Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Salivary peptide'

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil
As interações entre flebótomo, parasita e hospedeiro desempenham um papel importante na transmissão da leishmaniose. As moléculas provenientes do vetor são relevantes para estas interações e incluem as proteínas da saliva e do intestino médio. Nos flebótomos, as Leishmanias passam por um ciclo de desenvolvimento complexo dentro do intestino médio sob a proteção da matriz peritrófica, necessário para a geração de formas metacíclicas infectantes. As Leishmanias são transmitidas pelos flebótomos que co-injetam parasitas juntamente com a saliva, na derme do hospedeiro. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a imunização de cães com duas proteínas salivares (LJM17 ou LJL143) de L. longipalpis, resultaram em uma imunidade mediada por células Th1 sistêmica e local afetando a sobrevivência do parasita in vitro. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a imunidade conferida pela imunização de cães com DNA e rCanarypoxvirus expressando o gene que codifica para as proteínas salivares de L. longipalpis (LJM17 e/ou LJL143). A imunização com ambas LJL143 e/ou LJM17 induziu uma forte resposta imune humoral. A produção específica do IFN-γ foi observada apenas nas CMSP dos grupos imunizados estimuladas com a proteína. Trinta dias após a última imunização, os cães foram desafiados por via intradérmica com 107 de L. infantum na presença de saliva de L. longipalpis, e a infecção foi detectada no segundo mês após o desafio em todos os grupos. Os cães imunizados com a LJM17 apresentaram maior produção de IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-α, IP-10 e GM-CSF durante a infecção quando comparados com os controles, indicando que o efeito da imunização induzida por LJM17 persistiu mesmo após o desafio. Adicionalmente, diversos estudos realizados no controle da malária, têm demonstrado o uso de antígenos provenientes do vetor para o desenvolvimento de vacinas bloqueadoras de transmissão. Esta estratégia altruísta de imunização visa criar anticorpos que interfiram no desenvolvimento do parasita no interior do vetor. Assim, na segunda etapa do nosso trabalho, foi testada em cães uma estratégia de imunização utilizando uma proteína extraída do intestino médio do L. longipalpis (Luloper1) para induzir a produção de anticorpos em cães saudáveis e infectados e a interrupção da transmissão no flebótomo. Dessa forma, a imunização de cães saudáveis não infectados ou infectados assintomáticos induziu uma potente produção de anticorpos, porém nenhum efeito de bloqueio de transmissão foi detectado em flebótomos alimentados com o sangue desses animais contendo promastigotas de L. infantum.
Sand fly, parasite, host interactions play an important role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. Vector molecules are relevant for such interactions and include midgut and salivary proteins. In vector sand fly species, Leishmania parasites undergo a complex developmental cycle within the midgut, protected by the peritrophic matrix that is necessary for generation of infectious metacyclics. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sand flies that co-inject parasites and saliva, in the host’s skin. Previous studies showed immunization of dogs with two proteins (LJM17 or LJL143) from Lutzomyia longipalpis, resulted in a systemic and local Th1 cell-mediated immunity affecting parasite survival in vitro. In this work we evaluated the immunity conferredbyimmunization of dogs with DNA and recombinant Canarypoxvírusexpressing the gene encoding the salivary ofL.longipalpis (LJM17and/orLJL143). Immunization with both LJL143 and LJM17 induced a strong specific humoral response. Specific production of IFN-γ was observed only in protein stimulated PBMC immunized groups. Thirty days after last immunization, dogs were challenged intradermally with 107L. infantum in the presence of L. longipalpis saliva and infection was detected in the second month after challenge in all the groups. It was observed that dogs immunized with LJM17 presented higher IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-α, IP-10 and GM-CSF production during infection when compared with controls, indicating that the effect of immunization induced by LJM17 persisted even after challenge. Adittionally, previous studies, mostly with malaria control, have shown the use of several vector antigens for the development of transmission blocking vaccines. This altruist strategy of immunization aims to raise antibodies that could affect the development of the parasite inside the vector. Thus, in the second stage of our work we tested in dogs an immunization using a protein extracted from L. longipalpis midgut (Luloper1) to evaluate antibodies production in healthy and infected dogs and the interruption of transmission in the sand fly. Immunization of either healthy non infected or asymptomatic infected dogs induced a potent antibodies production, but no blocking transmission effect was detect in sand flies fed with blood of these animals containing L. infantum promastigotes

