S. london (n = 1). All five S. typhimurium DT 104 were resistant to the phenotype ACSSuT. Resistance genes bla<sub>PSE-1</sub>, floR, aadA2, sul1, and tetG were identified in all pentaresistant strains. One strain of S. derby was resistant to gentamicin, streptomycin and sulphonamides. The other Salmonella isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested.
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NIEBUHR, S. E., A. LAURY, G. R. ACUFF, and J. S. DICKSON. "Evaluation of Nonpathogenic Surrogate Bacteria as Process Validation Indicators for Salmonella enterica for Selected Antimicrobial Treatments, Cold Storage, and Fermentation in Meat." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.4.714.
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Prerigor lean and adipose beef carcass tissues were artificially inoculated individually with stationary-phase cultures of five nonpathogenic Escherichia coli cultures that had been previously identified as surrogates for E. coli O157:H7 or a mixture of five Salmonella strains in a fecal inoculum. Each tissue sample was processed with microbial interventions comparable with those used in the meat industry. The log reductions of the E. coli isolates were generally not statistically different from the salmonellae inoculum within a specific treatment. Inoculation experiments were also conducted with ground beef stored at either 4 or −20°C. When compared with the Salmonella inoculum, at least three of the five E. coli strains survived in a manner that was not statistically different from the salmonellae. The E. coli strains and the Salmonella mixed culture were also inoculated into summer sausage batter, and the population enumerated both before and after fermentation. Four of the E. coli strains showed a lower population reduction (higher survival) than the Salmonella mixed culture. The five nonpathogenic E. coli strains may be used as individually or collectively for specific process validation indicators for Salmonella.
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Hudson, Charlene R., Charlotte Quist, Margie D. Lee, Kathleen Keyes, Sara V. Dodson, Cesar Morales, Susan Sanchez, David G. White, and John J. Maurer. "Genetic Relatedness of SalmonellaIsolates from Nondomestic Birds in Southeastern United States." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 5 (2000): 1860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.5.1860-1865.2000.
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Salmonella infections have been implicated in large-scale die-offs of wild birds in the United States. Although we know quite a bit about the epidemiology of Salmonellainfection among domestic fowl, we know little about the incidence, epidemiology, and genetic relatedness of salmonellae in nondomestic birds. To gain further insight into salmonellae in these hosts, 22Salmonella isolates from diseased nondomestic birds were screened for the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance-associated genes and compared genetically using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Of the 22 Salmonella isolates examined, 15 were positive for the invasion gene invA and the virulence plasmid-associated genes spvC and pef. Most (15 of 22) were generally sensitive to antibiotics. However, twoSalmonella isolates from pet birds were identified asSalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. Despite the general susceptibility of these Salmonella isolates to most antimicrobial agents, antibiotic resistance-associated genesintI1, merA, and aadA1 were identified in a number of these isolates. Five distinctXbaI and nine distinct BlnI DNA patterns were observed for the 22 Salmonella isolates typed by PFGE. PFGE analysis determined that Salmonella isolates from passerines in Georgia and Wyoming were genetically related.
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Morgan, I. R., F. L. Krautil, and J. A. Craven. "Effect of time in lairage on caecal and carcass salmonella contamination of slaughter pigs." Epidemiology and Infection 98, no. 3 (June 1987): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800062075.
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SUMMARYA longitudinal study of the effect of time spent in lairage on salmonellas in the caecum and on the skin surface of 450 slaughter pigs from a single producer was conducted. Pigs were tested in 6 groups at 2 abattoirs, with one-third of a group being slaughtered after 18 h, one-third after 42 h and one-third after 66 h spent in lairage. The salmonella isolation rate from caeca and carcass surfaces increased significantly with increasing time spent in lairage. Salmonellas were isolated from the caeca of 18·5% of pigs held less than 24 h in lairage, 24·1% of pigs held a further 24 h and 47·7% of pigs held for 66 h in lairage before slaughter. The salmonella isolation rates from carcasses were 9·3%, 12·8% and 27·3% for the same groups. Thirteen salmonella serotypes were isolated from the caecal contents and carcasses over the 6 weeks of the trial. One abattoir had a higher salmonella isolation rate from pigs than the other and this was probably related to lairage management. It appeared that lairage is an important factor in the manipulation of the salmonella contamination of pig carcasses.
