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Sari, Dina Keumala, Liza Meutia Sari, Lidya Imelda Laksmi, Farhat Farhat, Elvita Rahmi Daulay, Ferry Sandra, Zulfikar Lubis, and Ratna Akbari Ganie. "Serumal and Salivary 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)D Levels of Head and Neck Cancer Patients." Indonesian Biomedical Journal 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v13i4.1726.
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BACKGROUND: Saliva has been suggested as a substitute of serum for the detection of 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in healthy people. However, investigation of salivary 1,25(OH)D has not been clearly reported. Vitamin plays important roles in inhibiting cancer progression. Current study was conducted to investigate serumal and salivary 25(OH)D) and 1,25(OH)D levels of healthy and head and neck cancer (HNC) subjects.METHODS: Research were conducted at Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. Forty HNC and 40 healthy subjects were recruited and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Medical records were documented, followed by anthropometric evaluation and serum and saliva collection. Laboratory investigation for 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) was performed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods.RESULTS: Significant serumal (p=0.002) and salivary (p=0.016) 25(OH)D mean level differences of HNC and normal groups were obtained. More serumal or salivary 25(OH)D deficient subjects were found in control group than those in HNC group. Meanwhile, serumal and salivary 1,25(OH)D mean levels of HNC group were not significantly different with the ones of control group. There were significant correlations of serumal-salivary 25(OH)D as well as serumal-salivary 1,25(OH)D levels in normal group.CONCLUSION: Serumal and salivary 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)D levels of HNC group were relatively normal. Salivary 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)D could be suggested as substitutes for serumal ones.KEYWORDS: vitamin D, 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)D, head and neck cancer
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Cokro, Ingrid Aurelia Genacia, Dewi Priandini, Deviyanti Pratiwi, and Akhmad Endang Zainal Hasan. "The effect of trigona spp. Propolis extract to saliva substitute ph as xerostomia therapy." Odonto : Dental Journal 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/odj.10.1.117-124.
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Background: Patients with xerostomia generally have an acidic salivary pH. Low oral pH increases the occurrence of tooth caries and development of oral lesions such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) which are prone to occur in patients with xerostomia. Trigona spp. propolis extract with antimicrobial compounds was used as an additional natural ingredient in saliva substitute to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and prevent the decrease of salivary pH in patients with xerostomia. This study aimed to determine the effect of Trigona spp. propolis extract to saliva substitute pH as therapy for xerostomia with antimicrobial activity.
Method: This study was experimental laboratory, namely Post-test only Control Group Design. The propolis Trigona spp. extract used in this study was extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent which was then diluted into 5 concentrations 1,25%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%. This study used Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and saliva substitute with pH of 6.8. The research includes phytochemical test, absorbance measurement and pH test.
Result: There is a significant difference in the pH value between saliva substitute induced with Streptococcus mutans with Trigona spp. propolis extract and the control group. Data analysis using One-way ANOVA test showed a significant value of
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Porangaba, Letícia Pacheco, Flávio de Melo Garcia, Ana Paula Alvarenga Antonio Rabelo, Amanda Puche Andrade, Fabio de Abreu Alves, Antonio Cássio Assis Pellizzon, and Graziella Chagas Jaguar. "Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Salivary Substitute with Enzymatic System for Xerostomia in Patients Irradiated in Head and Neck Region." Current Oncology 31, no. 2 (February 18, 2024): 1102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31020082.
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This study aims to compare whether the use of a salivary substitute including an enzymatic system clinically reduces the intensity of xerostomia, as well as exploring the impact that this has on the quality of life, in patients who had received radiotherapy in the head and neck (HNC) region. Forty patients who had completed radiotherapy treatment within 6 months to 1 year previously were allocated into an Enzymatic Spray group (n = 21) or a Placebo arm (n = 19). It should be noted that two patients in the Placebo arm declined to participate during phase 2 of the study. All patients were randomized and used both products three times a day for 30 days. For analysis, xerostomia grade, unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) salivary flow rate, and quality of life through the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire validated in Portuguese (UW-QoL) were assessed in two phases: Phase 1 (before the use of the products) and Phase 2 (after 30 days of using the products). All clinical data were collected from medical records. Analyzing the salivary substitute with the enzymatic system, an improvement in xerostomia complaints was observed 30 days after using the product; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Regarding quality of life, no significant differences were observed in relation to the UW-QoL and saliva domain between the groups in the two phases of the study (p > 0.05). The salivary substitute with the enzymatic system may be effective in reducing radio-induced xerostomia symptoms; however, further research is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this salivary substitute on oral health.
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Sushanthi S, Leelavathi L, Meignana Arumugham Indiran, Pradeep Kumar Rathinavelu, and Rajesh Kumar S. "Assessing the effect of natural sweetener on salivary pH and streptococcus mutans growth- An invivo study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 7799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3975.
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Stevia is a natural sweetener which is used as a sugar substitute. It has been suggested that Stevia may be anti-cariogenic. However, there is limited research in this regard. Currently, Stevia rebaudiana, a plant is considered to be a suitable replacement of sugar which is healthy and has much fewer side effects than other sweeteners. To assess the salivary pH and streptococcus mutans growth among the participants after mouth rinsing with water containing natural sweetener. This double-blinded parallel clinical trial was done among forty female participants aged 22-25 years. Study participants were selected and randomly allocated by lottery method as two different groups as group A, and B. Microbial growth and pH of the saliva was assessed twice, once before rising with stevia solution and at 20 minutes after rinsing with a sugar solution containing Stevia (single tablet and two tablets) mixed in distilled water. Collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test. It was found from the study that there was an increase in mean salivary pH when compared with the baseline value after rinsing with Stevia. There was an increase in the Streptococcus mutans count after rinsing with Stevia. Increase in streptococcus mutans count was found to be low in Group A than group B. pH value stays in neutral value even after rinsing with a natural sweetener. There is no much difference between Group A and B. Salivary pH after mouth rinsing with Stevia is in a neutral state. It has low Streptococcus mutans growth suggesting that Stevia can also be used as a sugar substitute replacing artificial sugar substitutes.
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Sushanthi S, Leelavathi L, Meignana Arumugham Indiran, Pradeep Kumar Rathinavelu, and Rajesh Kumar S. "Assessing the effect of natural sweetener on salivary pH and streptococcus mutans growth- An invivo study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3975.
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Stevia is a natural sweetener which is used as a sugar substitute. It has been suggested that Stevia may be anti-cariogenic. However, there is limited research in this regard. Currently, Stevia rebaudiana, a plant is considered to be a suitable replacement of sugar which is healthy and has much fewer side effects than other sweeteners. To assess the salivary pH and streptococcus mutans growth among the participants after mouth rinsing with water containing natural sweetener. This double-blinded parallel clinical trial was done among forty female participants aged 22-25 years. Study participants were selected and randomly allocated by lottery method as two different groups as group A, and B. Microbial growth and pH of the saliva was assessed twice, once before rising with stevia solution and at 20 minutes after rinsing with a sugar solution containing Stevia (single tablet and two tablets) mixed in distilled water. Collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test. It was found from the study that there was an increase in mean salivary pH when compared with the baseline value after rinsing with Stevia. There was an increase in the Streptococcus mutans count after rinsing with Stevia. Increase in streptococcus mutans count was found to be low in Group A than group B. pH value stays in neutral value even after rinsing with a natural sweetener. There is no much difference between Group A and B. Salivary pH after mouth rinsing with Stevia is in a neutral state. It has low Streptococcus mutans growth suggesting that Stevia can also be used as a sugar substitute replacing artificial sugar substitutes.
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Pathania, Neha, Sabat Un Noor, Rahul Kumar, Archana Nagpal, and Rajeev Gupta. "An ingenious technique for functional palatal reservoir construction in complete dentures." IP Annals of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.aprd.2021.039.
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The retention, stability and comfort of wearing denture is greatly influenced by the flow, quantity and consistency of saliva. Insufficient salivary output results especially in old-aged edentulous patients may result in denture sores because of lack of lubrication by saliva, thus, reducing patient’s ability to retain the prosthesis. Various approaches have been concernes with the use of reservoir with holes have been described in the literature. However the flow of salivary substitute is very difficult to control. Moreover the frequent cleaning of the denture required to maintain the patency of the reservoir holes poses various challenges to the patient. This article explains a novel technique for the incorporation of a reservoir with controlled salivary flow in complete denture to enhance the retention of the prosthesis and thus, improving the comfort of wearing denture and the speech of patient.
