Journal articles: 'Salkovskis'

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Collins, Lindsey M., and Meredith E. Coles. "A Preliminary Investigation of Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Children with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465817000844.

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Background: Cognitive theorists posit that inflated responsibility beliefs contribute to the development of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Salkovskis et al. (1999) proposed that experiencing heightened responsibility, overprotective parents and rigid rules, and thinking one influenced or caused a negative life event act as ‘pathways’ to the development of inflated responsibility beliefs, thereby increasing risk for OCD. Studies in adults with OCD and non-clinical adolescents support the link between these experiences and responsibility beliefs (Coles et al., 2015; Halvaiepour and Nosratabadi, 2015), but the theory has never been tested in youth with current OCD. Aims: We provided an initial test of the theory by Salkovskis et al. (1999) in youth with OCD. We predicted that childhood experiences proposed by Salkovskis et al. (1999) would correlate positively with responsibility and harm beliefs and OCD symptom severity. Method: Twenty youth with OCD (age 9‒16 years) completed a new child-report measure of the experiences hypothesized by Salkovskis et al. (1999), the Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs Scale-Child Version (PIRBS-CV). Youth also completed the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-Child Version (Coles et al., 2010) and the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (Foa et al., 2010). Results: Consistent with hypotheses, the PIRBS-CV was significantly related to responsibility and harm beliefs and OCD symptom severity. Conclusions: Results provide initial support for the theory proposed by Salkovskis et al. (1999) as applied to youth with OCD. Future studies are needed to further assess the model in early-onset OCD.

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Smári, Jakob, and Hólmsteinn Eidur Hólmsteinsson. "INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS, RESPONSIBILITY ATTITUDES, THOUGHT-ACTION FUSION, AND CHRONIC THOUGHT SUPPRESSION IN RELATION TO OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 29, no. 1 (January 2001): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465801001035.

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Relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and several cognitive constructs that are theoretically related to such symptoms were investigated among university students. A total of 211 subjects filled in a measure of the frequency of intrusive thoughts based on Clark and de Silva (1985), Salkovskis' Responsibility Attitudes Scale (RAS) (Salkovskis et al., 2000), the Thought-Action Fusion Scale (TAF) (Shafran, Thordarson, & Rachman, 1996), Wegner and Zanakos' (1994) White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) (Hodgson & Rachman, 1977). The main hypothesis addressed was that in accordance with Salkovskis' model (1996) responsibility and thought suppression serve as mediators between intrusive thoughts and obsessive-compulsive symptoms as measured with the MOCI. The results were consistent with the model.

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Jakes, Ian. "Salkovskis on obsessional-compulsive neurosis: a critique." Behaviour Research and Therapy 27, no. 6 (1989): 673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(89)90151-4.

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Jakes, Ian. "Salkovskis on obsessional-compulsive neurosis: a rejoinder." Behaviour Research and Therapy 27, no. 6 (1989): 683–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(89)90153-8.

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Coppo, Alejandra. "Entrevista de “clinica psicológica” a paul salkovskis." Revista de Psicoterapia 14, no. 54-55 (July 1, 2003): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33898/rdp.v14i54-55.765.

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En esta entrevista rPaul Salkowskis nos cuenta su experiencia y opiniones sobre tema como la terapia cognitiva, el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, obsesiones y los proyectos en los que está ocupado en la actualidad.

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Dupont, Simon. "A Case of a Worried Well Obsessional (or an 8 month one-night stand)." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 3 (July 1992): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300017262.

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Obessional-compulsive neurosis is quite a rare phenomenon with a prevalance of about 3% in all neurotics and 0.05% in the general population (de Silva, 1987). The form an obsessional-compulsive neurosis takes varies tremendously and its aetiology is not always easily identifiable. Salkovskis and Westbrook (1989) highlight the importance of a thorough assessment in distinguishing obsessional thoughts and “cognitive rituals”.

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Smári, Jakob, Thórhildur Gylfadóttir, and Gudrún Lind Halldórsdóttir. "RESPONSIBILITY ATTITUDES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS IN A STUDENT POPULATION." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, no. 1 (January 2003): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246580300105x.

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Excessive responsibility has been proposed as a cognitive factor in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In the present study the relationships of Salkovskis' measure of Responsibility Attitudes (RAS) (Salkovskis et al., 2000) with the total scale and the subscales of the PI-WSUR (Burns, Koertge, Formea, & Sternberger, 1996) measure of obsessive compulsive symptoms, as well as with a measure of depression (CES-D), were studied with a sample of 356 students (108 males and 248 females). As expected, the correlation between RAS and PI-WSUR was stronger than the correlation between RAS and CES-D, supporting the specific role of excessive responsibility in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Among the subscales of PI-SWUR the strongest correlation of RAS was with Obsessional Thoughts About Harm to Self/Others (OTAHSO) and then with Checking. The OTAHSO was the only PI-WSUR subscale to show a significant partial correlation with RAS when other subscales and CES-D scores were taken into consideration. These results indicate that responsibility attitudes may play quite different roles in relation to different obsessive-compulsive symptom domains and that cognitive theory should take this more explicitly into account.

