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Academic literature on the topic 'Salmonella Typhimurium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Salmonella Typhimurium"

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Masdor, Noor Azlina, Azizah Abdul Talib, Noorshinah Hussin, Aseha Yahya, and Zamri Ishak. "Screening for the Presence of Salmonella typhimurium in Local Meat using Dot-Elisa." Journal of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology 2, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jemat.v2i1.88.

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Salmonella infections in commercial poultry have long been an industry concern and the subject of many investigations. Since poultry is a major food source, its contamination with salmonellae may result in the development of human illness. Salmonella typhimurium is one of paratyphoid Salmonellae most commonly associated with poultry. Thus, a detection assay for this bacterium is highly sought after. Detection of Salmonella typhimurium using monoclonal antibody is specific to only one epitope while polyclonal antibody has the ability to detect various serovars due to the presence of multitude of epitopes. In this study the production of polyclonal antibody was performed using rabbits immunized with formalin-killed cell lysate of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium ATTCÂ® 53648. The purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) was carried out by affinity chromatography and the purity of IgG was characterized by SDS-PAGE.The purified IgG was used to detect Salmonella typhimurium by the dot-ELISA method. The specificity of the dot-ELISA was investigated with different foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobactor jejuni which produced no significant reaction signal compared to Salmonella typhimurium.

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BROCKMANN, STEFAN O., ISOLDE PIECHOTOWSKI, and PETER KIMMIG. "Salmonella in Sesame Seed Products." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.178.

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In the context of an international outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 that was correlated to the consumption of halvah (“helva,” an Asian candy made from sesame seed), we examined several sesame seed products for the occurrence of Salmonella. Of 117 ready-to-eat food items containing sesame, we isolated salmonellae from 11 (9.4%) samples. In addition to finding Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 in the halvah involved in the outbreak, we also isolated different Salmonella Typhimurium strains out of halvah from other manufacturers and countries of origin, as well as Salmonella Offa, Salmonella Tennessee, and Salmonella Poona from sesame paste (tahini) and sesame seed, which is sold for raw consumption in cereals.

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AL-kafaji, Narjis Amer, Zainab R. Zghair, and MethaqGhlibAbd AL-Rubaie. "Pathological study of alcoholic plant agolanceolata crude extracts effect on some Salmonella species invitro and in vivo." Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 7, no. 1B (October 10, 2016): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2016/v7i1b4272.

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This study was designed to explore the pathological effect of alcoholic plant agolanceolata crude extracts effect on some Salmonella species invitro and in vivo study by using laboratory mice .plant agolanceolata crude extract were dealing in vitro study against some virulent bacteria including Salmonella typhimurium ,Salmonella typhiond Salmonella hadar. And using the concentrations (100,150,200,250 and 300) mg for plan tagolanceolata crude extract ,concentration at 300 mg and the highest inhibitory effect on the three types of salmonella ,when compared with the other concentrations .The pathological study of plant agolanceolata crude extract was done against the infection of Salmonella typhimurium as in vivo study by using white laboratory mice. Twenty four mice were randomly divided into six groups, each group contain four animals. First group was administrated orally o.3 ml of Salmonella typhimuriumof bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally for one week of infection. Second group administrated orally with 0.3 ml of bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally of Salmonella typhimurium for two weeks as infection. Third group administrated orally with 0.3 ml of bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally Salmonella typhimurium for three weeks as infection. Fourth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for one week daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Fifth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for two weeks daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. And sixth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for three weeks daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. The histopathological study showed pathological changes in theintestine of the first , second and third groups that infected with Salmonella typhimuriumbacteria, (sixfhgroup)no clear pathological changes were reported except some lesions. For all, the plantagolanceolata extract apparently has therapeutic effect whenused in high concentration invitro and for long time invivo.

