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1
Kamodyová, Natália, Lenka Baňasová, Katarína Janšáková, Ivana Koborová, Ľubomíra Tóthová, Peter Stanko, and Peter Celec. "Blood Contamination in Saliva: Impact on the Measurement of Salivary Oxidative Stress Markers." Disease Markers 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/479251.
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Salivary oxidative stress markers represent a promising tool for monitoring of oral diseases. Saliva can often be contaminated by blood, especially in patients with periodontitis. The aim of our study was to examine the impact of blood contamination on the measurement of salivary oxidative stress markers. Saliva samples were collected from 10 healthy volunteers and were artificially contaminated with blood (final concentration 0.001–10%). Next, saliva was collected from 12 gingivitis and 10 control patients before and after dental hygiene treatment. Markers of oxidative stress were measured in all collected saliva samples. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and antioxidant status were changed in 1% blood-contaminated saliva. Salivary AOPP were increased in control and patients after dental treatment (by 45.7% and 34.1%,p<0.01). Salivary AGEs were decreased in patients after microinjury (by 69.3%,p<0.001). Salivary antioxidant status markers were decreased in both control and patients after dental treatment (p<0.05andp<0.01). One % blood contamination biased concentrations of salivary oxidative stress markers. Saliva samples with 1% blood contamination are visibly discolored and can be excluded from analyses without any specific biochemic detection of blood constituents. Salivary markers of oxidative stress were significantly altered in blood-contaminated saliva in control and patients with gingivitis after dental hygiene treatment.
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Tóthová, L’ubomíra, Viera Celecová, and Peter Celec. "Salivary Markers of Oxidative Stress and Their Relation to Periodontal and Dental Status in Children." Disease Markers 34, no. 1 (2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/591765.
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Background: Previous studies have shown that salivary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances are related to the periodontal status in adults. Such an analysis has not been done on children yet. The aim of our study was to analyze salivary markers of oxidative stress in relation to periodontal and dental status in children.Methods: The periodontal and dental status of 82 consecutive pediatric dental patients was assessed. The oral hygiene index (OHI), the papillary bleeding index (PBI) and the caries index (CI) were assessed as clinical parameters. Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status were measured in whole saliva samples.Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the variability of PBI explains 10.9% of the variance of salivary thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were related to CI (eta 8.6%). Measures of antioxidant status (total antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing ability of saliva) were partially determined by OHI (13.6% and 7.2%) and PBI (16.9% and 7.9%).Conclusions: Antioxidant status in saliva is related to oral hygiene and periodontal status. Salivary TBARS are a potential sensitive marker of periodontitis in children, similarly to adults, at least on a population level. Salivary AOPP are related to caries. Potential diagnostic value of the analyzed markers should be analyzed in further interventional studies.
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Bakhsh, Abdulaziz, Noor Al-Abdulla, Francesco Mannocci, Marwa Allihaibi, David Moyes, Gordon Proctor, and Sadia Ambreen Niazi. "The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 3952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063952.
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This study aimed to assess the effect of apical periodontitis and its treatment on the profile of salivary inflammatory markers and to investigate its correlation with serum inflammatory markers. Saliva samples were collected from 115 recruited participants. Patients were reviewed after 1 and 2 years following treatment. Saliva samples were analysed using Multiplex microbead immunoassay for identifying the inflammatory biomarkers’ profile. Biomarker levels were compared against healthy controls at baseline. Longitudinal comparison of those markers was further analysed for the review appointments and correlated with the size of the periapical radiolucency, treatment outcome and serum inflammatory biomarker levels. The salivary cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular adhesion molecules were higher at the review appointments. Pre-operative salivary levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (p < 0.001). At 1 year, hs-CRP was decreased than baseline. While, in 2 years, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 was significantly lower compared to baseline levels (p = 0.005). Furthermore, the post-operative size of radiolucency was significantly correlated with the levels of several markers. When correlating the salivary levels of biomarkers with the serum levels, a significant correlation was seen in FGF-23 (p = 0.04) at baseline; in intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (p = 0.02) at 1 year post-treatment; and in TNF-α, ICAM-1 and E-Selectin at 2 years post-treatment (p = 0.046; p = 0.033; p = 0.019, respectively). Therefore, his study suggests that higher salivary cytokines, MMPs and vascular adhesion molecules at the post-treatment reviews are related to periapical bone healing and remodelling, whereas salivary FGF-23 and hs-CRP could be prognostic biomarkers. Correlation of some salivary with serum biomarkers suggests that saliva sampling could be a feasible non-invasive option for the measurement of inflammatory marker levels; however, further longitudinal studies are required.
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Poposki, Bojan, Kiro Ivanovski, Renata Stefanova, Katarina Dirjanska, Irena Rambabova-Bushljetik, Vangel Ristovski, and Nada Risteska. "Salivary Markers in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease." PRILOZI 44, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prilozi-2023-0033.
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Abstract Aim of the study: To determine the possibility of using saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for screening and monitoring kidney function. Methods: This study included 32 patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 20 healthy examinees for the control group. Saliva was collected using the spitting method, and on the same day blood was also drawn from the examinees to determine serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. The salivary values of uric acid, urea, creatinine and albumin were determined with a spectrophotometer, as well as the serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between salivary and serum levels of urea and creatinine in patients with CKD (Pearson’s correlation coefficient for urea was r =0.6527, p = 0.000, while for creatinine it was r = 0.5486, p = 0.001). We detected a statistically significant positive correlation between the salivary levels of urea and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.4667, p = 0.007). We did not register a significant correlation between the salivary levels of creatinine and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.1643, p = 0.369). Conclusion : Salivary urea is a valid marker for determining kidney function and a potential salivary marker for screening and monitoring kidney function. Salivary creatinine can be used as a qualitative marker, only indicating the existence of a disease.