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Ratcliffe, Denise, Andrew MacLeod, and Tom Sensky. "Anxiety in Patients Who Have Had a Myocardial Infarction: The Maintaining Role of Perceived Physical Sensations and Causal Attributions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 34, no. 2 (February 17, 2006): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465806002773.

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This study investigated whether anxiety in patients who have had a myocardial infarction is maintained through similar processes to those proposed in the cognitive models of panic disorder (Clark, 1986) and health anxiety (Warwick and Salkovskis, 1990). Anxious (n = 22) and non-anxious (n = 29) patients, who all had an MI 3–12 months before testing, participated. The groups were compared on self-report measures of risk perception, bodily vigilance, illness perceptions the type of causal attributions (somatic, normalizing and psychological) generated for congruent and incongruent types of anxiety-related bodily sensations (cardiac, respiratory, gastro-intestinal and cognitive dyscontrol). Anxious, compared to non-anxious, MI participants perceived themselves to be at higher risk of a further MI, had higher levels of bodily vigilance and more negative emotional and cognitive representations of their MI. Anxious participants generated significantly more somatic attributions and fewer normalizing attributions, than non-anxious participants for cardiac sensations. There was also a trend for anxious participants to generate this pattern of attributions for respiratory items. The study provides evidence that the models of health anxiety (Warwick and Salkovskis, 1990) and panic disorder (Clark, 1986) are useful in understanding persistent anxiety following an MI.

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Smári, Jakob, Ástdís Þorsteinsdóttir, Lilja Magnúsdóttir, Unnur J. Smári, and Daníel Þ. Ólason. "Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs, Responsibility Attitudes and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: Factor Structure and Test of a Mediational Model." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 38, no. 5 (July 30, 2010): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581000041x.

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Introduction: Inflated responsibility has been hypothesized as an important influence on OCD symptoms. According to Salkovskis and colleagues (1999) there are in turn five developmental pathways that lead to inflated responsibility. Coles and Schofield (2008) proposed the Pathways to Responsibility Beliefs Scale (PIRBS) as a measure of these pathways. Method: In the present study the psychometric properties of an Icelandic translation of the PIRBS were evaluated and its factor structure was studied in a confirmatory factor analysis. Further it was tested whether responsibility mediated between pathways to responsibility beliefs and OCD symptoms. Results: While neither a four nor a five-factor structure of the PIRBS was found to be wholly satisfactory; support for the latter was slightly better. Correlations of the PIRBS scales with measures of responsibility and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms were moderate as expected. Support was found for a mediating role of responsibility attitudes between pathways measured by the PIRBS and OCD symptoms in support of Salkovskis and colleagues' theory (1999). Conclusion: The PIRBS is a promising approach to study the developmental precursors of inflated responsibility and OCD symptoms but its factor structure may need a revision

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Kroese, Biza Senfert. "COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY FOR PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26, no. 4 (November 1998): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465898264034.

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A substantial literature now exists that indicates that cognitive-behaviour therapies are effective for a wide range of psychological problems (See Hawton, Salkovskis, Kirk, & Clark, 1989). However, it is only very recently that cognitive-behaviour therapists have considered people with learning disabilities as suitable clients for this particular approach. The present paper describes some of the challenges that are encountered when applying cognitive-behaviour therapy to this client group.

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Taylor, John L., and Craig Steel. "Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 36, no. 6 (November 2008): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465808004918.

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In 1993 Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy published a supplement edited by Ann Hackmann with the title “Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies: Past History, Current Applications and Future Registration Issues”. This was the journal's first ever supplement and it provided an overview of the state of behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies at that time. It was intended to provide a context for discussions concerning the future of the field, and as Paul Salkovskis said in his editorial, “[the supplement]. . .will be an important reference source for years to come.”

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Salkovskis, Paul. "Editorial." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 2 (April 2000): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800001016.

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As of 1 October 2000, the editorial office for the journal moves to a different address, when I take up a new post in London. I will be sorry to move from Oxford, but welcome the opportunities and challenges of a new job. I will try to continue to edit the journal at least as well as before! Manuscripts for publication (and all other related material) should be directed to:Professor Paul Salkovskis, Editor, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF.

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Reinders, M. J. "P. M. Salkovskis (1996). Trends in Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies. Chichester: Wiley (162 pp)." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199703)4:1<72::aid-cpp119>3.0.co;2-i.

