Journal articles: 'Salmon'

1

Álvarez, David, and Eva Garcia-Vazquez. "Maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) via postzygotic barriers and paternal effects." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 4 (April 2011): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-004.

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At the southern European edge of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) distribution, all the hybrids found in nature are the product of crosses between female salmon and male brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). By artificially producing reciprocal crosses between salmon and trout, we demonstrate that unidirectional hybridization observed in nature is the result of postzygotic barriers that produce very high mortality rates (95%) in female trout × male salmon hybrids and not the consequence of prezygotic isolation or behavioural differences between the two species. Mortality of female trout × male salmon hybrids mainly occurs during the last phases of development, and a high percentage of these surviving hybrids showed external deformities that could compromise survival in the wild. Another important finding is the existence of paternal factor in embryo development. Using time to midhatch as an indicator of developmental rate, female salmon × male trout hybrids hatched faster than female trout × male salmon hybrids, with both developing at a rate intermediate to the pure crosses. The early emergence of female salmon × male trout hybrids, which have similar survival to pure salmons, could have fitness repercussions, since early emerging fry have a competitive advantage over later emerging fry.

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Alekseev, M. Yu. "The Role of Respawning Individuals in the Reproduction of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar (Salmonidae). Mathematical Simulation." Вопросы ихтиологии 63, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0042875223020017.

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Analysis of long-term fishing and biological data has made it possible to determine the proportion of respawning individuals (the “remainder”) in populations of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar inhabiting large rivers of the Kola Peninsula. The contribution of respawning individuals to the dynamics of the Atlantic salmon population was assessed using the mathematical simulation model. It is shown that the model population becomes more resistant to fishing with increase in the “remainder” proportion; however, the influence of such individuals on the population dynamics is noticeable only when their relative number is more than 5% in the spawning population. The results of different model experiments are interpreted. The role of respawning salmons may be determined not so much by their quantitative contribution to the reproduction process as by the maintenance of the genetic diversity of the population within the reproductive strategy characteristic of the Atlantic salmon

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Youngson, A. F., J. H. Webb, C. E. Thompson, and D. Knox. "Spawning of Escaped Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Hybridization of Females with Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-221.

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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and F1 hybrids between Atlantic salmon and brown trout (Salmo trutta) were distinguished among juvenile salmonids sampled at emergence from rivers in western and northern Scotland. Hybrids were present in samples obtained from seven of the 16 rivers examined. Salmon fry and hybrid fry that were demonstrably the progeny of female salmon that had escaped from fish farms were identified by detecting the presence of maternal canthaxanthin, a synthetic flesh colorant, in the juveniles' pigment load. Canthaxanthin was detected in 101 (4%) of the 2350 salmon and eight (35%) of the 23 hybrids examined. The difference in the frequencies of salmon and hybrids carrying canthaxanthin was significant. Escaped female salmon hybridized with trout more frequently than did wild females.

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4

Zaporozhets, G. V., and O. M. Zaporozhets. "State of stocks of pacific salmons in the basin of Avacha Bay (southeastern Kamchatka) in 1985–2019." Izvestiya TINRO 200, no. 2 (July 5, 2020): 334–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-334-363.

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State of pacific salmon stocks is considered for the basins of the Avacha and Paratunka Rivers in 1985–2019. Significant decline of the stocks is noted that is associated with anthropogenic impact growth. Total number of producers for five salmon species in the Paratunka is almost twice higher than in the Avacha, with the largest portion of pink salmon, then chum salmon, lower portion of coho salmon, and the smallest portions of sockeye and chinook salmons, which need special protection. The main biological parameters of salmons are analyzed for both rivers, as body length, weight, fecundity, sex ratio and age structure, by species. Relationships between the parameters are revealed; their long-term trends are determined. Abundance of wildly and artificially hatched chum salmon is compared.

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5

Bui, Samantha, Elina Halttunen, Agnes M. Mohn, Tone Vågseth, and Frode Oppedal. "Salmon lice evasion, susceptibility, retention, and development differ amongst host salmonid species." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 3 (December 12, 2017): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx222.

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Abstract With different ecological characteristics amongst salmonid species, their response to parasitic infestation is likely to vary according to their spatial and temporal overlap with the parasite. This study investigated the host–parasite interactions amongst three species of salmonids and the ectoparasitic salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. To determine any variation in infestation parameters amongst salmonids, single population groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha), and previously-infested and naïve sea trout (Salmo trutta) were exposed to a controlled infestation challenge. We found that chinook salmon and both sea trout groups were more susceptible to acquiring lice than Atlantic salmon. Behavioural responses during infestation were more pronounced in Atlantic and chinook salmon. Parasite development was similar in lice attached to Atlantic salmon and sea trout, but hindered on chinook salmon. At 16 days post-infestation, chinook salmon had reduced lice loads to the same level as Atlantic salmon, whilst sea trout retained their lice. These results demonstrate differences in interactions with L. salmonis amongst these species, and highlight the vulnerability of sea trout to infestation.

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Glover, K. A., Ø. Skaala, F. Nilsen, R. Olsen, A. J. Teale, and J. B. Taggart. "Differing susceptibility of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)) infection." ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, no. 5 (January 1, 2003): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00088-2.

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Abstract Three Norwegian sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) stocks and a farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock were challenged with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)), in a “common garden” experiment. Sea trout from the River Guddal exhibited a significantly lower level of infection, as measured by louse abundance and louse density, than other stocks. In addition, salmon lice developed significantly more slowly on the Guddal stock than on the other stocks. Salmon louse abundance and density were similar for the Rivers Fortun and Sima stocks of sea trout, and abundance of lice, though not density, was highest for farmed Atlantic salmon. Within stocks, there were no differences in infection levels of salmon louse between mature and immature fish, between sexes, or between anal-fin-clipped and non-clipped salmon. Differences in infection level among the sea trout stocks may, it is suggested, reflect genetic differences.

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7

Gausen, D., and V. Moen. "Large-Scale Escapes of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) into Norwegian Rivers Threaten Natural Populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-055.

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We present data on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which show that escaped farmed salmon enter Norwegian rivers in great numbers. Escaped farmed salmon comprised a substantial proportion of the mature salmon present on the spawning grounds in autumn. A potential for large-scale genetic introgression thus exists. The sex ratios, length distributions, and times of ascent of wild and farmed salmon differed significantly, reflecting major variations in biology and behavior. High proportions of farmed salmon (> 20%) were found only in rivers having fish farms situated closer than 20 km from the outlet.

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8

Abuín, M., P. Martínez, L. Sánchez, C. Clabby, F. Flavin, N. P. Wilkins, J. A. Houghton, R. Powell, and U. Goswami. "A NOR-associated repetitive element present in the genome of two Salmo species (salmo salar and Salmo trutta)." Genome 39, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-085.

