Journal articles on the topic 'Salmonella typhimurium LT 2'
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Fernández-Briera, Almudena, and Amando Garrido-Pertierra. "A degradation pathway of propionate in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2." Biochimie 70, no. 6 (June 1988): 757–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(88)90105-8.
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Šišák, F., H. Havlíčková, R. Karpíšková, and I. Rychlík. "Prevalence of Salmonellae and their resistance to antibiotics in slaughtered pigs in the Czech Republic." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, No. 6 (November 16, 2011): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3428-cjfs.
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Salmonella prevalence was assessed in 816 pigs from fifteen herds which were slaughtered in ten slaughterhouses from June 2001 to December 2002. No Salmonellae were isolated in pigs from eight herds in four slaughterhouses. Salmonella prevalence in pigs originating from the other seven herds ranged from 2.0% to 12.0%. The most frequent site of Salmonella isolation was caecum (2.45%). This finding is statistically significant (P < 0.01) as compared to those obtained with mesenteric lymph nodes (0.73%) and carcass swabs (0.12%). Salmonellae were not found in samples from the environments (n = 197). A total of 27 Salmonella isolates were classified into serotypes S. infantis (n = 8), S. typhimurium (n = 5), S. agona (n = 4), S. kaapstad (n = 4), S. derby (n = 3), S. bredeney (n = 2), and S. london (n = 1). All five S. typhimurium DT 104 were resistant to the phenotype ACSSuT. Resistance genes bla<sub>PSE-1</sub>, floR, aadA2, sul1, and tetG were identified in all pentaresistant strains. One strain of S. derby was resistant to gentamicin, streptomycin and sulphonamides. The other Salmonella isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested.
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JUNG, YONG SOO, ROBIN C. ANDERSON, JAMES A. BYRD, THOMAS S. EDRINGTON, RANDLE W. MOORE, TODD R. CALLAWAY, JACK McREYNOLDS, and DAVID J. NISBET. "Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in Experimentally Challenged Broilers by Nitrate Adaptation and Chlorate Supplementation in Drinking Water†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.4.660.
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The effects of two feed supplements on Salmonella Typhimurium in the ceca of market-age broilers were determined. Broilers orally challenged 6 days before slaughter with a novobiocin- and nalidixic acid–resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium were divided into one of four groups (20 birds each). The first group (the control group) received no treatment, the second group received sodium nitrate (SN) treatment (574 mg of NaNO3 per kg of feed), the third group received experimental chlorate product (ECP) treatment (15 mM NaClO3 equivalents), and the fourth group received ECP treatment in combination with SN treatment. The SN treatment was administered via feed for 5 days immediately before slaughter, and ECP was provided via ad libitum access to drinking water for the last 2 days before slaughter. Cecal contents were subjected to bacterial analysis. Significant (P < 0.05) Salmonella Typhimurium reductions (ca. 2 log units) relative to levels for untreated control broilers were observed for broilers receiving ECP in combination with SN. The ECP-only treatment resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions (ca. 0.8 log) of Salmonella Typhimurium in trial 2. We hypothesize that increasing Salmonella Typhimurium nitrate reductase activity resulted in increased enzymatic reduction of chlorate to chlorite, with a concomitant decrease in cecal Salmonella Typhimurium levels. On the basis of these results, preadaptation with SN followed by ECP supplementation immediately preharvest could be a potential strategy for the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in broilers.
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Barrell, R. A. E. "Isolations of salmonellas from humans and foods in the Manchester area: 1981–1985." Epidemiology and Infection 98, no. 3 (June 1987): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800062038.
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SUMMARYIsolations of salmonellas from humans and food products are recorded for the period 1981–5 and an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between serotypes isolated from humans and those from meat products.The predominant serotypes isolated from humans were Salmonella typhimuriunu S. enterilidis and S. virchow. S. typhimurium was commonly isolated from a range of meat products. S. derby was one of the most common serotypes isolated from tripe and sausages but was relatively uncommon in humans.Salmonellas were found in < 0·5% of most cooked meat products apart from tripe and udder (3·2%) and pet foods (12·4%). Isolations from raw meats ranged from 3 % for pork to 28% for poultry.Incidents of salmonella infection in humans in Manchester increased between 1981 and 1984 but decreased during 1985.
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Abdelhadi, Iman M. A., Ahmed R. Sofy, Ahmed A. Hmed, Ehab E. Refaey, Hany E. Soweha, and Mohamed A. Abbas. "Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 11602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111602.
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New and natural antimicrobials as an alternative control system are now an urgent need to overcome stubborn bacterial infections. Salmonella Typhimurium has become the most frequent serovar responsible for salmonellosis in humans around the world. The high antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production make this pathogen more dangerous. We aimed to isolate a broad lytic phage to prevent Salmonella infection and reduce its biofilms. Using Salmonella Typhimurium (ST-4) as a host, seven phages were isolated, and only three phages showed clear lytic plaques, two members of the Siphoviridae family (vB_STS-1 and vB_STS-3) and one of the Myoviridae family (vB_STM-2). The vB_STM-2 phage was the most potent broad lytic phage, infecting 100% of tested Salmonella Typhimurium serovars and non-Salmonella strains. Additionally, the vB_STM-2 phage was thermostable at −20 to 55 °C up to 24 h, while at 65 and 75 °C, a significant (p < 0.05) titer reduction was observed after 7 days. Moreover, the phage seemed to be stable at different pHs (4–11) after one to twelve hours (hrs), while increasing the time made the phage more sensitive to the alkaline medium rather than the acidic medium. Interestingly, the vB_STM-2 phage had the capacity to diminish or eradicate the biofilms of tested Salmonella Typhimurium, e.g., ST-4, ST-19, ST-30, ST-37, ST-45 and ST-49 by 81.2%, 76.4%, 43.6%, 41%, 39.8% and 93.4%, respectively, at a titer concentration of 106 PFU/mL. Eventually, the vB_STM-2 phage showed significant (p < 0.05) efficacy in the elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST-4) from contaminated chicken breasts at both storage periods with high titer stability. The Salmonella count showed a severe decline from 7.00 ± 0.63 log10 CFU/cm2 to 0.88 ± 0.17 log10 CFU/cm2 on the seventh day of the short-term storage, and from 5.13 ± 0.44 log10 CFU/cm2 to 1.10 ± 0.12 log10 CFU/cm2 on day 27 of the long-term assay. In both periods, the phage titers remained stable, with insignificant (p < 0.05) loss. Therefore, this phage is considered a prime candidate to combat multi-drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and its biofilms.
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SAWYER, J. E., S. T. GREINER, G. R. ACUFF, L. M. LUCIA, E. CABRERA-DIAZ, and D. S. HALE. "Effect of Xylitol on Adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Beef Carcass Surfaces." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.405.
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Effects of 10% xylitol (a five-carbon sugar alcohol) on adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium to meat surfaces were examined with three approaches. First, beef outside round was inoculated with rifampin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium dispersed in xylitol or peptone solution. Samples were rinsed with water or not rinsed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. No interaction existed between inoculum and rinsing treatments (P > 0.84). Incubation in xylitol had minimal impact on pathogen adhesion (P > 0.76); however, rinsing reduced pathogen cell counts (P < 0.01). Second, meat samples were treated with water, xylitol, or no rinse; inoculated with pathogens dispersed in peptone solution (8.6 log CFU/ml for each pathogen); and then treated with water, xylitol, or no rinse in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. No interactions were observed (P > 0.50). Postinoculation rinsing reduced pathogen loads (P < 0.01) without difference between water and xylitol (P > 0.64). Third, carcass surfaces inoculated with pathogens (5.5 log CFU/cm2) were treated with 35°C water wash, 2.5% l-lactic acid spray, 10% xylitol spray, lactic acid plus xylitol, or hot water plus xylitol. Lactic acid treatments reduced Salmonella Typhimurium at0h(P < 0.01) and 24 h (P < 0.02). Hot water treatments tended to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium at0h(P < 0.07). Xylitol did not reduce pathogens (P > 0.62) or increase effectiveness of other treatments. Xylitol does not influence E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium adhesion to meat surfaces.
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COCHRANE, ROGER A., ANNE R. HUSS, GREGORY C. ALDRICH, CHARLES R. STARK, and CASSANDRA K. JONES. "Evaluating Chemical Mitigation of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 in Animal Feed Ingredients." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-320.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella Typhimurium is a potential feed safety hazard in animal feed ingredients. Thermal mitigation of Salmonella spp. during rendering is effective but does not eliminate the potential for cross-contamination. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of chemicals to mitigate postrendering Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 contamination in rendered proteins over time. Treatments were arranged in a 6 ×4 factorial with six chemical treatments and four rendered protein meals. The chemical treatments included (i) control without chemical treatment, (ii) 0.3% commercial formaldehyde product, (iii) 2% essential oil blend, (iv) 2% medium chain fatty acid blend, (v) 3% organic acid blend, and (vi) 1% sodium bisulfate. The four rendered protein meals included (i) feather meal, (ii) blood meal, (iii) meat and bone meal, and (iv) poultry by-product meal. After matrices were chemically treated, they were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, stored at room temperature, and enumerated via plate counts on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 postinoculation. The Salmonella concentration in ingredients treated with medium chain fatty acid and commercial formaldehyde were similar to one another (P =0.23) but were 2 log lower than the control (P < 0.05). Ingredients treated with organic acids and essential oils also had lower Salmonella concentrations than the control (P < 0.05). Time also played a significant role in Salmonella mitigation, because all days except days 14 and 21 (P = 0.92) differed from one another. Rendered protein matrix also affected Salmonella stability, because concentrations in meat and bone meal and blood meal were similar to one another (P =0.36) but were greater than levels in feather meal and poultry by-product meal (P < 0.05). In summary, chemical treatment and time both mitigated Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, but their effectiveness was matrix dependent. Time and chemical treatment with medium chain fatty acids or a commercial formaldehyde product were most effective at mitigating Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 in rendered protein meals.