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Risteska, Nada, Bojan Poposki, Kiro Ivanovski, Katarina Dirjanska, Stevica Ristoska, and Mirko Saveski. "Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Periodontal Disease." PRILOZI 42, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prilozi-2021-0039.
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Abstract Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to determine the values of salivary enzyme biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase – ALP, aspartate aminotransferase – AST and lactate dehydrogenase – LDH) in subjects with healthy and diseased periodontium and to investigate the possibility of using these salivary enzymes as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Methods: We collected saliva with the spitting method from all examinees in the morning, using the recommendations provided by Navazesh. The values of the enzymes in saliva were determined spectro-photometrically, with the following methods: ALP-IFCC, AST-IFCC, LDH-PYRUVATE. IGI Silness-Löe was used to determine the presence of gingival inflammation, and to determine the presence of clinically manifest periodontitis, we determined the clinical loss of periodontal attachment with a graduated periodontal probe. For statistical purposes, we used the method of ANOVA Chi Square and Student’s t-test. Results: The difference in the average salivary AST and LDH values between the first and the second group, as well between the first and third group is statistically significant (p < 0.000). The difference in the average salivary AST and LDH values between the examinees with gingivitis and the examinees with clinically manifest periodontal disease is statistically insignificant (p < 0.485101 for AST, p < 0.816665 for LDH). The difference in the average salivary levels of ALP between the three groups is statistically significant (p < 0.000). Conclusion: The salivary levels of AST, LDH, and ALP can be used as diagnostic markers, while ALP can also be used as a prognostic marker for periodontal disease.
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Waszkiewicz, Napoleon, Katarzyna Pawłowicz, Natalia Okuniewska, Mikołaj Kwiatkowski, Daniel Zalewski, Karolina Wilczyńska, Agata Szulc, et al. "Salivary Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin in Alcohol- and Nicotine-Dependent Males." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9124054.
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Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), an 80 kDa glycoprotein, is one of the most commonly employed biomarkers to detect alcohol dependence. Some salivary glycoproteins such as α-amylase, clusterin, haptoglobin, light/heavy-chain immunoglobulin, and transferrin, which alter glycosylation in alcohol-dependent persons, have been suggested to be potential alcohol markers. However, their identification is based on indirect analysis of lectin glycosidic bonds and molecular weight. We investigated the CDT content in the saliva of alcohol- and nicotine-dependent men. The CDT concentration (ng/mL, ng/mg protein) was determined by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) commercial kit in 55 men: 20 healthy social drinkers (C), 10 chronic cigarette smokers (S), 10 alcohol-dependent non-smokers (A), and 15 alcohol-dependent smokers (AS). Surprisingly, there were no differences in the concentrations of CDT between the studied groups. Salivary pH was the lowest in the AS and the highest in the A group. Therefore, salivary CDT cannot be used as an alcohol dependence marker as measured by ELISA. We suggest that direct identification of glycoproteins is necessary to search for potential salivary alcohol biomarkers. Molecules smaller than 40 kDa, which easily translocate from blood to the saliva, might be preferred as salivary alcohol markers.
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Srinivasan, Mythily, Corinne Blackburn, Mohamed Mohamed, A. V. Sivagami, and Janice Blum. "Literature–Based Discovery of Salivary Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Biomarker Insights 10 (January 2015): BMI.S22177. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s22177.
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The alarming increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) underscores the need for efficient screening and preventive strategies. Select protein biomarker profiles emerge over time during T2DM development. Periodic evaluation of these markers will increase the predictive ability of diabetes risk scores. Noninvasive methods for frequent measurements of biomarkers are increasingly being investigated. Application of salivary diagnostics has gained importance with the establishment of significant similarities between the salivary and serum proteomes. The objective of this study is to identify T2DM–specific salivary biomarkers by literature–based discovery. A serial interrogation of the PubMed database was performed using MeSH terms of specific T2DM pathological processes in primary and secondary iterations to compile cohorts of T2DM–specific serum markers. Subsequent search consisted of mining for the identified serum markers in human saliva. More than 60% of T2DM–associated serum proteins have been measured in saliva. Nearly half of these proteins have been reported in diabetic saliva. Measurements of salivary lipids and oxidative stress markers that can exhibit correlated saliva plasma ratio could constitute reliable factors for T2DM risk assessment. We conclude that a high percentage of T2DM–associated serum proteins can be measured in saliva, which offers an attractive and economical strategy for T2DM screening.
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Nijakowski, Kacper, and Anna Surdacka. "Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 7477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207477.
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Saliva as a biological fluid has a remarkable potential in the non-invasive diagnostics of several systemic disorders. Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. This systematic review was designed to answer the question “Are salivary biomarkers reliable for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases?”. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eleven studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). Due to their heterogeneity, the potential salivary markers for IBD were divided into four groups: oxidative status markers, inflammatory cytokines, microRNAs and other biomarkers. Active CD patients manifest decreased activity of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, catalase) and increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, malondialdehyde seems to be a good diagnostic marker of CD. Moreover, elevated concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 or tumour necrosis factor α) are associated with the activity of IBD. Additionaly, selected miRNAs are altered in saliva (overexpressed miR-101 in CD; overexpressed miR-21, miR-31, miR-142-3p and underexpressed miR-142-5p in UC). Among other salivary biomarkers, exosomal PSMA7, α-amylase and calprotectin are detected. In conclusion, saliva contains several biomarkers which can be used credibly for the early diagnosis and regular monitoring of IBD. However, further investigations are necessary to validate these findings, as well as to identify new reliable salivary biomarkers.
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Podzimek, Stepan, Lucie Vondrackova, Jana Duskova, Tatjana Janatova, and Zdenek Broukal. "Salivary Markers for Periodontal and General Diseases." Disease Markers 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9179632.