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A repetitive element was isolated from the genome of Atlantic salmon. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the existence of variant monomers that range in length from approximately 200 to 230 bp. Repeat monomers contain regions of cryptic simplicity, internal repetition, and long direct repeats with deletions and insertions between individual units. The repetitive element was shown to have a tandem unit arrangement and was estimated to occupy between two and three percent of the Atlantic salmon genome. Southern blot analysis revealed the repetitive element to be unique to Atlantic salmon and brown trout species. In situ hybridization analysis showed this element to be localized at the main nucleolar organizer region bearing chromosomes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), AS cell line (derived from S. salar), and brown trout (Salmo trutta). Key words : Atlantic salmon, brown trout, AS cell line, repeat DNA, NOR.

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9

Muzzall, Patrick M. "Endohelminths of salmonids from two localities in eastern Lake Michigan, with emphasis on Echinorhynchus salmonis." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-227.

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Adult salmonids (101 chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; 7 coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; 56 lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush; 6 steelhead, Salmo gairdneri; and 2 brown trout, Salmo trutta) were collected from eastern Lake Michigan (Ludington and Manistee, Michigan) in July–September 1986, and examined for helminths. Eight species (three Cestoda, three Nematoda, two Acanthocephala) were found in the digestive tract and other viscera. Echinorhynchus salmonis and Eubothrium salvelini were the most common helminths found. The intensity of E. salmonis significantly increased as chinook salmon became older and longer.

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10

Swales, S., F. Caron, J. R. Irvine, and C. D. Levings. "Overwintering habitats of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and other juvenile salmonids in the Keogh River system, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-036.

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Catches of overwintering juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Keogh River system, Vancouver Island, were higher in two small (8 and 25 ha), shallow (mean depth 2 – 3 m) lakes and their outlet and inlet streams than in the main river, where steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) were predominant. Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were also present in the lakes. The distribution of coho salmon in the lakes was restricted largely to areas close to the bank, with few fish being captured in offshore areas or in mid-water. Apparent differences in the abundance of coho salmon between the two lakes may have been related to differences in fish community composition, with sticklebacks being particularly numerous in Misty Lake, where catches of coho salmon were lower than in Long Lake. The population density and biomass of coho salmon overwintering in Long Lake were estimated to be 176 fish/ha and 1.14 kg ha−1, respectively. The mean length of coho salmon in the lakes was greater than that of coho salmon in the tributary streams and main river, and the mean length of the salmon in the lakes generally increased with distance away from shore.

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11

Gargan, P. G., G. Forde, N. Hazon, D. J. F. Russell, and C. D. Todd. "Evidence for sea lice-induced marine mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in western Ireland from experimental releases of ranched smolts treated with emamectin benzoate." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 2 (February 2012): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-155.

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Sea trout ( Salmo trutta ) stock collapses in coastal areas of western Ireland subject to salmon aquaculture were contemporaneous with high abundances of larval sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) on juvenile sea trout. Whereas sea trout remain in near-shore waters throughout their marine migration, Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) smolts typically move quickly offshore into oceanic waters. It might therefore be predicted that salmon smolts would be less vulnerable to coastal stressors and less likely to be negatively affected by infestations of sea lice early in their marine phase. Groups of microtagged, hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts were fed either untreated pellets or pellets incorporating the in-feed sea louse treatment SLICE (emamectin benzoate) prior to eight experimental releases in three marine locations over a 3-year period. In total, 74 324 smolts were released and analysis of tag recaptures from returning adult salmon showed that emamectin-treated smolts experienced increased survivorship and were 1.8 times more likely to return compared with control fish. These results suggest that sea lice-induced mortality on adult Atlantic salmon returns in Ireland can be significant, and that sea lice larvae emanating from farmed salmon may influence individual survivorship and population conservation status of wild salmon in these river systems.

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12

Bugaev, V. F., O. V. Zikunova, and T. N. Travina. "To the issue of the origin of false annual rings on scale of juvenile Pacifi c salmon in the Bolshaya River system (Southeast Kamchatka)." Researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the North-West Part of the Pacific Ocean, no. 67 (March 21, 2023): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15853/2072-8212.2022.67.33-45.

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Seasonal growth and formation of annual rings on scale of juvenile Pacifi c salmon (Chinook, sockeye, coho and cherry salmons) restart in the Bolshaya River basin from mid May to mid June. In the last half of June and until the end of July, there are actually no additional formations on the scales of both underyearlings and yearlings. In August–October false annual rings (FARs) of dense circuli can be observed on scales of underyearlings of species mentioned above. Forming the extra FARs in the yearlings of coho and cherry salmon during their second season of growth not found (few exceptions only). The underyearling’s FARs are most frequent (17.4%) in Chinook salmon, following by sockeye salmon (12.1%) and coho salmon (7.1%), and the most rare (1.0%) in cherry salmon. The frequency of the FARs in yearlings during their growth period in the fi rst summer is 28.1% in Chinook salmon, 12.6% in sockeye salmon, 11.7% in coho salmon and 4.8% in cherry salmon.

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13

Vollset, Knut Wiik, Elina Halttunen, Bengt Finstad, Ørjan Karlsen, Pål Arne Bjørn, and Ian Dohoo. "Salmon lice infestations on sea trout predicts infestations on migrating salmon post-smolts." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 9 (June 1, 2017): 2354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx090.

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Abstract Impacts of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis or Caligus spp.) on wild salmonids is currently one of the most important issues facing management of fish farms in salmon producing countries in the northern hemisphere. Surveillance of sea lice on wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is often hampered by the ability to catch enough migrating post-smolts. Therefore, sea lice abundance on anadromous trout (Salmo trutta) is often used to infer sea lice abundance on migrating salmon post-smolt. However, the assumption that there is a relationship between the abundance of lice on salmon and trout has never been tested. Here we use a dataset of sea lice on salmon post-smolt and sea trout that have been caught simultaneously in trawl hauls, to evaluate the correlation in abundance of sea lice between the two species using various statistical models. We demonstrate that trout generally has higher abundances of sea lice than salmon. Average lice per gram fish on sea trout (log transformed) predicted the abundance of lice on salmon best. Negative binomial models of lice counts were preferable to using trout lice counts as direct estimates of salmon lice abundance, and they had better predictive ability than logit models of high (vs. low) lice counts. Including the size of the salmon increased the predictive ability of the model, but these data are not generally available. The effect of salmon weight may have been a direct effect of body size, or an indirect effect of time spent in marine waters. Finally, we predict lower salmon lice counts on migrating salmon with our selected binomial model than with the current method of using trout lice counts as a direct estimator on salmon lice counts, and demonstrate that management advice would change considerably depending on the chosen method.

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14

Dorofeyeva, E. A. "Morphological characters of lake forms of salmonid fishes of the genera Salmo and Oncorhynchus (Pisces: Salmonidae)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 312, no. 1/2 (December 10, 2008): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2008.312.1-2.114.