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Bharanija, K. S., V. Ashok, and Anandapandian Ponsekar Abraham. "An innovative technique for palatal reservoir construction in complete dentures: A case report." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 12, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2018.035.
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The retention and comfort of wearing prosthesis mainly depends on saliva. In reduced saliva conditions, such as xerostomia or radiation therapy, the oral mucosa tends to become dry and ulcerated, leading to the patient's inability to retain the prosthesis. Various techniques have been reported in the literature regarding the use of a reservoir with holes in dentures. The results have not been satisfactory because the flow of the salivary substitute could not be controlled and with frequent cleaning of the denture being necassary to maintain the patency of the reservoir holes. A newer technique for incorporation of a palatal reservoir with controlled artificial salivary flow in complete denture is being explained in this article, which improved the denture retention, comfort, mastication and speech of the patient.
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Ibarra, M., Marta Vázquez, P. Fagiolino, F. Mutilva, and A. Canale. "Total, unbound plasma and salivary phenytoin levels in critically ill patients." Journal of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology 16, no. 2 (2010): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-26492010000200006.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of salivary phenytoin (PHT) concentrations and predicted free PHT levels by Sheiner-Tozer equation in order to substitute measured free PHT concentrations in critically ill patients. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four neurocritically ill adult patients receiving intravenous PHT were included in the study. Analyses of total, free plasma and saliva PHT concentrations were performed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Plasma albumin levels were also determined. RESULTS: Free PHT concentrations as well as salivary levels better correlate to clinical effect than total drug concentrations. Linear regression analysis showed a strong correlation between estimated free PHT concentrations by Sheiner-Tozer and measured free PHT levels (r=0.835; p<0.001) and salivary PHT concentrations and measured free PHT concentrations (r=0.964; p<0.001). Sheiner-Tozer equation could be misleading in the presence of displacing drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Saliva may serve as a feasible fluid to plasma in order to be used as a surrogate for free concentration monitoring of PHT in this population.
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Honceriu, Cezar, Mihai Roca, Alexandru Dan Costache, Beatrice Abălașei, Lucian Popescu, Alexandru Rareș Puni, Alexandra Maștaleru, et al. "Blood and Salivary Cortisol Variations in Athletes in Relation to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing." Medicina 59, no. 10 (September 27, 2023): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101726.
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Background and Objectives: Cortisol is a valuable marker for assessing the body’s response to any form of stress. We conducted this study in order to evaluate the variations of salivary and serum cortisol levels in professional football players in relation to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and their significance in potentially evaluating overtraining in athletes. Also, the question of whether salivary cortisol determination could fully substitute serum sampling was addressed. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 male professional football players were evaluated by measuring serum cortisol levels at rest (T0) and immediately after a CPET (T1) and salivary cortisol levels at rest (T0), 10 min after a CPET (T2), and 30 min after a CPET (T3). Results: T0 serum cortisol showed a statistically significant correlation with the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold divided by the body weight (VO2-AT/weight), as did the T2 salivary cortisol with the maximum oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO2-AT) and VO2-AT/weight. T0 salivary cortisol was significantly correlated with the subjects’ height and the predicted O2 pulse. Conclusions: While some correlations were discovered, they are insufficient to recommend cortisol as a routine biomarker in athletes’ evaluation. However, significant correlations were established between salivary and serum determinations, meaning that the non-invasive procedure could substitute venous blood sampling.
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Sari, Dina Keumala, Liza Meutia Sari, Lidya Imelda Laksmi, and Farhat Farhat. "The Use of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Saliva Test to Replace Vitamin D Serum Blood Test in Healthy People." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T3 (May 17, 2021): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6329.
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BACKGROUND: Routine examination of Vitamin D levels is carried out by checking serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels which indicate circulating Vitamin D levels. While serum 1.25(OH)D levels are less frequently performed, although serum 1.25(OH)D levels represent the active form of Vitamin D be a substitute for checking Vitamin D levels. AIMS: This study aims to see the correlation between Vitamin D levels, namely, 25(OH)D and 1.25(OH)D saliva, which correlate with serum 25(OH)D and 1.25(OH)D levels so that the examination of salivary Vitamin D levels can be a substitute for checking serum Vitamin D levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study involving healthy men and women, aged 20–50 years, sampling in Lima Puluh Village, Batubara District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The parameters studied were 25(OH)D and 1.25(OH)D levels of saliva and serum. RESULTS: This study involved 56 study subjects, male and female, with a percentage of deficiencies of 78.6% by examining 25(OH)D saliva and 76.8% by examining 25(OH)D serum. As for the 1.25(OH)D examination of saliva and serum, all were within normal limits. The analysis showed that a moderate correlation was obtained for levels of 25(OH)D saliva with serum 25(OH)D (p = 0.424) and a weak correlation for levels of 1.25(OH)D saliva with serum 25(OH)D (p = 0.339). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary 25(OH)D assay can be used to replace serum 25(OH)D assay in healthy people as a non-invasive alternative.
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Li, Jin, Shenghua Chang, Haiying Guo, Yaoting Ji, Han Jiang, Lianguo Ruan, and Minquan Du. "Altered Salivary Microbiome in the Early Stage of HIV Infections among Young Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110960.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are spiking in Chinese young men who have sex with men (MSM). To explore alterations in the salivary microbiome and its correlation with demographic characteristics, CD4+ T cell count and viral load (VL) in HIV infections, samples of unstimulated whole saliva were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform in 20 HIV newly infected patients before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and at three and six months after, and in 20 age- and gender-paired healthy Chinese people. The results showed that the alpha diversity of salivary microbiota in HIV infections did not show differences from the healthy controls, but was reduced after six months under ART treatment. Comparative analysis revealed that Streptococcus was enriched in HIV-infected individuals, while Neisseria was enriched in the healthy control group. After effective ART, the salivary microbiota composition was not completely restored, although some microbiota recovered. In addition, we found Provotella_7, Neisseria and Haemophilus were correlated negatively with CD4+ T cell count, while Neisseria was correlated positively with VL. We conclude that HIV infections experience a dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome. The salivary microbiome test could be a substitute for the blood tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.
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Meulenberg, P. M., and J. A. Hofman. "Salivary progesterone excellently reflects free and total progesterone in plasma during pregnancy." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.1.168.
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Abstract To see if saliva is a valid substitute for plasma in assay of progesterone even when concentrations of hormone and binding proteins are fluctuating, we determined the concentrations of total and free progesterone in plasma and salivary progesterone in specimens from 36 women volunteers during the course of pregnancy and six weeks postpartum, using a highly specific RIA for total progesterone after extraction and chromatographic purification of the steroid. The free fraction in plasma was determined via equilibrium dialysis, followed by the same RIA analysis for progesterone in the dialysate. Despite the dramatic increases in concentrations of total progesterone and binding proteins in plasma during pregnancy, we found highly significant correlations between total and free progesterone in plasma and salivary progesterone in the group as a whole as well as individuals (P less than 0.001 in almost all cases). The proportion of free progesterone in plasma and of salivary progesterone relative to total progesterone in plasma remained constant at approximately 1% and 0.5%, respectively, whereas during the postpartum period there was much more variance. Evidently salivary progesterone is a very good alternative to plasma as a sample for use in follow-up during pregnancy.
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Pilbrow, W. J., S. M. Brownless, J. I. Cawood, A. Dynes, J. D. Hughes, and H. R. Stockdale. "Salivary gland scintigraphy—a suitable substitute for sialography?" British Journal of Radiology 63, no. 747 (March 1990): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-63-747-190.
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Calvert, N., F. Cutts, R. Irving, D. Brown, J. Marsh, and E. Miller. "Measles immunity and response to revaccination among secondary school children in Cumbria." Epidemiology and Infection 116, no. 1 (February 1996): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058969.