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Morrison, Anthony P. "A COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MAINTENANCE OF AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS: ARE VOICES TO SCHIZOPHRENIA WHAT BODILY SENSATIONS ARE TO PANIC?" Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26, no. 4 (November 1998): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465898264010.

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A cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations that is based on the models of panic and anxiety developed by Clark (1986), Beck (1976) and Salkovskis (1991) is outlined. It is suggested that auditory hallucinations are normal phenomena, and that it is the misinterpretation of such phenomena that cause the distress and disability that are commonly seen in patients experiencing hallucinations with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. It is also proposed that these interpretations of auditory hallucinations are maintained by safety seeking behaviours (including hypervigilance). The existing literature is reviewed in relation to these hypotheses and found to be largely consistent. The clinical implications of such a model are briefly discussed and a number of testable predictions are made.

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Foltys, Michael Johannes. "Kognitive Hypothesen zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der Zwangsstörung." Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie 28, no. 2 (April 1999): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0084-5345.28.2.85.

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Zusammenfassung. In der Übersicht werden wesentliche Konzepte und Prozesse von kognitiven Besonderheiten bei Menschen mit Zwangsstörung zusammengestellt. Auf die wichtigsten kognitiven Modelle (u.a. Foa & Kozak, 1986 ; Salkovskis 1985 , 1994 ) wird eingegangen. Als am besten empirisch abgesichert kann das Konzept zur “inflated responsibility” angesehen werden. Daneben werden u.a. die Hypothesen zur Überschätzung von Gefahren und des negativen Ausgangs von Ereignissen, zur Schuldhaftigkeit, des übermäßigen Zweifelns und dem überhöhten Bedürfnis nach Gewißheit dargestellt und diskutiert. In der Diskussion wird darauf verwiesen, daß für die Erklärung von störungsaufrechterhaltenden Bedingungen für einen Teil der Zwangssymptome, insbesondere Zwangsgedanken (z.B. Kontaminationsängste), kognitive Modellvorstellungen sehr nützlich sind. Für einen anderen Teil der Zwangssymptome, insbesondere Zwangshandlungen (z. B. Symmetriezwänge), verkörpern zusätzlich kognitiv-biobehaviorale Modelle eine sinnvolle Erweiterung.

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Wang, Adrienne, and David A. Clark. "Haunting Thoughts: The Problem of Obsessive Mental Intrusions." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16, no. 2 (June 2002): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.16.2.193.63990.

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Unwanted, ego-alien distressing intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses (i.e., obsessions) are a hallmark of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Until recently the psychological processes involved in the origin, persistence, and treatment of these perplexing intrusive mental repetitions have not been well understood. Over the past decade, a new cognitive perspective on OCD has emerged that has provided new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of obsessions. In this article we briefly consider recent findings on normal and abnormal obsessions, their relationship to mood disturbance, and the status of key cognitive processes implicated in the pathogenesis of obsessions as discussed in publications by Salkovskis, Rachman, Freeston, Clark, Purdon, and others. We conclude with a discussion of treatment implications and whether the inclusion of cognitive strategies that directly targets change in dysfunctional beliefs and appraisals will enhance standard behavioral treatment of OCD.

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Simonds, Laura M., Susan J. Thorpe, and Sandra A. Elliott. "THE OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE INVENTORY: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES IN A NONCLINICAL STUDENT SAMPLE." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 2 (April 2000): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800001065.

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The psychometric properties of a new scale, the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI; Foa, Kozak, Salkovskis, Coles, & Amir, 1998), were examined in a nonclinical student sample. The study was a partial replication of the original validation study by Foa et al. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity were examined using a sample of 126 undergraduate psychology students. Statistical analyses (Pearson's r and Cronbach's alpha) indicated adequate test-retest reliability for the full scales and subscales (coefficients ranging from 0.69 to 0.88) and high internal consistency (all coefficients exceeding 0.7). Convergent validity with the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI; Hodgson & Rachman, 1977) was adequate for the full scales and for the Washing and Checking subscales (coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.75). The OCI is a useful supplement to existing self-report measures of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology.

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Careau, Yves, Kieron P. O’Connor, Lyse Turgeon, and Mark H. Freeston. "Childhood Experiences and Adult Beliefs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evaluating a Specific Etiological Model." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 26, no. 3 (2012): 236–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.26.3.236.