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Based on a study of the morphological characteristics of the Sevang trout Salmo ischchan Kessler, 1877 acclimatized in Lake Issyk Kul (Kirghizia) and the lake form of the masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort, 1856) in Lake Biwa (Japan) their unique characteristics were defined. These characters allow to consider these forms as subspecies. The main directions and the rate of change of the characters with the forming of trouts and salmons in Atlantic and Pacific species in lake conditions are considered.

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Gross, Mart R. "One species with two biologies: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the wild and in aquaculture." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, S1 (January 1, 1998): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/d98-024.

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Today, over 94% of all adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are in the aquaculture niche and wild numbers continue to decline while aquaculture numbers increase. The developmental and evolutionary forces in the aquaculture or "domestic" niche are so unlike those in the wild niche that two distinct biologies are being created from the original Atlantic salmon species. We may now need to recognize a new biological entity - Salmo domesticus - and treat it as an "exotic" when it escapes into the wild. Escapement therefore raises important concerns about ecological and genetic impacts, both within and outside the native range of Salmo salar. This paper explains why escaped domestic Atlantic salmon have had an impact on wild Atlantic salmon populations and now threaten Pacific salmonids as well. A polarization of views between aquaculturists and environmentalists will not resolve the problems. The three interest groups in fisheries - aquaculture, biodiversity, and capture - must begin to work together if we are to take up the challenge of preserving biodiversity and if aquaculturists, who hold the future of Atlantic salmon in their hands, can be expected to willingly prevent further impacts from their industry.

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Peacock, Stephanie J., Martin Krkošek, Andrew W. Bateman, and Mark A. Lewis. "Estimation of spatiotemporal transmission dynamics and analysis of management scenarios for sea lice of farmed and wild salmon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 1 (January 2020): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0036.

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Parasite transmission between farmed and wild salmon affects the sustainability of salmon aquaculture in Pacific Canada. Understanding and managing parasites in aquaculture is challenged by spatial and temporal variation in transmission dynamics. We developed a mechanistic model that connects sea louse (Lepeoptheirus salmonis) outbreak and control on farmed salmon (Salmo salar) to spatiotemporal dynamics of sea lice on migrating wild juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus keta and Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). We fitted the model to time series of sea lice on farmed salmon and spatial surveys of juvenile wild salmon in the Broughton Archipelago. We used the parameterized model to evaluate alternative management scenarios based on the resulting sea louse infestations and predicted mortality of wild salmon. Early and coordinated management of sea lice on salmon farms was most effective for controlling outbreaks in wild salmon, while uncoordinated treatments led to a resurgence of sea lice on salmon farms during the juvenile salmon migration. This study highlights the importance of incorporating spatiotemporal variability when considering infectious disease dynamics shared by farmed and wild hosts, particularly when migratory wildlife are involved.

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17

Jakobsen, Jette, Cat Smith, Anette Bysted, and Kevin D. Cashman. "Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)—What Do We Know?" Nutrients 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11050982.

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Salmon have been widely publicized as a good dietary source of vitamin D, but recent data points to large variation in vitamin D content and differences between wild and farmed salmon. We aimed to: (1) investigate the content of vitamin D in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in wild species caught in two different waters, (2) perform a 12-week feeding trial in farmed Salmo salar with 270–1440 µg vitamin D3/kg feed (4–20 times maximum level in the EU) and (3) conduct a review for the published data on the content of vitamin D in salmonids. Content of vitamin D3 in the fillet from wild salmon caught in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea was significantly different (p < 0.05), being 18.5 ± 4.6 µg/100 g and 9.4 ± 1.9 µg/100 g, respectively. In the farmed salmon the content ranged from 2.9 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D3/100 g to 9.5 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D3/100 g. Data from 2018 shows that farmed salmon contained 2.3–7.3 µg vitamin D3/100 g. Information on the content of vitamin D in wild and farmed salmonids is very limited, which calls for further research to ensure a sustainable production of salmon with adequate vitamin D.

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Dahl, Jonas, Johan Dannewitz, Lars Karlsson, Erik Petersson, Anna Löf, and Bjarne Ragnarsson. "The timing of spawning migration: implications of environmental variation, life history, and sex." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-184.

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During 1960–2002, the arrival times of all spawning male and female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L., 1758) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L., 1758) entering Dalälven River were recorded. To study the role of environmental variation in spawning migration timing, we used long-term temperature (river and sea) and river discharge data. For salmon, the spawning migration peak was strongly correlated with mean monthly sea and river temperatures during spring: salmon arrived earlier when temperatures were higher and later when temperatures were lower. River discharge explained little of the variation in migration timing. Female salmon migration showed a stronger correlation with temperature than male salmon migration, and female salmon arrived ≈18 days earlier than males. Trout showed a larger variation in their spawning migration, but river and sea temperatures and river discharge explained little of the variation. Trout females arrived ≈7 days earlier than males. The sea and river temperatures were highly correlated during the spawning migration, indicating that large climate processes determine the temperature regimes in the Baltic Sea and its tributaries. Time of arrival at the river was not correlated with ovulation date; a female salmon or brown trout arriving late could ovulate almost immediately, whereas a female arriving early could wait to ovulate.

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Christiono, Sandy, Naila Salsabila, Rizki Amalina, Welly Anggarani, and Islamy Rahma Hutami. "THE IMPACT OF CONSUMING SALMON FISH (SALMO SALAR) ON DENTAL CALCIUM LEVELS IN MICE (MUS MUSCULUS)." Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 8, no. 1 (April 11, 2023): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v8i1.16086.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Pregnant women require calcium as a vital vitamin. Insufficient calcium intake during pregnancy can result in enamel hypoplasia and cavities in deciduous teeth. It can boost pregnant women's calcium intake with calcium-containing pill formulations and vitamin D; however, this has negative effects such as kidney stone issues. Salmon can be used as a substitute because it has no negative side effects and contains omega 3, which can enhance calcium absorption. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of salmon (Salmo salar) consumption on calcium levels in the teeth of mice (Mus musculus). Method: This study used pregnant mice and a post-test-only control strategy. Pregnant mice were fed salmon combined with CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) and CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) alone as a control. The salmon dose administered is 2.17 mg/0.5 ml. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, mice dental calcium levels can be determined (AAS). Result: The findings of hypothesis testing with an unpaired t-test of 0.041 revealed a significant difference between the salmon-eating and CMC-consuming groups at p 0.05. (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose). Conclusion: Consuming salmon can significantly increase the calcium content of mouse teeth. Keywords: Dental calcium, Mice (Mus Musculus, Pregnant mice, Salmon (salmo nalar)

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Legault, Michel, and Louis-Marie Lalancette. "Temps d'ajustement de la flottabilité des saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) d'élevage et flottabilité comparée de saumons atlantiques d'élevage et sauvages." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-081.