A saliva é uma mistura de água, eletrólitos, proteínas e enzimas. A secreção diária normal é de 800-1500ml em adultos. A chamada saliva total, o fluído que realmente está presente na cavidade bucal, é produzida por diferentes glândulas salivares e contém ainda fluído crevicular e elementos transudados do plasma, e derivados da rede capilar da mucosa bucal. É importante entender o papel da saliva na proteção dos tecidos bucais, principalmente porque a co-infecção pode ser um fator importante na ativação e supressão do sistema imune, com papel importante no desenvolvimento e severidade das doenças bucais. Além disso, a cavidade bucal tem um vasto número de microrganismos e antígenos presentes, o que faz com que seja considerada em permanente estado de inflamação, em muitos casos, subclínica. Nosso estudo se propõe a observar a variação da composição salivar frente a presença de alterações locais - gengivites e periodontites. O estudo compara as citocinas salivares TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-6, e os fatores de defesa, beta defensinas 1 e 2, catelicidina e mucina 2, em três diferentes grupos de pacientes: Grupo 1 (controle) - 40 Pacientes, total ou parcialmente dentados, sem inflamação/infecção bucal; Grupo 2 - 40 Pacientes total ou parcialmente dentados, com sinais clínicos de gengivite; e Grupo 3 - 40 Pacientes total ou parcialmente dentados, com sinais clínicos de periodontite. A presença das citocinas e fatores salivares foram avaliadas por testes ELISA. Foram significativas as alterações encontradas entre os grupos para os diferentes fatores: TNF-α, e IL-6, beta defensinas 1 e 2, catelicidina e mucina 2. Apenas IL-1β não teve resultados significantes. Assim, indica-se que os componentes salivares possuem importante papel salivar frente à alterações locais.
Saliva is a mixture of water, electrolytes, proteins and enzymes. The daily secretion ranges between 800-1500mL in adults. The called whole saliva is composed by the production of different salivary glands, gingival crevicular fluid, and contain elements transudate from plasma derived from the capillary bed beneath the oral mucosa. It is important to consider the evident and important role of saliva in defense and protection of oral tissues. The effects of co-infecting pathogens have been postulated as an important factor in the activation and/or suppression of immune system, important in many situations, including the severity and rate of disease progression. The oral cavity is continually confronted with a vast number of pathogens and antigens, so, in some way, may be considered an inflammatory environment, although the level of inflammation may be sub-clinical. This study proposed to observe how the presence of local inflammation - gingivitis or periodontitis, may influence the presence of salivary cytokines or defense factors in saliva. The study compared saliva molecular components in three different groups of patients: Group 1 (as control group) - 40 Patients, total or partially dentate, without oral infectious; Group 2 - 40 Patients total or partially dentate, with clinical signs of gingivitis; Group 3 - 40 patients, total or partially dentate, with clinical signs of periodontitis. It checked the presence of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines, and defense factors, 1 and 2 beta defensins, cathelicidin and mucin 2. ELISA kits determined the levels of these proteins. Found alterations were significant between groups to TNF-α, IL-6, 1 and 2 beta defensins, cathelicidin and mucin 2. Only IL-1β had not significant results. Therefore, it indicated that salivary components have important hole related to local situations.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Atualmente aproximadamente 75-88% das infecções fúngicas são causadas por espécies de Candida, que geram um custo de 1,7 bilhões de dólares para a saúde pública, somente nos EUA. Candida albicans é o principal microrganismo causador da candidíase bucal, uma infecção da mucosa oral do organismo humano. A patogenicidade dessa espécie está relacionada com a formação de biofilmes, que agem como um revestimento impermeável e protetor, e tornam o microrganismo resistente a medicamentos convencionais. Neste caso, os antifúngicos mais comumente utilizados, não apresentam ação eficaz. Por esse motivo, a busca por novas opções de tratamento e por novos medicamentos está em constante desenvolvimento, principalmente na área da biotecnologia. Um exemplo disso são os peptídeos antifúngicos da família das Histatinas, entre eles a Histatina-5. Trata-se de um peptídeo naturalmente encontrado na saliva humana, mas que sofre rápida degradação quando presente na cavidade bucal, que é seu local de ação. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de lipossomas de diferentes composições lipídicas, na intenção de proteger o peptídeo e melhorar sua ação, preservando seu potencial antifúngico. Para isso foi sintetizado o peptídeo 0WHistatina-5, um análogo do peptídeo Histatina-5, que contém o aminoácido triptofano em sua sequência. Foi utilizado o método de síntese em fase sólida, seguido de clivagem e purificação, com confirmação da massa molecular utilizando HPLC e ESI-MS. Os lipossomas foram produzidos pelo método de hidratação do filme lipídico, em 3 composições lipídicas diferentes, denominadas de F1, F2 e F3. F1 possui somente DPPC e Chol em sua composição, F2 contém, além desses componentes, PEG e F3 contém DPPC, Chol e POPG. Os lipossomas foram submetidos a processo de extrusão e sonicação para padronização do tamanho das vesículas, e estudo da melhor técnica para sua produção. Os lipossomas foram caracterizados por espalhamento de luz dinâmico determinação da eficiência de encapsulação, cinética de liberação, estabilidade e avaliação da atividade antifúngica. O método de síntese do peptídeo 0WHistatina-5 foi adequado e o processo de purificação possibilitou a obtenção do peptídeo com alto grau de pureza. Os lipossomas obtidos por extrusão apresentaram tamanho médio na faixa de 100 nm, enquanto os lipossomas obtidos por sonicação apresentaram tamanho menor, na faixa de 90 nm. Os lipossomas contendo 0WHistatina-5, apresentaram aumento em seu tamanho médio, indicando que o peptídeo está contido no compartimento interno aquoso dos lipossomas. A eficiência de encapsulação foi maior para os lipossomas obtidos por sonicação, sendo de 34,5% para a formulação F1, que contém DPPC e Chol em sua composição. A composição lipídica dos lipossomas está relacionada com a sua eficiência de encapsulação, e a presença de colesterol dificultou a encapsulação do peptídeo. A estabilidade das formulações também está relacionada com sua composição, sendo a formulação F3, obtida por sonicação e com POPG em sua formulação, a que apresentou melhor estabilidade quando armazenada por 60 dias a temperatura de 4°C. As formulações desenvolvidas apresentaram capacidade de liberar o peptídeo pelo tempo total de 96 horas, com o primeiro pico de liberação após 5 horas, e novo aumento do conteúdo liberado após 30 horas. O ensaio antimicrobiano foi realizado utilizando C. albicans ATCC 10231, e demostrou que no tempo de 4 horas a inibição para F1 foi de 66,5%. Assim, este trabalho demonstrou que a utilização de sistemas nanoestruturados é de grande importância para viabilizar a aplicação do peptídeo Histatina-5 em estudos terapêuticos, e em estudos in vivo no futuro.
Currently, approximately 75-88% of fungal infections are caused by Candida species, which generate a cost of $ 1.7 billion for public health in the US. Candida albicans is the main microorganism that causes oral candidiasis, an infection of the oral mucosa of the human organism. The pathogenicity of this species is related to the formation of biofilms, which act as an impermeable and protective coating, and make the microorganism resistant to conventional drugs. In this case, the most commonly used antifungals, have no effective action. For this reason, the search for new treatment options and new drugs is in constant development, especially in the biotechnology area. The antifungal peptides of the Histatin family, including Histatin-5, are an example. The Histatin-5 is a peptide naturally found in human saliva, but it undergoes rapid degradation when present in the oral cavity, which is its place of action. For this reason, this work aimed at developing liposomes of different lipid compositions, in order to protect the peptide, improve its action, and preserve its antifungal potential. For this, the peptide 0WHistatin-5, an analog of the peptide Histatin-5, was synthesized, which contains the amino acid tryptophan in its sequence. Therefore, the peptide was synthesized manually by the solid phase synthesis method, followed by cleavage and purification. The molecular weight was confirmed by using HPLC and ESI-MS. The liposomes were produced by the lipid film hydration method, with three different lipid compositions, named F1, F2 and F3. F1 has only DPPC and Chol in its composition, F2 contains, in addition to these components, PEG and F3 contains DPPC, Chol and POPG. The liposomes were submitted to extrusion and sonication processes, in order to standardize their vesicle size, and determine the best technique for their production. The dynamic light scattering technique was used to characterize the liposomes, which were tested for encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics, stability and evaluation of the antifungal activity. The synthesis method of the Histatin-5 was adequate and the purification process allowed to obtain the peptide in high purity. The liposomes obtained by extrusion presented average size in the range of 100 nm, while the liposomes obtained by sonication presented a smaller size, in the range of 90 nm. Liposomes loaded with Histatin-5 showed an increase in their mean size, which indicated that the peptide was contained in the intern aqueous compartment of the liposomes. The encapsulation efficiency was higher for the liposomes obtained by sonication. The F1 formulation presented an encapsulation efficiency of 34.5%, which contains DPPC and Chol in its composition. The lipid composition of the liposomes was related to their encapsulation efficiency, and the presence of cholesterol hindered the encapsulation of the peptide. The stability of the formulations was also related to their compositions. The F3 formulation obtained by sonication and containing POPG presented a higher stability when stored for 60 days at 4°C. The formulations showed the ability to release the peptide in the total period of 96 hours. The first release peak was observed after 5 hours, and a further increase of the released content was verified after 30 hours. The antimicrobial assay was performed using C. albicans ATCC 10231. It demonstrated that the inhibition for F1 was 66.5% after four hours of incubation, and it was maintained at 30% until the end of the experiment. Thus, this work conclusions showed that the use of nanostructured systems is of great importance to enable the application of Histatin-5 in therapeutic studies, and in vivo studies in the future.
132393/20166