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van Dissel, J. T., J. J. Stikkelbroeck, B. C. Michel, P. C. Leijh, and R. van Furth. "Salmonella-typhimurium-specific difference in rate of intracellular killing by resident peritoneal macrophages from salmonella-resistant CBA and salmonella-susceptible C57BL/10 mice." Journal of Immunology 138, no. 12 (June 15, 1987): 4428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.12.4428.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine whether the difference between the rate of intracellular killing of Salmonella typhimurium by macrophages of salmonella-resistant CBA and salmonella-susceptible C57BL/10 mice also holds for other salmonellae and other bacteria species. After in vivo phagocytosis, the initial rate of in vitro intracellular killing of S. typhimurium phagetype 505, S. typhimurium phagetype 510, and S. typhimurium M206 by macrophages of CBA mice amounted always to approximately 1.7 times the value found for macrophages of C57BL/10 mice (p less than 0.001), indicating that the difference in killing efficiency between CBA and C57BL/10 macrophages holds for various strains of S. typhimurium. However, some other salmonella species, i.e., S. dublin and S. heidelberg, as well as E. coli 054 and 02K1+, Listeria monocytogenes EGD and L347, and Staphylococcus aureus were killed equally efficiently by macrophages of both mouse strains. These findings indicate that the difference between the rates of intracellular killing by macrophages of salmonella-resistant CBA and salmonella-susceptible C57BL/10 does not hold for several other bacteria species and thus might be specific for S. typhimurium. Subsequent experiments showed that the in vivo proliferation of S. typhimurium 510 in the first 2 days after i.v. injection was 2.0-fold to 3.0-fold higher in the spleens and livers of C57BL/10 mice than in those of CBA mice, whereas the in vivo proliferation of S. dublin and S. heidelberg was between 1.0-fold to 1.4-fold higher in the C57BL/10 mice. These findings suggest that the differences between the rate of in vitro intracellular killing of salmonella by CBA and C57BL/10 macrophages are reflected in differences in the rate of in vivo proliferation of these microorganisms in CBA and C57BL/10 mice. To gain insight into the involvement of the oxidative metabolism of CBA and C57BL/10 macrophages in the difference in the rate of intracellular killing of S. typhimurium, the O2 consumption and H2O2 release by resident peritoneal macrophages was determined. The amplitudes of the respiratory burst and the release of H2O2 was identical in macrophages of the two mouse strains after triggering by either preopsonized heat-killed S. typhimurium or phorbol myristic acetate. These findings indicate that the mouse species-associated difference in the intracellular killing of S. typhimurium is not caused by a difference in the oxidative metabolism of CBA and C57BL/10 macrophages.

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Kazlow, Philip G., Jeffrey Freed, Joel R. Rosh, Mark Reiner, Renata Dische, Keith Benkov, and Neal S. LeLeiko. "Salmonella typhimurium Appendicitis." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 13, no. 1 (July 1991): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199107000-00019.

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Frayha, Rida A. "Salmonella typhimurium Bacteriuria." Archives of Internal Medicine 145, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1985.00360040063014.

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Kazlow, Philip G., Jeffrey Freed, Joel R. Rosh, Mark Reiner, Renata Dische, Keith Benkov, and Neal S. LeLeiko. "Salmonella typhimurium Appendicitis." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 13, no. 1 (July 1991): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1991.tb10299.x.

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SummaryA child with signs and symptoms of acute gastroenteritis developed localization of her pain to the right lower quadrant. A clinical diagnosis of appendicitis was made and an inflamed appendix was found at surgery. The postoperative period was marked by high spiking fevers and profuse nonbloody diarrhea. Cultures of the appendix and the stool revealed Salmonella typhimurium. Nontyphoidal Salmonella organisms are a rare cause of acute suppurative appendicitis. Intraoperative cultures of the appendix and peritoneal fluid as well as postoperative cultures of the diarrheal fluid were crucial in elucidating the cause of this patient's unusual course.

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ZHAO, TONG, MICHAEL P. DOYLE, PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY, PING ZHAO, and SCOTT LADELY. "Occurrence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104A in Retail Ground Beef." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.403.