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WILSON, I. G. "Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella in Raw Retail Chickens, Imported Chicken Portions, and Human Clinical Specimens." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.6.1220.
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Salmonella isolates from raw, chilled, retail chickens (n = 434) sampled between 1998 and 2000 were tested for resistance to 12 antibiotics. Of 23 salmonellas isolated, 30% were susceptible and 30% were resistant or intermediately resistant to one antibiotic, 26% to two, and 13% to four or more. One Salmonella Saint-Paul and two Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to more than four antibiotics. Highest resistance rates were sulfonamide (52%), streptomycin (26%), tetracycline (22%), and ampicillin (17%). Isolates (n = 27) from frozen chicken portions (n = 150) imported from Brazil and Thailand (generally for manufacturing and catering) were also tested. Brazilian salmonellas showed no multiple resistance, but an isolate of Salmonella Virchow from Thai chickens was resistant to two antibiotics. This compared with 39% resistance to two or more antibiotics in nonimported isolates. Resistance patterns of both sets of chicken isolates were compared with human fecal clinical isolates (n = 274) submitted for routine examination at this hospital, and a greater similarity was found between the clinical and local isolates than with imported salmonellas. Sulfonamide resistance in imported salmonellas was lower than that of nonimported and clinical isolates. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial was found in 70% of nonimported raw retail chickens, 52% of imported chicken breast fillets, and 84% of human fecal isolates. Multiple resistance (to four or more antibiotics) is a much more limited problem.
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BARNHART, HAROLD M., DAVID W. DREESEN, ROBERT BASTIEN, and OSCAR C. PANCORBO. "Prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and Other Serovars in Ovaries of Layer Hens at Time of Slaughter." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.7.488.
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Ovaries aseptically collected from commercial layer hens at time of slaughter were assayed for Salmonella as an indication of systemic infection of birds within a flock. Birds were randomly selected at the time of slaughter from 42 flocks from seven southeastern states and Pennsylvania. Ovaries were pooled, four per pool, mascerated, and Salmonella, isolates were recovered by conventional methods. Thirty-two of 42 flocks (76.2%) were positive at >10% infection rate based on sampling methods. Fifteen different serovars were detected in flocks. Salmonella heidelberg was the predominant serovar, representing 56.5% of the salmonellae detected. However, S. agona, S. oranienburg, S. mbandaka, S. kentucky, S. montevideo, S. london, S. typhimurium, S. infantis, S. schwarzenqrund, S. ohio, S. cerro, S. anatum, and Salmonella untypeable were also found. S. enteritidis, phage type 23 was recovered from only one (2.4%) of the flocks. Single and multiple serovar infections were found with up to five serovars recovered from a single flock. Twenty-one positive flocks (50%) were positive with a single Salmonella serovar; of these S. heidelberg represented 76.2%. An overall mean of 26.6% of the pooled ovary samples within each infected flock was positive for salmonellae, with an overall range of 0–100%. The significance of Salmonella serovars other than S. enteritidis found at the levels reported has yet to be determined.
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Atterbury, R. J., M. A. P. Van Bergen, F. Ortiz, M. A. Lovell, J. A. Harris, A. De Boer, J. A. Wagenaar, V. M. Allen, and P. A. Barrow. "Bacteriophage Therapy To Reduce Salmonella Colonization of Broiler Chickens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 14 (May 25, 2007): 4543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00049-07.