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SummaryThe prevalence of antibody to measles virus in 759 children aged 11–18 years attending a secondary school in Cumbria was measured using a salivary IgG antibody capture assay. Serum IgG antibody levels were measured using a plaque reduction neutralization assay in subjects whose saliva was antibody negative. Vaccination histories were obtained from the child health computer and general practice records. A total of 662 pupils (87 % of those tested) had detectable measles-specific IgG in saliva. Of the remaining 97, 82 provided blood samples and 29 had serum neutralizing antibody levels above 200 mlU/ml. After adjusting for non-participation rates, the proportion considered non-immune (no IgG in saliva and ≤ 200 mlU/ml in serum) was 9 % overall, ranging from 6 % in vaccinated children to 20 % in unvaccinated children. Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine was given to 50 children of whom 38 provided post-vaccination serum and 32 saliva samples. Thirty (79 %) had a fourfold or greater rise in serum neutralizing antibody and 28 (88 %) developed IgG antibody in saliva. Half of the children considered non-immune by antibody testing would have been overlooked in a selective vaccination programme targeted at those without a history of prior vaccination. A programme targeted at all school children should substantially reduce the proportion non-immune since a primary or booster response was achieved in three quarters of previously vaccinated children with low antibody levels and in all unvaccinated children. While it is feasible to screen a school-sized population for immunity to measles relatively quickly using a salivary IgG assay, a simple inexpensive field assay would need to be developed before salivary screening and selective vaccination could substitute for universal vaccination of populations at risk of measles outbreaks. The salivary IgG assay provided a sensitive measure of a booster response to vaccination.
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Tonetto, Mateus Rodrigues, Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade, José Roberto Cury Saad, Shilpa H. Bhandi, Célia Regina Maio Pinzan-Vercelino, Fabrício Reskalla Amaral, Monica Barros da Silva, Elida Lucia Ferreira Assunção, and Michel Nicolau Youssef. "Action of the Salivary Microorganisms having Sorbitol as Substratum." World Journal of Dentistry 5, no. 4 (2014): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1293.
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ABSTRACT Microorganisms living in the saliva are able to ferment some sweetener types and to promote the fall of pH that has its critical point around 5.5; in this situation, they equal the input and the calcium output in the processes of remineralization and demineralization. For iteration of the three essential factors to the installation of the dental caries (microorganism, host and diet) suggested the accomplishment of a work that involved one of these factors. This work aims to study this issue, through the indication of substitute sweetener of the saccharose, whenever possible, it solved to evaluate pH of the saliva, exposed to sorbitol. How to cite this article Amaral FR, Tonetto MR, Pinzan- Vercelino CRM, da Silva MB, Assunção ELF, Bhandi SH, de Andrade MF, Youssef MN, Saad JRC. Action of the Salivary Microorganisms having Sorbitol as Substratum. World J Dent 2014;5(4):218-222.
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Thaweboon, Sroisiri, and Boonyanit Thaweboon. "Inhibitory Potential of Artificial Saliva Containing Vanillin against Biofilm Formation of Candida." Key Engineering Materials 907 (January 21, 2022): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.907.91.
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Saliva plays a crucial role in oral health. Reduced salivary flow (hyposalivation) and xerostomia (dry mouth) are commonly found in many groups of patients, such as cancer patients with head and neck radiotherapy, patients taking medications with antisialogogic effects, diabetic patients, autoimmune patients, and the elderly. When salivary function is diminished, there is more risk of patients to develop opportunistic infections. One of therapeutic methods to restore lost or improve existing functions of natural saliva is the use of saliva substitutes. Several types of salivary substitutes have been developed to simulate human saliva as well as having antimicrobial property. Vanillin, an extensive flavor and aromatic component used worldwide, has been revealed to have antimicrobial potential against many types of bacteria yeasts and molds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of vanillin-incorporated artificial saliva against biofilm formation of Candida. Artificial saliva containing different concentrations of vanillin (8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mg/mL) was prepared. Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and a clinical strain isolated from oral lesion of patient were used in this study. The Candida biofilm formation assay was performed on a 96-well plate by adding 150 μl 107colony forming unit (CFU)/ml of each Candida suspension and 50 μl of artificial saliva and incubated at 37°C in shaking incubator for 24 h. The vital Candida in biofilm formed on the bottom surface of microwell was determined by WST-8 microbial viability assay kit (Dojindo, USA). Artificial saliva without vanillin was used as a control. All tests were done in triplicate and repeated three times. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’ tests were used as statistical analysis. It was found that in the presence of vanillin (at concentrations > 0.5 mg/mL) the amount of vital biofilm formation of both strains of C. albicans was significantly reduced (31-56%) compared with a control. The suppressive activity was not different between both strains of Candida. Similarly, dose dependent effects were found except at 2 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. The result was conformed to the previous study of our group that the incorporation of vanillin to surgical obturator resin could reduce the Candida biofilm formation to nearly 46-54%. The mechanisms of antifungal property of vanillin had been demonstrated to be the induction of oxidative stress, and an interference of metabolic pathways. In conclusion, artificial saliva containing vanillin exhibited a distinct inhibitory effect on biofilm formation of C. albicans as demonstrated in the present study. Attention is required for further studies to implement vanillin added artificial saliva to be used as a productive saliva substitute for the prevention or treatment of Candida infection.
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Alemrajabi, Mohammad-Sadegh, Azam Dadkhah, Seyed-Ali Kasayizadegan-Mahabadi, and Maryam-Sadat Sadrzadeh-Afshar. "Serum and Salivary Levels of Glucose and Urea in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women: A Comparative Study." Disease and Diagnosis 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2021.29.
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Background: Pregnancy is one of the most critical periods in the life of most women. Since it is necessary to be aware of the health of the mother and fetus, serum markers (i.e., glucose and urea) need to be monitored during pregnancy. A routine strategy in this area is venipuncture which is applied to measure the level of these markers. It is also a stressful procedure for pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to determine the salivary level of these markers as a stress-free method in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from 30 pregnant and 30 non-pregnant fasting women. Then, the serum and salivary levels of glucose and urea were measured, analyzed, and compared by photometry. Results: Results indicated that the mean salivary glucose level was 10.2±1.4 mg/dL and 6.4±0.9 mg/ dL in non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. In addition, the mean serum glucose level was 106.5±5.3 mg/dL and 82.9±4.5 mg/dL in non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Further, the mean salivary urea level was 37.1±3.3 mg/dL in non-pregnant women and 27.1±1.9 mg/dL in pregnant women. Moreover, the mean serum urea level was 26.9±1.9 mg/dL and 19.5±2.3 mg/dL in non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Conclusion: Serum and salivary levels of glucose and urea in pregnant women were lower than those in non-pregnant women, and there was a positive correlation between serum and salivary levels. Therefore, it seems that saliva can be a substitute for serum regarding the measurement of glucose and urea levels.
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Okumura, Kenji, Masanori Shinohara, and Fumio Endo. "Capability of Tissue Stem Cells to Organize into Salivary Rudiments." Stem Cells International 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/502136.
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Branching morphogenesis (BrM), an essential step for salivary gland development, requires epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. BrM is impaired when the surrounding mesenchyme is detached from the salivary epithelium during the pseudoglandular stage. It is believed that the salivary mesenchyme is indispensable for BrM, however, an extracellular matrix gel with exogenous EGF can be used as a substitute for the mesenchyme during BrM in the developing salivary epithelium. Stem/progenitor cells isolated from salivary glands in humans and rodents can be classified as mesenchymal stem cell-like, bone-marrow-derived, duct cell-like, and embryonic epithelium-like cells. Salivary-gland-derived progenitor (SGP) cells isolated from duct-ligated rats, mice, and swine submandibular glands share similar characteristics, including intracellular laminin andα6β1-integrin expression, similar to the embryonic salivary epithelia during the pseudoglandular stage. Progenitor cells also isolated from human salivary glands (human SGP cells) having the same characteristics differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells when transplanted into the liver. Similar to the dissociated embryonic salivary epithelium, human SGP cells aggregate to self-organize into branching organ-like structures on Matrigel plus exogenous EGF. These results suggest the possibility that tissue stem cells organize rudiment-like structures, and the embryonic cells that organize into whole tissues during development are preserved even in adult tissues.