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Cognitive accounts of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that an individual’s early experiences contribute to the development of different belief domains, which in turn represent fertile ground for the development of the disorder (e.g., Salkovskis, Shafran, Rachman, & Freeston, 1999). This study examined the proximal relationship between specific, narrowly defined childhood experiences (CEs) and distinct adult OCD-related beliefs (Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-87 [OBQ-87]) through the self-reports of 83 participants with OCD and 213 unselected student participants. CEs variables were operationalized via theoretical groupings of items on an early experience questionnaire (QEE) relevant to distinct OBQ belief domains. These proximal relationships were assessed according to predictions from both a specific and a nonspecific vulnerability hypothesis. Correlational analyses were supportive of both but mostly of a nonspecific vulnerability model. Results are discussed regarding the understanding of the possible multideterministic pathways to OCD development.

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Mitchell, Ryan, Donncha Hanna, and Kevin F. W. Dyer. "Modelling OCD: a test of the inflated responsibility model." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465819000675.

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AbstractBackground:The Salkovskis (1999) model of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which emphasizes the role of inflated responsibility, has proven highly influential in both the understanding and treatment of OCD.Aims:This study aimed to empirically test several core processes of this model.Method:The individual components of the model were measured using multiple indicators in a sample of undergraduate students (n = 170), and confirmatory factor analyses were used to ascertain the most reliable, valid and theoretically consistent latent variables. Structural equation modelling was used to test proposed relations between latent constructs in the model.Results:The inflated responsibility model was a good fit for the data in the present sample. As predicted by the model, misinterpretations of intrusive thoughts as indicating personal responsibility fully mediated the relationships between responsibility beliefs and counterproductive safety strategies, neutralizing actions and mood changes.Conclusions:The Salkovksis (1999) inflated responsibility model of OCD is empirically supported in the present sample of undergraduate students, lending support to the proposed mechanisms in the model and supporting prior evidence.

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Blackburn, I. M. "The Cognitive Revolution: An Ongoing Evolution." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 4 (October 1986): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300014889.

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The five papers which make up this special issue all reflect a feeling of guarded optimism about future applications of cognitive therapy in our clinical practice. A long way has been covered since the theoretical formulations of the early 60's, which led to the term “cognitive revolution” after Kuhn's (1962) exposé of how paradigm shifts occur in science. If there has been a revolution, it has been, on the whole, non-violent in spite of the sometimes shrill protests from the old guard. As Paul Salkovskis points out in the introductory paper, behaviour therapists have, perhaps paradoxically, been the most enthusiastic in coming to terms with the new paradigm. This coming to terms has involved experimental, theoretical and treatment studies. The areas covered have expanded steadily from depression and anxiety, to the obsessional disorders, the eating disorders, the phobias, adolescent problems and, as seen in this volume, to pain and marital conflict. Articles, books and new journals proliferate. Why should that be so?

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Purdon, Christine, and David A. Clark. "Perceived Control and Appraisal of Obsessional Intrusive Thoughts: A Replication and Extension." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 22, no. 4 (October 1994): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800013163.

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The present study had two purposes: 1) to examine the relationship between tendency to experience obsessional intrusive thoughts and tendency to worry; 2) to replicate and extend earlier findings (Purdon and Clark, 1993, 1994) on appraisal and thought suppression strategies in the persistence and control of obsessional intrusive thoughts. A sample of 160 college students were administered the Revised Obsessional Intrusions Inventory (ROII), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI). The ROII total score had minimal association with worry, trait thought suppression, or depressive symptoms, thereby supporting the distinctiveness of obsessional intrusive thoughts. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that cognitive appraisal, especially worries that the intrusion might come true in real life, accounted for a significant amount of variance in thought frequency and controllability. Thought suppression strategies accounted for substantially less variance in both frequency and control of intrusive thoughts. The results are discussed in terms of their support for Rachman's (1993) and Salkovskis' (1985, 1989) theories regarding the role of personal responsibility in the persistence of obsession-like intrusive thoughts.

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Sauteraud, Alain, Jean Cottraux, François Michel, Marie Anne Henaff, and Martine Bouvard. "Processing of Obsessive, Responsibility, Neutral Words and Pseudo-Words in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Study with Lexical Decision Test." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 23, no. 2 (April 1995): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800014387.

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Twenty-four DSM-III-R non-depressed obsessive-compulsive (OCD) patients were compared to 21 normal subjects in three lexical decision experiments, to distinguish neutral, obsessive and responsibility words from pseudo-words. Error frequencies were comparable across groups. A significant taboo effect was found in both groups for obsessive and responsibility words. OCD patients did not differ from control subjects in their processing of neutral words and responsibility words. However, OCD patients were significantly slower than controls when processing obsessive words. Furthermore, OCD patients processed pseudo-words slower than controls if these were presented in the same experiment as obsessive words. When mixed with neutral or responsibility words, the performance of OCD patients with pseudo-words was similar to that of control subjects. The level of sub-clinical depression (as appreciated on the HAM-D scale) and psychotropic drugs (such as serotonin reuptake inhibitor) did not modify these results. Lexical decision performances were interpreted in terms of a cognitive disturbance triggered by obsessive stimuli that spreads to a neutral task. These results are compatible with the cognitive model of OCD (Salkovskis, 1985).