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JUNG, YONG SOO, ROBIN C. ANDERSON, THOMAS S. EDRINGTON, KENNETH J. GENOVESE, J. ALLEN BYRD, TODD R. CALLAWAY, and DAVID J. NISBET. "Experimental Use of 2-Nitropropanol for Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in the Ceca of Broiler Chicks†‡." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1945–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.9.1945.
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The effect of 2-nitropropanol (2NPOH) administration on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in experimentally infected chicks was determined. Chicks orally challenged with 106 CFU/ml of a novobiocin- and naladixic acid–resistant Salmonella Typhimurium at 6 days of age were divided into three groups receiving 0 (control), 6.5, and 13 mg 2NPOH per bird (experiment 1) or four groups receiving 0 (control), 13, 65, and 130 mg 2NPOH per bird (experiment 2). Treatments were administered orally 1 day post–Salmonella challenge. Cecal contents collected at necropsy 24 and 48 h after treatment were subjected to bacterial and volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis. In experiment 1, concentrations (mean ± SD log CFU per g) of Salmonella were reduced (P < 0.05) in the group administered 13 mg 2NPOH per bird at both the 24- and 48-h samplings compared with the controls (2.58 ± 2.10 versus 4.64 ± 1.79 and 2.88 ± 2.78 versus 5.03 ± 2.42 at 24 and 48 h, respectively). In experiment 2, mean ± SD populations of Salmonella were reduced (P < 0.05) in all groups receiving 2NPOH compared with untreated controls (3.65 ± 2.01, 3.39 ± 2.42, and 3.47 ± 1.55 at 13, 65, and 130 mg, respectively, versus 6.09 ± 1.02). Propionate concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) by the 13-mg 2NPOH per bird treatment. Total VFA concentrations from the group treated with 13 mg 2NPOH per bird were lower (P < 0.05) by 48, but not 24, hours posttreatment than those from the group treated with 6.5 mg 2NPOH per bird. These results demonstrate the inhibitory activity of 2NPOH against Salmonella Typhimurium in vivo.
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Santana, Eliete Souza, Maria Auxiliadora Andrade, Marcos Barcelos Café, José Henrique Stringhini, Tatiane Martins Rocha, and Valéria de Sá Jaime. "Efeitos da lactulose na saúde gastrointestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente inoculados com Salmonella entérica sorovar Typhimurium." Ciência Animal Brasileira 15, no. 2 (June 2014): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v15i13604.
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Avaliaram-se os efeitos da lactulose na saúde gastrointestinal de frangos de corte pela aferição do pH e enumeração de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) de Salmonella Typhimurium e Escherichia coli no inglúvio e ceco de aves inoculadas experimentalmente, via oral, na dose de 5,0 X 102 UFC /0,5mL com Salmonella Typhimurium. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se 630 pintos, machos, os quais foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com sete repetições e 15 aves por unidade experimental. O tratamento 1: grupo controle (placebo); tratamento 2: grupo que recebeu somente a lactulose na água; tratamento 3: grupo que recebeu somente Salmonella Typhimurium; tratamento 4: grupo que recebeu a lactulose e Salmonella Typhimurium simultaneamente no primeiro dia de vida [L (1d) + ST (1d)]; tratamento 5: grupo que recebeu a lactulose 48 horas antes de serem inoculadas com Salmonella Typhimurium [L (1d) + ST (48h)] e tratamento 6: grupo que foi inoculado com Salmonella Typhimurium no primeiro dia e 48 horas depois receberam a lactulose [ST (1d) + L (48h)]. Aos dias sete, 14, 21 e 28 uma ave por parcela foi sacrificada e os conteúdos do inglúvio e do ceco foram coletados para a aferição do pH e contagem de Salmonella Typhimurium e Escherichia coli. Constatou-se que a lactulose determinou redução nos valores (P<0,05) de pH nos conteúdos do trato digestório aos sete dias de vida, e esta redução se manteve até 28 dias somente para o inglúvio nos tratamentos que receberam a lactulose, independente do período de inoculação do patógeno. Verificou-se, também, que a lactulose reduziu (P<0,05) as UFCs de Escherichia coli e de Salmonella Typhimurium no inglúvio aos 21 e 28 dias de vida nos tratamentos em que se administrou a lactulose antes do patógeno. Pode-se concluir que a lactulose altera os valores de pH do inglúvio e reduza colonização de Salmonella Typhimurium no ceco e as UFCs de Escherichia coli no inglúvio em todo o período experimental.
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Saw, Seow Hoon, J. L. Mak, M. H. Tan, S. T. Teo, T. Y. Tan, M. Y. K. Cheow, C. A. Ong, et al. "Detection and quantification of Salmonella in fresh vegetables in Perak, Malaysia." Food Research 4, no. 2 (October 27, 2019): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(2).316.
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The eating of fresh and minimally processed vegetables is getting popular among Malaysians. This trend poses an increased risk of food poisoning associated with the consumption of fresh produce contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars, predominantly serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in fresh leafy vegetables such as cabbages (n = 40), lettuces (n = 20), and fruit vegetables such as tomatoes (n = 40), carrots (n = 40) and cucumbers (n = 40), which were sold by three different hypermarkets and a wet market in Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. The study was performed over a period of 13 months (January 2018 to January 2019). A combination of most probable number-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPN-mPCR) method was used to quantify the concentrations of Salmonella spp., S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in the examined samples. The results of this study demonstrated that of the vegetables tested, tomatoes, carrots and lettuces were not contaminated by Salmonella spp., S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. However, the presence of Salmonella spp. was detected in 3.3% of cabbages from the hypermarket, with estimated microbial loads ranging from <3.0 MPN/g to 15.0 MPN/g. On the other hand, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was detected in 10.0% of the cucumbers from hypermarkets and 20% of them from the wet market. Their microbial loads were ranging from <3.0 MPN/g to >1,100 MPN/g. This indicated that cabbages and cucumbers could be the potential sources of salmonellosis. Therefore, the monitoring of food safety and hygienic practices should be strictly enforced by relevant government agencies to avoid potential poisoning by foodborne pathogens.
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MIN, K. J., and K. S. YOON. "Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Foodborne Pathogens in Ready-to-Eat Pork as a Function of Temperature and a Mixture of Potassium Lactate and Sodium Diacetate." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.9.1626.
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We developed and validated secondary models that can predict growth parameters of Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in cooked-pressed ready-to-eat (RTE) pork as a function of concentrations (0 to 3%) of a commercial potassium lactate and sodium diacetate mixture (PL+SDA) and temperature (10 to 30°C). The primary growth data were fitted to a Gompertz equation to determine the lag time (LT) and growth rate (GR). At 10°C, the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium and S. aureus in cooked-pressed RTE pork containing 2% and 3% PL+SDA was completely inhibited. The effects of temperature and concentration of PL+SDA on the growth kinetics of Salmonella Typhimurium and S. aureus in cooked-pressed RTE pork were modeled by response surface analysis using polynomial models of the natural logarithm transformation of both LT and GR. Model performance was also evaluated by use of the prediction bias (Bf) and accuracy (Af) factors, median relative error, and mean absolute relative error, as well as the acceptable prediction zone method. The results showed that LT and GR models of Salmonella Typhimurium and S. aureus in cooked-pressed RTE pork are acceptable models. Thus, both the LT and GR growth models developed herein can be used for the development of tertiary models for Salmonella Typhimurium and S. aureus in cooked-pressed RTE pork in the matrix of conditions described in the present study.
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YANG, HONG, YANBIN LI, and MICHAEL G. JOHNSON. "Survival and Death of Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in Processing Water and on Chicken Skin during Poultry Scalding and Chilling." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.770.
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Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni were inoculated in scalding water, in chilled water, and on chicken skins to examine the effects of scalding temperature (50, 55, and 60°C) and the chlorine level in chilled water (0, 10, 30, and 50 ppm), associated with the ages of scalding water (0 and 10 h) and chilled water (0 and 8 h), on bacterial survival or death. After scalding at 50 and 60°C, the reductions of C. jejuni were 1.5 and 6.2 log CFU/ml in water and <1 and >2 log CFU/cm2 on chicken skins; the reductions of Salmonella Typhimurium were <0.5 and >5.5 log CFU/ml in water and <0.5 and >2 log CFU/cm2 on skins, respectively. The age of scalding water did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect bacterial heat sensitivity. However, the increase in the age of chilled water significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the chlorine effect. In 0-h chilled water, C. jejuni and Salmonella Typhimurium were reduced by 3.3 and 0.7 log CFU/ml, respectively, after treatment with 10 ppm of chlorine and became nondetectable with 30 and 50 ppm of chlorine. In 8-h chilled water, the reduction of C. jejuni and Salmonella Typhimurium was <0.5 log CFU/ml with 10 ppm of chlorine and ranged from 4 to 5.5 log CFU/ml with 50 ppm of chlorine. Chlorination of chilled water did not effectively reduce the bacteria attached on chicken skins. The D-values of Salmonella Typhimurium and C. jejuni were calculated for the prediction of their survival or death in the poultry scalding and chilling.
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HAWKINS, J. L., B. VIMINI, J. G. SCHWARZ, P. NICHOLS, and S. PARVEEN. "Application of Antimicrobial Agents via Commercial Spray Cabinet To Inactivate Salmonella on Skinless Chicken Meat." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-248.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium is a food safety concern for raw poultry products. New and innovative application methods of antimicrobials for the reduction of Salmonella in poultry and poultry products are essential. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of three antimicrobial compounds against Salmonella on raw chicken meat when applied individually and in combination using a commercial spray cabinet. Raw chicken thigh meat inoculated with 5 log CFU/g Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 53647 was passed through a spray cabinet while being sprayed with 5% lauric arginate (LAE), 0.8% vinegar solution (VS), near-neutral electrolyzed water, or deionized water. The following three experiments were carried out: (i) exposure times of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s, (ii) storage at 4°C for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days after a 60-s exposure, and (iii) a combination of treatment with LAE and VS followed by storage at 4°C for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used to determine mean significant differences (P < 0.05). The experiment was carried out in duplicate for each replicate (n = 3 × 2). In comparing individual antimicrobials, the 60-s treatment time resulted in the greatest reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium, with LAE achieving the greatest reduction (2.07 log), followed by VS, near-neutral electrolyzed water, and deionized water (0.63, 0.56, and 0.53 log, respectively). After 3 days of storage, LAE significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Salmonella Typhimurium, by 1.28 log. The combination of VS and then LAE resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) greater reduction than using LAE followed by VS (1.61 and 0.93 log, respectively). The results of this study suggest that LAE is a viable compound to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium on raw chicken meat and that the order of application of antimicrobial agents plays a vital role.