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We determined the time of adjustment of buoyancy of juvenile hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and investigated whether if their higher position off the substratum, compared with wild fish, might better result from a higher buoyancy. In flowing water, hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon adjust their buoyancy within 24 h. No difference in buoyancy exists between juvenile hatchery-reared and wild Atlantic salmon in still water. However, juvenile hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon are more buoyant in flowing water than wild Atlantic salmon. Even after 3 mo in a stream, the buoyancy of juvenile hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon did not change. Acquired hatchery behaviour appears to be responsible for their difference in buoyancy.

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Lura, Harald, and Harald Saegrov. "A Method of Separating Offspring from Farmed and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) based on Different Ratios of Optical Isomers of Astaxanthin." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-056.

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A method of separating eggs and alevins from wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is described, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to trace optical isomers of astaxanthin commonly occurring in the diet of both wild and farmed salmon. The proportions of isomers in eggs and alevins of farmed salmon, fed synthetic astaxanthin, differ highly from those of wild fish. The method can be used as a tool to determine the spawning success of escaped farmed female Atlantic salmon.

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Farmer, L. J., J. M. McConnell, T. D. J. Hagan, and D. B. Harper. "Flavour and off-flavour in wild and farmed atlantic salmon from locations around northern ireland." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0444.

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Sensory profiling techniques were used to investigate the odour and flavour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from six sources in order to determine (i) whether there was any scientific basis for reports of off-flavours in salmon from certain sources and (ii) whether farmed and wild salmon differed in terms of flavour attributes. There were no consistent differences in odour or flavour between sea-caught wild salmon and farmed salmon. However, river-caught wild salmon showed enhanced ‘earthy’ flavour and odour; GC-odour assessment studies have indicated that 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin contribute to these attributes. For a short period, wild river salmon from one source also suffered from a manure-like off-flavour which has been shown to be due to the presence of skatole. The source of this compound remains uncertain.

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Cipriano, Rocco C. "Antibody against infectious salmon anaemia virus among feral Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 5 (June 1, 2009): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp124.

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AbstractCipriano, R. C. 2009. Antibody against infectious salmon anaemia virus among feral Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 865–870. Archived sera from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that returned to the Penobscot River (Maine), Merrimack River (Massachusetts), and Connecticut River (in Massachusetts) from 1995 to 2002 were analysed for antibodies against infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Up to 60 samples were archived per river system per year. In a given year, the number of fish sampled by ELISA for ISAV antibodies in the Penobscot River ranged from 2.9 to 11.2%, and the range of salmon sampled in the Merrimack River and the Connecticut River was 31.3–100% and 20.0–67.5%, respectively. Archived sera were not available for the 1995 and 2002 year classes from the Connecticut River. In all, 1141 samples were processed; 14 serum samples tested positive for antibodies to ISAV. In the Penobscot River, serum from one fish tested positive in each of the 1995 and 1999 year-class returns, and sera from two fish tested positive in the 1998 returns. In the Merrimack River, sera from four fish tested positive in each of the 1996 and 1997 returns, and sera from two fish were positive in the 2002 return. None of the archived sera from Atlantic salmon that returned to the Connecticut River tested positive.

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Gerig, Brandon S., David N. Weber, Dominic T. Chaloner, Lillian M. McGill, and Gary A. Lamberti. "Interactive effects of introduced Pacific salmon and brown trout on native brook trout: an experimental and modeling approach." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 4 (April 2018): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0502.

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Pacific salmon (Oncoryhnchus spp.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are introduced species stocked in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In their native range, salmon deliver material that enhances growth, alters isotopic ratios, and increases contaminant burdens of resident fish. However, whether salmon subsidies mediate interactions between competing species is unknown. Here, we employed a mesocosm experiment and a simulation model to determine if salmon tissue consumption influences brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) growth, isotopic ratios, and mercury concentrations and whether these were modified by brown trout. Our results indicate that brook trout growth did not increase with provision of salmon tissue and was not reduced by brown trout. However, brook trout exhibited isotopic enrichment and increased mercury concentrations, suggesting dietary intake of salmon tissue. Because salmon eggs have a higher energy density and lower mercury concentration compared with salmon tissue, our simulation model suggests that consumption of salmon eggs rather than tissue can increase growth while reducing mercury accumulation. Overall, our results suggest that the role of introduced Pacific salmon is dependent on both food quantity and quality along with diet contaminant concentrations.

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Vuorinen, Jukka, and Ole Kristian Berg. "Genetic Divergence of Anadromous and Nonanadromous Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the River Namsen, Norway." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-053.

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Anadromous and nonanadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, coexist in the River Namsen in Norway. We studied genetic divergence between these two life history types by using electrophoretic data from 38 protein loci. Although allele frequencies differed significantly between the types at four loci no fixed allele frequency difference was observed. Nei's genetic distance between the life history types, however, was 0.01 a relatively high value for Atlantic salmon populations. The genetic differences observed between anadromous and nonanadromous salmon accounted for 18.3% of the total gene diversity. The five nonanadromous salmon samples formed two genetically different groups corresponding to the upper and lower ranges of the nonanadromous salmon in the river. The average observed heterozygosity was 3.1% for anadromous and 1.0% for nonanadromous salmon. The low heterozygosity in nonanadromous salmon probably reflects a strong founder effect. Stockings of large numbers of anadromous salmon fry to the upper reaches of the River Namsen have caused no detectable hybridization with nonanadromous salmon. Also downstream migrating nonanadromous salmon have apparently not made any important genetic contribution to the anadromous fish.

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Shuntov, Vyacheslav P., Olga S. Temnykh, and Oleg A. Ivanov. "On steadyness of stereotypes in conceptions on marine ecology of pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus spp.)." Izvestiya TINRO 188, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2017-188-3-36.

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Some conceptions on marine ecology of pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus spp.), established in the second half of the last century, are discussed from critical position, as overemphasizing of the sea surface temperature influence on distribution of salmons and formation of their year-classes strength, deficiency of food (particularly in winter time) and fierce competition for food, pink salmon «suppression» over other salmon species and own adjacent generations, limited carrying capacity of the Subarctic zone for salmons, distortion of the epipelagic communities structure in the North Pacific by mass artificial reproduction of chum salmon, etc. Most of these ideas have not been confirmed by the data of long-term monitoring in complex marine expeditions conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in the Far-Eastern Seas and adjacent North Pacific waters since the 1980s till nowadays. The data show that pacific salmons are very ecologically plastic species with wide temperature range of habitat. Salmons are able to considerable vertical migrations crossing easily the temperature gradient zones and different water masses. They have wide feeding spectra. Migrating dispersed, they successfully get their ration, even in vast areas with relatively low concentration of prey (macroplankton and small nekton). Total biomass of all species of pacific salmons in the North Pacific does not exceed 4-5 million tons (1.5-2.0 million tons in the Russian waters), whereas the stocks of other mass species of nekton are hundreds of millions of tons. The salmons consume 1.0-5.0 % of the total consumption by nekton in the epipelagic layer in the western Bering Sea, 0.5-1.0 % in the Okhotsk Sea, 5.0-15.0 % at East Kamchatka, and less than 1 % in the Pacific waters at Kuril Islands, So, the role of pacific salmons in trophic nets of the Subarctic waters is rather moderate. Therefore, neither pink salmon, nor chum salmon can be seriously considered as the species responsible for reorganization of large ecosystems and fluctuating of other mass nekton species.