Le paludisme constitue un problème majeur de santé publique en zone tropicale et subtropicale. La morbidité ainsi que la mortalité sont principalement dues au parasite Plasmodium falciparum transmis à l'homme par la piqûre de moustiques femelles du genre Anopheles. Dans le but d'orienter au mieux les stratégies d'élimination du paludisme et d'une meilleure évaluation de l'efficacité des méthodes de lutte, les indicateurs mesurant le risque de transmission doivent être plus sensibles. Il a été montré que la réponse anticorps humaine contre des protéines/peptides salivaires d'Anopheles représente un bio-marqueur d'exposition aux piqûres de moustiques et pouvait être un indicateur de la transmission du paludisme. Toutefois cet outil doit être optimisé. Ce travail a ainsi un double objectif : i) valider la protéine salivaire CE5 comme bio-marqueur d'exposition aux piqûres d'Anopheles et comme indicateur évaluant l'efficacité de stratégie de lutte anti-vectorielle, et 2) identifier de nouvelles protéines salivaires comme candidat bio-marqueur spécifique à l'exposition de l'homme aux seules piqûres infectantes d'Anopheles. Tout d'abord, nous avons démontré que la réponse anticorps IgG contre la protéine CE5 pourrait être un indicateur du contact homme-vecteur, complémentaire et très sensible, en mesurant l'exposition de l'homme aux piqûres d'Anopheles et un outil évaluant l'efficacité, à court terme, des moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide. Par la suite, les méthodes de protéomique 2D-DIGE et de spectrométrie de masse ont permis d'identifier cinq protéines salivaires (gSG6 , gSG1b , TRIO , SG5 et la forme longue D7) qui sont surexprimées dans les glandes salivaires d'An. gambiae infectées par P. falciparum. Des peptides de chaque protéine, définis in silico, apparaissent antigéniques chez des individus exposés aux piqûres d'Anopheles, après évaluation par la technique d'épitope mapping. L'ensemble de ces travaux est non seulement une première étape pour optimiser cet outil immuno-épidémiologique évaluant le contact homme-vecteur mais démontre également la possibilité de définir un nouveau bio-marqueur qui serait spécifique des piqûres infectantes d'Anopheles
Malaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. Morbidity and mortality are mainly due to Plasmodium falciparum transmitted to human individuals by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. In order to orientate appropriate strategies for malaria elimination and for a better evaluation of the efficacy of control methods, the indicators measuring the risk of transmission should be more sensitive. It has been shown that the human antibody response against Anopheles salivary proteins/peptides represents a biomarker of exposure to mosquito bites and could be an indicator of malaria transmission. However, this tool must be optimized. This work has thus two objectives: i) to validate the salivary protein cE5 as biomarker of exposure to Anopheles bites and as an indicator for evaluating the efficacy of vector control strategy, and 2) to identify new salivary proteins as a candidate biomarker only specific to human exposure to infective bites of Anopheles.First, we demonstrated that the IgG antibody response to cE5 protein could be an indicator of human-vector contact, complementary and very sensitive, measuring the human exposure to Anopheles bites and a tool evaluating the short-term efficacy of insecticide treated nets. Subsequently, the proteomic methods, 2D - DIGE and mass spectrometry, allowed to identify five salivary proteins (gSG6, gSG1b, TRIO, SG5 and the long form D7) which are overexpressed in the salivary glands of An . gambiae infected by wild P. falciparum. Peptides for each protein, identified in silico, appear antigenic in individuals exposed to Anopheles bites, after the evaluation by the epitope mapping technique.Altogether, this work is not only the first step to optimize this immuno-epidemiological tool assessing the human-vector contact, but also demonstrates the possibility to define a new biomarker specific to the infective bites of Anopheles