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AL-Samarraae, Ikram A. A. "Evaluation of interleukins (2, 6 and 8) in immunized white rats by Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium and Cryptococcus neoformans antigens." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 41, no. 2 (February 25, 2018): 72–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v41i2.51.
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This study was designed to evaluate the levels of interleukins (2, 6 and 8) in immunized white rats by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium and sonicated Cryptococcus neoformans, and using ELISA in day 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 after immunization one hundred white rats of both sexes divided into five groups (20 rats for each). The first group was immunized by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium (9× 108 CFU /ml) and sonicated Cryptococcus neoformans (1000 µg/ml), The second was immunized by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium (9× 108 CFU /ml) and sonicated Cryptococcus neoformans (500 µg/ml). The third was immunized by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium (9× 108 CFU /ml) as positive control group, The fourth was injected 1 ml of phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2) as control negative group and fifth was immunized by sonicated antigens of Cryptococcus neoformans (1000 µg/ml). The results of IL-2 showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the 1st, 2nd and 3th groups compared with 4th and 5th group, while there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between 4th and 5th groups. Also IL-6 showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups in comparison with 4th group, while there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between the 1st, 2nd, 3rd groups and 5th group. In the IL-8 showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the1st and 2nd groups and between 3rd group and 1st and 2nd groups without significant difference (P≥0.05), also between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups and 4th group significant difference (P<0.05) and with a significant difference (P<0.01) between 5th group and all other groups (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th).
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LAPIDOT, ANAT, and SIMA YARON. "Transfer of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Contaminated Irrigation Water to Parsley Is Dependent on Curli and Cellulose, the Biofilm Matrix Components." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.3.618.
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Enteric pathogens can contaminate fresh produce, and this contaminated produce can be a significant potential source of human illness. The objective of this study was to determine a possible mode of transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium from contaminated irrigation water to mature parsley plants and to investigate the role of bacterial cellulose and curli. Parsley plants were drip irrigated with water containing green fluorescent protein–labeled Salmonella Typhimurium. Stems and leaves were harvested 1 day after the third irrigation and examined for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Three weeks after harvesting, the presence of Salmonella was again confirmed in the regrown plants. During this period, bacterial numbers on leaves declined from 4.1 (±0.3) to 2.3 (±0.1) log CFU g−1 (P < 0.05). Numbers in the soil were constant (5 log CFU g−1). Results demonstrated the ability of Salmonella Typhimurium to transfer from irrigation water to the edible parts of the plants. Confocal laser scanning microscopic images revealed that Salmonella Typhimurium formed aggregates at a depth of 8 to 32 μm beneath the leaf surface. Penetration might be achieved through the roots or the phyllosphere. The importance of the bacterial cellulose and curli was determined by comparing the wild-type strain with its mutants, which lack the ability to synthesize cellulose and curli. Counts of the double mutant were 2-log higher in the soil but 1-log lower in the leaves (P < 0.05). Deletion of the agfBA gene (for curli) was more effective than deletion of bcsA (for cellulose). Thus, curli and cellulose play a role in the transfer or survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in the plant, as they do for plant pathogens.
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Bazán R., Víctor, Sandra Bezada Q., Fernando Carcelén C., and Graciela Yamada A. "Efecto de la infección subclínica de Salmonella Typhimurium sobre los parámetros productivos en la producción de cuyes de engorde (Cavia porcellus)." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 30, no. 4 (February 4, 2020): 1697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v30i4.17274.
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Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la Salmonella Typhimurium sobre los parámetros productivos de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) se utilizaron 40 cuyes machos recién destetados, alimentados con una dieta base. Los cuyes fueron distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con 10 repeticiones cada uno. T1: solución salina (control); T2: solución salina + APC (antibiótico promotor de crecimiento); T3: desafío con Salmonella Typhimurium; T4: desafío con Salmonella Typhimurium + APC. La dosificación con solución salina o con una dosis infectiva de Salmonella Typhimurium (2 x 106 UFC) se hizo en el día 11 del estudio. Se evaluó la ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia, rendimiento de carcasa y la retribución económica. Se tomaron muestras al beneficio de órganos y de la carne para el estudio microbiológico. Los animales desafiados con Salmonella (T3 y T4) mostraron una menor ganancia de peso, mayor consumo de alimento y pobre índice de conversión alimenticia en comparación con los cuyes de T1 y T2 (p<0.05). El rendimiento de carcasa fue similar entre los cuatro tratamientos, mientras que la retribución económica en los cuyes de T3 y T4 fue afectada entre un 28 y 30%. Se aisló Salmonella de 2 muestras de pulmón y una de bazo en cuyes del T1, mientras que más del 50% de las muestras en cuyes de T3 y T4 se pudo aislar el patógeno. Solo se detectaron cuatro muestras con presencia de Salmonella en la carne (T3). Se concluye que los parámetros productivos y la retribución económica en cuyes se afectan negativamente por la infección subclínica con Salmonella Typhimurium.
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GE, CHONGTAO, CHEONGHOON LEE, and JIYOUNG LEE. "Localization of Viable Salmonella Typhimurium Internalized through the Surface of Green Onion during Preharvest." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-374.
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Internalization of pathogens poses a tremendous health risk in the consumption of raw fresh produce, because conventional washing cannot remove pathogens effectively after internalization occurs. We investigated (i) the pattern of Salmonella internalization in different parts of green onions when it was contaminated on their surfaces, and (ii) whether environmental factors (extreme weather) affect the extent of Salmonella internalization. Green onions were surface contaminated with three different levels of Salmonella Typhimurium (1, 3, and 5 log CFU per green onion). Each contamination group was irrigated with three different water volumes to mimic water stress and to determine if Salmonella Typhimurium internalization was localized in different parts of the plant. The plants were collected 2 days after contamination, and surface bacteria were inactivated with ethanol and silver nitrate. The plants were then cut into two parts, upper and lower. The internalized Salmonella Typhimurium in each part was visualized and confirmed with a laser scanning confocal microscope and was quantified with the plate count method and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results indicate that Salmonella Typhimurium can be taken up through the plant surface and transported from the upper to the lower part of the plant. The level of viable internalized Salmonella Typhimurium (plate count) was higher in the lower part than the level in the upper leafy part, especially when the leaves were contaminated with a high concentration of Salmonella (5 log CFU, P < 0.05), whereas the total internalized Salmonella Typhimurium (by qPCR) was higher in the upper part (P < 0.05) at the same contamination level. The discrepancy between these results suggests that most internalized Salmonella lost viability in the upper part but survived in the lower part. Water stress did not significantly change the extent of internalization in either location of green onion, whether detected via plate count or qPCR when the contamination occurred on the surface.
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Martínez-Téllez, M. A., F. J. Rodríguez-Leyva, I. E. Espinoza-Medina, I. Vargas-Arispuro, A. A. Gardea, G. A. González-Aguilar, and J. F. Ayala-Zavala. "Sanitation of fresh green asparagus and green onions inoculated with Salmonella." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, No. 6 (December 23, 2009): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/138/2008-cjfs.
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The absence of good agricultural and manufacturing practices in the production and postharvest handling of fresh produce, such as green asparagus or green onions increase the contamination risk by biological hazards like Salmonella. The objective of this work was to investigate the efficacy of chlorine (200 and 250 ppm), hydrogen peroxide (1.5% and 2%), and lactic acid (1.5% and 2%) sanitisers during different exposure times (40, 60, and 90 s) on the reduction of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> subspecie <i>enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium in inoculated fresh green asparagus and green onions. Washing with clean water only reduced < 1 log10 CFU/g in both vegetables. The most effective sanitiser evaluated for fresh green asparagus and green onions disinfection appeared to be 2% lactic acid reducing <i>Salmonella</i> growth close to 3 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g. Hydrogen peroxide was the least effective agent for <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium reduction. No effect was observed of the exposure time of inoculated product to sanitiser up to 90 seconds. These results confirm that lactic acid could be used as an alternative for fresh green asparagus and green onions sanitation.
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Xiao, Xingning, Biao Tang, Siyi Liu, Yujuan Suo, Hua Yang, and Wen Wang. "Evaluation of the Stress Tolerance of Salmonella with Different Antibiotic Resistance Profiles." BioMed Research International 2021 (September 14, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5604458.
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Disease caused by antibiotic-resistant Salmonella is a serious clinical problem that poses a great threat to public health. The present study is aimed at assessing differences in bacterial kinetics with different antibiotic resistance profiles under environmental stress and at developing microbial tolerance models in lettuce during storage from 4 to 36°C. The drug-resistance phenotypes of 10 Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolates were examined using the broth microdilution method. The results of 10 S. Typhimurium isolates in the suspensions showed that a slow trend towards reduction of drug-sensitive (DS) isolates in relation to the others though without statistical difference. Compared to DS S. Typhimurium SA62, greater bacterial reduction was observed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium HZC3 during lettuce storage at 4°C ( P < 0.05 ). It was likely that a cross-response between antibiotic resistance and food-associated stress tolerance. The greater growth in lettuce at 12°C was observed for DS S. Typhimurium SA62 compared to MDR S. Typhimurium HZC3 and was even statistically different ( P < 0.05 ), while no significant difference was observed for bacterial growth between MDR S. Typhimurium HZC3 and DS S. Typhimurium SA62 strains in lettuce storage from 16 to 36°C ( P > 0.05 ). The goodness-of-fit indices indicated the Log-linear primary model provided a satisfactory fit to describe the MDR S. Typhimurium HZC3 and DS S. Typhimurium SA62 survival at 4°C. A square root secondary model could be used to describe the effect of temperature (12, 16, 28, and 36°C) on the growth rates of S. Typhimurium HZC3 ( a d j − R 2 = 0.91 , RMSE = 0.06 ) and S. Typhimurium SA62 ( a d j − R 2 = 0.99 , RMSE = 0.01 ) derived from the Huang primary model. It was necessary to pay attention to the tolerance of antibiotic resistant bacteria under environmental stress, and the generated models could provide parts of the input data for microbial risk assessment of Salmonella with different antibiotic resistance profile in lettuce.