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Sari, Dina Keumala, Liza Meutia Sari, and Lidya Imelda Laksmi. "The use of 25(OH)D saliva test as a substitute for 25(OH)D serum test in healthy people." World Nutrition Journal 4, no. 1-3 (October 27, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v04.s3.0027.
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Background and Objectives: Examination of serum 25(OH)D levels of vitamin D in the body circulation illustrates the level of circulating vitamin D, while serum 1.25(OH)D is used to describe vitamin D activity. Several studies have shown that there is a non-invasive test that can be done to check vitamin D levels, namely through salivary levels. This study aims to determine the ratio between serum 25(OH)D and 1.25(OH)D serum levels and to compare the levels in saliva.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that included 36 healthy people, male and female, aged 18-35 years old, living in Medan, North Sumatra. The tests performed were levels of 25(OH)D, 1.25(OH)D in serum and saliva.Results: The mean serum 25 (OH) D level was 17.22±4.37 ng/mL and the 25(OH)D saliva level was 3.46 ng/mL for the minimum value and 51.0 ng/mL for the maximum value (median: 6.01 ng/mL). The results showed a relationship between 25(OH)D saliva and serum 25(OH)D levels (p=0.04). There was no relationship between the levels of 1.25(OH)D in saliva and serum 1.25(OH)D.Conclusion: There was a relationship between 25(OH)D saliva and 25(OHD) serum levels in healthy people. Salivary 25(OH)D levels can be used as a non-invasive laboratory test compared to serum 25(OH)D levels.
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Bhushan, Prem, Menas A. Aras, Vidya Chitre, Ivy Coutinho, Aradhana Nagarsekhar, and Ashwin Mysore. "Salivary reservoir designs for patients with xerostomia: a review." Journal of Research in Dentistry 4, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v4e2201651-57.
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Aim: The present paper aims to review the literature available on various approaches to salivary reservoir designs, the functional aspects, cleansibility, type of attachments used, and different techniques used for the fabrication of salivary reservoirs in patients suffering from xerostomia.Material and Methods: A search in the National Library of Medicine’s Pub Med database, Google search and Science Direct was performed to include all case reports and reviews on prosthodontic rehabilitation of dentulous/partially edentulous/edentulous patient with xerostomia.Results: Out of the 35 articles found in the database search, 18 articles were included based on the designs they adopted for fabrication of salivary reservoirs.Conclusions: The various designs available in literature enable an operator to choose the most suitable reservoir design based on specific patient requirements. Innovations in reservoir design promise a more customized prosthesis for every patient. Further research and innovation will enable increasingly efficient salivary substitute delivery systems for the xerostomic patient.
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Istiati and Esa Ilham Mei Sasmita. "Saliva-Based Test as an Alternative Diagnosis for SARS-CoV-2 Patient." Dentika: Dental Journal 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/dentika.v26i1.9843.
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Respiratory system is affected by a novel type of virus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The gold standard for its identification is the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test, despite being invasive and dangerous to medical workers during the sample-collecting process. However, major salivary glands including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual, as well as smaller glands dispersed throughout the mouth cavity, release saliva, a hypotonic fluid, containing biomarkers that can be used to identify both local and systemic disorders, including SARS-CoV-2. This fluid can be utilized as a non-invasive, low-risk diagnostic test by medical professionals since it provides insights into patient's overall health. This study aims to determine the potential of saliva as a substitute for other SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic methods. The results from analysis of 5 scientific publications, showed that saliva contained SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA, making it suitable for patient diagnostic testing. Considering the results, the fluid was discovered to be an alternative diagnostic test for patient with the virus.
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Nogawa, H., and Y. Takahashi. "Substitution for mesenchyme by basement-membrane-like substratum and epidermal growth factor in inducing branching morphogenesis of mouse salivary epithelium." Development 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.3.855.
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Mouse salivary epithelium cannot undergo branching morphogenesis in the absence of the surrounding mesenchyme. To clarify the nature of the mesenchymal influence on the epithelium, we have investigated the culture conditions in which the epithelium could normally branch in the absence of mesenchymal cells. Combination of basement-membrane-like substratum (Matrigel) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) could substitute for the mesenchyme, the epithelium showing typical branching morphogenesis. Transforming growth factor alpha had the same effect as EGF. Matrigel plus basic fibroblast growth factor or transforming growth factor beta 1 and collagen gel plus EGF were not sufficient to support the branching of the epithelium. These results clearly reveal that the role of mesenchyme in salivary morphogenesis is both to provide the epithelium with an appropriate substratum and to accelerate growth of the epithelium.
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Kafi, Md Abdullah Hel, Md Arif Hossain Bhuyan, Md Jahangir Hossain Bhuiyan, and MS Khurshid Alam. "Management of salivary gland neoplasm study of 32 cases." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 9, no. 2 (August 4, 2010): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v9i2.5656.
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Objective: To study the clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics along with the management outcome of salivary gland neoplasm. Materials and Methods: This study included thirty two patients (16 male and 16 female) with salivary gland tumours presented at Combined Military Hospital Dhaka, Apollo Hospital Dhaka and Ibn Sina Medical College and Hospital Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2009. The data of each patient included age, sex, presenting symptoms and signs, provisional diagnosis, preoperative investigations, operation notes, histopathological examination and state at follow up. Results: The mean age was 42.5 years. 14 (43.75%) patients presented at 5th decade. Main presenting symptom was swelling (100%) followed by pain (18.75%). All patients underwent fine needle aspiration cytology which was conclusive in 26 patients (81.25%). Thirty one patients underwent surgical excision. 24 cases were parotid neoplasm and 8 cases were submandibular neoplasm. 20 patients (16 parotid and 4 submandibular) were pleomorphic adenoma. Conclusion: There is no substitute for detailed clinical history and examination in the assessment of salivary gland neoplasm. Imaging studies are probably academic but determine the extent of the disease. Early diagnosis, adequate and proper treatment improves the prognosis. Key words: Salivary gland tumour; Pleomorphic adenoma; Warthin's tumour; Adenoid cystic carcinoma; Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v9i2.5656Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.09 No.2 Apr 2010 pp.87-94
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Semmler, Marion, Bogac Tur, Ludger Schlautmann, Sophie Wolfsteiner, Laura Ziller, Ann-Katrin Hellmann, Maximilian Eckhardt, Olaf Wendler, and Anne Schützenberger. "Analysis of potential influencing factors for acoustic quality in patients with ectodermal dysplasia." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027749.
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Subjects with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) suffer from an inherited disorder in the development of ectodermal structures. They show a significantly reduced formation of teeth, hair, and a reduced number and activity of sweat and salivary glands. Recently, the voice of ED subjects has come into focus. It is assumed that the generally reduced glandular function is responsible for the altered vocal sound, although no specific cause has been identified. Previous findings included significant changes in the acoustic quality, the parameters derived from high-speed videoendoscopy, the laboratory analysis and rheological analysis of saliva samples as a substitute for laryngeal mucus. Based on these findings, we performed an extended statistical analysis directed towards the correlations between the different affected domains in order to reveal the contributing factors for the resulting acoustic voice quality. Although there were distinct statistical differences between ED males and male controls in the individual domains, only few statistical correlations were found between the subdomains i.e., acoustics, vocal fold vibrations and saliva composition/consistency. These results do not yet allow any definitive conclusions on the influencing factors of voice quality. A larger group of test subjects and analyses of the laryngeal mucus are required.
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Lee, S. I., and R. J. Turner. "Secretagogue-induced 86Rb+ efflux from bovine parotid is HCO3- dependent." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): R162—R168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.1.r162.
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Muscarinic agonist (carbachol)-induced K+ loss from a bovine parotid mince was studied using 86Rb+ as a K+ marker. In contrast to our previous studies with the rat parotid [Am. J. Physiol. 261 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 24): G111-G118, 1991] in which both Cl(-)-dependent and HCO3(-)-dependent components of carbachol-induced 86Rb+ efflux were observed, no significant evidence for Cl(-)-dependent 86Rb+ loss was detected in the bovine parotid. HCO3(-)-dependent agonist-induced 86Rb+ loss was blunted by K+ and Cl- channel blockers and by removal of extracellular Ca2+, consistent with the hypothesis that this 86Rb+ loss occurs via a Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel and that this cation loss serves to electrically balance the concomitant loss of HCO3- via an electrically conductive pathway, presumably an apical anion channel. Acetate, formate, and propionate could substitute for HCO3-. Interpreted in terms of current models of salivary fluid secretion, which hypothesize that the production of fluid is secondary to anion secretion accompanied by an electrically coupled K+ loss, these results indicate that salivary production in the bovine parotid is driven almost exclusively by acinar HCO3- secretion.