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ABSTRACT Acute enteric infections caused by salmonellas remain a major public health burden worldwide. Poultry, particularly chickens, are known to be the main reservoir for this zoonotic pathogen. Although some progress has been made in reducing Salmonella colonization of broiler chickens by using biosecurity and antimicrobials, it still remains a considerable problem. The use of host-specific bacteriophages as a biocontrol is one possible intervention by which Salmonella colonization could be reduced. A total of 232 Salmonella bacteriophages were isolated from poultry farms, abattoirs, and wastewater in 2004 and 2005. Three phages exhibiting the broadest host ranges against Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Hadar, and Typhimurium were characterized further by determining their morphology and lytic activity in vitro. These phages were then administered in antacid suspension to birds experimentally colonized with specific Salmonella host strains. The first phage reduced S. enterica serotype Enteritidis cecal colonization by ≥4.2 log10 CFU within 24 h compared with controls. Administration of the second phage reduced S. enterica serotype Typhimurium by ≥2.19 log10 CFU within 24 h. The third bacteriophage was ineffective at reducing S. enterica serotype Hadar colonization. Bacteriophage resistance occurred at a frequency commensurate with the titer of phage being administered, with larger phage titers resulting in a greater proportion of resistant salmonellas. The selection of appropriate bacteriophages and optimization of both the timing and method of phage delivery are key factors in the successful phage-mediated control of salmonellas in broiler chickens.
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Nicklas, W. "Introduction of Salmonellae into a centralized laboratory animal facility by infected day old chicks." Laboratory Animals 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002367728702100214.
Full textAbstract:
Fifty deliveries of day old chicks were examined for Salmonellae on arrival as part of the Animal Laboratories’ routine microbiological monitoring programme. Paper floor inserts and faeces from the transport boxes were immersed in peptone water and then cultured in two different enrichment media. Salmonellae were isolated in six of the 50 samples; one isolate was identified as Salmonella muenchen and the other five as Salmonella cerro var. siegburg. The relevance of these findings to multispecies animal facilities is discussed.
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ZEWDE, BAYLEYEGN MOLLA, REBECCA ROBBINS, MELANIE J. ABLEY, BRANDON HOUSE, W. E. MORGAN MORROW, and WONDWOSSEN A. GEBREYES. "Comparison of Swiffer Wipes and Conventional Drag Swab Methods for the Recovery of Salmonella in Swine Production Systems." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.142.
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The main goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of Swiffer wipes in comparison to conventional drag swabs for the recovery of Salmonella. A total of 800 samples (400 Swiffer wipes and 400 drag swabs) were aseptically collected from randomly selected swine barns before disinfection with specific biocides and within 2 h after disinfection. From each barn, 10 samples of each swab type and negative controls were collected. Salmonellae were isolated from 43 (10.8%) of 400 drag swabs and 34 (8.5%) of 400 Swiffer wipes. There was a significant reduction in Salmonella postdisinfection as identified with both sampling procedures irrespective of the type of biocide used (P < 0.05). With the drag swabs, salmonellae were detected in 15% of the samples before disinfection versus 6.5% after disinfection, whereas with the Swiffer wipes, 13 and 4% of the samples were positive pre- and postdisinfection, respectively. Of the total 720 fecal samples collected from pigs placed in the disinfected barns, 132 (18.3%) were Salmonella positive. About 65 and 98% of the Salmonella isolates from swine barns and fecal samples, respectively, were resistant to one or more of the antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 35.7% of the isolates from barn swabs and 56.4% of the isolates from fecal samples. Results of this study suggest that the conventional drag swab method results in better recovery of Salmonella than does the Swiffer wipe method and thus could be a useful sampling method in monitoring Salmonella. Pentaresistant Salmonella (mainly R-type ACSSuT) was more common in fecal samples than in environmental samples.
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XI, MEILI, JIE ZHENG, SHAOHUA ZHAO, ERIC W. BROWN, and JIANGHONG MENG. "An Enhanced Discriminatory Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Scheme for Subtyping Salmonella Serotypes Heidelberg, Kentucky, SaintPaul, and Hadar." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 2067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2067.