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CHUNG, MYUNG-SUB, YOUNG-TAE KO, and WU-SEON KIM. "Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Salmonella Typhimurium after Electron Beam and Gamma Irradiation of Refrigerated Beef." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.2.162.
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The radurization effects of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy on beef steaks inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas fluorescens were investigated during 8 days of storage at 5°C. Total bacterial counts and numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium and P. fluorescens were analyzed at 2-day intervals. Total bacterial counts of samples irradiated by both gamma rays and electron beam were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 3.8 to 5.3 log CFU/g. Salmonella Typhimurium was not detectable during the experimental period. P. fluorescens counts of beef samples irradiated by gamma rays at both 1.5 and 3.0 kGy were not detected; however, P. fluorescens in samples irradiated by electron beam at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy was recovered after 2 days, and bacterial counts reached 7.8 and 6.9 log CFU/g, respectively. Both gamma ray and electron beam irradiation reduced total bacterial counts initially, possibly extending shelf life. Irradiation was very effective in destroying Salmonella Typhimurium; however, P. fluorescens was not completely eliminated by electron beam irradiation. Consequently, gamma ray irradiation was more effective than electron beam irradiation in the destruction of P. fluorescens.
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Bazán R., Víctor, Graciela Yamada A, and Sandra Bezada Q. "Efecto de la Salmonella Typhimurium sobre la composición química y calidad microbiológica de la carne de cuy (Cavia porcellus)." Salud y Tecnología Veterinaria 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/stv.v10i2.4393.
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El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la infección con Salmonella Typhimurium sobre la composición química y calidad microbiológica de la carne de cuy (Cavia porcellus). Se utilizaron 30 cuyes machos de engorde que fueron distribuidos en 3 tratamientos con diez (10) repeticiones cada uno; T1: alimentación mixta + solución salina (control), T2: alimentación mixta y desafiados experimentalmente con Salmonella Typhimurium, T3: alimentación mixta + APC (antibiótico promotor de crecimiento) y desafiados experimentalmente con Salmonella Typhimurium. Los animales del T1 fueron dosificados vía oral con solución salina, mientras que los T2 y T3 fueron desafiados vía oral con una dosis infectiva (2 x 106 UFC) de Salmonella Typhimurium, por única vez el día 11 de iniciado el experimento. A pesar de manifestarse la enfermedad en los animales desafiados a Salmonella no se presentaron diferencias en la concentración de materia seca, cenizas y el extracto no nitrogenado de la carne, pero si mostraron diferencia (p<0.05) en la concentración de proteína y extracto etéreo en base seca. Los resultados microbiológicos mostraron la presencia de la Salmonella en los ganglios linfáticos, hígado, pulmón, bazo y vesícula biliar en los animales infectados experimentalmente. El uso de APC en T3 no mejoró la composición química de la carne de cuy.
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LAKE, I. R., I. A. GILLESPIE, G. BENTHAM, G. L. NICHOLS, C. LANE, G. K. ADAK, and E. J. THRELFALL. "A re-evaluation of the impact of temperature and climate change on foodborne illness." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 11 (April 17, 2009): 1538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809002477.
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SUMMARYThe effects of temperature on reported cases of a number of foodborne illnesses in England and Wales were investigated. We also explored whether the impact of temperature had changed over time. Food poisoning, campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, Salmonella Typhimurium infections and Salmonella Enteritidis infections were positively associated (P<0·01) with temperature in the current and previous week. Only food poisoning, salmonellosis and S. Typhimurium infections were associated with temperature 2–5 weeks previously (P<0·01). There were significant reductions also in the impact of temperature on foodborne illnesses over time. This applies to temperature in the current and previous week for all illness types (P<0·01) except S. Enteritidis infection (P=0·079). Temperature 2–5 weeks previously diminished in importance for food poisoning and S. Typhimurium infection (P<0·001). The results are consistent with reduced pathogen concentrations in food and improved food hygiene over time. These adaptations to temperature imply that current estimates of how climate change may alter foodborne illness burden are overly pessimistic.
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Dawan, Jirapat, and Juhee Ahn. "Variability in Adaptive Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium to Sublethal Levels of Antibiotics." Antibiotics 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121725.
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This study was designed to evaluate the adaptive resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium under continuous sublethal selective pressure. Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (STATCC) and S. Typhimurium CCARM 8009 (STCCARM) were sequentially cultured for 3 days at 37 °C in trypticase soy broth containing 1/2 × MICs of cefotaxime (CEF1/2), chloramphenicol (CHL1/2), gentamicin (GEN1/2), and polymyxin B (POL1/2). The STATCC and STCCARM exposed to CEF1/2, CHL1/2, GEN1/2, and POL1/2 were evaluated using antibiotic susceptibility, cross-resistance, and relative fitness. The susceptibilities of STATCC exposed to GEN1/2 and POL1/2 were increased by a 2-fold (gentamicin) and 8-fold (polymyxin B) increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, respectively. The MIC values of STCCARM exposed to CEF1/2, CHL1/2, GEN1/2, and POL1/2 were increased by 4-fold (cefotaxime), 2-fold (chloramphenicol), 2-fold (gentamicin), and 8-fold (polymyxin B). The highest heterogeneous fractions were observed for the STATCC exposed to CEF1/2 (38%) and POL1/2 (82%). The STCCARM exposed to GEN1/2 was cross-resistant to cefotaxime (p < 0.05), chloramphenicol (p < 0.01), and polymyxin B (p < 0.05). The highest relative fitness levels were 0.92 and 0.96, respectively, in STATCC exposed to CEF1/2 and STCCARM exposed to POL1/2. This study provides new insight into the fate of persistent cells and also guidance for antibiotic use.
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WONG, TECK LOK, CAROLYN NICOL, ROGER COOK, and STUART MacDIARMID. "Salmonella in Uncooked Retail Meats in New Zealand." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1360.
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A national quantitative survey of Salmonella in five types of uncooked retail meats in New Zealand was undertaken from August 2003 to May 2005 to establish baseline proportionality data. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in 1,108 meat samples was 1.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.9). Low prevalences of Salmonella in each meat type were observed, with 3% (1.2 to 6.1) in chicken, 1.3% (0.3 to 3.8) in lamb and mutton, 0.5% (0 to 3.0) in unweaned veal, 0.4% (0 to 2.4) in beef, and 0% (0 to 1.6) in pork. The Salmonella serotypes isolated were Salmonella Infantis from beef; Salmonella Typhimurium PT1 from unweaned veal and chicken; Salmonella sp. 6,7:k:−, Salmonella Enteritidis PT9a, Salmonella sp. 4,5,12:−:−, Salmonella sp. 4,12:−:−, and Salmonella Typhimurium PT160 from chicken; and Salmonella sp. 4:−:2 and Salmonella Brandenburg from lamb. Four of the isolates from chicken, Salmonella sp. 4,5,12:−:− (two isolates), Salmonella sp. 4,12:−:−, and Salmonella Typhimurium PT1, were very similar phenotypically and serologically to the attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain used in MeganVac1 for poultry. One lamb sample yielded a count of Salmonella Brandenburg of 4.24 most probable number (MPN)/g, while all other positive samples were <1.0 MPN/g. The results provide baseline proportionality data for Salmonella in retail uncooked meats that will contribute invaluably toward future risk assessment in light of other information, such as consumption data that can be used for risk characterization.
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FUTAGAWA-SAITO, K., S. HIRATSUKA, M. KAMIBEPPU, T. HIROSAWA, K. OYABU, and T. FUKUYASU. "Salmonella in healthy pigs: prevalence, serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance observed during 1998–1999 and 2004–2005 in Japan." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 8 (October 26, 2007): 1118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009570.
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SUMMARYTo determine prevalence, serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in healthy pigs, faecal samples from 6771 pigs on 73 farms collected during 1998–1999 and 2004–2005 were examined. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to 22 antimicrobials: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, cephaloridine, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, fradiomycin, colistin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Farm-level and pig-level Salmonella prevalences were 35·5% and 2·2% in 1998–1999, and 35·7% and 3·3% in 2004–2005. Prevalence by growth stage was 2·4% for sows, 3·3% for weaned pigs, 2·7% for fattening pigs and 3·8% for finishing pigs. The predominant serotypes identified were Agona (28·4%), Typhimurium (17·9%) and Infantis (16·4%) in 1998–1999, and Typhimurium (32·5%), Anatum (24·6%) and Infantis (13·5%) in 2004–2005. Compared with the 1998–1999 isolates, the 2004–2005 isolates showed significantly higher rates of resistance to all the antimicrobials except tetracyclines (P<0·01 to P<0·05) and resistance to ⩾2 antimicrobials [19·4% (13/67) vs. 39·7% (50/126), P<0·01]. This study provides national estimates of Salmonella prevalence in healthy pigs of different growth stages in Japan.
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FEDORKA-CRAY, PAULA J., SCOTT R. LADELY, J. STAN BAILEY, and NORMAN J. STERN. "Colonization of Broiler Chicks by Salmonella Typhimurium Definitive Phage Type 104." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1698.