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The determination of biomarkers in saliva is becoming an important part of laboratory diagnostics and the prediction of not only periodontal, but also other tissue and organ diseases. Biomarkers in saliva (e.g., enzymes, protein markers, or oxidative stress markers) can be used for activity determination and for periodontal disease prognosis. Saliva also contains many markers which can predict the risk of certain diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, oncology, endocrinology, and psychiatric diseases). The study of salivary components proteomics clearly shows the relationship of periodontal diseases and diseases of distant systems, organs, or tissues.
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I. Abdulla, Hajer, Marwan S. Al-Nimer, and Ali I. Al-Jumaily. "Interpretation of Oral Involvement in Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome by Using Salivary Markers." Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences 2, no. 2 (January 21, 2024): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjds.2.2.1.
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Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the salivary and lacrimal glands that leads to functional impairment. Hypof unction of salivary glands is the main cause of oral pathological changes and is associated with alterations in the constituents of the saliva. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that proteomic approaches markers (notably peptides) are involved in the oral manifestations observed in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). A total number of 71 participants were admitted in the study; 21 of them have Sjögren's syndrome (Group I), 43 non- Sjögren's syndrome cases refer red or attended the dental clinic seeking for certain management (Group II) and 7 apparent healthy subjects without dental problems (Group III). Stimulated saliva was collected from each patients and participants for biochemical analysis including assessment of salivary protein and peptides. Salivary flow rate was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in SS patients by 33.4% and 24.1% of corresponding Group II and Group III respectively. The salivary protein concentrations (total albumin and peptides) pe r milliliter saliva fluid were increased in SS patients. Saliva peptides (2.09±1.01 mg/ml) level was significantly (p<0.05) hi gher than Group II (1.708±0.649 mg/ml) and Group III (1.339±0.517 mg/ml). Hypofunction of saliv ary glands in SS is associated with significant changes in the saliva constituents particularly the peptides.
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Toader, Stefan Vasile, Cristina Popa, Ana Maria Sciuca, Bianca Andreea Onofrei, Daciana Elena Branisteanu, Victor Vlad Costan, Mihaela Paula Toader, and Oana Mihaela Condurache Hritcu. "SALIVA AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL: INSIGHTS INTO ORAL CANCER BIOMARKERS." Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 16, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 143–49. https://doi.org/10.62610/rjor.2024.1.16.11.
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This narrative review highlights the emerging role of salivary markers in the detection of oral cancer. Saliva contains diverse biomolecules that can provide valuable information on physiological and pathological processes in the body, including specific biomarkers that indicate the presence and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Salivary markers have the potential to transform the diagnosis and management of malignant oral lesions by offering a non-invasive approach to screening and monitoring the disease. This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding salivary markers in oral cancer, including their advantages over traditional biopsy-based techniques, limitations, and the need for further research. It concludes by outlining the future prospects of salivary biomarkers in oral cancer detection and management.
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Tiernan, Caoimhe, Mark Lyons, Tom Comyns, Alan M. Nevill, and Giles Warrington. "Investigation of the Relationship Between Salivary Cortisol, Training Load, and Subjective Markers of Recovery in Elite Rugby Union Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0945.
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Purpose: Insufficient recovery can lead to a decrease in performance and increase the risk of injury and illness. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol as a marker of recovery in elite rugby union players. Method: Over a 10-wk preseason training period, 19 male elite rugby union players provided saliva swabs biweekly (Monday and Friday mornings). Subjective markers of recovery were collected every morning of each training day. Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was taken after every training session, and training load was calculated (sRPE × session duration). Results: Multilevel analysis found no significant association between salivary cortisol and training load or subjective markers of recovery (all P > .05) over the training period. Compared with baseline (wk 1), Monday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 4 (14.94 [7.73] ng/mL; P = .04), wk 8 (16.39 [9.53] ng/mL; P = .01), and wk 9 (15.41 [9.82] ng/mL; P = .02), and Friday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 5 (14.81 [8.74] ng/mL; P = .04) and wk 10 (15.36 [11.30] ng/mL; P = .03). Conclusions: The significant increase in salivary cortisol on certain Mondays may indicate that players did not physically recover from the previous week of training or match at the weekend. The increased Friday cortisol levels and subjective marker of perceived fatigue indicated increased physiological stress from that week’s training. Regular monitoring of salivary cortisol combined with appropriate planning of training load may allow sufficient recovery to optimize training performance.
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Dudek, Alexandra, Lauren Appleyard, Tim S. O'Brien, Simon Chowdhury, Penny Champion, Ben Challacombe, Gordon Kooiman, and Guy Carpenter. "Salivary markers in renal cell carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2014): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.489.
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489 Background: Kidney cancer ranks number 8 among cancer diagnoses in the UK with around 9,600 new diagnoses made each year (Cancer Research UK. Risks and causes of kidney cancer. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/kidney-cancer/about/risks-and-causes-of-kidney-cancer). This study aimed to identify overexpressed proteins in human saliva that could serve as markers for renal cell carcinoma. Methods: Saliva was collected from 144 participants (95 male and 28 female).; 123 RCC patients (85%) and 21 healthy controls (15%), Total salivary protein levels were determined by BCA protein assay. Then 10ug of total saliva protein were evaluated via Western blotting on 4-12% Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE gels. Blots were probed for albumin as well as for three proteins associated with RCC; profilin1, 14-3-3 zeta, and endogenous avidin binding protein (EABP). Additionally, 6 saliva samples were evaluated via quantitative proteomics in a Tandem mass tag (TMT) labelling experiment comparing 4 RCC patients vs. 2 renal cyst patients. Results: Profilin1 levels were determined visually on a scale of 0 to 3 depending on band intensities on Western blots. Cancer patients had a higher percentage of levels 2 and 3 with 62 patients (50.4%). The control group only had 2 patients at level 2 (9.5%) and none at level 3. No difference in profilin1 levels was seen between metastatic vs. non-metastatic disease. Differences were seen in gender and histology, with female and non-CC patients having higher profilin levels. There is a potential link between profilin1 levels and surgical or drug treatment. 14-3-3 zeta could not be detected in saliva with these analyses. Albumin was present across all samples. EABP was found in 40.6% of cancer patients vs. 0% of controls; however no clear trend was seen with respect to disease burden, histology, or gender. Proteomic analysis gave a total of 33 hits showing raised protein levels of up to 20x higher in cancer patients vs. controls. Profilin1 was 2x and 14-3-3 zeta 5x more prevalent. Conclusions: This study has successfully identified profilin1 as a detectable salivary marker for renal cell carcinoma. [Table: see text]
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Alajbeg, Iva Z., Ivana Lapić, Dunja Rogić, Lea Vuletić, Ana Andabak Rogulj, Davor Illeš, Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Tomislav Badel, Ema Vrbanović, and Ivan Alajbeg. "Within-Subject Reliability and between-Subject Variability of Oxidative Stress Markers in Saliva of Healthy Subjects: A Longitudinal Pilot Study." Disease Markers 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2697464.