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Ree, Melissa J., and Allison G. Harvey. "Investigating Safety Behaviours in Insomnia: The Development of the Sleep-related Behaviours Questionnaire (SRBQ)." Behaviour Change 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.1.26.35971.

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AbstractA safety behaviour is an overt or covert strategy employed in order to prevent a feared outcome from occurring. These behaviours can, however, prevent the disconfirmation of unhelpful beliefs, and may make the feared outcome more likely to occur (Salkovskis, 1991). The current study extends Harvey's (2002a) investigation of safety behaviours in insomnia by developing a questionnaire measure designed to assess the use of safety behaviours that are employed to promote sleep and cope with tiredness. A development sample of 132 individuals with and without insomnia was employed to develop the 32-item Sleep-Related Behaviours Questionnaire (SRBQ). The SRBQ showed good internal consistency and was able to discriminate normal sleepers from those with insomnia. Interestingly, most safety behaviours were associated with impairment in both sleep and daytime functioning. This highlights that day- and night-time processes may be interlinked in insomnia, and stresses the importance of research and treatment focusing on both the day and night. Future research is needed to further investigate the psychometric properties of the SRBQ, and to explore the relationships between safety behaviours and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep.

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Thwaites, Richard, and Mark H. Freeston. "Safety-Seeking Behaviours: Fact or Function? How Can We Clinically Differentiate Between Safety Behaviours and Adaptive Coping Strategies Across Anxiety Disorders?" Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33, no. 2 (January 6, 2005): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465804001985.

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Safety-seeking behaviours are seen as playing a key role in the maintenance of various anxiety disorders. This article examines their role in panic disorder and social phobia and suggests that, whilst there are clear theoretical differences between safety-seeking behaviours and adaptive coping strategies, the difficult issue in clinical practice is being able to distinguish between the two. It builds on previous work by Salkovskis and colleagues and provides a detailed discussion of the problems in distinguishing between safety-seeking behaviours (direct avoidance, escape and subtle avoidance) and adaptive coping strategies in clinical practice. The suggestion is made that topology can only be a guide to categorizing the two types of responses and they can only be fully distinguished by taking into account the intention of the individual and their perceived function to that individual in the specific context. It is suggested that further analysis of the use of safety-seeking behaviours aimed at avoiding a variety of outcomes at differing levels of catastrophe may provide useful information that would clarify our understanding of the role of such behaviours in maintaining anxiety disorders.

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Haciomeroglu, Bikem, and Mujgan Inozu. "Is Reassurance Seeking Specific to OCD? Adaptation Study of the Turkish Version of Reassurance Seeking Questionnaire in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 47, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000462.

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Background: Reassurance seeking in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a kind of neutralization behaviour that causes considerable interpersonal conflicts. Aims: The purpose of this study was to conduct the adaptation of the Reassurance Seeking Questionnaire (ReSQ; Kobori and Salkovskis, 2013) into the Turkish language, and to examine its psychometric properties. Moreover, we aimed to identify the specificity of reassurance seeking to OCD, as opposed to other anxiety disorders and depression. Method: Five groups of participants (OCD, anxiety disorders, depression, healthy control groups, and a university student sample) were administered ReSQ, Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised Form, State and Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Guilt Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory and State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form. Results: The findings revealed acceptable test–retest and internal consistency coefficients, and also good construct, convergent, discriminant and criterion validity information for the Turkish version of the ReSQ scales. Results also revealed some aspects of reassurance seeking specific to OCD as opposed to other anxiety disorders and depression. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated a good reliability and validity information for the Turkish version of the ReSQ, supporting the cross-cultural nature of the scale.

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Carr, Russell B. "Oxford Guide to Metaphors in CBT: Building Cognitive Bridges, by Richard Stott, Warren Mansell, Paul Salkovskis, Anna Lavender, and Sam Cartwright-Hatton." Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 76, no. 1 (March 2013): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.90.

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Bailey, Robin, and Adrian Wells. "Does Metacognition Make a Unique Contribution to Health Anxiety When Controlling for Neuroticism, Illness Cognition, and Somatosensory Amplification?" Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 4 (2013): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.27.4.327.