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The prevalence of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has increased dramatically in recent years resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. Colonization and shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was studied in broiler chickens in two trials. In trial 1, 180 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 60 per group, n = 30 per replicate) were challenged with 106 CFU DT104 (wild-type isolate from poultry) or were commingled with a seeder chick challenged with 106 CFU DT104. In trial 2, 360 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 120 per treatment, n = 30 per rep) were divided into three groups. Chicks in the susceptible group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird of a pan-sensitive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Chicks in the resistant group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird DT104 used in trial 1. For both trials, a control group was not exposed to DT104, composite fecal samples were evaluated twice weekly for levels of Salmonella shedding and 20 chicks per group were necropsied weekly and their cecal contents were cultured. At hatch all groups were colonized with naturally occurring Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Mbandaka (trial 1) or Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Ohio (trial 2) prior to exposure to DT104. Throughout the study, the level of Salmonella spp. shedding in feces (trial 1 means 3.1, 2.9, and 3.0 log10 CFU per g feces for challenged, seeder, and control groups, respectively) or ceca (trial 2 means 2.9, 2.9, and 2.5 log10 CFU per g ceca for resistant, susceptible, and control groups, respectively)did not differ among groups. In trial 1, colonization of DT104 remained constant at higher levels in the challenged group (mean 87%, P < 0.01), increased over time in the seeder group (10 to 50%, P < 0.02) and was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Mbandaka colonization remained steady within each group with challenge and seeder groups maintaining higher levels of colonization than the control group. Salmonella Senftenberg colonization levels tended to decline (P = .058) over time in the challenged group (20 to 0%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.01) over time for both the seeder (80 to 0%) and control chicks (85 to 10%). In trial 2, the percentage of chicks colonized with susceptible DT104 declined (r = 0.90, P < 0.05) over the course of the trial from 45 to 0%, while recovery of the resistant DT104 persisted at a mean percentage of 27%. DT104 was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Ohio colonization levels tended to decline (r = 0.79, P > 0.05) over time in the control group (75 to 20%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) over time in both susceptible and resistant groups (40 to 10%, r = 0.82 and 55 to 5%, r = 0.85, respectively). Salmonella Senftenberg was recovered from the control group at low frequency throughout the trial and was not recovered from the other groups. For either trial, no apparent affect on morbidity or mortality was observed. Introduction of DT104 by commingling may induce colonization resulting in persistent high levels of shedding in flocks simultaneously with other Salmonella species.
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Grivas, Grigoris, Theano Lagousi, and Georgia Mandilara. "Epidemiological Data, Serovar Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Species in Children, Greece 2011-2017: A Retrospective Study." Acta Medica Academica 49, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.315.
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<p class="Default"><strong><span>Objective. </span></strong><span>This study aimed to describe <em>Salmonella </em>epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in Greek children over the period of 2011-2017. </span></p><p class="Default"><strong><span>Materials and Methods. </span></strong><span>A 7-year retrospective study (2011-2017) was performed, based on data recorded by the National Reference Centre for </span><em><span>Salmonella</span></em><span>, among children aged ≤14 years. Epidemiological data, serovar distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns were recorded. </span></p><p class="Default"><strong><span>Results. </span></strong><span>Overall, 2347 <em>Salmonella </em>isolates were collected (27 typhoid-paratyphoid). Salmonellosis cases increased by almost 2-fold in 2017 compared to 2011. The highest rates were reported in August, with infants being the most vulnerable group (17.9%). The majority of isolates were identified in stool samples (91%). Boys slightly outnumbered girls (~1.05:1). <em>Salmonella Enteritidis </em>was the most prevalent serovar (28.5%), followed by <em>Salmonella Typhimurium </em>(12.2%) and <em>Salmonella monophasic Typhimurium </em>(10.4%). Non-typhoid isolates displayed low resistance rates to 3</span><span class="A13"><span>rd </span></span><span>generation cephalosporins (1%) and ciprofloxacin (0.3%), while the corresponding resistance of typhoid isolates was 10% and 5% respectively. An increasing trend of <em>Salmonella monophasic Typhimurium </em>was recorded, associated with high rates of multidrug resistance, reaching a percentage of 97.8% in 2017.</span></p><p class="Default"><strong><span>Conclusions. </span></strong><span>Salmonellosis epidemiology in Greek children is comparable to previously published European data. Antimicrobial resistance rates to 3</span><span class="A13"><span>rd</span></span><span>-generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin for non-typhoid and typhoid-paratyphoid remain low. Notably, there is an increasing prevalence of <em>Salmonella monophasic Typhimurium </em>isolates, associated with multiple antimicrobial resistance.</span></p>
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Svensson, Mattias, Cecilia Johansson, and Mary Jo Wick. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium-Induced Maturation of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 6311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.11.6311-6320.2000.
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ABSTRACT Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) can phagocytose and process Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for peptide presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II molecules. To investigate if a serovar Typhimurium encounter with DC induces maturation and downregulates their ability to present antigens from subsequently encountered bacteria, DC were pulsed with serovar Typhimurium 24 h prior to coincubating withEscherichia coli expressing the model antigen Crl-OVA. Quantitating presentation of OVA epitopes contained within Crl-OVA showed that Salmonella-pulsed DC had a reduced capacity to process Crl-OVA-expressing E. colifor OVA(257-264)/Kb and OVA(265-277)/I-Abpresentation. In addition, time course studies of DC pulsed with Crl-OVA-expressing serovar Typhimurium showed that OVA(257-264)/Kb complexes could stimulate CD8OVA T-hybridoma cells for <24 h following a bacterial pulse, while OVA(265-277)/I-Ab complexes could stimulate OT4H T-hybridoma cells for >24 but <48 h. The phoP-phoQvirulence locus of serovar Typhimurium also influenced the ability of DC to process Crl-OVA-expressing serovar Typhimurium for OVA(265-277)/I-Ab presentation but not for OVA(257-264)/Kb presentation. Furthermore, pulsing of DC with serovar Typhimurium followed by incubation for 24 or 48 h altered surface expression of MHC-I, MHC-II, CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86, generating a DC population with a uniform, high expression level of these molecules. Finally, neither the serovar TyphimuriumphoP-phoQ locus nor lipopolysaccharides (LPS) containing lipid A modifications purified from phoP mutant strains had a different effect on DC maturation from that of wild-type serovar Typhimurium or purified wild-type LPS. Thus, these data show thatSalmonella or Salmonella LPS induces maturation of DC and that this process is not altered by the Salmonella phoP virulence locus. However, phoP did influence OVA(265-277)/I-Ab presentation by DC infected with Crl-OVA-expressing serovar Typhimurium when quantitated after 2 h of bacterial infection.
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KORSAK, NICOLAS, BENOÎT JACOB, BÉNÉDICTE GROVEN, GRÉGORY ETIENNE, BERNARD CHINA, YASMINE GHAFIR, and GEORGES DAUBE. "Salmonella Contamination of Pigs and Pork in an Integrated Pig Production System." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.7.1126.
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This paper describes the monitoring of Salmonella in a closed pig production system in Belgium over a 2-year period. A sampling scheme including animal feeds and carcasses was designed to cover the entire chain of production from farrow to finishing pigs. Salmonella was detected by a method based on the use of semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis as a selective medium. The serotypes of the isolated strains were determined, and the antibiotic resistance of these strains to six antibiotics was also investigated. Feeds were found to be more contaminated than expected (10.2%, 34 of 332 samples). The percentage of positive fecal samples for pregnant sows (8.1%, 11 of 135 samples) was significantly higher than that for young and lactating sows (2.9%, 11 of 378 samples) (P < 0.05). The percentage of positive samples for colon contents collected at the slaughterhouse (47.3%, 88 of 186 samples) was significantly higher than that for feces collected during the fattening stage (5.6%, 18 of 320 samples) (P < 0.001). For carcass swab samples, the observed prevalence was 11.2% (17 of 152 samples). On farms, Salmonella recovery levels were higher for overshoe samples than for fecal samples, except for pregnant sows. Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype (32.2%, 55 of 171 samples), while Salmonella Brandenburg was predominant in the colon contents collected at the abattoir (21.4%, 18 of 84 samples). Feeds harbored a wide diversity of serotypes of minor epidemiological significance. Of 55 isolated strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, 11 (20%) were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, choramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim, and nalidixic acid (R Type TeAmCSNa), while 12 (21.8%) were resistant to all of these antibiotics except nalidixic acid (R Type TeAmCS). The majority of Salmonella Typhimurium strains that exhibited resistance to more than four antimicrobial agents were characterized as Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 or as being closely related to Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 (7 of 12 isolates). In conclusion, our system of surveillance is effective in identifying most points of contamination in the production chain and will be useful in ongoing efforts to develop a Salmonella-free production system.
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Saito-Taki, Tatsuo, Sayoko Shimura, Tomoyo Kanesaka, Tsuyoshi Onogawa, and Hidero Kitasato. "Protective effect of IL-2 gene transfected cells against Salmonella infection in mice. (99.17)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 99.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.99.17.
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Abstract It is very hard to recover from lethal Salmonella infection in immunocompromized hosts by chemotherapy. Since the anti-bacterial activity of immunocompromized hosts is suppressed, immunomodulative therapy by immunostimulants such as adjuvant, cytokine, et al., is required. In this study, we used interleukin 2 (IL-2) as immunomodulator because IL-2 enhance cellular immune response via interferon γ production. As intracellular pathogen, Salmonella Typhimurium LT-2 infection induced Typhoid fever in mice. murine IL-2 gene transfered cell (C57/mIL-2) was prepared. Immunocompromized mice were inoculated with C57/mIL-2 cells before, simultaneous or after S. Typhimurium LT2 infection, and observed for 2 weeks about their viability. Protective effect of C57/mIL-2 was only observed cells were inoculated before LT2 infection. Now, more detail experiments to make clear the protective mechanisms by C57/mIL-2.
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LEE, SUN-YOUNG, KYUNG-MI YUN, J. FELLMAN, and DONG-HYUN KANG. "Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in Mung Bean Sprouts by Chemical Treatment." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.7.1088.