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The present study evaluated diurnal variations and day-to-day fluctuations of salivary oxidative stress (OS) markers in healthy adult individuals. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected at 2 time intervals over 3 consecutive days. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and uric acid (UA) were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, while 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using immunoassays. No significant differences for salivary OS markers between men and women were observed. For all examined OS markers, no significant day-to-day variations were demonstrated. Significant diurnal variations were found in salivary GPX, TAC and MDA levels. For SOD, TAC, GPX, and UA, good-to-moderate intraindividual coefficients of variations (CVs) were observed in more than 75% of the subjects. For MDA and 8-OHdG, intraindividual CVs > 35% were observed in 60% and 40% of the subjects, respectively. Between-subject variance was wide for all examined OS markers (CV% 30.08%–85.70%). Due to high intraindividual variability in the salivary concentrations of MDA and 8-OHdG, those markers cannot be reliably verified based on single measurements and multiple measurements over several days would provide more reliable information. Salivary SOD, TAC, GPX, and UA proved stable across three days of measurement. Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03029494. Registered on 2017-01-19.
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Yaremenko, A. I., V. N. Matina, L. G. Vladimirova, S. I. Kutukova, M. G. Alenkina, and U. A. Danilova. "Possibilities of crystallographic study of the oral cavity liquid in diagnostic of diseases of salivary glands." Stomatology for All / International Dental review, no. 4(97) (December 21, 2021): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35556/idr-2021-4(97)54-58.
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Relevance. Despite existing research methods, diagnosis of salivary gland diseases is difficult, so the appearance of new diagnostic methods is relevant. It is known that there is a correlation between the composition of saliva and blood serum; therefore, a crystallographic study of oral fluid is used to be markers of various diseases. By the method of wedge-shaped dehydration in blood serum specific markers of predisposition to tumor greeting were identified. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of studies of oral fluid by the method of wedge-shaped dehydration in diseases of the salivary glands. Markers of inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands, as well as markers of tumor growth (spherulitis) on salivary gland adenomas were determined.
Materials and methods. A study of 39 patients was carried out, among them 17 people with chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular salivary gland, 9 with chronic parotitis, 7 with Sjogren’s syndrome, 6 with adenomas. The control group was 14 people. The dried film (facies) was analyzed with a medical microscope MIKMED 5 in transmitted light, with a device for observing optical anisotropy of objects and a ToupCam digital camera with subsequent video recording.
Results. In chronic inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands, the following markers were identified: a weak severity of dendrites in a drop, the presence of an intoxication zone, the presence of yeast species of the genus Candida. With Sjogren’s syndrome, the appearance of arcade and horizontal cracks in the marginal zone was noted. With adenomas of the parotid salivary glands, tumor growth markers (spherulitis) were detected, which were not detected in other diseases of the salivary glands.
Conclusion. Crystallographic examination of the oral fluid is an informative way to diagnose diseases of salivary glands, and can be used to conduct differential diagnosis of the nature of tumor growth in case of lesions of salivary glands.
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Umapathy, Vidhya Rekha, Prabhu Manickam Natarajan, and Bhuminathan Swamikannu. "Review Insights on Salivary Proteomics Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Detection and Diagnosis." Molecules 28, no. 13 (July 7, 2023): 5283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135283.
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Early detection is crucial for the treatment and prognosis of oral cancer, a potentially lethal condition. Tumor markers are abnormal biological byproducts produced by malignant cells that may be found and analyzed in a variety of bodily fluids, including saliva. Early detection and appropriate treatment can increase cure rates to 80–90% and considerably improve quality of life by reducing the need for costly, incapacitating medicines. Salivary diagnostics has drawn the interest of many researchers and has been proven to be an effective tool for both medication monitoring and the diagnosis of several systemic diseases. Since researchers are now searching for biomarkers in saliva, an accessible bodily fluid, for noninvasive diagnosis of oral cancer, measuring tumor markers in saliva is an interesting alternative to blood testing for early identification, post-treatment monitoring, and monitoring high-risk lesions. New molecular markers for oral cancer detection, treatment, and prognosis have been found as a result of developments in the fields of molecular biology and salivary proteomics. The numerous salivary tumor biomarkers and how they relate to oral cancer and pre-cancer are covered in this article. We are optimistic that salivary protein biomarkers may one day be discovered for the clinical detection of oral cancer because of the rapid advancement of proteomic technology.
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Stanescu, Iulia Ioana, Alexandra Totan, Florentina Rus, Daniela Miricescu, Brandusa Mocanu, Bogdan Calenic, and Maria Greabu. "Salivary Diagnosis - Clinical Uses in Assessing Oral Inflammation." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 6 (July 15, 2017): 1201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.6.5641.