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Conventional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols, used extensively as a successful approach for subtyping many salmonellae, may be inadequate for discriminating strains sharing levels of homogeneity within the same serotype. Four additional restriction enzymes (SpeI, PacI, SfiI, and NotI), in addition to XbaI and BlnI, were used in PFGE typing of 33 Salmonella Heidelberg, 27 Salmonella Kentucky, 27 Salmonella SaintPaul, and 27 Salmonella Hadar isolates that were recovered from poultry and porcine retail meats from different states of the United States. A dendrogram derived from the combined analysis of six enzymes was highly discriminatory with a Simpson index of diversity value of over 0.950. The ratio of nodes to isolates was more than 0.75 with an average of fewer than three isolates in each polytomy for all four serotypes. Two three-enzyme combinations, SpeI/NotI/SfiI for Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Hadar, and SpeI/BlnI/SfiI for Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella SaintPaul, were found to have comparable discriminatory abilities of differentiating isolates of these Salmonella serotypes with the six-enzyme combination. The enhanced discriminatory PFGE-based subtyping scheme can be used effectively for the differentiation of strains of the four Salmonella serotypes. The findings also highlight PFGE analysis as a continued essential and informative subtyping method for source tracking and outbreak investigations of these and other Salmonella pathogens.
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Velhner, Maja, Dusan Orlic, Dubravka Potkonjak, Milos Kapetanov, and Sava Lazic. "Determination of specific antibodies titre to salmonella enteritidis by elisa technique in several selected flocks of laying hens." Veterinarski glasnik 58, no. 3-4 (2004): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0404319v.
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In this paper, the antibody titre to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was examined by the ELISA method in two flocks of laying hens, where during routine bacteriological investigations Salmonellae was never isolated, and in one flock where Colysepticemia was diagnosed and Salmonella isolated accidentally. In the flocks were Salmonellae were not isolated, a titre with a high level of specific antibodies to SE was discovered (15 and 45%), while the flock with accidental findings of SE was poorly positive (5%). These results point to the necessity of introducing serological monitoring to SE so that the infection of salmonella may be discovered early and the prevalence in the flock determined, and also for the purpose of applying adequate measures that could reduce the possibility of secretion of SE through eggs.
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SHARMA, MANAN, LARRY R. BEUCHAT, MICHAEL P. DOYLE, and JINRU CHEN. "Fate of Salmonellae in Calcium-Supplemented Orange Juice at Refrigeration Temperature." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.2053.
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Recent outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with orange juice have raised interest concerning the survival and growth of Salmonella in juice supplemented with calcium. A study was done to determine the influence of various calcium supplements on the survival of salmonellae in orange juice held at 4°C for up to 32 days. Isolates of Salmonella Muenchen (inoculum 1), Salmonella isolates from humans and animals (inoculum 2), and Salmonella isolates from produce outbreaks (inoculum 3) were inoculated into pasteurized orange juices with pH values ranging from 3.96 to 4.19 and containing 350 mg of calcium per 240-ml serving (1.46 mg of calcium/ml). Populations of Salmonella declined rapidly in juice containing calcium lactate (CaL), with counts decreasing from 4.86 log10 CFU/ml to <1 log10 CFU/ml within 16 days, regardless of the Salmonella serotypes present in inoculum. Counts decreased from 4.89 log10 CFU/ml to <1 log10 CFU/ml in orange juice supplemented with CaL and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) within 30 days. These reductions were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than those of the control (no calcium added), in which Salmonella populations decreased 3.19 ± 0.20 log10 CFU/ml over 32 days. Populations in orange juice containing TCP or calcium citrate (CC) declined 1.34 ± 0.20 log10 CFU/ml and 1.96 ± 0.20 log10 CFU/ml, respectively, over 32 days. These counts were significantly higher than respective control counts in juice stored for 32 days. Populations of Salmonella of inoculum 3 inoculated into juice containing calcium citrate malate (CCM) were significantly higher than in the control. Higher numbers of cells in inoculum 3 also survived compared to numbers of cells of inocula 1 or 2 in juice supplemented with CCM. This study reveals that the form of calcium used to supplement orange juice influences the ability of salmonellae to survive.