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Mikkonen, Jaakko, Marja Keinänen, Michele Casini, Jukka Pönni, and Pekka J. Vuorinen. "Relationships between fish stock changes in the Baltic Sea and the M74 syndrome, a reproductive disorder of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 10 (September 29, 2011): 2134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr156.

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Abstract Mikkonen, J., Keinänen, M., Casini, M., Pönni, J., and Vuorinen, P. J. 2011. Relationships between fish stock changes in the Baltic Sea and the M74 syndrome, a reproductive disorder of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2134–2144. The M74 syndrome of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar), which appears as increased yolk-sac fry mortality (YSFM), impairs the reproduction of salmon stocks. Changes in the prey stocks of Baltic salmon in its two feeding areas, the southern Baltic Proper (BPr), where sprat (Sprattus sprattus) was the main prey species during the high incidence of M74, and the Bothnian Sea, where herring (Clupea harengus) is the dominant species, were analysed in relation to salmon growth and size and in relation to the incidence of M74. The high condition factor (CF > 1.05) of prespawning salmon predicted high YSFM. From the various stock factors of sprat and herring in the southern BPr, the biomass of sprat had the strongest positive relationships with the CF of prespawning salmon, and the total prey biomass with YSFM. It is concluded that the ample but unbalanced food resources for salmon in the BPr, primarily sprat, induce M74. By reducing the fishing pressure on cod (Gadus morhua) and by more effectively managing the sprat fishery in years when the cod stock is weak, the incidence of the M74 syndrome could be reduced and even prevented.

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Reid, Jenny E., and Gérald Chaput. "Spawning history influence on fecundity, egg size, and egg survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 9 (June 19, 2012): 1678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss091.

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Abstract Reid, J. E., and Chaput, G. 2012. Spawning history influence on fecundity, egg size, and egg survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1678–1685. There is an increasing abundance of repeat spawners in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population in the Miramichi River that, owing to their larger size, can be expected to contribute greater egg depositions and better offspring survival than primarily maiden spawning populations. Currently, there is little information on the reproductive contribution of repeat-spawning salmon. In this study, the fecundity, egg size, and egg survival for 235 maiden and repeat-spawning wild female Atlantic salmon were examined over a period of 3 years. Relative fecundity did not differ among the largest body size group of salmon, but consecutive repeat spawners had a higher fecundity than maiden 2SW salmon and alternate repeat spawners. Egg diameter also increased with body size, but consecutive repeat spawners had significantly smaller eggs, in absolute terms and relative to their body size, than maiden 2SW salmon and alternate repeat spawners. The egg survival rate of consecutive repeat spawners was significantly lower than that of 2SW maiden salmon and alternate repeat spawners. Consecutive repeat spawners are different in that egg diameter and egg survival did not follow the general positive association with female body size, probably because of the short time that they spend reconditioning in the ocean and consequently their available energy reserves.

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Gries, Gabe, Kevin G. Whalen, Francis Juanes, and Donna L. Parrish. "Nocturnal activity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in late summer: evidence of diel activity partitioning." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-046.

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Paired day-night underwater counts of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were completed on tributaries of the West River, Vermont, U.S.A., between 28 August and 10 September 1995. At water temperatures ranging from 13 to 23°C, the relative count of juvenile salmon was greater at night. Nocturnal counts differed for young-of-the-year and post-young-of-the-year (PYOY) salmon, with PYOY exhibiting almost exclusive nocturnal activity. Nocturnal activity in late summer may enable salmon to maintain population densities when space and suitable feeding areas may be limited. Nocturnal activity of juvenile salmon should be considered in studies of habitat use, competition, time budgets, and associated bioenergetic processes.

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Gorbatenko, K. M., I. V. Melnikov, E. E. Ovsyannikov, and S. L. Ovsyannikova. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ENERGY CONTENT OF PACIFIC SALMONS IN THE OKHOTSK SEA." Izvestiya TINRO 197 (July 5, 2019): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2019-197-152-165.

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The main bioenergetic parameters of pacific salmons are presented on the data obtained in marine expeditions in 2003–2015. Among the examined species, the minimum energy content is registered in the muscle tissue of chum salmon and pink salmon, and the maximum energy content — in the muscles of king salmon. Total amount of the energy accumulated by juvenile pink salmon during its life within the Okhotsk Sea is estimated as 532 kcal or 27 % of the total energy accumulated in the whole marine period of its life, for juvenile chum salmon this amount is 492 kcal (11 %). The rest is accumulated by adults during their feeding in the ocean: pink salmon, without ranking by age and sex, gains in the North Pacific on average 1 442 kcal or 73 % of the total energy accumulated in the marine period of life, chum salmon — 4 071 kcal (89 %).

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Holm, Jens Chr. "Mono- and Duoculture of juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-088.

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In a duoculture experiment with Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) and two Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) strains, both species showed increased growth rates compared with monoculture. In duoculture, salmon dispersed more evenly than in monoculture, maintaining positions among the char. Less frequent occurrence of dorsal fin rot was observed in duoculture salmon, probably indicating decreased intraspecific aggression, compared with monoculture salmon. It is suggested that shading and increased dispersion allowed a decrease in intraspecific salmon aggression. Arctic char social hierarchy, indicated by variance of mean inter-renal cell nucleus area, was changed in the presence of salmon, favouring the largest individuals belonging to one of the strains. Different ecological adaptations and size differences can explain the difference in growth gain from duoculture between the char strains. Temperature is suggested as a behavioural regulator in salmon–char duoculture.

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Salán, Eduardo Oliveira, Juliana Antunes Galvão, and Marília Oetterer. "Use of smoking to add value to the salmoned trout." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 1 (January 2006): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000100007.

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The objective of this study was to make a comparison between the characteristics of salmoned trout (Salmo truta) and salmon (Salmo salar) in terms of coloration (CIE L*a*b*), proximate composition, pH and sensory attributes of fresh and smoked fillets in order to obtain a possible alternative for the substitution of imported salmon for Brazilian salmoned trout as a commercial equivalent for retail sales. Results showed that no statistical difference was found for most of the sensory attributes analyzed and for pH. Although the coloration of the fillets presented a statistical difference, the trout presented a more intense coloration than the salmon, proving to be, therefore, convenient to agroindustry.