Orientador: Marcio Ajudarte Lopes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: OBJETIVO: A leucoplasia verrucosa proliferativa (LVP) é uma variante rara e ainda pouco compreendida de leucoplasia oral com um comportamento de progressão persistente para malignidade apresentando uma taxa de malignização entre 40-100%. Além disso, a detecção precoce da LVP às vezes é um desafio para os clínicos, porém desempenha um papel crucial para estabelecer um contínuo e rigoroso acompanhamento. Aspectos moleculares subjacentes são relevantes e nenhum estudo anterior investigou a saliva de pacientes com LVP. O aumento do interesse no estudo do proteoma salivar ocorre porque as proteínas são consideradas as moléculas mais importantes do fluido salivar com potencial para atuar como biomarcador para o diagnóstico de várias doenças sistêmicas e locais. Com base nestes aspectos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo traçar o perfil do proteoma salivar de pacientes com LVP, a fim de identificar potenciais biomarcadores para a melhor compreensão desta entidade visando o possível uso clínico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A saliva total não estimulada foi coletada de 30 voluntários (15 pacientes com LVP e 15 controles). Uma abordagem proteômica baseada na associação de cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa foi realizada para análise de 20 µg de proteínas das amostras. Os testes de qui-quadrado, análise de variância e regressão logística foram utilizados na análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Um total de duzentas e oitenta e três proteínas foram identificadas. Entre estas, 31 proteínas apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação à abundância, sendo 25 proteínas com maior abundância no grupo controle e 6 proteínas com maior abundância no grupo LVP. A combinação das proteínas angiotensinogênio e dipeptidil peptidase 1 criaram um modelo de diferenciação de grupo com um índice de concordância de 94,2% revelando ambas as proteínas como potenciais biomarcadores para o diagnóstico de LPV. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar deste estudo ser o primeiro a avaliar o proteoma salivar em pacientes com LVP, os resultados mostraram que a triagem da saliva pode ser um teste útil no diagnóstico de indivíduos com risco para o desenvolvimento de LPV
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare variant and still poorly understood of oral leukoplakia with a behavior of persistent progression to malignancy showing a rate of malignancy between 40-100%. Moreover, the early detection of PVL is sometimes challenging for clinicians, but plays a crucial role to establish a continuous and rigorous follow-up. Underlying molecular aspects are relevants and no previous study investigated the saliva of PVL patients. The increased interest in the salivary proteome study is because proteins are considered the most important molecules in the salivary fluid with potential to act as biomarker for diagnosis of various systemic and local diseases. Based on these aspects, the present study aimed to draw the salivary proteome profile of patients with PVL in order to identify potential biomarkers to better understanding of this entity targeting the possible clinical use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unstimulated whole-mouth saliva was collected of 30 voluntaries (15 PVL patients and 15 controls). Proteomic approach based to liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was performed to 20 µg of proteins of the samples. Chi-Square, analysis of variance and logistic regression test were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of two hundred eighty-three proteins were identified. Among of them, 31 proteins showed statistical significance difference in relation to abundance, being 25 proteins with higher abundance in control group and 6 proteins with higher abundance in PVL group. The combination of angiotensinogen and dipeptidyl peptidase 1 created a model for group differentiation with a concordance index of 94.2% revealing both proteins as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of PVL. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study is the first to evaluate the salivary proteome in PVL patients, the results showed that saliva screening may be helpful test to diagnosis of individuals with risk to PVL development
Doutorado
Patologia
Doutora em Estomatopatologia

Les MVs sont un problème majeur de santé publique. L'émergence des MVs nécessite de nouveaux outils pour la surveillance de ces maladies. Ce projet s’intéresse aux deux familles de vecteurs: Ixodidae (R. sanguineus, D. reticulatus et I. ricinus) et Anophèles (An. gambiae s.l. et An. funestus). Une revue synthétise les données actuelles des MTTs et leur vectors, avant de présenter des méthodes de surveillance de ces maladies. La partie expérimentale s'est concentré sur l'élaboration de méthodes pour la sélection des utiles protéines salivaires pour l'évaluation du contact hôte-vecteur. Pour Ixodidae, la stratégie antigénique utilisée a permis d’identifier des protéines salivaires antigéniques communes et spécifiques d’espèce de ces tiques. Ces protéines pourraient servir pour l’évaluation de l’exposition de l’hôte aux Ixodidae. Pour Anophèles, la stratégie candidate utilisée a révélé une protéine salivaire antigénique d’Anopheles (f-5’nuc) pouvant être marqueur prometteur distinguant l'exposition aux Anophèles au niveau de l'espèce. Pour conforter ces résultats, l’établissement d’une relation entre la cinétique des réponses d'anticorps de l’hôte contre ces candidats salivaires, la faune Culicidienne et la variation de densité des populations de moustiques est en cours. Ce projet a souligné que tous les deux vectors peuvent induire une réponse immunitaire chez leur hôte contre des protéines salivaires antigéniques injectées. Il a permis également d’identifier des protéines salivaires permettant la discrimination de l'exposition d'hôte aux vecteurs au niveau du genre ou de l’espèce, offrant de nouvelles stratégies pour la surveillance des MVs
Vector-borne diseases (VBD) are a major health problem worldwide. The emergence of VBD requires novel monitoring tools. The present project focused on two vector families: Ixodidae (R. sanguineus, D. reticulatus and I. ricinus) and Anopheles (An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus). A review updates the repartition of TBD, their vectors in Europe, prior to present the different tools for monitoring of TBD transmission. The experimental part focused on establishing methods for selection of useful vector salivary proteins for host-vector contact assessment. Concerning Ixodidae, the studied antigenic strategy successfully identified the shared and discriminant tick salivary antigenic proteins. These identified proteins could be an useful tool to measure host exposition to Ixodidae bites. Concerning Anopheles, the studied candidate strategy revealed an salivary antigenic protein ( f-5’nuc) that could be a promising antigenic marker to distinguish malaria vector exposure at the species level. To comfort these results, the relationship between the kinetic host antibody response against anopheline salivary candidates and the Anopheles fauna population and density variations is under progress. The present work underlined that both two studied vector families following blood meal can elicit a host antibody response against injected vector salivary antigenic proteins. This project proposed for the first time some vector salivary proteins allowing discriminating host exposure to vector bites from genus to species level, opening new strategies for VBD monitoring at the individual and population levels