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Pinni, Jyothsna, J. S. Sankar Avula, Sridhar Mukthineni, Sujatha Bandi, and Thulasi Gokul. "Evaluation of Anticariogenic Efficacy of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Pericarp Extract as Natural Mouth Rinse: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 4 (November 20, 2018): 2025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1578.
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Plant materials were known as source of new antimicrobial agents. Many efforts have been made to develop alternative mouth rinses from natural products which are safe, easily available and substitute the standard pharmaceutical remedies. Thus, considering the therapeutic value of pomegranate fruit, the present study was designed to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous extract of Pomegranate pericarp and commercially available Chlorhexidine mouth wash against caries causative microorganisms both in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of pomegranate pericarp extract (PPE) against Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) and to determine its usefulness as anti caries mouth rinse. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated by disc inhibition zone method and broth dilution assay considering minimum inhibitory concentration of PPE. In vivo evaluation was done as a randomised controlled trial which included thirty children aged between 6-12 years. They were divided randomly into 3 groups of ten each and subjected to different mouth rinses - Group I: PPE mouth rinse, Group II: 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouth rinse and Group III: Distilled water (control). The salivary samples which were collected before and after (5 minutes) mouth rinsing were inoculated on Mutans Sanguis agar and the bacterial count was calculated.Statistically significant decrease in salivary S.mutans count was observed in group I and II compared to group III after mouth rinsing. However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups I and II. PPE mouthwash was effective in reducing the salivary S.mutans count and was comparable to chlorhexidine mouth rinse. Hence PPE mouth rinse may be considered as a potential anti caries mouth rinse.
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Levine, M. J., A. Aguirre, M. N. Hatton, and L. A. Tabak. "Artificial Salivas: Present and Future." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 1_suppl (February 1987): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660s115.
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Modern technology has allowed us to understand better the functions of saliva and now provides a rationale for developing: (1) diagnostic reagents for monitoring oral and systemic health status and (2) replacement therapies for individuals with salivary dysfunctions. Several areas of dental research are directed at augmenting or enhancing both the quality and quantity of saliva for individuals with dry mouth. An “intrinsic” approach is being explored which utilizes medications such as pilocarpine and bromhexine to stimulate the salivary glands to produce more saliva. An “extrinsic” approach proposes to use topically applied artificial saliva. Studies in our laboratory have been directed toward developing artificial salivas which incorporate many of the protective features of “native” saliva. An ideal artificial saliva should be “long-lasting”, provide lubrication, inhibit colonization of microflora responsible for dental caries and gingivitis, and coat the oral soft tissues for protection against environmental insult and desiccation. Studies are currently under way to determine the structural requirements of salivary molecules responsible for these protective functions. Composite salivary molecules consisting of multiple biologically active or “functional domains” could then be designed and synthesized based upon primary sequence and conformational analyses, computer-assisted structural predictions, and in vitro testing. These supcrsalivary substances could then be used as saliva substitutes for targeting to selected oral surfaces to promote mineralization, hydration, and/or regulate microbial-mediated disease.
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Levine, M. J., A. Aguirre, M. N. Hatton, and L. A. Tabak. "Artificial Salivas: Present and Future." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 2_suppl (February 1987): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660s215.
Full textAbstract:
Modern technology has allowed us to understand better the functions of saliva and now provides a rationale for developing: (1) diagnostic reagents for monitoring oral and systemic health status and (2) replacement therapies for individuals with salivary dysfunctions. Several areas of dental research are directed at augmenting or enhancing both the quality and quantity of saliva for individuals with dry mouth. An “intrinsic” approach is being explored which utilizes medications such as pilocarpine and bromhexine to stimulate the salivary glands to produce more saliva. An “extrinsic” approach proposes to use topically applied artificial saliva. Studies in our laboratory have been directed toward developing artificial salivas which incorporate many of the protective features of “native” saliva. An ideal artificial saliva should be “long-lasting”, provide lubrication, inhibit colonization of microflora responsible for dental caries and gingivitis, and coat the oral soft tissues for protection against environmental insult and desiccation. Studies are currently under way to determine the structural requirements of salivary molecules responsible for these protective functions. Composite salivary molecules consisting of multiple biologically active or “functional domains” could then be designed and synthesized based upon primary sequence and conformational analyses, computer-assisted structural predictions, and in vitro testing. These supersalivary substances could then be used as saliva substitutes for targeting to selected oral surfaces to promote mineralization, hydration, and/or regulate microbial-mediated disease.
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Łysik, Dawid, Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska, Robert Bucki, Grażyna Tokajuk, and Joanna Mystkowska. "Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (June 29, 2019): 3199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133199.
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The chronic sensation of a dry mouth is a disease condition called xerostomia and affects a large part of the population. Xerostomia is associated with decreased secretion, or more often, qualitative changes in saliva proteins and immunoglobulin concentrations that develop as a result of salivary gland dysfunction. Several reasons causing dry mouth were described, and usually, they include taking medications, diseases or radiotherapy. In some situations, when it is difficult to use salivary stimulants or salivary gland damage is irreversible, the only option might seem to be saliva substitutes. The paper presents the most important aspects considering saliva preparations. The rheological and lubricating properties and the reconstruction of the complex saliva structure has been the main purpose of research. The biological properties of saliva preparations were also widely discussed. As part of the work, the antimicrobial effect of three commercial saliva preparations was tested. Finally, inadequate antimicrobial properties against the strains isolated from the oral cavity were demonstrated. The development of salivary substitutes, in particular, the improvement of antimicrobial properties, can be achieved using nanotechnology, including drug delivery systems containing nanocarriers.
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M.S, Serene, Shipra Jaidka, Rani Somani, Deepti Jawa, Sarath Kumar R., Anaswara S., Anu Susan Joy, and Deepa P. "NONFLUORIDATED REMINERALIZING AGENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 09 (September 30, 2022): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15400.
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Early diagnosis of dental caries is of paramount importance. If we are able to intercept caries lesion at subsurface level with the help of remineralizing agents, we can actually achieve a caries free mouth.Remineralization was ruled by fluorides from the 1960s. Since then it has been successfully remineralizing carious lesions & has certain disadvantages like it is dependant on calcium and phosphate from saliva to accomplish this. Also overuse of fluorides can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. This made researchers to explore nonfluoridated remineralizing agents.ACP compounds are considered prime candidates for remineralization therapy due to their high solubility under oral conditions and ability to rapidly hydrolyze to form apatite. Casein phospho-peptides are responsible for the high bioavailability of calcium from milk and other dairy products. CPP have the ability to bind and stabilize calcium and phosphate in solution, as well as to bind to dental plaque and tooth enamel. CPP stabilize ACP, localize ACP in dental plaque, thereby maintaining a state of supersaturation with respect to tooth enamel, reducing demineralization. TCP is a new hybrid material & when TCP comes into contact with the tooth surface and is moistened by saliva, the protective barrier breaks down making calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions available to the tooth. Xylitol, sugar substitute especially in chewing gums which increases salivary flow rate and enhances the protective properties of saliva. Bioactive glass is made of synthetic mineral containing sodium, calcium, phosphorous and silica which are all elements naturally found in the body. Ozone can shift microbial flora from acidogenic bacteria to normal commensals allowing remineralization to occur. Nanohydroxyapatite, a bioactive and biocompatible material, functions by directly filling up the micropores in early caries lesions.On the basis of the available data authors have given an insight into different nonfluoridated remineralizing agents in this article.
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Vinke, Jeroen, Hans J. Kaper, Arjan Vissink, and Prashant K. Sharma. "Dry mouth: saliva substitutes which adsorb and modify existing salivary condition films improve oral lubrication." Clinical Oral Investigations 24, no. 11 (April 17, 2020): 4019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03272-x.