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Surveillance data of cattle and human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 indicate that this pathogen emerged worldwide in the 1980s, particularly in cattle. Studies were conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in ground beef. Samples were also tested for the presence of generic Escherichia coli. A total of 404 fresh ground beef samples obtained at retail stores from New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Denver, Atlanta, Houston, and Chicago were shipped overnight to Georgia for processing. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 14 (3.5%) samples. Eight different serotypes were identified among the isolates, including Salmonella Typhimurium (5), Salmonella Lille (3), Salmonella Montevideo (1), Salmonella Hadar (1), Salmonella Meleagridis (1), Salmonella Cerro (1), Salmonella Kentucky (1), and Salmonella Muenster (1). Antibiotic resistance profiles indicated that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin, and tetracycline but that they were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Phage typing revealed that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were DT104A, a subtype of DT104. All five Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A isolates were obtained from ground beef sampled from retail outlets in San Francisco. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genomic DNA profiles of the five Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A isolates from ground beef were indistinguishable from those of four control Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 penta-resistant isolates from cattle that were used for comparison. A total of 102 generic E. coli isolates were obtained, only three of which were multi-resistant to antibiotics. In addition, three E. coli isolates were recovered from samples that were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A. No correlation of antibiotic resistance profiles was observed between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and generic E. coli, as two of the three E. coli isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics tested, and the third isolate was resistant only to cephalothin. These data indicate that Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A can be isolated from retail ground beef, and because there was little overlap in antibiotic resistance patterns between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and E. coli isolates from the same ground beef samples, these limited data suggest that the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among enteric bacteria in ground beef may not be common. This latter observation is further supported by the limited isolation of multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli from retail ground beef.

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GUAN, JIEWEN, MARIA CHAN, BÉATRICE ALLAIN, ROSEMONDE MANDEVILLE, and BRIAN W. BROOKS. "Detection of Multiple Antibiotic–Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 by Phage Replication–Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.4.739.

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A phage replication–competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PR-cELISA) was developed for the detection of multiple antibiotic–resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. In the PR-cELISA procedure, a phage, BP1, was inoculated into a log-phase bacterial culture at a ratio of 1:100. After a 3-h incubation of the mixture, BP1 replication was measured by cELISA based on the competitive binding between BP1 and biotinylated BP1 to Salmonella Typhimurium smooth lipopolysaccharide. Among the 84 Salmonella strains and 9 non-Salmonella strains that were tested by PR-cELISA, BP1 detected 39 of 40 Salmonella Typhimurium strains, 2 of 10 Salmonella non-Typhimurium somatic group B strains, and 5 of 18 Salmonella somatic group D1 strains. With the addition of chloramphenicol to the culture medium, PR-cELISA detected all 27 multiple antibiotic–resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and none of the other Salmonella strains or non-Salmonella strains tested. The results demonstrated that PR-cELISA has potential applications for the detection of multiple antibiotic–resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104.

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Springer, Sven, Tobias Theuß, Imre Toth, and Zsuzsanna Szogyenyi. "Invasion inhibition effects and immunogenicity after vaccination of SPF chicks with a Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere / Nutztiere 49, no. 04 (August 2021): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1520-1369.

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Abstract Objective Meat and eggs from chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis are considered to be an important source of Salmonella infections for humans. In order to control Salmonella infections in chickens, basic biosecurity measures are taken in combination with inactivated or attenuated live vaccines. Apart from an adaptive immune response, some live vaccines also induce innate immune mechanisms that prevent or inhibit systemic invasion with homologous Salmonella serovars. It is unknown whether these invasion inhibition effects are also directed against heterologous Salmonella serovars. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the adaptive immune response after vaccination with a Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine is also directed against other phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Material and methods Specific pathogen-free day-old chicks were vaccinated orally with a commercially available Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine. To test the invasion inhibition effect, the animals were challenged orally with a labelled Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Infantis strain 1 day after vaccination. To demonstrate the adaptive immune response against non-phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis strains and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain, the chickens were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis strains of phage types 1, 8 and 21 and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain (Definitive Type 193). After challenge, the abundance of the challenge strain in liver and cecal tissue was enumerated and compared with a corresponding control group. Results Findings showed that the live Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine inhibits systemic invasion after early infection with Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis. Furthermore, adaptive immunity against the tested non-phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis strains and the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain was demonstrated. Conclusion and clinical relevance The results of this study demonstrate that vaccination with the Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine significantly inhibits the invasion of Salmonella Typhimurium and Infantis. Furthermore, an adaptive immune response was also detected against non-phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis strains and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salmonella Typhimurium"

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Bergman, Molly Ann. "Host responses to Salmonella typhimurium infection in vitro and in vivo /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11503.

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Hone, David. "Construction of Salmonella vaccines /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh7721.pdf.