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This study was undertaken to compare the efficacies of chlorous acid (268 ppm), sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm), and lactic acid (2%) in eliminating total mesophilic microorganisms, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on commercial mung bean sprouts immediately after treatment and during posttreatment refrigerated storage. Treatment with sodium hypochlorite for 10 min did not reduce the total aerobic count. However, treatment with lactic acid and chlorous acid for 10 min initially reduced the total aerobic count by 0.6 and 0.8 log CFU/g, respectively, and maintained the same level or a lower level of the total aerobic count during the storage time. Treatment with chlorous acid reduced Salmonella Typhimurium from 5.0 log to undetectable levels (<0.48 log CFU/g), and the pathogen remained undetectable over a 9-day storage period. Treatment with lactic acid resulted in an initial 3-log reduction and further reduced the number of Salmonella Typhimurium cells to undetectable levels after 3 days. For L. monocytogenes, treatment with chlorous acid resulted in an initial 5-log reduction, and treatment with lactic acid resulted in a 2-log reduction at the beginning and undetectable levels after 9 days. When chemically injured cells were investigated by the selective overlay method, no statistical difference was observed (P < 0.05) between the number of injured cells recovered following treatment with chlorous acid and the number of bacteria counted on selective media, whereas sodium hypochlorite generated more injured cells than the other treatments did. These data suggest that treatment with chlorous acid may be useful in reducing total mesophilic microorganisms, Salmonella Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes in commercial mung bean sprouts.
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Papezova, K., H. Havlickova, F. Sisak, V. Kummer, M. Faldyna, and I. Rychlik. "Comparison of live and inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines containing different combinations of SPI-1 and SPI-2 antigens in poultry." Veterinární Medicína 53, No. 6 (June 24, 2008): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1858-vetmed.
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<I>Salmonella enterica</I> subsp. <I>enterica</I> originating from poultry and poultry products is responsible for the vast majority of human gastrointestinal disorders in Europe. For this reason different measures that seek to decrease its incidence in poultry including vaccination with inactivated vaccine continue to be tested. In this study we compared four different inactivated vaccines of <I>S</I>. Typhimurium in chickens which were enriched by SPI-1 or SPI-2 proteins that are central to <I>Salmonella</I> virulence. Six-week-old chickens were intramuscularly vaccinated, revaccinated at 9 weeks and challenged at 12 weeks of age. For two weeks post challenge faecal shedding was monitored. There was no significant difference in the performance of the four compared inactivated vaccines and all of them decreased faecal shedding during the first weeks post infection by 10–1 000× when compared with non-immunized control chickens. However, the level of protection provided by inactivated vaccines was much lower when compared with a live vaccine based on a <I>phoP rpoS</I> double deletion <I>S</I>. Typhimurium mutant which was included as an additional control.
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KIM, JONG-GYU, YONG-WOOK LEE, and HIDEHARU SHINTANI. "Reduction of Aflatoxins by Korean Soybean Paste and Its Effect on Cytotoxicity and Reproductive Toxicity—Part 2. Antigenotoxic Effects of the Methanol Extract of Korean Soybean Paste (Doen-jang) on Aflatoxin B1-Induced Bacterial Reverse Mutation and Chromosome Aberration." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.3.431.
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A bacterial reverse-mutation assay with Salmonella Typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100, and TA102 and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells were used to investigate the genotoxicity of the methanol extract of Korean soybean paste (doen-jang [dwen-jahng]) and its antigenotoxic activity against aflatoxin B1. The methanol extract revealed nonmutagenic potential for all of the bacterial strains tested. The extract significantly reduced the numbers of revertants per plate when it was added to the assay system with Salmonella Typhimurium TA100 (P < 0.05). The extract also exhibited significant inhibitory effects on chromosome aberration in CHL cells (P < 0.05). The findings of this work indicate that the methanol extract of Korean soybean paste could have strong potential as an antigenotoxic material.
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KATAOKA, AI, ELENA ENACHE, D. GLENN BLACK, PHILIP H. ELLIOTT, CARLA D. NAPIER, RICHARD PODOLAK, and MELINDA M. HAYMAN. "Survival of Salmonella Tennessee, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Enterococcus faecium in Peanut Paste Formulations at Two Different Levels of Water Activity and Fat." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 1252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-553.
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Long-term survival of heat-stressed Salmonella Tennessee, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Enterococcus faecium was evaluated in four model peanut paste formulations with a combination of two water activity (aw) levels (0.3 and 0.6) and two fat levels (47 and 56%) over 12 months at 20 ± 1°C. Prior to storage, the inoculated peanut paste formulations were heat treated at 75°C for up to 50 min to obtain an approximately 1.0-log reduction of each organism. The cell population of each organism in each formulation was monitored with tryptic soy agar plate counts, immediately after heat treatment, at 2 weeks for the first month, and then monthly for up to 1 year. The log reductions (log CFU per gram) following 12 months of storage were between 1.3 and 2.4 for Salmonella Tennessee, 1.8 and 2.8 for Salmonella Typhimurium, and 1.1 and 2.1 for E. faecium in four types of model peanut paste formulations. Enhanced survivability was observed in pastes with lower aw for all organisms, compared with those with higher aw (P < 0.05). In contrast, the effect of fat level (47 and 56%) on survival of all organisms was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Whereas survivability of Salmonella Tennessee and Typhimurium DT104 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05), E. faecium demonstrated higher survivability than Salmonella (P < 0.05). Salmonella survived in the model peanut pastes well over 12 months, which is longer than the expected shelf life for peanut butter products. The information from this study can be used to design safer food processing and food safety plans for peanut butter processing.
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EBNER, PAUL D., and ALAN G. MATHEW. "Effects of Antibiotic Regimens on the Fecal Shedding Patterns of Pigs Infected with Salmonella Typhimurium." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.6.709.
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An experiment was conducted to determine (i) the effects of antibiotic regimens on the shedding patterns of pigs infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and (ii) whether antibiotic resistance increases the incidence of pathogen shedding. The experiment involved 48 50-day-old pigs challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and receiving one of four antibiotic regimens including (i) intramuscular injection of ceftiofur sodium followed by inclusion of oxytetracycline in the feed; (ii) apramycin in the feed for 14 days followed by oxytetracycline; (iii) carbadox in the feed until pigs reached 35 kg followed by oxytetracycline; (iv) no antibiotics (control). Fecal samples were collected preinoculation, 2 and 4 days postinoculation (DPI) and at weekly and biweekly intervals thereafter to determine shedding patterns. Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from 2, 4, 7, 21, 42, and 70 DPI were analyzed for antibiotic resistance. A time effect (P < 0.05) was observed, indicating that the proportion of isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic varied over time. Overall resistance was determined to be 46% at 2 DPI and increased significantly (P < .05) thereafter. Treatment × time and antibiotic × time interactions were also observed (P < 0.05) as the percentage of isolates resistant to each test antibiotic increased over time. In no case did the development of antibiotic resistance result in an increased incidence of shedding of the original inoculate. The incidence of shedding was reduced in pigs receiving the apramycin–oxytetracycline treatment, when compared to control pigs; however, no differences were observed between antibiotic treatments.
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Mellou, Kassiani, Mary Gkova, Emily Panagiotidou, Myrsini Tzani, Theologia Sideroglou, and Georgia Mandilara. "Diversity and Resistance Profiles of Human Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. in Greece, 2003–2020." Antibiotics 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080983.
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Salmonella spp. is one of the most common foodborne pathogens in humans. Here, we summarize the laboratory surveillance data of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis in Greece for 2003–2020. The total number of samples declined over the study period (p < 0.001). Of the 193 identified serotypes, S. Enteritidis was the most common (52.8%), followed by S. Typhimurium (11.5%), monophasic S. Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- (4.4%), S. Bovismorbificans (3.4%) and S. Oranienburg (2.4%). The isolation rate of S. Enteritidis declined (p < 0.001), followed by an increase of the less common serotypes. Monophasic S. Typhimurium has been among the five most frequently identified serotypes every year since it was first identified in 2007. Overall, Salmonella isolates were resistant to penicillins (11%); aminoglycosides (15%); tetracyclines (12%); miscellaneous agents (sulphonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and streptomycin) (12%) and third-generation cephalosporins (2%). No isolate was resistant to carbapenems. In total, 2070 isolates (24%) were resistant to one or two antimicrobial classes and 903 (10%) to three and more. Out of the 1166 isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones (13%), 845 (72%) were S. Enteritidis. S. Enteritidis was also the most frequently identified serotype with a resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (37%, 62/166), followed by S. Typhimurium (12%, 20/166). MDR was most frequently identified for S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (resistant phenotype of ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphamethoxazole with or without chloramphenicol or trimethoprim).
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Wall, Samantha K., Jiayi Zhang, Marcos H. Rostagno, and Paul D. Ebner. "Phage Therapy To Reduce Preprocessing Salmonella Infections in Market-Weight Swine." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 1 (October 23, 2009): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00785-09.
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ABSTRACT Contamination of meat products with food-borne pathogens usually results from the carcass coming in contact with the feces of an infected animal during processing. In the case of Salmonella, pigs can become colonized with the organism during transport and lairage from contaminated trailers and holding pens, resulting in increased pathogen shedding just prior to processing. Increased shedding, in turn, amplifies the likelihood of carcass contamination by magnifying the amount of bacteria that enters the processing facility. We conducted a series of experiments to test whether phage therapy could limit Salmonella infections at this crucial period. In a preliminary experiment done with small pigs (3 to 4 weeks old; 30 to 40 lb), administration of an anti-Salmonella phage cocktail at the time of inoculation with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reduced Salmonella colonization by 99.0 to 99.9% (2- to 3-log reduction) in the tonsils, ileum, and cecum. To test the efficacy of phage therapy in a production-like setting, we inoculated four market-weight pigs (in three replicates) with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and allowed the challenged pigs to contaminate a holding pen for 48 h. Sixteen naïve pigs were randomly split into two groups which received either the anti-Salmonella phage cocktail or a mock treatment. Both groups of pigs were comingled with the challenged pigs in the contaminated pen. Treatment with the anti-Salmonella phage cocktail significantly reduced cecal Salmonella concentrations (95%; P < 0.05) while also reducing (numerically) ileal Salmonella concentrations (90%; P = 0.06). Additional in vitro studies showed that the phage cocktail was also lytic against several non-Typhimurium serovars.
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XIONG, HUA, YANBIN LI, MICHAEL F. SLAVIK, and JOEL T. WALKER. "Spraying Chicken Skin with Selected Chemicals to Reduce Attached Salmonella typhimurium." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.3.272.