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Somatosensory amplification (e.g., Barsky, 1992), illness cognition (e.g., Salkovskis & Warwick, 1986), and neuroticism (e.g., Noyes et al., 2003) have all been linked to health anxiety. The first two factors are disorder specific; however, neuroticism is a general vulnerability connected to a range of disorders. In the metacognitive model (Wells, 2009), beliefs about thinking have been implicated in the development of psychopathologies, but little is known about the contribution of individual differences in metacognition to health anxiety, specifically. A cross-sectional design was employed with convenience sampling used for participant selection. Participants (N = 351) completed a questionnaire battery and the following hypotheses were tested: (a) metacognition will show a significant positive correlation with health anxiety and (b) the relationship between metacognition and health anxiety will remain significant after controlling for variables normally associated with health anxiety (i.e., neuroticism, somatosensory amplification, and illness cognition). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis were run to test hypotheses and determine the best independent metacognitive predictors. The results supported each of the hypotheses and revealed three independent metacognitive predictors of health anxiety: “negative metacognitive beliefs about uncontrollability and danger,” “beliefs about the need for thought control,” and “cognitive confidence.” Overall, this study indicates that metacognition may have an important role in health anxiety, and the clinical implications are discussed.

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May, Adam. "Trends in Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies Edited by Paul M. Salkovskis. Chichester: Wiley, 1996. pp. 162. £16.99 (pb). ISBN: 0-471-95788-7." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, no. 4 (October 1997): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800018786.

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Coles, Meredith E., Casey A. Schofield, and Jacob A. Nota. "Initial Data on Recollections of Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 43, no. 4 (January 17, 2014): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813001112.

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Background: Despite literature establishing a relationship between maladaptive beliefs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there are few studies addressing how these beliefs develop. Salkovskis and colleagues (1999) proposed specific domains of childhood experiences leading to heightened beliefs regarding responsibility. Prior studies in students and individuals who just completed treatment for OCD have found support for this theory. However, we are not aware of published data from individuals with current OCD. Aims: This paper presents initial data from adults currently meeting criteria for OCD as well as both anxious and non-anxious controls. Method: Recollections of childhood experiences, current OCD-related beliefs, and OCD symptoms were assessed using self-report measures in 39 individuals seeking treatment for OCD, 36 anxious controls and 39 healthy controls. Results: Initial data suggested that in individuals with OCD, increased reports of childhood exposure to overprotection and experiences where one's actions caused or influenced misfortune were associated with stronger OCD-related beliefs. Further, compared to community controls, individuals with OCD reported more childhood experiences where one's actions caused or influenced misfortune, though they did not differ from anxious controls in childhood responsibility experiences. Conclusions: These initial findings provide minimal support for the proposed model of the development of inflated responsibility beliefs, and highlight the need for research examining the etiology of OCD related beliefs with updated models, larger samples, and ultimately using prospective methods.

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Altın, Müjgan, and Tülin Gençöz. "Persistence of Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms: Similarities and Contrasts with Symptoms of Depression in a Turkish Sample." Behaviour Change 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.24.3.146.

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AbstractContemporary cognitive theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that certain types of dysfunctional beliefs and assumptions play a salient role in the genesis and persistence of OCD (e.g., Clark, 2004; Rachman, 1993, 1997; Salkovskis, 1985). The present study aimed to examine whether the three proposed dysfunctional beliefs — inflated sense of responsibility, thought suppression, and thought-action fusion — play a significant role particularly on the persistence of obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms, as compared to other emotional disorders, such as symptoms of depression. The participants of the present study were 109 undergraduate university students, who completed a set of questionnaires, including The Responsibility Attitude Scale (RAS), The Thought Action Fusion Scale (TAF), The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), The Maudsley Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), and The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). After a 4-week interval, participants were again asked to complete the MOCI and BDI. Two separate hierarchical regression equations were formulated to examine the factors significantly accounting for the residual changes from Time 1 to Time 2 assessments of OC and depressive symptomatologies. Results of these analyses indicated that while thought suppression (WBSI scores) played a significant role on the persistence of both OC and depressive symptoms across time, the role of inflated sense of responsibility (RAS scores) was specific to the persistence of OC symptoms.

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Oestrich, Irene H. "A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Panic Disorder in a Woman With a History of Incest: A Case Study." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 6, no. 2 (January 1992): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.6.2.125.

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This case study is of particular interest because it highlights phenomena that behavior therapists have not described until recently. Such phenomena are regarded as important to an understanding and appreciation of the holistic and complex functioning of human beings. Michael Mahoney and other cognitive therapists (Eelen & Fontaine, 1986, Mahoney, 1980, Mahoney, 1986) have brought our attention to the unconscious processes, psychological self-focus, dynamic conflicts and childhood experiences that may be essential issues in therapy. These personal processes may be very important in coping with anxiety, especially anxiety that derives from early stages of development. The description of this case is an attempt to show how cognitive-behavioral techniques can lead to disclosure in psychotherapy and help a client who suffers from panic attacks. The case study describes how a 47-year-old, married woman, Laura, a victim of incest in early childhood, was helped through cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. The intense experiences of encroachment and invasion involved in incest are described, together with a demonstration of how cognitive methods are useful in uncovering tacit or unconscious processes. Methods used are in essence similar to well- known treatment procedures with clients suffering from panic attacks (Hawton, Salkovskis, Kirk, & Clark, 1989). In addition, the highly damaging phenomenon of incest in this case involves obstacles of resistance and brings us into deeper levels of interpretation and understanding.