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Perez, J., P. Moran, and E. Garcia-Vazquez. "Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal location of the tRNAMet genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta)." Genome 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-084.

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This work describes the isolation, characterization, and physical location of the methionine tRNA in the genome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). An Atlantic salmon genomic library was screened using a tRNAMet probe from Xenopus laevis. Two cosmid clones containing the Atlantic salmon tRNAMet gene were isolated, subcloned and sequenced. The tRNAMet was mapped to metaphase chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomal data indicated that the tDNA of methionine is tandemly repeated in a single locus in both species. Analysis of genomic DNA by Southern hybridization confirmed the tandem organization of this gene. Key words: cosmids, cloning, in situ hybridization, tRNAMet.

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Abramova, L. S., A. V. Kozin, and A. S. Shashkov. "NMR — SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUE FOR SALMON FISH SPECIES QUALITY ASSESSMENT." Food systems 2, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2019-2-4-4-9.

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NMR-spectroscopy was used for development of the criteria which characterize the chilled and frozen fish quality. It has been shown that 1H-NMR experiments can be used as quality factor to measure the concentration of inosine, hypoxanthine and inosine-5’-monophosphate generated during the fish storage. The quality factor is expressed by the K1 correlates well with the sensory quality of chilled Atlantic salmon (Salmo Salar), whereas, quality factor H is more sensitive for measuring the quality characteristics of frozen pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka).

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Goodier, John L., and William S. Davidson. "Characterization of a repetitive element detected by NheI in the genomes of Salmo species." Genome 37, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-091.

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The genomes of the two species in the genus Salmo (Atlantic salmon, S. salar; brown trout, S. trutta) contain a 380-bp repetitive element that is flanked by the recognition sequence of the restriction enzyme NheI. These elements, which comprise approximately 1.2% of the salmon genome, do not exist in long tandem arrays as is typical of satellite DNA. A comparison of the sequences of 16 salmon and 7 trout elements revealed that members of this family of repetitive DNA are closely related to one another (over 95% identity). Subfamily structure exists and there is evidence that members of the same subfamilies are found in both Salmo species. A search of the GenBank database indicated that sequences homologous to the NheI repeat are located within a 1424-bp segment inserted immediately downstream of the 5′ end of a Tc1 transposon-like sequence isolated from Atlantic salmon (A.R. Radice, B. Bugaj, D.H. Fitch, and S.W. Emmons, unpublished data; GenBank accession No. L12206).Key words: satellite DNA, Atlantic salmon, brown trout, Tc1-like transposon, evolution.

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Harwood, A. J., N. B. Metcalfe, J. D. Armstrong, and S. W. Griffiths. "Spatial and temporal effects of interspecific competition between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in winter." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-061.

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Previous work has shown that juvenile stream-dwelling salmonids become predominantly nocturnal during winter by emerging from daytime refuges to feed, with several species having been shown to prefer slow-flowing water while active at night. We used seminatural stream channels, landscaped to provide a choice of water depths, and hence velocities, to test whether Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, show similar habitat preferences during winter. We also tested whether there was any spatial or temporal displacement of Atlantic salmon when in sympatry with brown trout. Nighttime observations revealed that Atlantic salmon did have a preference for slow-flowing water. However, when in direct competition with trout, salmon either remained predominantly nocturnal but occupied shallower water, or became significantly less nocturnal, spending more time active during the day than when in allopatry. These results, which were especially marked in relatively larger fish, indicate that competition between the two species for food and resources is not restricted to the summer months and may affect both the short- and long-term growth and survival of overwintering wild Atlantic salmon.

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Dixon, Heather J., Michael Power, J. Brian Dempson, Timothy F. Sheehan, and Gérald Chaput. "Characterizing the trophic position and shift in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from freshwater to marine life-cycle phases using stable isotopes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 9 (July 17, 2012): 1646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss122.

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Abstract Dixon, H. J., Power, M., Dempson, J. B., Sheehan, T. F., and Chaput, G. 2012. Characterizing the trophic position shift in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from freshwater to marine life-cycle phases using stable isotopes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1646–1655. Marine survival and recruitment of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are commonly thought to be influenced by linkages between marine temperature and growth. Salmon are opportunistic feeders that are likely to be affected by the quality and quantity of prey available. During the marine phase, salmon often target larger zooplankton and fish, with a preference for fish over crustaceans. European salmon recruitment appears to be linked to forage abundance, which affects post-smolt growth critically during the first summer at sea, but similar linkages have not been shown for North American populations. Here, trophic differences within and among populations and life stages of Atlantic salmon during the freshwater and marine life-history phases are investigated. Stable isotope methods were used to characterize trophic dynamics by sampling smolts and returning adult survivors from rivers spanning a broad geographic range in Canada (southern Labrador to the Bay of Fundy), as well as non-maturing salmon sampled at West Greenland. Analyses indicate that salmon undergo a marked change in feeding as they migrate from freshwater and show the expected high reliance on pelagic foodwebs in the marine environment. Documented changes in ocean climate, pH, and the possibility of regime shifts are likely to have significant impacts on pelagic feeding fish, including Atlantic salmon. Due to the similar marine feeding ecology suggested here for adults from different age groups, these changes could have a widespread effect on multiple life-history stages of Atlantic salmon.

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Vaz-Velho, M., G. Duarte, and P. Gibbs. "Note. Occurrence of Listeria spp. in salmon-trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) and salmon (Salmo salar) / Nota. Presencia de Listeria spp. en trucha asalmonada (Onchorhyncus mykiss) y salmón (Salmo salar)." Food Science and Technology International 4, no. 2 (April 1998): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329800400207.

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Salmon-trout ( Onchorhyncus mykiss) and salmon ( Salmo salar) are the main raw materials in the cold-smoked fish industry. It is important to prevent the contamination of these ready-to-eat products with Listeria monocytogenes and other ( Listeria spp.) because the temperature used in the cold-smoking process is not sufficient to inactivate these organisms. The presence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in the cold-smoked salmon and salmon-trout processing chains of three Portuguese factories examined was already confirmed in previous studies. Thus, it was important to ascertain the possible sources of contamination, the raw material being the most important one. All the Portuguese cold-smoking fish factories use fresh salmon-trout from two trout farms in the north of Portugal and Norwegian salmon which arrives by lorry every week under refrigeration, imported always by the same company; 88 samples of salmon and salmon-trout were analysed; 67 environmental samples from the two trout farms were also examined. The overall frequency ( n = 40) of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in salmon was 12 and 0% respectively. The overall frequency (n = 48) of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in salmon-trout was 6.3 and 2.1% respec tively. Listeria was not found in the environmental samples.