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Abstract Objectives The aims of this study are to assess different saliva substitutes for their efficacy to lubricate the oral cavity, and to relate this oral lubrication to the ability of saliva substitutes to adsorb on and change the structure of the existing salivary conditioning film (SCF). Materials and methods Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation was used to study the capability of saliva substitutes to interact with natural SCF and the ability to change the secondary SCF (S-SCF). A tongue-enamel friction system mimicking xerostomic conditions was used to assess the relief and relief period expected from these substitutes under set circumstances. Results Saliva Orthana spray, Biotène spray and Gum Hydral gel had an immediate effect on a SCF, increasing its structural softness. BioXtra gel, Biotène gel, Gum Hydral gel and Glandosane spray changed the S-SCF by increasing salivary protein adsorption, while others showed no sign of interaction. With respect to relief, only 2 out of the 16 saliva substitutes tested (Saliva Orthana spray and Gum Hydral gel) performed better than water. Overall, relief period correlated positively to structural softness change, whereas a positive correlation was seen between relief and mass adsorption. Conclusions The majority of saliva substitutes did not adsorb on the SCF, thus did not enhance lubrication. Only saliva substitutes containing carrageenan, carboxymethylcellulose, pig gastric mucin, xanthan gum and carbomer performed better in enhancing oral lubrication. Clinical relevance This objective assessment will help clinicians and patients make better choice of saliva substitutes. This study provides a scientific basis for future improvement in saliva substitutes.
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Ghorbani Behnam, Shahram, Seyed Abbas Mousavi, and Mohammad Hassan Emamian. "The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation compared to standard bupropion for the treatment of tobacco dependence: A randomized sham-controlled trial." European Psychiatry 60 (August 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.04.010.
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AbstractBackground:Current treatments for smoking cessation are not effective for most smokers. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on smoking cessation.Methods:In this randomized, sham-controlled trial study, tobacco-dependent (by DSM-5) male participants were recruited from the general public invitation. Participants were randomly allocated to 5 groups; (A), treatment with 300mg bupropion for 8 weeks; (B), active tDCS (20 sessions for 4 weeks); (C), sham for group B ; (D), active tDCS (20 sessions for 12 weeks), and (E), sham for group D. The electrode montage was anode F3 and cathode F4. Study outcomes include salivary cotinine, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, and smoked cigarette per day, were examined on three time points. Repeated-measures analysis of variances and the generalized estimation equation (GEE) model were employed for data analysis.Results:Among 210 volunteers, 170 participants completed the study. Mean age of participants was 42.9 years, ranging from 21 to 64 years. The 6-month point abstinence rates in groups A, B and D were 20%, 7% and 25.7%, and in C, D sham groups were 3.1% and 3% respectively. Results of the GEE model showed that although group D was not different from group A in abstinence rate, i.e., salivary cotinine >4 (p = 0.266), nicotine dependency by Fagerstrom test was lower in this group compared to group A (p = 0.019).Conclusions:The 12-week tDCS had a clinically good therapeutic effect on smoking cessation and its dependency. It may be a substitute for bupropion treatment.
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Levine, Michael J. "Development of Artificial Salivas." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 4, no. 3 (April 1993): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411930040030401.
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Salivary research is at a critical crossroads regarding the clinical application of basic knowledge. Studies by numerous salivary researchers over the last 5 years using advanced technologies (e.g., protein chemistry, molecular biology, and biophysics) have demonstrated that the structural requirements for salivary function are quite complex. Nevertheless, several patterns or principles have evolved. First, the majority if not all salivary molecules are multifunctional. Second, the conformation of a molecule is an important factor in biological activity. Third, many molecules have overlapping functions (e.g., mucins and amylase interact with viridans streptococci; statherin and proline-rich proteins are involved in mineralization). Thus, saliva has "built-in" compensatory or redundant properties. Nevertheless, it must be determined which molecule is more potent or effective with respect to a particular function. Fourth, salivary molecules may be "amphifunctional". In other words, the different functions of a single molecule may be protective or potentially harmful depending on the intraoral site of action. Examples of amphifunctional molecules are amylase and statherin. Fifth, functional relationships may exist between different salivary components. The principles mentioned above can provide experimental strategies for the design and synthesis of a first generation of salivary substitutes that can be topically applied to oral surfaces. These molecules should be used to combat microbial mediated diseases and occlusal disharmony in subjects with normal salivary flow as well as those with xerostomia. In general, these substitutes should be long-lasting, biocompatible, biodegradable, and provide specific protective qualities that can be targeted to selected intraoral sites. Subsequent research endeavors will focus on the design and subsequent engineering of a second generation of artificial salivas comprised of molecules with enhanced as well as multiple functions. Examples of these strategies are provided.
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Srisomboon, Surapong, Thanapong Intharah, Ungkarn Jarujareet, Arnit Toneluck, and Piyaphong Panpisut. "The in vitro assessment of rheological properties and dentin remineralization of saliva substitutes containing propolis and aloe vera extracts." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 22, 2024): e0304156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304156.
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Saliva substitutes with enhanced dentin remineralization properties were expected to help manage caries progression in patients with xerostomia. This in vitro study examined the rheological properties and remineralization action of experimental saliva substitutes containing propolis extract and aloe vera extract on demineralized dentin. Four experimental saliva substitutes were formulated with varying concentrations of propolis extract (P) and aloe vera extract (A) were prepared. A commercial saliva substitute (Biotene Oral Rinse) was used as a commercial comparison. The rheological properties and viscosity of these materials were measured using a strain-controlled rheometer (n = 3). The remineralizing actions of saliva substitutes on demineralized dentin after 2 weeks were determined using ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX (n = 8). The results were expressed as a percentage increase in the mineral-to-matrix ratio. Biotene demonstrated a significantly higher viscosity (13.5 mPa·s) than experimental saliva substitutes (p<0.05). The addition of extracts increased the viscosity of the saliva substitutes from 4.7 mPa·s to 5.2 mPa·s. All formulations showed minimal shear thinning behavior, which was the viscoelastic properties of natural saliva. The formulation containing 5 wt% of propolis exhibited the highest increase in the median mineral-to-matrix ratio (25.48%). The SEM-EDX analysis revealed substantial mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin, especially in formulations with 5 wt% or 2.5 wt% of propolis. The effect of the aloe vera extract was minimal. The addition of propolis and aloe vera extracts increased the viscosity of saliva substitutes. the addition of propolis for 2.5 or 5 wt% to saliva substitutes increased mineral apatite precipitation and tubule occlusion. To conclude, the saliva substitute containing propolis extract demonstrated superior remineralizing actions compared with those containing only aloe vera extract.
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Kononchuk, Anastasia G., Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov, Anastasia N. Ignatieva, Irina A. Belousova, Maki N. Inoue, and Yuri S. Tokarev. "Susceptibility of the Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) to Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae)." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050447.
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The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a notorious forest defoliator, and various pathogens are known to act as natural regulators of its population density. As a widespread herbivore with a broad range of inhabited areas and host plants, it is potentially exposed to parasitic microorganisms from other insect hosts. In the present paper, we determined the susceptibility of gypsy moth larvae to the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta from the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Gypsy moth samples from two localities of Western Siberia were used. N. pyrausta developed infections in the salivary gland and adipose tissue of gypsy moth prepupae and pupae, forming spore masses after 30 days of alimentary exposure to the second instar larvae. Among the experimental groups, the infection levels ranged from 0 to 9.5%. Effects of a covert baculovirus infection, phenylthiourea pretreatment and feeding insects on an artificial diet versus natural foliage were not significant in terms of microsporidia prevalence levels. Thus, L. dispar showed a low level of susceptibility to a non-specific microsporidium. It can be referred to as a resistant model host and not an appropriate substitute host for laboratory propagation of the microsporidium.
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Niemirowicz-Laskowska, Katarzyna, Joanna Mystkowska, Dawid Łysik, Sylwia Chmielewska, Łukasz Suprewicz, Karol Skłodowski, Piotr Deptuła, Jan Ryszard Dąbrowski, and Robert Bucki. "Multifunctional artificial saliva preparation – challenges and needs." Postępy Polskiej Medycyny i Farmacji 8 (June 9, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9199.