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The past decades demonstrated that saliva and its components represent a remarkable diagnosis fluid with valuable clinical uses for both oral and systemic diseases. At the same time it is well established that oxidative stress is involved in a wide number of pathologies, including periodontitis. The specific aim of the present study which included 50 subjects is to determine if saliva can be used in clinical settings to correlate oxidative stress and tissue destruction markers with the severity of periodontal disease. An important oxidative stress marker - 8-hydroxydesoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and a collagen degradation marker - beta-crosslaps (b-CTX) were quantified in both saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) using ELISA kits and were found to be significantly increased in the chronic periodontitis group when compared to respective controls (p[0.05). At the same time positive correlations were observed between whole saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (p[0.05). Significant correlations were also determined between GCF and salivary markers and clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Present results demonstrate that saliva and its components can successfully be used in clinical settings and represents a reliable tool for assessing periodontal disease severity.
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Skallevold, Hans E., Evan M. Vallenari, and Dipak Sapkota. "Salivary Biomarkers in Lung Cancer." Mediators of Inflammation 2021 (October 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6019791.
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A very low percentage of lung cancer (LC) cases are discovered at an early and treatable stage of the disease, leading to an abysmally low 5-year survival rate. This underscores the immediate necessity for improved diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for LC. Biopsied lung tissue, blood, and plasma are common sources used for LC diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. A growing number of studies have reported saliva to be a useful biological sample for early and noninvasive detection of oral and systemic diseases. Nevertheless, salivary biomarker discovery remains underresearched. Here, we have compiled the available literature to provide an overview of the current understanding of salivary markers for LC detection and provided perspectives for future clinical significance. Valuable markers with diagnostic and prognostic potentials in LC have been discovered in saliva, including metabolic (catalase activity, triene conjugates, and Schiff bases), inflammatory (interleukin 10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), proteomic (haptoglobin, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, and calprotectin), genomic (epidermal growth factor receptor), and microbial candidates (Veillonella and Streptococcus). In combination, with each other and with other established screening methods, these salivary markers could be useful for improving early detection of the disease and ultimately improve the survival odds of LC patients. The existing literature suggests that saliva is a promising biological sample for identification and validation of biomarkers in LC, but how saliva can be utilized most effectively in a clinical setting for LC management is still under investigation.
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Olayanju, Olatunde, Victory Edem, Chika Okwor, Gabriel Odok, and Nnaemeka Awah. "Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Patients." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 7, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v7i2.14.
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Objective: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased prevalence of oral diseases for which reactive oxygen species have been implicated. The saliva contains protective antioxidants which statutorily curtail these destructive oxygen molecules. A functional compromise of the antioxidants may precipitate oxidative stress leading to the increased oral disease susceptibility. However, salivary markers of oxidative stress have not been sufficiently studied in the diabetics. Methods: A total of 166 adults were recruited for this study. They comprised of 95 Type 2 diabetic patients and 71 healthy non-diabetic controls. About 3 ml of unstimulated saliva samples were collected from participants and processed, levels of salivary H2O2, NO and MDA were measured using spectrophotometry method and compared between the two groups. Data was analysed using t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Salivary H2O2 (p=0.024) and NO (p=0.002) were significantly higher in the diabetic patients when compared to the healthy non-diabetic control group. Binary logistic regression showed that patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus are more likely to have elevated salivary H2O2 (OR= 1.013; p=0.025) and NO (OR=1.016; p=0.003) levels. ROC analysis showed statistically significant performance of salivary NO levels in distinguishing between T2DM patients and healthy controls. Conclusions: Higher levels of oxidative stress markers including salivary H2O2 and NO in the diabetic groups could be a pointer to the characteristic high prevalence of oral diseases in diabetes mellitus, given that oxidative stress predisposes to disease vulnerability. This calls for increased attention to oral health in diabetes management to minimise co-morbidity.
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Olayanju, Olatunde, Victory Edem, Chika Okwor, Gabriel Odok, and Nnaemeka Awah. "Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Patients." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 7, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v7i2.217.
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Objective: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased prevalence of oral diseases for which reactive oxygen species have been implicated. The saliva contains protective antioxidants which statutorily curtail these destructive oxygen molecules. A functional compromise of the antioxidants may precipitate oxidative stress leading to the increased oral disease susceptibility. However, salivary markers of oxidative stress have not been sufficiently studied in the diabetics. Methods: A total of 166 adults were recruited for this study. They comprised of 95 Type 2 diabetic patients and 71 healthy non-diabetic controls. About 3 ml of unstimulated saliva samples were collected from participants and processed, levels of salivary H2O2, NO and MDA were measured using spectrophotometry method and compared between the two groups. Data was analysed using t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Salivary H2O2 (p=0.024) and NO (p=0.002) were significantly higher in the diabetic patients when compared to the healthy non-diabetic control group. Binary logistic regression showed that patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus are more likely to have elevated salivary H2O2 (OR= 1.013; p=0.025) and NO (OR=1.016; p=0.003) levels. ROC analysis showed statistically significant performance of salivary NO levels in distinguishing between T2DM patients and healthy controls. Conclusions: Higher levels of oxidative stress markers including salivary H2O2 and NO in the diabetic groups could be a pointer to the characteristic high prevalence of oral diseases in diabetes mellitus, given that oxidative stress predisposes to disease vulnerability. This calls for increased attention to oral health in diabetes management to minimise co-morbidity.
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Farahani, Hyder, Mona Alaee, Jamal Amri, Mahmoud-Reza Baghinia, and Mohammad Rafiee. "Serum and Saliva Concentrations of Biochemical Parameters in Men with Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia." Laboratory Medicine 51, no. 3 (September 7, 2019): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmz053.