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Gudjonsson, S., S. M. Einarsson, Th Antonsson, and G. Gudbergsson. "Relation of grilse to salmon ratio to environmental changes in several wild stocks of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Iceland." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-134.

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The grilse to salmon ratio of each smolt class of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the last three decades were examined using data from catch records and from direct counter data in several rivers in western and northern Iceland. The counter data show that the catch data in Icelandic rivers reflects the number of spawners entering the rivers. Both long- and short-term changes in the grilse to salmon ratio were seen. Climatic changes can be responsible for long term changes in sea age composition of Icelandic salmon stocks. Short-term changes in the ratio can be explained by changes in marine conditions that influence the survival of salmon during their second year at sea.

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Nadolna-Ałtyn, Katarzyna, Joanna Pawlak, Magdalena Podolska, and Adam M. Lejk. "Contracaecum osculatum and Pseudoterranova sp. in the liver of salmon (Salmo salar) from Polish marine waters." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2023-0005.

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Abstract Anisakidae nematodes, especially Contracaecum osculatum, Anisakis simplex, and Pseudoterranova decipiens, have dispersed throughout the Baltic Sea over the last decade. Despite the fact that salmon, Salmo salar, is a popular choice among consumers and therefore one of the most valuable Baltic fish species, information about the level of infection of salmon liver with these zoonotic nematodes is sparse. In 2020, a total of 120 salmon livers were inspected for the presence of parasites showing that 13% of salmon livers were infected with C. osculatum. Furthermore, a single Pseudoterranova sp. larva was detected in one salmon liver, representing a host-parasite system that has never previously been reported in the Baltic Sea.

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Harvey, Alison C., Gareth Juleff, Gary R. Carvalho, Martin I. Taylor, Monica F. Solberg, Simon Creer, Lise Dyrhovden, Ivar-Helge Matre, and Kevin A. Glover. "Does density influence relative growth performance of farm, wild and F 1 hybrid Atlantic salmon in semi-natural and hatchery common garden conditions?" Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 7 (July 2016): 160152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160152.

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The conditions encountered by Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in aquaculture are markedly different from the natural environment. Typically, farmed salmon experience much higher densities than wild individuals, and may therefore have adapted to living in high densities. Previous studies have demonstrated that farmed salmon typically outgrow wild salmon by large ratios in the hatchery, but these differences are much less pronounced in the wild. Such divergence in growth may be explained partly by the offspring of wild salmon experiencing higher stress and thus lower growth when compared under high-density farming conditions. Here, growth of farmed, wild and F 1 hybrid salmon was studied at contrasting densities within a hatchery and semi-natural environment. Farmed salmon significantly outgrew hybrid and wild salmon in all treatments. Importantly, however, the reaction norms were similar across treatments for all groups. Thus, this study was unable to find evidence that the offspring of farmed salmon have adapted more readily to higher fish densities than wild salmon as a result of domestication. It is suggested that the substantially higher growth rate of farmed salmon observed in the hatchery compared with wild individuals may not solely be caused by differences in their ability to grow in high-density hatchery scenarios.

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Bermingham, Eldredge, Stephen H. Forbes, Kevin Friedland, and Carles Pla. "Discrimination between Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) of North American and European Origin using Restriction Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-105.

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Twenty restriction endonucleases were used to study mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism in 11 hatchery strains of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) representing geographically separated populations in Europe and North America. The North American salmon mtDNAs studied were readily distinguished, by a minimum of seven restriction site differences, from fish of European origin. These results suggested that restriction analyses of mtDNA might provide a useful method for determining the proportions of European and North American Atlantic salmon caught in the West Greenland fishery. To test this proposition, we analyzed 328 salmon caught in the 1987 West Greenland fishery including 68 fish with coded wire or Carlin tags which provided the geographic source of the tagged salmon. We correctly identified the continent of origin for 67 of the 68 physically tagged salmon using two informative restriction endonucleases. This study provides a clear indication of the usefulness of mtDNA for discriminating between European and North American Atlantic salmon caught in the West Greenland fishery and for mixed-fishery analysis in general.

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Ward, Darren M., Keith H. Nislow, and Carol L. Folt. "Seasonal shift in the effects of predators on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) energetics." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 12 (December 2011): 2080–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-123.

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Predator effects on prey populations are determined by the number of prey consumed and effects on the traits of surviving prey. Yet the effects of predators on prey traits are rarely evaluated in field studies. We measured the effects of predators on energetic traits (consumption and growth rates) of juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in a large-scale field study. Salmon fry were released at 18 sites that encompassed a wide range of predatory slimy sculpin ( Cottus cognatus ) abundance. We sampled salmon after 21 and 140 days to measure salmon growth and estimate consumption using a mass-balance model of methylmercury accumulation. Salmon population density was reduced fivefold at sites with abundant sculpin. Over the early season, salmon consumed less where sculpin were abundant, suggesting that reduced foraging under predation risk contributed to predator-caused mortality. In contrast, over the late season, salmon grew more where sculpin were abundant, suggesting that compensatory growth at reduced salmon population density moderated predator-caused mortality. Predator effects on prey energetics can drive variation in survival and growth, with important consequences for population dynamics.

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Jensen, Arne J., Sten Karlsson, Peder Fiske, Lars Petter Hansen, Gunnel M. Østborg, and Kjetil Hindar. "Origin and life history of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) near their northernmost oceanic limit." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 11 (November 2014): 1740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0169.

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138 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) captured in the Advent Fjord off Svalbard were genetically assigned to two main clusters of European salmon. Two-thirds were assigned to salmon rivers in Finnmark (the northernmost county in Norway) and the rest to salmon rivers further south in Norway. The genetic assignment was based on genetic profiles from 60 Norwegian rivers. The two clusters correspond to two larger genetic groupings: the Barents–White seas and Atlantic groupings. Thus, we cannot rule out other populations from these groupings as sources of Atlantic salmon at Svalbard. Svalbard salmon assigned to the two genetic groupings differed in ecological and phenological traits, with highest smolt age and lowest postsmolt growth in the Finnmark salmon cluster. High smolt ages in both groups, however, suggest a northern origin of most individuals in the sample. Although Atlantic salmon have sporadically been observed in the Arctic Ocean at earlier times, the high abundance outlined here seems to be a recent phenomenon, suggesting a northward penetration caused by climate change.

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Bjørn, P. A., B. Finstad, R. Kristoffersen, R. S. McKinley, and A. H. Rikardsen. "Differences in risks and consequences of salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), infestation on sympatric populations of Atlantic salmon, brown trout, and Arctic charr within northern fjords." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 2 (December 18, 2006): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsl029.