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Saliva plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis not only within the oral cavity but also in further sections of the gastrointestinal tract. Pleiotropic properties of saliva include participation in the digestion of carbohydrates, cleansing and moisturizing the oral cavity, and maintaining the composition of the oral microbiome. The result of impaired function of the salivary gland is reduced salivation – hyposalivation, leading to dry mouth – xerostomia. It is established that numerous physiological factors (age, sex, weight change) and pathological factors (polytherapy, head and neck cancer, coexisting diseases such as diabetes, depression, cardiovascular diseases) lead to the reduction in saliva secretion, and in effect, causing a dry mouth. Treatment of salivary secretion disorders involves pharmacological therapy (including hormone therapy) or replacement therapy which based on the use of saliva substitutes. In the case of disturbances in the secretion of natural saliva, the application of the artificial saliva preparations should support the chewing processes, moisturize the oral cavity, and fulfill the biological functions of saliva. However, to date, on the pharmaceutical market, there are no saliva substitutes that meet the biological criteria and maintaining favorable physicochemical properties and rheological parameters. Taking into account the problems of the patients which are burden by impaired salivary secretion, the aim of our research was to attempt to develop an artificial saliva preparation that reflecting as much as possible the properties of natural saliva, both in terms of mechanical and biological properties. As part of the research, the chemical composition was developed and a detailed study of the physicochemical and rheological parameters of artificial saliva preparations containing mucins as well as their microbiological and biocompatibility assessment, at in vitro level were carried out.
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Cesar, Marcelo, Rayssa Justo, João Vidal, Maurício Bonel, Edimilson Migowski, and Rafael Cisne. "The use of drugs for the treatment of xerostomia – brief review." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v5i4.6708.
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Inadequate production of saliva causes an oral imbalance that has a great impact on the individual's quality of life. Diseases of various types are responsible for impaired production of saliva and dry mouth, as happens in xerostomia. It is usually associated with hypofunction of the salivary glands, which shows signs of dryness on oral mucosa, and other morphological features in the oral cavity. Saliva is composed of water and 1% of electrolytes and immunoglobulins, enzymes and other proteins. Its fluid component, which contains ions, is mainly produced by parasympathetic stimulation, while the protein component, produced in the acinar secretory vesicles, is released by sympathetic stimulation. The use of certain drugs is a major cause of xerostomia. Among these we found analgesics, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, antihypertensives, diuretics and antidepressants. The treatment is mainly done by saliva substitutes such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, monopotassium phosphate and dipotassium phosphate. However, in some cases, stimulants, such as citric acid and sodium citrate, or even topical salivary substitutes can be effective. Furthermore, the use of specific oral care products is well accepted by the patients. The treatment is selected according to the ability of the glands to produce saliva. It is still not fully known what mechanism of action drugs that cause hyposalivation, dry mouth or changes in saliva composition use. Yet, it is important to know the side effects of prescribed drugs.
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Jonjić, S., W. Mutter, F. Weiland, M. J. Reddehase, and U. H. Koszinowski. "Site-restricted persistent cytomegalovirus infection after selective long-term depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes." Journal of Experimental Medicine 169, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 1199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.169.4.1199.
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We have established a murine model system for exploring the ability of a CD4 subset-deficient host to cope with cytomegalovirus infection, and reported three findings. First, an antiviral response of the CD8 subset of T lymphocytes could be not only initiated but also maintained for a long period of time despite a continued absence of the CD4 subset, whereas the production of antiviral antibody proved strictly dependent upon help provided by the CD4 subset. Second, no function in the defense against infection could be ascribed as yet to CD4-CD8- T lymphocytes, which were seen to accumulate to a new subset as a result of depletion of the CD4 subset. This newly arising subset did not substitute for CD4+ T lymphocytes in providing help to B lymphocytes, and was also not effective in controlling the spread of virus in host tissues. As long as a function of these cells in the generation and maintenance of a CD8 subset-mediated response is not disproved, caution is indicated with concern to an autonomy of the CD8 subset. Third, even though with delay, the CD8+ effector cells raised in the CD4 subset-deficient host were able of clear vital tissues from productive infection and to restrict asymptomatic, persistent infection to acinar glandular epithelial cells in salivary gland tissue.
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Mercadante, Valeria, Siri Beier Jensen, Derek K. Smith, Kari Bohlke, Jessica Bauman, Michael T. Brennan, Robert P. Coppes, et al. "Salivary Gland Hypofunction and/or Xerostomia Induced by Nonsurgical Cancer Therapies: ISOO/MASCC/ASCO Guideline." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 25 (September 1, 2021): 2825–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.01208.
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PURPOSE To provide evidence-based recommendations for prevention and management of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by nonsurgical cancer therapies. METHODS Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and ASCO convened a multidisciplinary Expert Panel to evaluate the evidence and formulate recommendations. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials published between January 2009 and June 2020. The guideline also incorporated two previous systematic reviews conducted by MASCC/ISOO, which included studies published from 1990 through 2008. RESULTS A total of 58 publications were identified: 46 addressed preventive interventions and 12 addressed therapeutic interventions. A majority of the evidence focused on the setting of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. For the prevention of salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer, there is high-quality evidence for tissue-sparing radiation modalities. Evidence is weaker or insufficient for other interventions. For the management of salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia, intermediate-quality evidence supports the use of topical mucosal lubricants, saliva substitutes, and agents that stimulate the salivary reflex. RECOMMENDATIONS For patients who receive radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, tissue-sparing radiation modalities should be used when possible to reduce the risk of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia. Other risk-reducing interventions that may be offered during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer include bethanechol and acupuncture. For patients who develop salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia, interventions include topical mucosal lubricants, saliva substitutes, and sugar-free lozenges or chewing gum. For patients with head and neck cancer, oral pilocarpine and oral cevimeline, acupuncture, or transcutaneous electrostimulation may be offered after radiation therapy. Additional information can be found at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines .
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Nagler, R. M. "Altered Salivary Profile in Heavy Smokers and its Possible Connection to Oral Cancer." International Journal of Biological Markers 22, no. 4 (October 2007): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080702200406.
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Saliva is the first biological fluid to encounter inhaled cigarette smoke, whose numerous carcinogens and oxidants are responsible for the oral cancer so prevalent among smokers. Whole saliva, collected from 25 consenting heavy smokers and from a control group of 25 age- and gender-matched non-smokers, was subjected to sialochemical, biochemical, immunological and oxidative analyses. The mean flow rate was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers, as were the median activity value of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total salivary antioxidant capacity (ImAnOx) (by 32% and 12%, respectively, p=0.05). The salivary carbonyl concentration (an oxidative stress indicator) was significantly higher by 126% (p=0.0006) among smokers, while lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, total immunoglobulin G, and the metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations were significantly lower in the smokers, by 86% (p=0.003), 65% (p=0.003), 61% (p=0.048), 35% (p=0.005) and 55% (p=0.035), respectively. Apparently, the oral cavity's salivary antioxidant system fails to cope with the severe attack of reactive oxygen species originating in cigarette smoke. Moreover, various other salivary functional and protective parameters also decreased among the smokers. Hence, further research aimed at examining the possibility of administration of agents as antioxidants or saliva substitutes to the oral cavity of smokers should be considered.
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Schwarz, W. H. "The Rheology of Saliva." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 1_suppl (February 1987): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660s109.
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The rheology of saliva affects the coating and lubrication of oral surfaces and the consistency of ingested foods. Salivary gland dysfunction can cause tissue damage and dysphagia. Therefore, we have considered the problem of designing a synthetic saliva for medical management. Also, we have measured certain rheological properties [shear-dependent viscosity η (k)] and the frequency-dependent moduli [G′(f) and η′(f)] of normal stimulated whole saliva. Analysis of the rheological data and consideration of requirements for using artificial saliva have resulted in a better understanding of the rheological functions of natural saliva and the desirable characteristics of synthetic saliva. In addition, we have measured rheological properties of two commercial saliva substitutes for comparison.
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Schwarz, W. H. "The Rheology of Saliva." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 2_suppl (February 1987): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660s209.