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Abstract Objectives To find suitable biomarkers for diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC) in serum and saliva; also, to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of saliva in patients with PC. Methods This case-control study included 20 patients with PC and 20 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Blood and saliva were collected from the participants and centrifuged. Serum and supernatant saliva were used for biochemical analysis. We evaluated serum and salivary levels of urea, creatinine, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), creatine kinase BB (CK-BB), zinc, β-2 microglobulin (B2M), and melatonin. Also, we used Mann-Whitney U testing, Spearman correlation coefficients, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate the data. Results Serum and salivary concentrations of urea, creatinine, PSA, CK-BB, zinc, and B2M were significantly higher in patients with PC, compared with the BPH group (P <.05). However, serum and salivary concentrations of melatonin were significantly lower in patients with PC, compared with BPH group (P <.05). In both groups, salivary concentrations of all markers were lower (P <.05), compared with those values in serum. We observed positive correlation between serum and salivary concentrations of all markers studied (P <.05). Conclusion From the data, we conclude that investigation using saliva specimens is a noninvasive, simple, and effective tool for screening of biochemical parameters.
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Yadav, Parul, Vishwaprakash Shetty, Aparna Dave, Betina Chandolia, Apoorva Mathur, and Pulin Saluja. "A study to estimate the serum IgA and salivary IgA levels in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 27, no. 2 (April 2023): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_97_21.
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Context: The increasing death rate because of oral cancer is mainly due to its late diagnosis. Tumour markers are often detected in abnormal amounts in blood, urine or saliva of patients with certain types of cancer. Diagnosing cancer through human saliva has advantages such as low invasiveness, minimum cost and easy sample collection. We have used serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and salivary IgA for our present study. Aims: The aim of present study was to estimate serum and salivary IgA levels in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Settings and Design: The study included 40 patients; 10 in the control group, 15 cases with oral leukoplakia and 15 cases with OSCC. Methods and Material: The blood samples and saliva were taken from clinically diagnosed oral leukoplakia and OSCC patients and were tested for IgA levels. Statistical analysis used: The data were analysed using SPSS 16.0. The mean values were compared between the groups by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc test for group-wise comparison. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: It was observed that the comparison of levels of serum IgA in control and leukoplakia group; control and OSCC group; leukoplakia and OSCC group were found to be statistically significant. Also, comparison between the levels of salivary IgA in control and OSCC group was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: It is suggested that the serum and salivary IgA levels could be a better adjuvant diagnostic marker along with routine markers in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions.
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Dao, Uyen M., Chase H. Warburton, and Tracy M. Covey. "Favorable Changes in Salivary Uric Acid and Acyl Peptide Enzyme Hydrolase Activity in a Photobiomodulation Pilot Study." Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2024): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.699.
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Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has numerous documented health benefits, but the physiological mechanisms are still being elucidated. In this work, a pilot study of salivary biomarkers was investigated to potentially understand physiologic oxidative stress changes associated with PBM therapy. Eighteen participants completed six PBM sessions and provided saliva samples prior to session one and after each of the six sessions. Salivary uric acid, acyl peptide enzyme hydrolase (APEH) activity, and total protein were measured. While salivary uric acid and total protein have been measured before, APEH is a novel salivary marker. When grouped into ‘heightened risk’ categories, 67% of participants with high starting uric acid had a reduction in salivary uric acid and 57% of participants with low starting APEH activity had an increase in salivary APEH activity over the six PBM sessions. While a larger and more comprehensive study is required to make conclusions, this pilot study suggests that PBM therapy has beneficial outcomes to selected oxidative stress markers, thereby providing a physiological mechanism that may accompany reported positive biological outcomes.
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Kaibori, Yuichiro, Saho Tamoto, Sayoko Okuda, Kazuhiko Matsuo, Takashi Nakayama, and Daisuke Nagakubo. "CCL28: A Promising Biomarker for Assessing Salivary Gland Functionality and Maintaining Healthy Oral Environments." Biology 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2024): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13030147.
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The oral cavity serves as the primary path through which substances from the outside world enter our body. Therefore, it functions as a critical component of host defense. Saliva is essential for maintaining a stable oral environment by catching harmful agents, including pathogens, allergens, and chemicals, in the air or food. CCL28, highly expressed in mucosal tissues, such as the colon and salivary glands, is a chemokine that attracts CCR10/CCR3 expressing cells. However, the role of CCL28 in salivary gland formation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the salivary gland structure in CCL28-deficient mice. Histological analysis showed decreased staining intensity of Alcian blue, which detects acidic mucous, reduced expression of MUC2, and higher infiltration of gram-positive bacteria in the salivary glands of CCL28-deficient mice. In addition, CCL28-deficient mice contained ectopically MUC2-expressed cells in the ducts and reduced the expression of cytokeratin 18, a marker for ductal cells, within the submandibular glands, resulting in decreased duct numbers. Additionally, the submandibular glands of CCL28-deficient mice showed reduced expression of several stem cell markers. These results suggest that CCL28 regulates saliva production via proper differentiation of salivary gland stem cells and could be a valuable biomarker of salivary gland function.
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Celec, Peter, Július Hodosy, Viera Celecová, Ján Vodrážka, Tomáš Červenka, Lukáč Halčák, Peter Božek, Martin Kopáni, and Matúš Kúdela. "Salivary Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting Substances and Malondialdehyde – Their Relationship to Reported Smoking and to Parodontal Status Described by the Papillary bleeding index." Disease Markers 21, no. 3 (2005): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/693437.
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Background. Thiobarbituric reacting substances (TBARS) are markers of lipoperoxidation. The best-known specific TBARS is malondialdehyde (MDA). Results from our previous studies have shown that TBARS can be measured in saliva and are increased in patients with gingivitis. Whether MDA is the main TBARS in saliva from patients with altered parodontal status is unknown. Aim. To observe the relationship between the parodontal status and TBARS, MDA and the number of epithelial cells in saliva. Subjects & Methods. In Study I saliva and plasma samples of 15 patients (8F, 7M) suffering from inflammatory periodontal diseases were gathered and TBARS levels were measured in these samples. In Study II saliva samples from 217 consecutive stomatologic patients were collected and analysed for TBARS spectrofluorometrically, MDA by high-performance liquid chromatography and epithelial cell count by light microscopy. Papillary bleeding index (PBI) was determined in standard stomatologic examination. Results. In Study I results from our previous studies showing no correlation between salivary and plasma TBARS levels were confirmed. This indicates that the local salivary level of TBARS is unlikely to be directly affected by systemic oxidative stress. In Study II higher PBI was associated independently (adjusted for age and sex) tightly with higher TBARS (p< 0.001) and with lower number of epithelial cells in saliva (p< 0.05). Smokers had higher salivary MDA levels (p< 0.003) and lower number of epithelial cells in saliva (p< 0.01). Conclusion. Salivary TBARS are a simple parameter that partially reflects the parodontal status with a potential usefulness in the clinical stomatology. We show herein that salivary MDA is dependent on age and smoking, but there is no correlation between MDA and PBI. Further studies should uncover the main salivary TBARS compound in patients with altered parodontal status and trace the origin of these salivary lipoperoxidation markers.