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Aqueous Solutions of 5% and 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 0.1% and 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 1% and 2% lactic acid (LA), and 0.1 % and 0.5% grapefruit seed extract (DF-100) were evaluated in prechill spraying for reducing Salmonella typhimurium attached on chicken skins. Chicken skins were inoculated with S. typhimurium and then sprayed with the selected Chemical Solutions for 30 sec at 206 kPa and 20°C. After Chemical spraying, the skins were rinsed by spraying tap water for 30 sec. Each skin was stomached in buffered peptone water (BPW) for 1 min. The stomaching water was then diluted serially, inoculated onto both xylose lysine tergitol (XLT4) agar and Aerobic Plate Count (APC) Petrifilm™, and incubated for 24 hr at 37°C. The results showed that the numbers of Salmonella on the chicken skins after the Chemical spraying were significantly lower than those without spray (P < 0.05). The CPC reduced Salmonella by 1.5 to 1.9 log10, TSP resulted in a 2.1 to 2.2 log10 reduction of Salmonella, and DF-100 produced a 1.6 to 1.8 log10 reduction of Salmonella. The LA had a number of Salmonella with a 2.2 log10 reduction. The 0.5% CPC resulted a significantly greater reduction in Salmonella than 0.1% CPC. There were no significant differences in Salmonella reduction between different concentrations of the other three Chemicals.
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KIM, JANGHO, and DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL. "Influence of Catfish Skin Mucus on Trisodium Phosphate Inactivation of Attached Salmonella Typhimurium, Edwardsiella tarda, and Listeria monocytogenes." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.7.1146.
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This study examined the antimicrobial effectiveness of trisodium phosphate (TSP) on Edwardsiella tarda, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium attached to catfish skin with and without mucus. Salmonella Typhimurium and E. tarda attached more readily to catfish skin than did L. monocytogenes. At high inoculum levels (107 CFU/ml), TSP treatments (at 2 to 6%) for 10 min reduced bacterial counts of E. tarda by >2.5 to >3.3 log10 CFU per skin sample for firmly attached cells and by 3.5 to 3.6 log10 CFU per skin sample for loosely attached cells. Counts of L. monocytogenes declined by 0.6 to >1.8 log10 CFU per skin sample for firmly attached cells and by 1.2 to 2.2 log10 CFU per skin sample for loosely attached cells. Counts of Salmonella Typhimurium were reduced by 3.6 to >3.8 log10 CFU per skin sample for firmly attached cells and by 3.5 to >3.8 log10 CFU per skin sample for loosely attached cells. Overall, counts of firmly attached bacteria on TSP-treated skins with mucus were higher than counts on skin without mucus. Firmly attached L. monocytogenes was more resistant to TSP than was firmly attached Salmonella Typhimurium or E. tarda. The presence of mucus on skins slightly decreased the antimicrobial effect of TSP. Significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the numbers of all three bacteria can be achieved by treatment with 6% TSP for 10 min.
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Dykhuizen, R. S., R. Frazer, C. Duncan, C. C. Smith, M. Golden, N. Benjamin, and C. Leifert. "Antimicrobial effect of acidified nitrite on gut pathogens: importance of dietary nitrate in host defense." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 6 (June 1996): 1422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.6.1422.
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Dietary intake of nitrate generates salivary nitrite, which is acidified in the stomach, leading to a number of reactive intermediates of nitrogen, among which are the potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. Acidified nitrite, however, also has antimicrobial activity which coincides with the formation of nitric oxide. The present study examines the antimicrobial effect in vitro of acidified nitrite on Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sonnei, and Escherichia coli O157. First-order regression plots showed a linear inverse relationship of log-transformed proton and nitrite concentrations with MICs and MBCs after 30 min, 2 h, and 24 h of exposure (P < 0.001 for all antibacterial activities). Susceptibility to the acidified nitrate solutions ranked as follows: Y. enterocolitica > S. enteritidis > S. typhimurium = Shigella sonnei > E. coli O157 (P < 0.05). Addition of SCN-, but not that of CI-, increased the antibacterial activity (paired t testing, P < 0.001). Generation of salivary nitrite from dietary nitrate may provide significant protection against gut pathogens in humans.
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Alvarez-Jacobs, Jaime, Mireya de la Garza, and Manuel V. Ortega. "Biochemical and genetic characterization of l-glutamate transport and utilization in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 mutants." Biochemical Genetics 24, no. 3-4 (April 1986): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00502788.
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Lv, Xiaoye, and Jun-Hu Cheng. "Evaluation of the Effects of Cold Plasma on Cell Membrane Lipids and Oxidative Injury of Salmonella typhimurium." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030640.
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Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is a major causative agent of foodborne illness worldwide. Cold plasma (CP) was used to inactivate S. typhimurium and to investigate the effect of CP on cell membrane lipids and oxidative injury of cells. Results indicated that the inactivation effect of CP on S. typhimurium was positively correlated with the treatment time and voltage. S. typhimurium was undetectable (total number of surviving colonies <2 log CFU/mL) after 5 min treatment with the voltage of 50 V. CP treatment caused damage to the cell membrane of S. typhimurium and the leakage of cell contents, and the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane decreased. Cell membrane lipids were oxidized; the malondialdehyde content increased from 0.219 nmol/mL to 0.658 nmol/mL; the catalase activity of S. typhimurium solution increased from 751 U/mL to 2542 U/mL; and the total superoxide dismutase activity increased from 3.076 U/mL to 4.54 U/mL, which confirmed the oxidative damage in S. typhimurium cell membrane caused by CP treatment. It was demonstrated that the potential application of plasma-mediated reactive oxygen species is suitable for destroying the structures of the cell membrane and ensuring the microbial safety of fresh food samples.
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DHAKAL, JANAK, CHARLES G. ALDRICH, and CARL KNUEVEN. "Assessing the Efficacy of Sodium Bisulfate and Organic Acid Treatments for Control of Salmonella Typhimurium in Rendered Chicken Fat Applied to Pet Foods." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 11 (October 15, 2019): 1864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-560.
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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium bisulfate (SBS), lactic acid (LA), phosphoric acid (PA), and combinations of organic acids with SBS on Salmonella in rendered chicken fat and in water. The MICs of the antimicrobials individually and in combination were determined. Efficacies of the antimicrobials against Salmonella were tested in both media. The MICs of SBS, LA, and PA were 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25%, respectively. At the given concentrations in the water phase, 0.5% SBS was more effective (P < 0.05; 2.7-log reduction) than LA and PA at 0 h. SBS and LA were more effective (P < 0.05) than PA with >4-log reductions at 2 h and complete kill at 6 h. After 24 h, each of the chemicals completely eliminated the Salmonella. However, because of low recovery in the fat phase, Salmonella was not detected after 12 h and all three chemicals effectively reduced (P < 0.05) Salmonella at 6 h compared with the control. When combinations were used in the water phase, SBS plus butyric acid decreased (P < 0.05) Salmonella by >5.5 log CFU/mL after 12 h. The SBS+LA combinations were effective (P < 0.05) after 2 h. The combinations of SBS+PA resulted in ∼3.5-log reductions in Salmonella (P < 0.05) after 6 h. In the fat phase, except for the SBS+PA combination, Salmonella reduction was not different from that for the positive control. When SBS was combined with organic acids, Salmonella inhibition was achieved at a lower SBS concentration, indicating a possibly synergistic effect of these chemicals. These results suggest that inclusion of SBS or LA at 0.5% individually or a combination of SBS with organic acids could reduce Salmonella in rendered chicken fat contaminated by residual water encountered during storage and transport.
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TELLEZ, G., V. M. PETRONE, M. ESCORCIA, T. Y. MORISHITA, C. W. COBB, and L. VILLASEÑOR. "Evaluation of Avian-Specific Probiotic and Salmonella Enteritidis-, Salmonella Typhimurium-, and Salmonella Heidelberg-Specific Antibodies on Cecal Colonization and Organ Invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in Broilers." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.3.287.
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Salmonella Enteritidis colonizes the intestinal tract of poultry and causes foodborne illness in humans. Reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in the intestinal tract of poultry reduces potential carcass contamination during slaughter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an avian-specific probiotic combined with Salmonella Enteritidis-, Salmonella Typhimurium-, and Salmonella Heidelberg-specific antibodies on the cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler as well as on body weights. The treatment group was defined as chicks spray-vaccinated with Avian Pac Plus at the hatchery and given Avian Pac Plus for the first 3 days after placement. An intermediate treatment was given at 10 and 14 days, 2 days prior to vaccination and 2 days postvaccination. All birds were vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine, La Sota virus (one drop/eye) at 12 days of age. A final treatment was given 3 days preslaughter. The control group was defined as chicks not given Avian Pac Plus at any time. Six hours after oral administration of the probiotic suspension (treatment group) or water (control group) at placement, the chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. All chickens were orally inoculated with 0.25 ml of Salmonella Enteritidis that contained 4 × 107 CFU/1.0 ml. Cecal colonization and organ invasion were evaluated for Salmonella Enteritidis on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 41. The probiotic-treated group had a significantly lower concentration of Salmonella Enteritidis cecal colonization at days 3, 7, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 41 when compared to the nontreated, control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis from the internal organs (liver and spleen) when probiotic-treated and nonprobiotic-treated groups were compared. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean body weight between the two experimental groups at each collection period. These results indicated that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Heidelberg-Specific antibodies have a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of Salmonella Enteritidis in market-aged broilers.
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Searle, Laura E. J., Angus Best, Alejandro Nunez, Francisco J. Salguero, Linda Johnson, Ute Weyer, Alexandra H. Dugdale, et al. "A mixture containing galactooligosaccharide, produced by the enzymic activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum, reduces Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.004390-0.