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Rowa, Karen, and Christine Purdon. "WHY ARE CERTAIN INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS MORE UPSETTING THAN OTHERS?" Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465803001024.

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Recent cognitive behavioural models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest that the misinterpretation of the meaning of intrusive thoughts plays a pivotal role in the escalation of these thoughts to clinical obsessions, but less attention has been paid to why only certain intrusive thoughts become the focus of these misappraisals. Theoretical speculation suggests that thoughts that have relevance for an individual's value system or sense of self may be particularly salient and upsetting for people. The role of thought appraisal and contradiction of valued aspects of self were examined in a nonclinical population. It was hypothesized that participants reporting on upsetting intrusive thoughts would appraise these thoughts negatively and would report that these thoughts contradict important aspects of self to a greater degree than participants reporting on less upsetting intrusive thoughts. Participants (N = 64) were randomly assigned to report on either the most or least upsetting intrusive thought they had experienced. They completed questionnaires on appraisals of these thoughts, valued aspects of self, and contradiction of self. Consistent with predictions, participants reporting on more upsetting thoughts appraised these thoughts in a more negative manner and reported that these thoughts contradicted valued aspects of self to a greater degree than participants in the least upsetting thought group. These results support Salkovskis' (1985) and Rachman's (1997, 1998) cognitive behavioural models of OCD, and suggest that the degree of contradiction of self may help us understand why some obsessional thoughts are much more upsetting than others.

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Haciomeroglu, Bikem, and A. Nuray Karanci. "Perceived Parental Rearing Behaviours, Responsibility Attitudes and Life Events as Predictors of Obsessive Compulsive Symptomatology: Test of a Cognitive Model." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, no. 6 (July 19, 2013): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000581.

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Background: It is important to investigate the role of cognitive, developmental and environmental factors in the development and maintenance of Obsessive Compulsive Symptomatology (OCS). Aims: The main objective of this study was to examine the vulnerability factors of OCS in a non-clinical sample. On the basis of Salkovskis’ cognitive model of OCD, the study aimed to investigate the role of perceived parental rearing behaviours, responsibility attitudes, and life events in predicting OCS. Furthermore, the mediator role of responsibility attitudes in the relationship between perceived parental rearing behaviours and OCS was examined. Finally, the specificity of these variables to OCS was evaluated by examining the relationship of the same variables with depression and trait anxiety. Method: A total of 300 university students (M = 19.55±1.79) were administered the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision, Responsibility Attitudes Scale, s-EMBU (My memories of upbringing), Life Events Inventory for University Students, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form. Results: Regression analysis revealed that perceived mother overprotection, responsibility attitudes and life events significantly predicted OCS. Furthermore, responsibility attitudes mediated the relationship between perceived mother overprotection and OCS. The predictive role of perceived mother overprotection and the mediator role responsibility attitudes were OCS specific. Conclusions: The findings of the present study supported that perceived mother over-protection as a developmental vulnerability factor significantly contributed to the explanation of a cognitive vulnerability factor (namely responsibility attitudes), and perceived maternal overprotection had its predictive role for OCS through responsibility attitudes.

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Neziroglu, Fugen, Jonathan Hoffman, Jose A. Yaryura-Tobias, David Veale, and Jean Cottraux. "Current Issues in Behavior and Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 1, no. 1 (September 1996): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900000687.

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AbstractExposure and response prevention (ERP), a form of behavior therapy, is widely recognized as the most effective psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive therapy (meaning rational emotive behavior therapy [REBT], or the Salkovskis model for this article) has received increased attention as an effective method for OCD treatment. These methods have renewed hope for patients suffering with what had long been thought to be a treatment refractory condition. Yet many important issues require further discussion and investigation. At the Second International Conference on OCD, which was held in Guadeloupe, February 14–16, 1996, the following issues were highlighted:1. Which psychotherapies are effective in the treatment of OCD?2. What psychological strategies may be used to increase patient motivation during treatment?3. Are relapse prevention strategies necessary after improvement?4. How do economic factors affect the use of behavior therapy? How is OCD treatment uniform or varying from specialty providers to mental health generalists to primary care physicians? How do self-administered and therapist-administered ERP compare?5. How does the efficacy of ERP or cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy (either alone or in combination) compare?6. Is ERP effective for complex forms of OCD?7. In OCD treatment, is medication compliance improved if ERP or cognitive therapy is also used, and vice versa? How does this affect relapse rates? In addition, can doses of medications be lowered with the addition of ERP or cognitive therapy?8. What is known about the brain function and biological changes associated with ERP and cognitive therapy?