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Salam, Faridah. "Development of immunosensors for Salmonella typhimurium." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8193.

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The accidental contamination of Salmonella in raw and processed foods is a major problem for the food and feed industries worldwide. Rapid detection methods for monitoring and identification are required to solve the health and safety problems related to these pathogenic bacteria. Current detection methods require extensive sample preparation and prolonged assay procedures, thus, this research project focused on developing rapid methods which are capable of sensing these microorganisms at a high sensitivity level.

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de, Almeida Pereira Milton César. "Inflammasome signalling during Salmonella Typhimurium infection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283642.

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The innate immune system is the first line of defence against infection. It is comprised of physicochemical barriers and a variety of cell types including macrophages and dendritic cells. Pathogens express specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) which are recognised by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on macrophages to initiate an innate immune response. Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium express a range of bacterial PAMPs recognised by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) recognised by TLR-4 and lipoproteins by TLR-2. The activation of TLRs results in activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) to drive transcription of mRNA coding for pro-inflammatory proteins such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and pro-interleukin (IL) 1β. Myeloid cells also possess intracellular PRRs including the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family. NLR family CARD domain- containing protein 4 (NLRC4) and NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) are the main NLRs engaged in recognising S. Typhimurium infection, leading to formation of the inflammasome. The inflammasome is a macromolecular complex assembled in the cytoplasm, and usually contains a NLR, the structural protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and effector enzymes such as cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease (caspase) -1 and caspase-8. This structure is responsible for processing the cytokines pro- IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to their mature form and is involved in triggering a pro-inflammatory process of cell death termed pyroptosis. The formation of the inflammasome therefore results in cell death and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines which play important roles in controlling infections. Inflammasome activity must be tightly coordinated, as its dysregulation is associated with a variety of auto-inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. The signalling events leading to inflammasome assembly are poorly understood and the molecules involved in fine-tuning its activity are only beginning to be discovered. The aim of this thesis was to discover new molecules involved in inflammasome activation and/or in keeping its activity in check. To achieve this goal, I performed S. Typhimurium infection assays in primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) derived from C57BL/6 mice wild type (WT) and compared the resulting cellular viability, intracellular bacteria counts and IL-1β production to that of BMDMs derived from C57BL/6 mice lacking proteins involved with, or suspected to be involved with, innate immune activity. Amongst the proteins I studied, caspase recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) inhibited inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production. Multiple independent genome-wide association studies link this protein to inflammatory pathologies such as Crohn's disease, but its role in canonical inflammasomes was largely unexplored. To investigate how CARD9 inhibits inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production I have conducted assays in WT and Card9-/- BMDMs, including stimulation of specific NLRs with their purified ligands, infection with bacterial strains deficient in NLRC4 activation, and infection assays in presence of pharmacological inhibitors. By employing these approaches, I observed that CARD9 has a negative role on NLRP3-dependent IL-1β production. Specifically, in response to activation of the NLRP3 by Salmonella infection, CARD9 negatively regulates pro-IL-1β transcription, and decreases IL-1β processing by inhibiting spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-mediated NLRP3 activation and represses caspase-8 activity in the inflammasome. CARD9 expression is suppressed in the course of S. Typhimurium infection which may act as a mechanism to increase IL-1β production during the infection. In conclusion, I have established a connection between CARD9 and IL-1β production by the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome and elucidated some of the mechanisms involved in this process. I have also found evidence that other proteins are likely to be involved in inflammasome regulation and the elucidation of their roles will be addressed in future studies.

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Muddiman, Katie. "Functional characterisation of Salmonella Typhimurium CueP." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/functional-characterisation-of-salmonella-typhimurium-cuep(a9ded192-a63d-48f0-a34e-7d9a1ce0e011).html.