La salive est un formidable fluide biologique dont le prélèvement est non invasif et les potentialités avérées pour le diagnostic de pathologies systémiques sont très importantes. L'objectif de ce travail est double : mettre au point la technique de protéomique à partir de protéines extraites de salive humaine, puis réaliser une analyse différentielle des profils électrophorétiques de protéines salivaires de sujets sains et ceux de patients atteints de diabète de type 1. D'une part, l'analyse du protéome salivaire a montré que sur l'identification des 100 spots les plus abondants, plus de 50% étaient de l'alpha-amylase. L'étude approfondie des spectres de masses des spots identifiant l'alpha-amylase a montré la présence de nouvelles formes qui possèdent la partie C-terminale et N-terminale de la séquence de la protéine mais exhibent une masse moléculaire jusqu'à 50% inférieure à la masse moléculaire attendue sur un gel bidimensionnel. Cette forme alternative pourrait être la conséquence d'un épissage peptidique interne, probablement produit avant la sécrétion. D'autre part, l'utilisation de la protéomique pour la recherche préliminaire de marqueurs salivaires potentiels du diabète de type 1 nous a permis de mettre en évidence 4 protéines significativement sous-exprimées, toutes impliquées dans la défense non immune au niveau de la cavité buccale : salivary acidic protein-1, cystatine salivaire SA-1, alpha-amylase et prolactin induced protein.

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Rosalen
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T03:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruenis_AnaPaulaDelBortolo_M.pdf: 4603920 bytes, checksum: ec036cbccd06868ed14d2a76af715b84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998
Mestrado

Estudos atuais revelam que, mesmo na era da terapia antirretroviral (TARV), a infecção pelo HIV-1 é associada com quadros graves e frequentemente refratários de periodontite crônica (PC), despertando para a possibilidade da existência de outros fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da PC nesses pacientes. Acredita-se que fatores relacionados à população microbiana, incluindo as infecções por Candida spp, e a expressão de peptídeos microbianos possam estar envolvidos na patogênese da PC em pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a influência do tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico, na contagem oral de Candida spp, e nos níveis salivares de lactoferrina (Lf) e histatina, por meio de um estudo quase-experimental. Pacientes infectados (Grupo 1) e não infectados pelo HIV-1 (Grupo 2 - controle), todos com PC, foram submetidos à terapia periodontal não cirúrgica. Os pacientes do grupo 1 apresentaram contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ < 200cel/mm3, e estavam em TARV regular. Foi avaliada a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de Candida spp por meio de enxaguado bucal e níveis salivares de Lf e histatina antes (Tempo 0-1) e após a terapia periodontal (Tempo 2 e 3; 30 e 90 dias após o tratamento, respectivamente). Pacientes do grupo 1 apresentaram contagem de UFC superiores à verificada nos pacientes do grupo 2 (p=0, 268; ANOVAF). Houve tendência a redução de UFC após o tratamento periodontal em ambos os grupos, mas sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Os níveis de Lf foram semelhantes entre os grupos, e reduziram 30 dias após o tratamento periodontal (p=0,0111; Mann Whitney). Os níveis salivares de histatina ao tempo 0 foram mais elevados no grupo 1 quando comparado ao grupo 2 (p= 0,6481; Tukey-kramer), mas tiveram comportamento distinto após o tratamento periodontal: foram mais elevados no grupo 1 e reduziram no grupo 2. Estes resultados sugerem a associação entre a presença de Candida spp e a PC, e também a importância da manutenção da higiene oral na prevenção da candidíase. Além disso, Lf salivar pode ser um marcador da PC, tanto em pacientes não-infectados, quanto infectados pelo HIV.
Current studies reveal that, even in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 infection is associated with severe and frequently refractory chronic periodontitis (CP), which leads to the possibility of other factors associated with the development of CP in these patients. It is believed that factors related to the microbial population, including Candida spp infections, and the expression of microbial peptides may be involved in the pathogenesis of CP in patients infected with HIV-1. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of non-surgical periodontal treatment on the oral count of Candida spp and on the salivary levels of lactoferrin (Lf) and histatin, by means of a quasi-experimental study. Patients infected (Group 1) and non-HIV-1 infected (Group 2 - control), all with CP, underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy. Patients in group 1 had a CD4 + T-cell count <200cel / mm³, and were on regular ART. The counts of colony forming units (CFU) of Candida spp were evaluated by oral rinsing and salivary levels of Lf and histatin before (Time 0-1) and after periodontal therapy (Time 2 and 3, 30 and 90 days after the treatment, respectively). Patients in group 1 had a higher CFU count than in patients in group 2 (p = 0.268; ANOVAF). There was a tendency to reduce CFU after periodontal treatment in both groups, but without statistically significant differences. Lf levels were similar between groups, and reduced 30 days after periodontal treatment (p = 0.0111; Mann Whitney). Salivary levels of histatin at time 0 were higher in group 1 when compared to group 2 (p = 0.6481; Tukey-Kramer), but had distinct behavior after periodontal treatment: they were higher in group 1 and reduced in group 2. These results suggest the association between the presence of Candida spp and CP, and also the importance of maintaining oral hygiene in the prevention of candidiasis. In addition, Lf salivary can be a marker of CP in both uninfected and HIV infected patients.