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Fulwood, Ashley. "Break Free from OCD: Overcoming Obsessive Compulsive Disorder using CBTFiona Challacombe, Paul. M. Salkovskis and Victoria Bream Oldfield London: Vermilion, 2011. pp. 304, £10.99 (pb). ISBN: 978-0-09193-969-4." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, no. 2 (January 16, 2012): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000749.

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Mogg, Karin. "Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychiatric Problems: a Practical GuideK. Hawton, P. M. Salkovskis, J. Kirk and D. M. Clark (Eds), Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1989, pp. 456, £40.00 hardback, £15.00 paperback." Behavioural Psychotherapy 18, no. 1 (January 1990): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300018012.

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Halvaiepour, Zohrh, and Mehdi Nosratabadi. "External Criticism by Parents and Obsessive Beliefs in Adolescents: Mediating Role of Beliefs associated with Inflated Responsibility." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 5 (September 18, 2015): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n5p125.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is considered as a rare disorder in children. According to cognitive theories, criticism triggers responsibility behavior and thus causes obsessive behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of beliefs associated with responsibility in the relationship between external criticism of parents and obsessive beliefs in adolescents. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this study, 547 high school students aged from 15 to18 years were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling from four regions of the education office in Shiraz. Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-child version (OBQ-CV), Pathway to Inflated Responsibility beliefs Scale (PIRBS), and perceived criticism questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson's correlation was used to investigate the relationship between the study variables. For analysis of mediation model, multiple mediators analysis using Macro Software was used. RESULTS: External criticism only indirectly and through beliefs associated with inflated responsibility accounts for 6% of the variance of responsibility, 14% of the variance of threat estimation and 10% of the variance of perfectionism of obsessive beliefs (P<0.05). However, external criticism, both directly and indirectly and through beliefs associated with inflated responsibility accounts for 7% of the variance of the importance of obsessive beliefs. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the beliefs associated with inflated responsibility can mediate the relationship between external criticism and obsessive beliefs. According to the cognitive model of Salkovskis, criticism by parents, as a violation to and an influence on children, by affecting the subscales of inflated responsibility, can increase the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In order to identify potential affecting mechanisms of criticism on obsessive-compulsive disorder, further experimental research is required.

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Freeman, Chris. "Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychiatric Problems: A Practical Guide. Edited by Keith Hawton, Paul M. Salkovskis, Joan Kirk and David M. Clark. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989. 456 pp. £40 (hb), £15 (pb)." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 3 (September 1990): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s000712500006356x.

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O'kearney, Richard. "Responsibility Appraisals and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Critique of Salkovskis'S Cognitive Theory." Australian Journal of Psychology 50, no. 1 (April 1998): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049539808257530.

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قندول, نبيل, and محمد بلوم. "النموذج المعرفي السلوكي لتفسير وعلاج توهم المرض المرتكز على الأفكار الصحية اللاعقلانية لكل من Salkovskis & Warwick." مجلة علوم الإنسان والمجتمع, 2018, 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.37136/2000-000-027-020.

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"Paul Salkovskis: «Die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie ist keine perfekte therapie, nur die beste, die wir zurzeit haben»." Verhaltenstherapie 18, no. 1 (2008): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000126042.

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"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychiatric Problems: A Practical Guide. Edited by K. Hawton, P. M. Salkovskis, J. Kirk and D. M. Clark. (Pp. 458; illustrated; £40.00 hb, £15.00 pb.) Oxford University Press: Oxford. 1989." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 4 (November 1990): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700037028.

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Holloway, Ron. "Bitola 2005." Kinema: A Journal for Film and Audiovisual Media, April 10, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/kinema.vi.1142.

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INTERNATIONAL FILM CAMERA FESTIVAL "MANAKI BROTHERS" IN BITOLA When you see packed houses for all the screenings at a film festival, you know that this will be an event to be remembered. So it was at the 26th International Film Camera Festival "Manaki Brothers" in Bitola (20-25 September 2005) under festival director Tomi Salkovski and selector-programmer Blagoja "Dore" Kunevski. Indeed, this specialized festival honouring the cinematographer had every reason to celebrate. For, as every film historian worth his salt knows, the first film shot in the Balkans was by the Manaki Brothers. Back in 1905, shortly after Yanaki Manaki returned home to Bitola in Macedonia from London with a Film Camera 300 in the Bioscope series bought from the Charles Urban Trading Company, he teamed with his photographer brother Milton Manaki to film in nearby Audela (today Greece) their 114-year-old grandmother at her spinning-wheel. Of course, a Manaki heir was...

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salkovskis'

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