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Metals are used as cofactors for enzymes, but are toxic in excess. In order to avoid the deleterious effects posed by metals, the cell must employ strict metal homeostasis systems. One such system is the Cue copper-resistance system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) which includes the periplasmic copper binding protein CueP. Previous studies have shown CueP to be a major periplasmic copper-sequestering protein that has a role in supplying copper to, and thus activating, the periplasmic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase enzyme SodCII (Osman et al., 2013). SodCII protects the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS), due for example to the actions of the respiratory burst oxidase in host macrophages. However, despite its ability to sequester copper and activate SodCII, the precise physiological role of CueP in S. Typhimurium has remained unresolved since cueP mutants of S. Typhimurium strain SL1344 (the wild-type stain used in this study) do not exhibit a phenotype with respect to tolerance to copper or reactive oxygen species. In addition, the copper-binding mechanism of CueP and its interactions with other copper-binding proteins, including SodCII, have not been examined. An aim of this study was to establish a phenotype for a cueP mutant of S. Typhimurium with respect to copper and/or ROS tolerance. It was hypothesised that the possession of KatG (catalase) and multiple superoxide dismutases (SodCI, SodA and SodB), in addition to SodCII, by S. Typhimurium may confer functional redundancy with respect to copper and ROS tolerance. Hence mutants lacking katG (ÎkatG) or the various superoxide dismutase encoding genes (ÎsodA/ÎsodB/ÎsodCI/ÎsodCII) with and without functional cueP were generated. The ÎkatG mutants exhibited reduced catalase activity and reduced tolerance to hydrogen peroxide, consistent with the loss of KatG, however the additional loss of cueP did not reduce tolerance to hydrogen peroxide further. Similarly, tolerance to copper and extracellular superoxide was also unaltered in the ÎkatG/ÎcueP mutant. The tolerance of the various superoxide dismutase mutants to copper and various ROS was also unaffected by the presence or absence of CueP. To examine the role of CueP in SodCII activation in vivo, SodCII was over-expressed in S. Typhimurium (in a ÎsodA/ÎsodB/ÎsodCI/ÎsodCII background) with and without functional cueP and superoxide dismutase activity measured in both whole cells and periplasmic extracts. SodCII-dependent superoxide dismutase activity was successfully identified within the periplasmic extracts. However, surprisingly, the level of activity was unaffected by the presence 16 or absence of CueP and/or the addition of copper. It is possible that SodCII is thus able to scavenge sufficient copper for activity from the reagents used in these assays. Similarly, in an alternative approach to examine the role of CueP in vitro, both SodCII and CueP (WT and potential metal-binding residue mutant forms) were successfully over-expressed in E. coli and methods for their purification optimised (without the use of affinity tags). ICP-MS analysis indicated that a CuePC104S mutant contains > 18-fold less copper than the CueP WT protein. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase activity assays using purified proteins, indicated that the CuePC104S mutant was less able to activate SodCII than the WT CueP. Taken together, these results are consistent with a role for the Cys104 residue in copper-binding by CueP. Bioinformatics results suggest the presence of CueP or homologous genes in the presence of other bacteria, including pathogens such as Klebsiella, Yersinia and Shigella spp. Further understanding of the role of CueP and the systems used by S. Typhimurium to avoid both copper and ROS stress may inform the development of novel treatment strategies for bacterial diseases.

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Damiani, Igor Alexandre Campos 1988. "Estudo do efeito terapêutico de linhagens atenuadas de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium em modelos murinos de câncer." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317027.

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Orientador: Marcelo Brocchi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T04:43:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Damiani_IgorAlexandreCampos_M.pdf: 2676549 bytes, checksum: 95c7715f3b322149e80749501a5500a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Salmonella enterica Typhimurium é uma bactéria anaeróbica facultativa que apresenta tropismo por áreas tumorais. Esta interessante propriedade abre novas perspectivas em relação à pesquisa contra o câncer, pois há muito tempo buscam-se veículos seletivos para a eliminação de neoplasias. A inibição do crescimento tumoral e até mesmo seu total retrocesso foram observados em modelos murinos de câncer tratados com linhagens atenuadas de S. enterica. Além disso, seu potencial como veículo de moléculas antitumorais exógenas (vacina de DNA, RNAi, citocinas e enzimas, por exemplo) também foi descrito. No entanto, as linhagens testadas em humanos até o presente não induziram os mesmos efeitos observados nos modelos animais. Isto indica que estudos adicionais são necessários para otimização desta terapia, incluindo o teste de novas linhagens mutantes atenuadas de S. enterica....Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, a facultative anaerobic bacterium, presents tropism for tumor areas. This interesting property creates new perspectives in cancer research, in which great efforts have been done to seek a drug carrier that could selectively target and destroy malignant cells. Inhibition of tumor growth and even its total elimination were observed in murine cancer models infected by attenuated strains of S. enterica. Besides, its potential as a carrier of exogenous antitumor molecules (DNA vaccine, iRNA, cytokines and enzymes, for example) is also described. Nevertheless, when these strains were tested in humans, they did not induce the same effects observed in murine models. Thus, additional studies are needed to optimize this therapy, including the test of novel S. enterica attenuated strains...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Microbiologia
Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