Full textAbstract:
The rheology of saliva affects the coating and lubrication of oral surfaces and the consistency of ingested foods. Salivary gland dysfunction can cause tissue damage and dysphagia. Therefore, we have considered the problem of designing a synthetic saliva for medical management. Also, we have measured certain rheological properties [shear-dependent viscosity η(κ)] and the frequency-dependent moduli [G'(f) and η'(f)] of normal stimulated whole saliva. Analysis of the rheological data and consideration of requirements for using artificial saliva have resulted in a better understanding of the rheological functions of natural saliva and the desirable characteristics of synthetic saliva. In addition, we have measured rheological properties of two commercial saliva substitutes for comparison.
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Bhatia, Anu, Rajinder K. Sharma, Shikha Tewari, and Satish C. Narula. "A randomized clinical trial of salivary substitute as an adjunct to scaling and root planing for management of periodontal inflammation in mouth breathing patients." Journal of Oral Science 57, no. 3 (2015): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.57.241.
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Chałas, Renata, Dorota Rykwa, and Paweł Łabno. "Artificial tears and saliva substitutes." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 25, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12923/j.2084-980x/25.1/a.11.
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Ferguson, M. M., and M. J. Barker. "Saliva substitutes in the management of salivary gland dysfunction." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 13, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-409x(94)90031-0.
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Winter, Christina, Carolin Tetyczka, Duy Toan Pham, Dagmar Kolb, Gerd Leitinger, Sandra Schönfelder, Olaf Kunert, et al. "Investigation of Hydrocolloid Plant Polysaccharides as Potential Candidates to Mimic the Functions of MUC5B in Saliva." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 5 (May 18, 2024): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050682.
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The successful substitution of complex physiological fluids, such as human saliva, remains a major challenge in drug development. Although there are a large number of saliva substitutes on the market, their efficacy is often inadequate due to short residence time in the mouth, unpleasant mouthfeel, or insufficient protection of the teeth. Therefore, systems need to be identified that mimic the functions of saliva, in particular the salivary mucin MUC5B and the unique physiological properties of saliva. To this end, plant extracts known to contain hydrocolloid polysaccharides and to have mucus-forming properties were studied to evaluate their suitability as saliva substitutes. The aqueous plant extracts of Calendula officinalis, Fucus sp. thalli, and lichenan from Lichen islandicus were examined for composition using a range of techniques, including GC-MS, NMR, SEC, assessment of pH, osmolality, buffering capacity, viscoelasticity, viscoelastic interactions with human saliva, hydrocolloid network formation, and in vitro cell adhesion. For this purpose, a physiologically adapted adhesive test was developed using human buccal epithelial cells. The results show that lichenan is the most promising candidate to mimic the properties of MUC5B. By adjusting the pH, osmolality, and buffering capacity with K2HPO4, it was shown that lichenan exhibited high cell adhesion, with a maximum detachment force that was comparable to that of unstimulated whole mouth saliva.
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Melvin, J. E., and R. J. Turner. "Cl- fluxes related to fluid secretion by the rat parotid: involvement of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 262, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): G393—G398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.3.g393.
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Muscarinic-induced 36Cl- and 86Rb+ (K+ substitute) fluxes were studied in rat parotid acini. Stimulation resulted in a rapid [half time (t1/2) less than 30 s] decrease in both Cl- and Rb+ content (approximately 50 and 30%, respectively) followed by a slower partial recovery (t1/2 approximately 3-4 min) to approximately 80% of resting levels for both ions. Cl- loss was inhibited by the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus, which contains the maxi-K+ channel blocker charybdotoxin. Cl- recovery was blunted in the presence of bumetanide, an inhibitor of Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransport, or on HCO3- removal and was completely blocked in the presence of bumetanide and 4,4' diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid (DIDS), an inhibitor of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange. In HCO3(-)-containing medium a rapid (t1/2 less than 1 min), DIDS-inhibitable cytoplasmic alkalinization (approximately 0.4 pH unit) was observed in acini switched to a Cl(-)-free solution. This alkalinization was not seen in HCO3(-)-free medium but persisted in the absence of Na+, consistent with the presence of a potent Na(+)-independent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger. Kinetic studies indicated that the half-maximal effect of this exchanger for extracellular Cl- was approximately 18 mM. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that secretagogue-induced KCl loss by salivary acinar cells occurs via electrically coupled K+ and Cl- channels. In addition, they provide strong evidence that Cl- entry into, and thus fluid secretion by, these cells is mediated by both Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange and Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransport.
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Iqbal, Sonia, Hanasul Hanan, Afshan Maqbool, and Nasra Munawar. "A review on orodispersible drug delivery system." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp2023714.
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The future of drug delivery holds great promise for orally dispersible dose formulations, which make application simple since no water requirement as compared to conventional solid dosage forms which requires significant volumes of fluids for administration. The objective for development of ODF provides a substitute for pills, syrups, and tablets in treating vomiting as well as nausea, particularly in children. On the basis of transdermal patch delivery system, a novel oral films drug delivery has been introduced. Fast dissolving films disintegrates quickly when come in contact with salivary secretion in the oral mucosa and released the drug fast approximately within 3 mins. ODFs are of different types, like sustained or controlled release, oral patches and fast dissolving films. They can be manufactured using a variety of method including solvent and semi solid casting, hot melt and solid dispersion extrusion, spray drying and rolling. Among them solvent casting method is the most employed method. ODFs comprises of active ingredient, polymer, plasticizer and additives like surfactants, sweetening and coloring agents. ODFs preparation requires hydrophilic polymer which provides quick dissolution in the oral cavity. Hydrophilic polymer act as base for ODFs formulation as they impart mouth feel and mechanical properties of the ODFs also dependent of polymer type. Oral thin-film provide fast drug dissolution precise dosage in a portable, safe, and handy manner that doesn't required water or any special equipment. This review article comprises of different methods for ODFs preparations, ODFs ingredients, ODFs benefits and drawbacks and their packaging.
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Iqbal, Sonia, Hanasul Hanan, Afshan Maqbool, and Nasra Munawar. "A review on orodispersible drug delivery system." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp.2023714.
Full textAbstract:
The future of drug delivery holds great promise for orally dispersible dose formulations, which make application simple since no water requirement as compared to conventional solid dosage forms which requires significant volumes of fluids for administration. The objective for development of ODF provides a substitute for pills, syrups, and tablets in treating vomiting as well as nausea, particularly in children. On the basis of transdermal patch delivery system, a novel oral films drug delivery has been introduced. Fast dissolving films disintegrates quickly when come in contact with salivary secretion in the oral mucosa and released the drug fast approximately within 3 mins. ODFs are of different types, like sustained or controlled release, oral patches and fast dissolving films. They can be manufactured using a variety of method including solvent and semi solid casting, hot melt and solid dispersion extrusion, spray drying and rolling. Among them solvent casting method is the most employed method. ODFs comprises of active ingredient, polymer, plasticizer and additives like surfactants, sweetening and coloring agents. ODFs preparation requires hydrophilic polymer which provides quick dissolution in the oral cavity. Hydrophilic polymer act as base for ODFs formulation as they impart mouth feel and mechanical properties of the ODFs also dependent of polymer type. Oral thin-film provide fast drug dissolution precise dosage in a portable, safe, and handy manner that doesn't required water or any special equipment. This review article comprises of different methods for ODFs preparations, ODFs ingredients, ODFs benefits and drawbacks and their packaging.
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Subramaniam, Priya, and P. Suresh Babu. "Effect of Polyol Gums on Salivary S Mutans Levels." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 36, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.36.2.3mr3843h52427k38.
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The predominant sugar substitutes used in chewing gum are polyols which are low-caloric substances. The polyols most frequently used in chewing gums are sorbitol and xylitol. Aim:The present study assessed the effectiveness of xylitol and sorbitol chewing-gums on levels of S mutans in saliva. Method: The study group consisted of 30 normal and healthy males aged between 13-17 years. A pellet of gum (sorbitol or xylitol) was given to each participant after breakfast (8am), lunch (2pm) and dinner (8pm) for the study period of 3 months. On the first day of the study, baseline salivary samples were collected after breakfast from all participants and assessed for S mutans levels. At the end of 3 months, salivary samples were collected and processed in a similar manner. Conclusion: Salivary S mutans levels showed a significant reduction after the use of xylitol based chewing gum than with sorbitol based chewing gum.