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The prebiotic Bimuno® is a mixture containing galactooligosaccharide, produced by the galactosyltransferase activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171 in the presence of lactose. Previous studies have implicated prebiotics in reducing infections by enteric pathogens, thus it was hypothesized that Bimuno® may confer some protection in the murine host from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection. In this study, infection caused by S. Typhimurium SL1344nalr in the presence or absence of Bimuno® was assessed using tissue culture assays, a murine ligated ileal gut loop model and a murine oral challenge model. In tissue culture adherence and invasion assays with HT-29-16E cells, the presence of ∼2 mM Bimuno® significantly reduced the invasion of S. Typhimurium SL1344nalr (P<0.0001). In the murine ligated ileal gut loops, the presence of Bimuno® prevented colonization and the associated pathology of S. Typhimurium. In the BALB/c mouse model, the oral delivery of Bimuno® prior to challenge with S. Typhimurium resulted in significant reductions in colonization in the five organs sampled, with highly significant reductions being observed in the spleen at 72 and 96 h post-challenge (P=0.0002, <0.0001, respectively). Collectively, the results indicate that Bimuno® significantly reduced the colonization and pathology associated with S. Typhimurium infection in a murine model system, possibly by reducing the invasion of the pathogen into host cells.
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ROCCATO, ANNA, MIEKE UYTTENDAELE, VERONICA CIBIN, FEDERICA BARRUCCI, VERONICA CAPPA, PAOLA ZAVAGNIN, ALESSANDRA LONGO, PAOLO CATELLANI, and ANTONIA RICCI. "Effects of Domestic Storage and Thawing Practices on Salmonella in Poultry-Based Meat Preparations." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 2117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-048.
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Among consumer food handling practices, time-temperature abuse has been reported as one of the most common contributory factors in salmonellosis outbreaks where the evidence is strong. The present study performed storage tests of burgers, sausages, and kebabs and investigated (i) the effect of refrigerator temperatures (4°C versus 8 or 12°C, which were the temperatures recorded in 33 and 3%, respectively, of domestic refrigerators in Italy), with or without prior temperature abuse (25°C for 2 h, simulating transport of meats from shop to home), and (ii) the impact of the thawing method (overnight in the refrigerator at 8°C versus on the kitchen countertop at 23°C) on the presence and numbers of Salmonella bacteria. Storage tests were carried out on naturally or artificially (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium at ca. 10 CFU/g) contaminated products, while freezing-thawing tests were conducted only on artificially contaminated products (Salmonella Typhimurium at ca. 10, 100, and 1,000 CFU/g). The results from the artificially contaminated products showed significant (P < 0.05) growth of Salmonella Typhimurium at 12°C (i.e., from ca. 8 most probable number [MPN]/g to > 710 MPN/g) in kebabs after 7 and 10 days but more moderate growth in sausages (i.e., from ca. 14 MPN/g to a maximum of 96 MPN/g after 9 days of storage). Storage of naturally contaminated burgers or sausages (contamination at or below 1 MPN/g) at 4, 8, or 12°C and a short time of temperature abuse (2 h at 25°C) did not facilitate an increase in the presence and numbers of Salmonella bacteria. Thawing overnight in the refrigerator led to either a moderate reduction or no change of Salmonella Typhimurium numbers in burgers, sausages, and kebabs. Overall, this study showed that domestic storage and thawing practices can affect food safety and that time-temperature abuse can cause a substantial increase of Salmonella numbers in some types of poultry-based meat preparations, highlighting that efforts for the dissemination of consumer guidelines on the correct storage and handling of meats need to be continued.
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Helm, Emma T., Eric R. Burrough, and Nicholas K. Gabler. "198 An in vivo model to investigate the effects of host stress and Salmonella typhimurium infection on nursery pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.198.
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Abstract In animals, the sympathoadrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis release chemicals that can act on and alter host microbiota. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate if host stress (via adrenocorticotropin and catecholamine challenge) would increase the severity of a salmonella typhimurium infection. A total of 32 nursery pigs (7.6 ± 1.5 kg BW) were selected and split into treatment groups using a 2 x 2 factorial design to examine the impacts of stress hormone challenge, S. Typhimurium challenge, and their interaction. The resulting treatment groups (n = 8 pigs/treatment) were: 1) non-challenged controls (CON), 2) stress challenged, S. Typhimurium negative (CAT), 3) stress challenge negative, S. Typhimurium challenged (SAL), and 4) stress challenged, S. Typhimurium challenged (CAT+SAL). On days post inoculation (dpi) -1, the stress challenge was initiated and continued daily until dpi 4. The stress challenge consisted of an adrenocorticotropin injection (intramuscular, 0.2 IU/kg BW), a norepinephrine injection (intramuscular, 45 μg/kg BW), and an oral drench of L-DOPA (50 mg/kg BW). On dpi 0, pigs were inoculated with a field strain of S. Typhimurium. On dpi 5, plasma was collected and all pigs were necropsied for tissue collection. Plasma and colon samples were assayed for cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Colon contents and the ileocecal lymph node were cultured for S. Typhimurium. At dpi 5, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) and plasma cortisol tended to be increased (P = 0.077) due to stress challenge. However, only colon dopamine concentrations were increased (P = 0.050) due to stress challenge. Further, CAT+SAL pigs didn’t have increased colon colonization of S. typhimurium or increased translocation to the ileocecal lymph node compared with SAL pigs. This suggests that host driven stress may not specifically exacerbate the severity of an S. Typhimurium infection.
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Al-Samarraae, Ikram A. A. "The immune response of rabbits immunized by Salmonella typhimurium and Lactobacillus acidophilus." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v42i1.27.
Full textAbstract:
Antigens prepared from sonicated Salmonella typhimurium (KWCSA-ST) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (KWCSA-LBA) were used to evaluate synergistic effect on interlukine production (IL-2, IL-4) and Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) which were evaluated by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity-skin test at day 20 post immunization. Twenty five rabbits of both sexes, 2-3 Kg body weight, were divided into five equal groups; the first group immunized by KWCSA-ST (1000 µg/ml) and KWCSA-LBA (1000 µg/ml), the second group by KWCSA-ST (1000 µg/ml) and KWCSA-LBA (500 µg/ml), the third group by KWCSA-ST (1000 µg/ml) as positive control, the fourth group by KWCSA-LBA (1000 µg/ml) as positive control and the fifth group was injected by P.B.S. (pH7.2) as negative control group subcutaneously. The result of delayed type hypersensitivity showed an increase in the means of erythema and induration in the 1st group after 24hrs and 48hrs while the 4th group recorded the lowest mean after 24hrs and 48hrs. These means showed significant differences (P˂0.05) compared with injection by 1:2 and 1:4 diluted Ag. While the results of IgG showed that the highest concentration was at 35th day in the first group while the lowest concentration at 35th day in the fourth group with significant differences (P<0.05). Also the high concentration of IL-2, IL-4 was recorded in the first group at 35th day and the lowest concentration was in the fourth group at 35th day with significant differences (P<0.05); also the results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the 1st, 2nd, 3rd compared with 4th and 5th groups.
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ANDERSON, ROBIN C., YONG S. JUNG, CHRISTY E. OLIVER, SHANE M. HORROCKS, KENNETH J. GENOVESE, ROGER B. HARVEY, TODD R. CALLAWAY, THOMAS S. EDRINGTON, and DAVID J. NISBET. "Effects of Nitrate or Nitro Supplementation, with or without Added Chlorate, on Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in Swine Feces†." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.308.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of coincubating the active agent of an experimental chlorate product with nitrate or select nitro compounds, possible inducers and competing substrates for the targeted respiratory nitrate reductase, on concentrations of experimentally inoculated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and indigenous Escherichia coli were determined. Studies were completed in swine fecal suspensions as a prelude to the administration of these inhibitors to pigs. Results confirmed the bactericidal effect of chlorate (5 to 10 mM) against these fecal enterobacteria, reducing (P < 0.05) concentrations by >2 log CFU ml−1after 3 to 6 h of incubation. An effect (P < 0.05) of pH was observed, with considerable regrowth of Salmonella and E. coli occurring after 24 h of incubation in suspensions buffered to pH 7.1 but not in suspensions buffered to pH 6.5 or 5.6. A 24-h coincubation of fecal suspensions with 5 to 10 mM chlorate and as little as 2.5 mM nitrate or 10 to 20 mM 2-nitro-1-propanol, 2-nitroethanol, and, sometimes, nitroethane decreased (P < 0.05) Salmonella but not necessarily E. coli concentrations. 2-Nitro-1-propanol and 2-nitroethanol exhibited inhibitory activity against Salmonella and E. coli by an undetermined mechanism, even in the absence of added chlorate.
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Supian, N. A. M., N. N. A. K. Shah, R. Shamsudin, and A. Sulaiman. "Inactivation kinetics of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium NCTC 12023 in Chokanan mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit juice by aqueous ozone treatment." Food Research 6, no. 2 (March 27, 2022): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(2).204.
Full textAbstract:
Food processing industries worldwide focus on maintaining and enhancing food quality and security, particularly microbial food safety, to fulfil customer requirements. This study examined the efficacy of aqueous ozone on the inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium NCTC 12023 in Chokanan mango juice (MJ) diluted with distilled water (DW) ratios (100MJ:0DW, 75MJ:25DW, and 50MJ:50DW). The inoculated MJ samples were treated at 10, 20, 30, and 40 mins with ozone doses 0.33, 0.67, 1.00, and 1.33 mg/mL. The results showed that the Bx values and mango pulp presence in the various MJ samples interfered with the S. enterica ser. Typhimurium disinfection activity by ozone. The S. enterica ser. Typhimurium inactivation and the survival curves’ concavity are more reliably measured in the kinetic Weibull model. Validation of the Weibull model produced coefficient determination (R 2 ) of 0.94–0.99, RSME of 0.1 to 0.4, bias and accuracy factor of 0.7 to 1.4, and shape parameter p<1. A fast inactivation rate for 5-log reduction of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium was observed in 50MJ:50DW sample (24.82 mins, 0.82 mg/mL) and in 75MJ:25DW sample (28.39 mins, 0.95 mg/mL), respectively. However, in the 100MJ:0DW sample, the 5-log reduction was achieved at 36.39 min with an ozone dose of 1.20 mg/mL. Nevertheless, this study’s ozone dose range from 0.33 mg/mL to 1.33 mg/mL with a treatment time of 10 to 40 mins has proven to lower and achieved a 5-log reduction of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium in all MJ samples