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Polak, David, Yael Borovitz, Dana Clyman-Levy, Yehuda Klein, Nathalie Bernfeld, Miriam Davidovits, and Esti Davidovich. "Salivary Cytokines in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome versus Healthy Children: A Comparative Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092691.
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Background: The aims of this study were to compare salivary cytokines and total protein between children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and healthy children, and to examine whether saliva parameters can differentiate between steroid sensitivity and resistance and between disease remission and relapse. Methods: Twenty-seven children with nephrotic syndrome were classified according to steroid sensitivity and resistance, and disease remission and relapse. Twenty healthy children served as controls. Whole saliva samples were collected from all the participants. Urine and blood tests done on the same day as the saliva collection were recorded. Salivary total protein was quantified using bicinchoninic acid and IFNγ, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6, and IL1β levels using ELISA. Results: The mean ages of the nephrotic syndrome and control groups were 11.3 ± 2.4 and 9 ± 4.2, respectively. Compared to the control group, for the nephrotic syndrome group, total salivary protein was significantly lower, as were the levels of all the cytokines examined except IFNγ. Statistically significant differences were not found in any of the salivary markers examined between the children with nephrotic syndrome who were treatment sensitive (n = 19) and resistant (n = 8). Protein and IL-8 salivary levels were lower in the active (n = 7) than in the remission (n = 20) group. Conclusions: Salivary parameters distinguished children with nephrotic syndrome in relapse from healthy children. This may be due to decreased salivary protein excretion, which reflects decreased plasma levels, consequent to proteinuria. Accordingly, salivary markers may be developed as a diagnostic or screening tool for NS activity.
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Wong, DTW. "Salivary Diagnostics." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/12-143-bl.
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SUMMARY Saliva is a noninvasive and accessible biofluid that permits early detection of oral and systemic diseases. Recent scientific and technologic advances have uncovered specific salivary biomarkers for a number of clinical conditions, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. The availability of highly sensitive and high-throughput assays such as microarray, mass spectrometry, reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and nano-scale sensors that can measure proteins and nucleic acids are poising saliva as an emerging biofluid for translational and clinical applications. This paper will discuss development of salivary biomarkers for the detection of oral and systemic diseases and the translational application of these markers for clinical applications.
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Cardoso, GPC, J. Capez, CP Laporta, VB Cossi, WS Souza, M. Rigo, G. Casemiro, and EM Giovani. "SALIVA E SEU USO COMO MEIO DE DIAGNÓSTICO: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." Revista ft 29, no. 143 (February 24, 2025): 04–05. https://doi.org/10.69849/revistaft/ar10202502241004.
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Saliva plays essential roles in the oral cavity, such as protecting the oral mucosa, regulating pH, and assisting in the digestive process. It also has a crucial role in defending against diseases and in self-cleaning the mouth. Its production occurs in the salivary glands, and its balance is important for preventing diseases like cavities and infections. The quality and quantity of salivary flow, which vary depending on factors such as age, diseases, and treatments, are key to maintaining this balance. Saliva is also prominent in disease diagnosis, especially because it is a non-invasive method, easy to collect, and low-cost. Scientific advancements have improved the analysis of salivary components, increasing the sensitivity and specificity of tests. It is useful for diagnosing viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and even cancer through molecular markers found in the fluid. In forensic science, salivary DNA is used to identify suspects in criminal investigations, such as abuse and homicides. Additionally, saliva has significant oncological potential, as molecular markers found in it can indicate the presence of malignant neoplasms, such as breast cancer and head and neck cancer. Monitoring these markers is essential for tracking treatment progress. In conclusion, saliva plays a vital role in maintaining oral health and presents itself as a promising tool for the early diagnosis of various diseases. Continued research on its diagnostic use can improve its clinical applicability and enhance the prognosis of pathologies.
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Neves, Rafael Santos, Marco Antônio Rabelo da Silva, Mônica A. C. de Rezende, Adriana Caldo-Silva, João Pinheiro, and Amândio M. C. Santos. "Salivary Markers Responses in the Post-Exercise and Recovery Period: A Systematic Review." Sports 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports11070137.
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The use of saliva to monitor immune and hormonal responses in training, competitions, and during recovery is an easy and non-invasive alternative means of collecting samples compared to serum collection. Saliva can provide insight into a number of interesting biomarkers such as cortisol, testosterone, immunoglobulins, alpha-amylase, and melatonin, among others. High-intensity and exhaustive exercises, such as training or competition, provide variations in immune, protein and hormonal markers. An adequate recovery period, calming down, and recovery methods can contribute to a fast normalization of these markers, decreasing illness, as well as the likelihood of overtraining and injuries, but their effectiveness is still inconclusive. The aim of this review was to investigate the evidence of salivary markers in post-exhaustive exercise during the recovery period. This study is a systematic review from three electronic databases with studies from 2011 to 2021 within healthy humans. The search found 213 studies, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, while excluding duplicated studies, 14 studies were included in this review. The most cited salivary markers were cortisol and testosterone, as well as their ratio, alpha-amylase and IgA. Half of the studies applied a variety of recovery methods that showed controversial results over salivary markers’ impact. However, they showed an impact on the markers from the exercise, which was still dependent on exercise intensity, methodology, and duration.