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SHARMA, MANAN, LARRY R. BEUCHAT, MICHAEL P. DOYLE, and JINRU CHEN. "Survival of Salmonellae in Pasteurized, Refrigerated Calcium-Fortified Orange Juice." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.9.1299.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were done to determine the survival of salmonellae in orange juice as affected by fortification with calcium. Four brands of commercially pasteurized orange juice fortified with calcium (350 mg/240-ml serving) and nonfortified juice were inoculated separately with three types of inocula: strains of Salmonella Muenchen (inoculum 1), serotypes of human and animal origin (inoculum 2), and isolates from raw produce- and juice-associated outbreaks (inoculum 3). Juice inoculated with populations of 6.6 to 7.0 log10 CFU of Salmonella per ml was held at 4°C for up to 32 days. The number of cells of inoculum 1 that survived in juice fortified with calcium lactate/tricalcium phosphate (CaL/TCP) was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) (2.80 log10 CFU/ml) than in nonfortified juice (3.50 log10 CFU/ml) after 32 days' storage. Death of salmonellae in inocula 1 and 2 was less in juice fortified with TCP (3.21 and 3.33 log10 CFU/ml, respectively) than in the nonfortified juice (3.75 and 4.15 log10 CFU/ml, respectively). During the 32-day storage period, populations in inocula 1 and 3 showed significantly less inactivation (2.62 and 3.12 log10 CFU/ml, respectively) in juice fortified with calcium citrate (CC) than in nonfortified juice (3.14 and 3.60 log10 CFU/ml, respectively).There were no significant differences in the survival of Salmonella in juice fortified with calcium citrate malate (CCM) and nonfortified juice. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing of randomly selected Salmonella colonies revealed that Salmonella Heidelberg in inoculum 2 and Salmonella Baildon and Salmonella Poona in inoculum 3 were the most prevalent at the end of the 32-day storage period at 4°C, suggesting that serotypes selected for use in inocula differed in tolerance to acidic environments. This study reveals that the form of calcium used to fortify orange juice may affect the survival of Salmonella.
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SARLIN, LAURA L., ERIC T. BARNHART, RANDLE W. MOORE, DONALD E. CORRIER, LARRY H. STANKER, and BILLY M. HARGIS. "Comparison of Enrichment Methods for Recovery and Chick Infectivity of Chlorine-lnjured Salmonella enteritidis." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 1504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.11.1504.
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In recent years, several preenrichment media have been shown to be effective for use in the recovery of sublethally injured Salmonella organisms. Selective enrichment without preenrichment has resulted in a lower recovery of organisms, particularly with regard to injured or stressed salmonellae. The present experiments compared the ability of nonselective preenrichment followed by selective enrichment or direct selective enrichment alone to recover chlorine-injured Salmonella organisms. Additionally, the Salmonella detection limits of the two enrichment methods were compared with minimal infectious dose in neonatal chicks. In three experiments, Salmonella enteritidis cells were exposed to chlorine for specific times and subsequently cultured by using preenrichment followed by selective enrichment or selective enrichment alone. Simultaneously, neonatal chicks were orally challenged with S. enteritidis cells from each exposure time to chlorine. The results indicated a marginal, but significantly (P < 0.05) higher level of recovery of sublethally injured salmonellae by using nonselective preenrichment followed by selective enrichment, as compared to selective enrichment alone. Interestingly, both culture methods were capable of detecting injured S. enteritidis cells at levels incapable of infecting neonatal chicks.
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Gawthorne, Tanya, Robyn A. Gibbs, Kuruvilla Mathew, and Goen E. Ho. "H2S papers as presumptive tests for Salmonella contamination in tropical drinking water." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1996): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0621.
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Coliform bacteria may not be adequate as sole indicators of recent faecal contamination in tropical waters. Salmonella spp. in particular have been found in tropical waters in the absence of traditional indicator bacteria. Remote areas without access to a laboratory have no opportunity for salmonellae analysis as portable tests are currently not available. H2S papers indicate the presence of hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria, a characteristic shared by the majority of Salmonella spp.. The potential of H2S papers to act as a presumptive test for salmonellae in the absence of coliform bacteria was assessed. Salmonella spp. grew in the H2S medium, with an optimum incubation temperature of 37°C and a recommended length of incubation for a negative result of 48 hours. The presence of high numbers of the type of noncoliform bacteria commonly found in drinking water did not affect the performance of the H2S strips. H2S papers are recommended for use in conjunction with a coliform test as a presumptive test for the presence of Salmonella spp. in drinking water.