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Wang, Liying. "Regulation of heme biosynthesis targets the key enzyme HemA by a mechanism of protein stabilization in Salmonella typhimurium." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=577.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 145 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Ohlson, Maikke B. "Characterization of the intracellular activities of SseJ and SifA, two Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium type III secretion effector proteins /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11485.

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Brahmbhatt, Himanshu N. "Cloning and molecular characterization of the rfb gene cluster from Salmonella typhimurium LT2 /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb813.pdf.

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Tai, Chia-Hui. "Kinetic and Chemical Mechanism of O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase-B from Salmonella Typhimurium." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279064/.

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Initial velocity studies of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-B (OASS-B) from Salmonella typhimurium using both natural and alternative substrates suggest a Bi Bi ping pong kinetic mechanism with double substrate competitive inhibition. The ping pong mechanism is corroborated by a qualitative and quantitative analysis of product and dead-end inhibition. Product inhibition by acetate is S-parabolic noncompetitive, indication of a combination of acetate with E followed by OAS. These data suggest some randomness to the OASS-B kinetic mechanism. The pH dependence of kinetic parameters was determined in order to obtain information on the acid-base chemical mechanism for the OASS-B reaction. A mechanism is proposed in which an enzyme general base accepts a proton from α-amine of O-acetylserine, while a second enzyme general base acts by polarizing the acetyl carbonyl assisting in the β-elimination of the acetyl group of O-acetylserine. The ε-amine of the active site lysine acts as a general base to abstract the α-proton in the β-elimination of acetate. At the end of the first half reaction the ε-amine of the active site lysine that formed the internal Schiff base and the general base are protonated. The resulting α-aminoacrylate intermediate undergoes a Michael addition with HS‾ and the active site lysine donates its proton to the α-carbon to give cysteine and regenerate enzyme to start the second half reaction. In addition, substrate specificity, stereochemistry of the internal Schiff base at C4', and sequence around active site lysine of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-A have been determined. The [4'-^3H]pyridoxamine generated by reduction of the internal Schiff base with sodium [^3H]borohydride retained most of its tritium after incubation with apoaspartate aminotransferase. These results agree with the hypothesis put forth by Dunathan (Dunathan, 1971; Dunathan and Voet, 1974) that a single surface (Re face) of the active site PLP is accessible to solvent. The sequence around the active site lysine is AsnProSerPheSerValLysCysArg.

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Books on the topic "Salmonella Typhimurium"

1

Lemoine, V. Rodríguez. Herencia extracromosómica en Salmonella typhimurium. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, 1991.

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Dahlfors, Agneta A. Richter. Regulation of the cobalamin biosynthetic genes in Salmonella typhimurium. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 1994.

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Morgan, Eirwen. Direct search for salmonella serotype Typhimurium gut invasins. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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1931-, Neidhardt Frederick C., ed. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and molecular biology. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology, 1987.

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Franchet, Nicola. Physiological fitness and survival behaviour of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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Ortmann, Reinhard. Immunisierungsversuche mit der Salmonella typhimurium-Lebendvakzine Salmoporc zur Bekämpfung von Salmonellen-Infektionen in Ferkelerzeugerbetrieben. Hannover: [s.n.], 1999.

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Smith, Bradley Michael. Fate of Salmonella typhimurium and total coliforms during bacterial leaching. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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Worton, Kim Julie. Studies on the association of Salmonella typhimurium with intestinal mucosae. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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Kiessling, Dagmar. Isolierung von L-Formen aus Tauben (Columba livia, Gmel. 1789) und deren Eiern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen. München: Institut für Gefl̈gelkrankheiten der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität?, 1989.