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Abstract Bjørn, P-A., Finstad, B., Kristoffersen, R., Rikardsen, A. H., and McKinley, R. S. 2007. Differences in risks and consequences of salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), infestation on sympatric populations of Atlantic salmon, brown trout, and Arctic charr within northern fjords. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 386–393. Differences in salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation on sympatric populations of fjord-migrating, Atlantic salmon post-smolts (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta) (sea trout), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) were studied in three fjords with fish-farming activity in northern Norway during the period June–August 2000. Atlantic salmon post-smolts were only captured in the fjords during late June and early July, and probably left them subsequently. No fish were infested with salmon lice. In contrast, brown trout and Arctic charr had similar infection patterns during their sampling periods, with very low prevalence and mean infection intensity during June (0–21% and 0–6 lice per fish, respectively), slightly increasing in July (8–70% and 6–12 lice per fish, respectively), and peaking in August (80–88% and 19–27 lice per fish, respectively). The chalimus stages dominated during June and July, with a few pre-adult and adult stages observed in July, and all stages were found frequently during August. The observations indicate that Atlantic salmon may have a mismatch between the time of louse infestation and their post-smolt fjord migration in northern fjords. In contrast, brown trout and Arctic charr feed within the fjords throughout summer and have a higher risk of harmful infestation in years with suitable environmental conditions for salmon louse development, especially in fish‐farming areas. Arctic charr usually spend the shortest time at sea of the three species, and the salmon lice may not have time to develop to the adult stage on this species.

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Gonçalves, Renata Menoci, Paula Fernandes Montanher, Fabiana Carbonera, Maria Eugênia Petenuci, Roberta Da Silveira, and Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer. "Quantification of fatty acids in salmon fillets conserved by different methods." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 39, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i4.30220.

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Lipid contents and the composition of fatty acids of fillets from Chilean salmon (Salmo salar) were determined under different conservation methods: fresh salmon, frozen salmon, water-conserved canned salmon and frozen salmon in long-term storage. Fatty acid contents were determined by gas chromatography. The fillets had high lipid levels, ranging between 9.71 and 12.86%. All samples presented high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, between 363.69 and 425.30 mg g-1 of total lipids, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (294.46 - 342.45 mg g-1 of total lipids) and saturated fatty acids (203.32 - 223.17 mg g-1 of total lipids). Although samples revealed different lipid contents, all proved to be great sources of omega-3 fatty acids, regardless of the manner of conservation.

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47

Galbreath, Peter F., and Gary H. Thorgaard. "Viability and Freshwater Performance of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) × Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Triploid Hybrids." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, S1 (December 19, 1994): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-290.

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Survival to initiation of feeding and early freshwater growth were measured for both diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and 2N and 3N hybrids between female Atlantic salmon and male brown trout (Salmo trutta) to evaluate the triploid hybrid's potential for commercial culture. Crosses were made in 1990 and 1991 and triploidy was induced by heat shock. Average survival to initiation of feeding generally did not differ among the 2N Atlantic salmon and hybrids within years, nor between the 3N crosses within years. Average survival to initiation of feeding of the 3N Atlantic salmon and hybrids relative to the corresponding 2N crosses was reduced by 2 and 9%, respectively, in 1990, and by 55 and 62%, respectively, in 1991. Five freshwater growth trials were conducted to compare the different crosses. Results indicated no consistent differences in relative growth rates, although the hybrids demonstrated greater variability in growth at age 0+.

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Jordan, W. C., A. F. Youngson, D. W. Hay, and A. Ferguson. "Genetic Protein Variation in Natural Populations of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland: Temporal and Spatial Variation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-206.

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Levels of temporal and spatial genetic heterogeneity within and among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in Scotland were assessed through starch-gel electrophoretic analysis of variation at 30 protein-coding loci. Over three year-classes the level of temporal variation within populations was generally nonsignificant, although significant heterogeneity among year-classes was found at some loci at some locations. Hierarchical analysis of gene diversity showed that 97.6% of the genetic diversity was found within single sites, with the remaining diversity distributed among sites. While there was no evidence of subpopulation differentiation among a number of samples of Atlantic salmon from the River Tweed system, significant genetic heterogeneity was observed among samples from different river systems within Scotland. Comparison of the levels of among-population heterogeneity in the Atlantic salmon with those found in the closely related brown trout (Salmo trutta) over a similar geographical area shows the Atlantic salmon to be relatively genetically homogeneous.

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Gries, Gabe, and Francis Juanes. "Microhabitat use by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ) sheltering during the day in summer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-074.

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Daytime snorkeling surveys were conducted in the Wardsboro Branch, a tributary of the West River, Vermont, U.S.A., in July and August 1996. We documented microhabitat use by 245 juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) sheltering (i.e., concealed beneath the stream substrate) at water temperatures ranging from 17 to 23°C, well above 10°C, the maximum temperature at which young salmon are thought to shelter during the day. The majority (92%) of sheltering salmon were young-of-the-year salmon (YOY). Of the YOY observed, 45% were sheltering, while 55% were in the water column. In comparison, only 10% of post-young-of-the-year salmon (PYOY; age 1 or older) observed were sheltering, while 90% were in the water column. Sheltering PYOY occupied greater water depths and were found under larger substrate stones than were YOY. Sheltering salmon (YOY and PYOY) were not distributed in proportion to the available microhabitat. Salmon only sheltered beneath unembedded cobble or boulder substrate, and sheltering salmon were found in pool habitats 43% of the time. Daytime sheltering suggests that the current interpretation of juvenile salmon habitat use and behavior during summer is incomplete. The availability of suitable sheltering habitats may be a factor affecting juvenile salmon production.

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Morris, Matthew R. J., Dylan J. Fraser, Anthony J. Heggelin, Frederick G. Whoriskey, Jonathan W. Carr, Shane F. O’Neil, and Jeffrey A. Hutchings. "Prevalence and recurrence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in eastern North American rivers." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 12 (December 2008): 2807–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-181.

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Knowledge of the prevalence of escaped farmed fishes in the wild is an essential first step to assessing the risk resulting from interactions between farmed and wild fishes. This is especially important in eastern North America, where Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) aquaculture occurs near wild Atlantic salmon rivers and where many wild salmon populations are severely depressed. Here, we review the literature on the incidence of escaped farmed salmon in eastern North American rivers, for which there has been no comprehensive compilation to date. Escaped farmed salmon have been found in 54 of 62 (87%) rivers investigated within a 300 km radius of the aquaculture industry since 1984, including 11 rivers that contain endangered salmon populations. Averaged among all investigations, the proportional representation of farmed salmon among adults entering the rivers from the sea was 9.2% (range 0% to 100%). Where data were sufficient to examine temporal trends, farmed salmon proportions varied considerably over time, suggesting that escape events are episodic in nature. We conclude that escaped farmed salmon are sufficiently prevalent in eastern North American rivers to pose a potentially serious risk to the persistence of wild salmon populations, especially in those rivers that are adjacent to existing aquaculture sites.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salmon'

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