Lors de la prise d'un repas sanguin par le moustique Aedes (Ae) aegypti, le virus de la dengue (DENV) est transmis à l'homme avec la salive du moustique. Ce mélange complexe est en partie déposé dans le compartiment cutané extravasculaire lors de la piqûre de moustique. Il est donc important de prendre en compte la triade virus-vecteur-hôte vertébré dans les mécanismes de transmission de ce virus à l'hôte vertébré. Des analyses de génomique et protéomique des glandes salivaires d'Ae. Aegypti infectées ou non par le DENV nous ont permis de mettre en évidence dans les glandes salivaires de moustiques infectés, la surexpression d'un gène codant pour un peptide antimicrobien (PAM) cationique. Nous avons démontré, que ce PAM possède une activité antibactérienne et antivirale contre les virus de la dengue et du chikungunya. Nos travaux soulignent l'importance chez les invertébrés, du compartiment « glandes salivaires » dans la réponse immunitaire innée du moustique. Nous avons également démontré que les kératinocytes humains sont des cellules permissives pour le DENV et que l'infection de ces cellules stimule la réponse immunitaire innée antivirale. Nos travaux démontrent que des extraits de glandes salivaires d'Ae. Aegypti augmentent l'infection du virus de la dengue dans les kératinocytes humains. Nous avons par la suite identifié une protéine salivaire d'Ae. Aegypti (34kDa), qui augmente l'infection du DENV en supprimant la production d'interféron. L'ensemble de ces travaux ont permis de contribuer aux connaissances sur la transmission du DENV, mais aussi d'identifier de nouvelles cibles potentielles pour le contrôle de la réplication virale
Dengue virus (DENV) transmission is initiated when a blood-feeding Aedes (Ae) aegypti mosquito injects saliva, together with the virus, into the epidermis of its mammalian host. Studies of DENV should, therefore, take into account the triad virus-vector-vertebrate host. We have used functional genomic and proteomic analyses, of the salivary glands of female Ae. Aegypti, to demonstrate that this compartment harbors a potent immune response against DENV, represented by the production of an antimicrobial peptide (AMP). This AMP was found to exert, in addition to its anti-bacterial activity, an anti-viral activity against DENV and Chikungunya. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, the permissiveness of human epidermal keratinocytes to DENV infection. Remarkably, DENV replication in keratinocytes contributes to the establishment of anti-viral innate immunity that might occur shortly after the mosquito bite. To investigate the role of Ae. aegypti saliva in DENV transmission to man, primary human keratinocytes were infected with DENV in the presence of Ae. aegypti salivary gland extract. We show that Ae. aegypti saliva enhances dengue virus infection of human keratinocytes by suppressing innate immune responses. Furthermore, we have found a 34-kDa protein, in the saliva of Ae.aegypti, that strongly enhances DENV replication by suppressing type-I IFN production. This study provides new insights into the role of Ae. aegypti salivary glands and saliva in DENV transmission. The data presented here provide novel targets for the control of DENV replication in mammalian hosts

INTRODUÇÃO. A proteína Fator Inibitório da Migração de Macrófagos (MIF) é frequentemente observada com expressão elevada em tecidos tumorais quando comparados aos tecidos equivalentes normais e estudos têm sugerido seu papel como marcador prognóstico de neoplasias malignas, incluindo carcinomas hepatocelular, de ovário, de esôfago e também de cabeça e pescoço. Adicionalmente, alguns de seus mecanismos de ação já demonstrados, como a indução da proliferação e migração celular permitem implicar essa expressão diferencial no desenvolvimento tumoral e, consequentemente, no prognóstico das neoplasias malignas. OBJETIVO. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o papel diagnóstico e prognóstico da proteína MIF em carcinoma epidermóide da cavidade bucal. METODOLOGIA. O estudo foi composto por 50 pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide da cavidade bucal coletados prospectivamente e 57 casos retrospectivos admitidos nos Serviços de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital Heliópolis e da Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC. As análises foram feitas por meio de imunoistoquímica dos tecidos tumorais e margens epiteliais normais e de ELISA das amostras de soro e saliva, coletadas pré e pós-tratamento cirúrgico, dos pacientes participantes. Os resultados foram correlacionados aos achados clínicos e histopatológicos. RESULTADOS. A expressão da proteína MIF e seu receptor CD74 mostrou-se elevada em tecido tumoral quando comparado ao tecido epitelial livre de neoplasia (p < 0,0001). Associação entre a alta expressão da MIF no tumor e infiltração vascular linfática foi observada (p=0,005) e alta expressão da MIF no epitélio livre de tumor apresentou correlação marginalmente significativa com ocorrência de segundo tumor primário (p=0,072). A expressão positiva do receptor CD74 não apresentou associação com variáveis clínicas ou histopatológicas. A concentração sorológica da proteína MIF apresentou associação inversa com metástase linfonodal (p=0,018) e estádios patológicos avançados (p=0,040) e foi significativamente reduzida após a ressecção do tumor (p=0,001). A concentração da MIF na saliva não apresentou redução significativa após o tratamento cirúrgico, mas foi associada aos estágios pT3 e pT4 (p=0,001) e a estádios patológicos avançados (p=0,032). CONCLUSÕES. A redução significante da concentração da MIF observada no soro dos pacientes após a ressecção cirúrgica do tumor permite sugerir papel potencial dessa proteína como biomarcador para a detecção precoce de recorrência do carcinoma epidermoide da cavidade bucal. A expressão tecidual da proteína MIF e seu receptor CD74 apresentou papel controverso, mas a concentração salivar da proteína MIF parece relacionar-se a um possível papel pró-tumoral em carcinoma epidermoide da cavidade bucal
INTRODUCTION. The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) overexpression is frequently observed in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues and some previous studies have suggested its role as a prognostic marker of malignancies, including hepatocellular, ovarian, esophageal and also head and neck carcinoma. Additionally, some of its mechanisms of action, as migration and cell proliferation induction, have been demonstrated, which allow imply a differential expression in tumor progression and therefore in the prognosis of malignant neoplasms. OBJECTIVES. This study aimed to evaluate the role of MIF protein and its receptor CD74 in prognosis and diagnostic of oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS. The study consisted of 50 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma prospectively collected and 57 patients retrospectively collected admitted at the Head and Neck Surgery Service from Heliópolis Hospital and ABC Medical School. The analysis were performed by Imunohistochemistry of tumor and normal tissues and by ELISA of serum and saliva samples collected pre and post-surgical treatment. Results were correlated to clinical and histopathological data. RESULTS. The expression of MIF protein and of its receptor CD74 was higher in OSCC than in normal epithelium (p < 0,0001). Association between overexpression of MIF in tumor tissue and lymphatic vessel invasion was observed (p=0,005) and higher concentration of MIF in normal epithelium showed correlation of marginal significance with second primary tumor occurrence (p=0,072). The positive expression of the receptor CD74 did not presented association with clinical or histopathological variables. Serum MIF concentration presented inverse association with lymph node metastasis (p=0,018) and advanced pathological stage (p=0,040) and it was significantly reduced after the surgery (p=0,001). The salivary MIF concentration was not significantly reduced after the surgery, but it was associated with pT3 and pT4 stages (p=0,001) and advanced pathological findings (p=0,032). CONCLUSIONS. The results showing significant reduction of MIF concentration in post-surgical serum of patients suggest its potential role as a biomarker to early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma recurrence. The MIF and CD74 expression presented controversial role, but the salivary concentration of MIF seems to develop a possible pro-tumoral role