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Wallis, T. S. Experimental studies on the induction of fluid secretion by Salmonella typhimurium. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Salmonella Typhimurium"

1

Liu, Shu-Lin, Andrew Hessel, Michael McClelland, and Kenneth E. Sanderson. "Salmonella typhimurium." In Bacterial Genomes, 737–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6369-3_78.

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Stephen, John, Iqbal I. Amin, and Gillian R. Douce. "Experimental Salmonella typhimurium — Induced Gastroenteritis." In Biology of Salmonella, 199–209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2854-8_23.

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Eynard, Natalie. "Electrotransformation of Salmonella typhimurium." In Electrotransformation of Bacteria, 66–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04305-9_7.

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Bäumler, A. J., R. M. Tsolis, and F. Heffron. "Fimbrial Adhesins of Salmonella Typhimurium." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 149–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1828-4_23.

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Rhen, Mikael, Suvi Taria, Soila Sukupolvi, Marita Virtanen, and P. Helena Makela. "The Salmonella Typhimurium Virulence Plasmid." In Microbial Surface Components and Toxins in Relation to Pathogenesis, 107–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8995-8_13.

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Cooper, Stephen, David Gally, Yuko Suneoka, Melissa Penwell, Kelly Caldwell, and Kelvin Bray. "Peptidoglycan Synthesis in Salmonella Typhimurium." In Bacterial Growth and Lysis, 161–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9359-8_18.

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Forster, R., and R. D. Gwilliam. "Reverse Mutation in Salmonella typhimurium." In Comparative Genetic Toxicology, 55–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07901-8_6.

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Dorman, Charles J., and Niamh Ní Bhriain. "Coordination of Gene Expression in Pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium." In Biology of Salmonella, 51–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2854-8_7.

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Coulson, Nick M., and Richard W. Titball. "Expression of Bacillus Anthracis Protective Antigen in Salmonella Typhimurium." In Biology of Salmonella, 419–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2854-8_53.

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Rabsch, Wolfgang. "Salmonella Typhimurium Phage Typing for Pathogens." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 177–211. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-512-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Salmonella Typhimurium"

1

Silva, Gabriela Gomes Carvalho da, KEMILLE MARQUES BRANDÃO, EMERSSON ALVES VIANA, and CRISTIANE LOPES MAZZINGHY. "IMPACTOS DA SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS E SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM NA SAÚDE PÚBLICA." In I Congresso Brasileiro On-line One Health. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/i-onehealth/10077.

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Jordan, D., T. Kaiser, and G. Cline. "Efficacy of a Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Choleraesuis experimental combination vaccine against S. Typhimurium challenge in growing pigs." In 10th International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-921.

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Đurović, Vesna, Sofija Radenković, Leka Mandić, Mirjana Radovanović, Marijana Pešaković, Ivana Bošković, and Dragutin Đukić. "ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA L. LEAF EXTRACTS." In 2nd International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt29.53vdj.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological activities of the extracts obtained from leaf of Ziziphus jujuba. To reach this purpose, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, as well as antibacterial activity extracts were evaluated. The content of total phenols in leaf ranged from 22.71 to 28.69 mg GAE/g, the total content of flavonoids ranged from 5.15 mg RE/g to 8.25 mg RE/g depending on the applied extraction method. All extracts showed very high antioxidant activity. The ethanol extracts of Ziziphus jujuba leaf were screened for antibacterial activities against Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aerogenes using microdilution method. Furthermore, the highest antibacterial activity was observed against Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. The present results suggested the promising antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Ziziphus jujuba leaf extracts, which can be used in the fabrication of functional bioactive ingredients for different purposes.

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Waiwijit, Uraiwan, Kata Jaruwongrungsee, Nipa Chokesajjawatee, Jurairat Promjai, Tanom Lomas, Pornpimol Sritongkham, and Adisorn Tuantranont. "QCM-Based DNA biosensor for Salmonella typhimurium detection." In 2012 IEEE International Conference of Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edssc.2012.6482844.

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Gao, Xuefeng, Sabin Tabirca, and Mark Tangney. "Computer simulation of Salmonella typhimurium accumulation within tumors." In the 9th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2037509.2037526.

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Anderson, Timoty J., Toni L. Poole, Robin C. Anderson, and David J. Nisbet. "Persistence of Salmonella typhimurium in porcine gut microflora." In Sixth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-782.