Eviter la piqûre de moustiques vecteurs en utilisant des mesures antivectorielles reste le meilleur moyen de se protéger des maladies vectorielles. La salive de moustique peut induire une réponse anticorps (Acs) spécifique chez l’hôte qui pourrait être utilisé pour définir l'efficacité de ces mesures de protection antivectorielle. L’objectif de notre projet était d’évaluer la possibilité d’utiliser cette réponse Acs anti-salive de moustiques pour mesurer l’exposition à des espèces spécifiques de moustiques ainsi que d’identifier des marqueurs d’exposition. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord assurés de l’absence de différences intraspécifiques entre différentes colonies de moustiques, une condition indispensable pour pouvoir observer des différences au niveau de l’espèce. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis au point un protocole pour préserver les échantillons salivaires dans des conditions de terrains non optimales. A partir de ces expérimentations préliminaires, nous avons évalué la diversité du répertoire protéique salivaire de quatre espèces d’Anopheles par des différentes approches, et montré une spécificité de genre et d’espèce aussi bien au niveau protéique qu’antigénique. Enfin, nous avons montré une évolution spatio-temporelle de l’intensité de la réponse Acs anti-salive ainsi que sa spécificité de genre et d’espèce, chez des individus exposés à différents niveaux à Ae. caspius. Ces résultats souligne la possibilité de caractériser des antigènes salivaires spécifiques de genre et d’espèces qui peuvent avoir un intérêt pour mesurer le contact hôte/vecteur au niveau individuel, le risque de transmission de maladies vectorielles ou l’efficacité des mesures antivectorielles
The primary mean to protect individuals from arthropod-borne diseases is the prevention of bites from infected arthropods which could be achieved by vector control strategies. Mosquito saliva could induce a specific antibody response in exposed individuals that could be used to assess the effectiveness of anti-vector measures. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility to use anti-mosquito saliva antibody responses in order to evaluate the exposure to specific species of vectors and to identify salivary protein candidates that can be used as immunological markers of exposure. We first verify the lack of intraspecific differences among several mosquito colonies which is essential to further observe potential differences at the species level. Moreover, a convenient storage method was developed to preserve salivary samples in non optimal condition on the field. Based on these preliminary results, we evaluated the salivary gland protein repertory diversity among four Anopheles species using complementary approaches and we shown a genus and species specificity at the protein and antigen level. At least, a spatio-temporal evolution of anti-saliva antibody responses was shown according to the Aedes caspius density using sera of differentially exposed individuals. The specificity of this response was also reported at the genus and species level. All together, these results suggest the feasibility to characterize genus and species specific salivary antigens which could be used as immunological markers of exposure to evaluate host/vector contacts, the risk of vector-borne disease transmission or the effectiveness of anti-vector strategies

Le virus West Nile,WNV est responsable de milliers de cas de morbidité et de mortalité chez les oiseaux, les chevaux et l’homme. Le WNV se transmet par des moustiques du genre Culex. Les méthodes entomologiques ne permettent pas l’évaluation individuelle directe du contact hôte/vecteur. 5 protéines salivaires de Culex ont été sélectionnées, produites, et évaluées comme des candidats antigéniques de l'exposition aux piqûres de Culex. Des sérums humains du sud de France exposés à des densités de Culex distinctes et des sérums de chevaux exposés à l'infection par le WNV ont été testés. Une protéine 30kD est reconnue par les chevaux exposés à Culex. Cependant, pas de différence de réponse d’anticorps n’a été observée entre les animaux faiblement et fortement exposés. Concernant les processus physiopathologiques de la maladie causée par le WNV, la cinétique des profils d'expression de protéines de l’hôte dans le cerveau de souris infectées par le WNV, a été étudiée sur des échantillons prélevés avant et après l’apparition des signes cliniques, en utilisant 2D-DIGE et iTRAQ. 148 protéines différentiellement exprimées. Les voies de signalisation altérées au cours de l'infection précoce et tardive ont été identifiées. Les profils protéiques de LCR de patients atteints de WNND et des individus témoins ont été comparés, en utilisant l’approche iTRAQ. 47 protéines ont été trouvées différemment exprimées chez les patients WNND. Un candidat potentiel biomarqueur, la Defensine-alpha1, a été évalué par ELISA sur des échantillons humains de LCR/sérum. Les biomarqueurs putatifs identifiés dans cette étude peuvent être un outil précieux d’évaluation de la mesure de la gravité du WNV
West Nile Virus,WNV is responsible for thousands of cases of morbidity and mortality in birds, horses and humans. WNV is transmitted mainly by mosquitoes by Culex species, to avian hosts. Entomological methods did not give direct individual evaluation of the host/vector contact. 5 salivary proteins from the Culex genus were selected for a production under recombinant forms for further evaluation as potential antigenic candidates of exposure to Culex bites. Sera from individuals living in south of France exposed to distinct Culex density and sera from horses exposed to WNV infection were tested. The recombinant protein30 kDa was recognized only by horses exposed to Culex. However, no difference of antibody response between low and high exposed to Culex. Concerning the pathophysiological processes of WNV disease, a kinetics host brain protein expression profiles of WNV-infected mice using samples collected prior and after clinical signs apparition was performed using proteomic approaches 2D-DIGE and iTRAQ. 148 distinct proteins was found altered following WNV infections. The functional signaling networks in samples collected during early and late infection have been identified. Un examination of CSF protein profiles between patients with neuroinvasive disease (WNND) and control individuals was performed using iTRAQ approach. 47 proteins were found differentially expressed in WNND patients compared to controls. A potential biomarker candidates, defensin-alpha1 was assessed by ELISA using other human paired CSF/serum samples. The putative biomarker identified in this study may potentially be a valuable tool in the assessment of the extent of WNV severity

Nous avons étudié le rôle de l'immunité innée de la peau lors de la transmission des Borrelia (agent infectieux de la borréliose de Lyme) par son vecteur, une tique dure du genre Ixodes. Nous avons montré que la salive de tique et la protéine salivaire Salp15 inhibent la réaction inflammatoire (production de chimiokines et de peptides antimicrobiens) des kératinocytes induite par Borrelia. Cet effet anti- " alarmine " de la salive de tique contribue probablement à créer un environnement cutané local favorable à la transmission de Borrelia. Nous avons montré que Borrelia induit également au niveau des fibroblastes cutanés la transcription de nombreux gènes proinflammatoires. Nous avons observé un effet toxique direct de la salive de tique sur les fibroblastes cutanés : cet effet dose-dépendant est de nature protéique mais non lié à la protéine Salp15. Ces résultats indiquent que les fibroblastes jouent un rôle important dans l'inflammation cutanée induite par Borrelia.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 11, 2006) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Baier, Robert E., Bobek, Libuse A. Includes bibliographical references.