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Isaacson, Richard E. "Research on Persistent Colonization of Pigs by Salmonella typhimurium and the Effects of Transportation Related Stress on Shedding of Salmonella typhimurium." In Seventh International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-150.

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Kim, Won Il, Byoung Yeal Jung, Kyu Tae Kim, Kwang Hyun Cho, Ryun Bin Tak, and Bong Hwan Kim. "Detection of multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 by multiplex PCR." In Fourth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Food Borne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-1195.

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Xiao-Li Su, Zhenyu Zhang, Byungchul Kim, and Yanbin Li. "Capillary Immunosensing System for Rapid Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.14182.

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Sun, Jizhou, Shanhong Xia, Chao Bian, and Lan Qu. "Micro amperometric immunosensor for the detection of salmonella typhimurium." In International Conference of Optical Instrument and Technology, edited by Zhaoying Zhou, Shanhong Xia, Chih-Ming Ho, and Helmut Seidel. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.807108.

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Reports on the topic "Salmonella Typhimurium"

1

Olsen, Eric V., Iryna B. Sorokulova, I.-Hsuan Chen, Ben Fiebor, and James M. Barbaree. Landscape Phage Probes for Salmonella Typhimurium. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426603.

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Andrews, Paul W., Raymond R. Tice, and Diane Satterfield. Salmonella Typhimurium Microsome Reverse Mutation Assay. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589278.

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Boury, Nancy M., N. K. Lee, and D. L. Hank Harris. Use of bacteriophage Felix01, HL18 and HL03 to reduce Salmonella enterica Typhimurium burden in mice. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1089.

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Amaya Gómez, Carol Viviana, Liz Alejandra Uribe Gutiérrez, Sabrina del Carmen Jiménez Velásquez, Geraldine Tibasosa Rodriguez, and Deisy Lisseth Toloza Moreno. Actividad antagónica de la colección de mohos del banco de germoplasma de AGROSAVIA frente a bacterias enteropatogénicas resistentes a antibióticos. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2018.3.

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La colección de mohos del Banco de Germoplasma de Microorganismos de AGROSAVIA (BGMA) tiene actividad biocontroladora contra insectos plaga que afectan cultivos comerciales, sin embargo, existe un limitado conocimiento acerca de su potencial para controlar el crecimiento de enterobacterias como Escherichia coli O157 y Salmonella typhimurium presentes en alimentos contaminados. En este estudio se inició la caracterización de la actividad antagónica de 100 mohos de 25 géneros diferentes, aislados en 16 departamentos de Colombia. Para determinar la actividad antagonista, los mohos y los patógenos se crecieron en medio de ciente en hierro (IDM) y medio R2A. La cepa Mt008 presentó mayor actividad antagónica frente a E. coli O157 en R2A y S. typhimurium en IDM. Mt009 y Nm010 presentaron mayor actividad antagónica frente a E. coli O157 y S. typhimurium en IDM y menor actividad en R2A. Los resultados sugieren que la actividad antagónica exhibida por los mohos podría estar infuenciada por la composición del medio y la presencia del patógeno.

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Michaelsen, A. R., and Joseph G. Sebranek. Microbial Inhibitors Combined with Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Improved Control of Salmonella Typhimurium on Pork Products. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1117.

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Kudra, Li, Joseph G. Sebranek, James S. Dickson, Aubrey F. Mendonca, Armitra Jackson-Davis, Qijing Zhang, Kenneth J. Prusa, and Zheng Lu. Controlling Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobactor jejuni, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Meat Products by Irradiation Combined with Modified Atmosphere Packaging. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-13.

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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.

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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.

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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.

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Song, Jian, and Paul E. Kirby. Evaluation of a Test Article in the Salmonella typhimurium/Ecscherichia coli Plate Incorporation Mutation Assay in the Presence and Absence of Induced Rat Liver S-9. Test Article: Ethylenediamine Dinitrate (EDDN). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada518253.

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Song, Jian. Evaluation of a Test Article in the Salmonella typhimurium/Escherichia coli Plate Incorporation Mutation Assay in the Presence and Absence of Induced Rat Liver S-9. Test Article 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazol-5-one (NTO). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada518833.

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