Sand fly saliva contains proteins and peptides that have an important role in bloodfeeding. Some of those proteins are antigenic and repeated sand fly bites result in a specific antibody response of the bitten host. Antigenic salivary proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis, main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan and Ethiopia, were identified using immunoblot with dog sera. The 5 most promising antigens were expressed in an E. coli bacterial system. Subsequently, these proteins were tested in ELISA with sera of domestic animals from Ethiopia naturally exposed to P. orientalis, and with sera of mice bitten experimentally by this sand fly species. Salivary gland homogenate (SGH) was used as the positive control. The best antigenic properties were detected in two recombinant proteins, Yellow-related protein PorSP24 and ParSP25-like protein PorSP65, especially in tests with sheep and dog sera. However, nonspecific binding of dog sera was also detected using both antigens. In addition, we proved that sera of mice repeatedly bitten by P. papatasi and Sergentomyia schwetzi do not crossreact with SGH and the tested recombinant proteins of P. orientalis. In a second part of this thesis we designed peptides representing epitopes recognized by specific anti-saliva antibodies. Two peptides were derived from...

Yes
There are many human oral antimicrobial peptides responsible for playing important roles including maintenance, repairing of oral tissues (hard or soft) and defense against oral microbes. In this review we have highlighted the biochemistry, physiology and proteomics of human oral histatin peptides, secreted from parotid and submandibular salivary glands in human. The significance of these peptides includes capability for ionic binding that can kill fungal Candida albicans. They have histidine rich amino acid sequences (7–12 family members; corresponding to residues 12–24, 13–24, 12–25, 13–25, 5–11, and 5–12, respectively) for Histatin-3. However, Histatin-3 can be synthesized proteolytically from histatin 5 or 6. Due to their fungicidal response and high biocompatibility (little or no toxicity), these peptides can be considered as therapeutic agents with most probable applications for example, artificial saliva for denture wearers and salivary gland dysfunction conditions. The objectives of current article are to explore the human histatin peptides for its types, chemical and biological aspects. In addition, the potential for therapeutic bio-dental applications has been elaborated.
King Saud University

碩士
東海大學
化學系
106
Over the past three decades, cancer has become the leading causes of death in Taiwan, and oral cancer ranks fifth in Taiwan’s top ten cancers. Among the risk factors of oral cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a new target for recent research, the prognosis and treatment methods for HPV related oral cancer are different from those for the oral cancer caused by traditional risk factors. Therefore, this study is going to prepare the peptide biomarkers and their antibodies for the development of biosensor-/ biochip-based methods for evaluating the risk of patients with oral cancer who are at the high risk of HPV infection, and immediately prescribe a course of treatment to reduce medical costs. In this project, firstly, we designed a peptide fragment of HPV type 16 E7 protein (named HP-3), and synthesized it by solid phase peptide synthesis, followed by purification and analysis using RP-HPLC and characterization by MALDI-TOF MS. Secondly, HP-3 was used as an antigen for preparing polyclonal antibodies in chicken. The titer and specificity of anti-HP-3 antibodies were determined by Western Blot, kinetic and affinity analysis were determined by surface plasma resonance (SPR)-biosensor. Finally, SPR-based biosensor methods were developed for detecting HPV-related proteins or antibodies in saliva of oral cancer patient. Results demonstrate that we developed a non-invasive and convenient method for detecting HPV-related biomarkers in saliva collected from patients with oral cancer, and the peptide biomarker and SPR-methods have considerable potential for screening oral cancer patients with HPV infection.

Exendin-4 (Ex-4)è un agonista recettoriale del Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)attualmente approvato per il trattamento del Diabete Mellito tipo 2 e prevede una somministrazione per via iniettiva sottocutanea due volte al giorno. Nei pazienti affetti da Diabete tipo 2, la somministrazione di GLP-1 riduce significativamente la glicemia ed i livelli di HbA1c con una modesta, ma significativa riduzione del peso corporeo. In questa tesi di dottorato si è valutata la persistenza di espressione di livelli farmacologici di Exendin-4 ,in seguito a terapia genica mediata da Adeno-associated virus, da parte delle ghiandole salivari di modelli animali di roditori di Obesità e Diabete tipo 2, quali topi sottoposti a dieta a elevato contenuto di grassi (HFD) e ratti Zucker fa/fa. In seguito a singola somministrazione percutanea di AAV5 nelle ghiandole salivari, in entrambi i modelli sperimentali, sono stati riscontrati per tutta la durata dello studio livelli di Exendin-4 biologicamente attiva. Exendin-4 ha raggiunto valori circolanti medi pari a 138.9±42.3 pmol/L nei topi a sei settimane dal trattamento e pari rispettivamente a 238.2±72 pmol/L e 3.25 nmol/L, 4 ed 8 settimane dopo la somministrazione di AAV5. Sono stati riscontrati significativi miglioramenti del grado di controllo glicemico e/o dei livelli di insulinoresistenza, così come dei valori circolanti e di espressione tissutale di adiponectina da parte del tessuto viscerale adiposo. Questo esperimento suggerisce una innovativa modalità di induzione di una persistente espressione tessuto specifica di Exendin-4 da parte delle ghiandole salivari mediante terapia genica mediata da AAV5, di conseguenza un potenziale nuovo approccio terapeutico all’obesità ed al Diabete mellito tipo 2.