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Di Giorgi, Nicoletta, Antonella Cecchettini, Elena Michelucci, Giovanni Signore, Elisa Ceccherini, Francesco Ferro, Elena Elefante, Chiara Tani, Chiara Baldini, and Silvia Rocchiccioli. "Salivary Proteomics Markers for Preclinical Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Pilot Study." Biomolecules 12, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12060738.
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Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disorder that particularly affects the salivary and lachrymal glands, generally causing a typical dryness of the eyes and of the mouth. The disease encompasses diverse clinical representations and is characterized by B-cell polyclonal activation and autoantibodies production, including anti-Ro/SSA. Recently, it has been suggested that autoantibody profiling may enable researchers to identify susceptible asymptomatic individuals in a pre-disease state. In this pilot study, we used mass spectrometry to analyze and compare the salivary proteomics of patients with established pSS and patients with pre-clinical SS, identifying a common protein signature in their salivary fluid. We found that several inflammatory, immunity-related, and typical acinar proteins (such as MUC5B, PIP, CST4, and lipocalin 1) were differently expressed in pSS and in pre-clinical SSA+ carriers, compared to healthy controls. This suggests that saliva may closely reflect exocrine gland inflammation from the early phases of the disease. This study confirms the value of salivary proteomics for the identification of reliable biomarkers for SS that could be identified, even in a preclinical phase of the disease.
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Goetz, Stefan MM, and Todd Lucas. "C-reactive protein in saliva and dried blood spot as markers of stress reactivity in healthy African–Americans." Biomarkers in Medicine 14, no. 5 (April 2020): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/bmm-2019-0391.
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Aim: Noninvasive assessments of C-reactive protein (CRP) in stress contexts have seldom been compared. This study evaluated CRP response to acute social stress as measured in saliva and dried blood spot (DBS). Materials & methods: African–Americans (N = 118; mean age = 32 years) participated in a laboratory-based social-evaluative stressor task. Six saliva samples taken before, during and after were assayed for salivary CRP. DBS measurements of CRP were taken alongside saliva at the first and last collection. Results: Salivary and DBS CRP were modestly positively associated with one another at baseline, and only salivary CRP increased in response to the stressor task. Conclusion: Noninvasive measures of CRP reactivity may be only moderately related to one another in stress reactivity contexts.
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Yadav, Shweta Rakesh, Deherkar JA, Sangle AR, and Chandorkar SS. "Utility Of Salivary CA-125 And LDH As Tumor Markers In Oral Malignancy." International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research 4, no. 3 (July 31, 2018): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31878/ijcbr.2018.43.14.
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Background: The mortality and morbidity associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) can be greatly reduced if tumor markers which can detect OSCC at an early stage are available. This study attempts to use saliva as the diagnostic medium to determine the correlation of salivary CA 125 and LDH in tobacco users with and without potentially malignant disorders. Changes in CA 125 and LDH level can be used as a marker in patients with and without premalignant disease and can be used as a deterrent in continuation of the habit. Aims: To assess the role of CA 125 & LDH as a tumour marker in Oral cancer patients. Materials and methods: Cross sectional observational study .Time period: December 2015 to August 2017.Study area: OPD of tertiary care hospital in pune. Total participants: 150 persons. Under non-stimulatory conditions whole saliva sample was collected from each individual and was centrifuged. The resulting supernatant was used for estimation of CA 125 and LDH levels. Results: In present study, mean Salivary LDH level was found to be lowest among cases of healthy individuals while it was highest among individuals who were diagnosed and underwent treatment for malignancy. However there was insignificant difference seen between levels of diagnosed case of oral malignancy and the ones who underwent treatment for oral malignancy. Also mean Salivary CA-125 was lowest in healthy individuals and highest in individuals diagnosed with oral malignancy and the levels were seen to be reduced significantly in the one who underwent treatment for oral malignancies than those who didn’t. Conclusion: Salivary CA 125 and LDH has a role in early detection of oral malignancies and can be used as a diagnostic marker. However LDH levels are persistently raised even after treatment for oral malignancy.
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Souza, Adriele V., Jéssica S. Giolo, Renata R. Teixeira, Danielle D. Vilela, Leonardo G. Peixoto, Allisson B. Justino, Douglas C. Caixeta, Guilherme M. Puga, and Foued S. Espindola. "Salivary and Plasmatic Antioxidant Profile following Continuous, Resistance, and High-Intensity Interval Exercise: Preliminary Study." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (November 26, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5425021.
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The increase in antioxidant responses promoted by regular physical activity is strongly associated with the attenuation of chronic oxidative stress and physiological mechanisms related to exercise adaptation. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare how different exercise protocols (HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise, CE: continuous exercise, and RE: resistance exercise) may alter salivary and plasmatic antioxidants and salivary markers of exercise intensity and nitric oxide. Thirteen healthy, trained male subjects were submitted to the three exercise protocols. Blood and saliva samples were collected at the points preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. Antioxidants (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and levels of reduced glutathione and uric acid), markers of exercise intensity (salivary total protein and amylase activity), and salivary nitric oxide were evaluated. As a result, all exercise protocols increased the markers of exercise intensity and nitric oxide. Antioxidant response was increased after exercise, and it was found that a single HIIE session exerts a similar pattern of antioxidant response compared to CE, in plasma and saliva samples, while RE presented minor alterations. We suggest that HIIE may lead to alterations in antioxidants and consequently to the physiological processes related to redox, similar to the CE, with the advantage of being performed in a shorter time. In addition, the antioxidant profile of saliva samples showed to be very similar to that of plasma, suggesting that saliva may be an alternative and noninvasive tool in sports medicine for the study of antioxidants in different physical exercise protocols.
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Kooriyama, Takanori, Abhijit Mukhopadhyay, George E. Moore, and Niwako Ogata. "Salivary Chromogranin A (CgA) Response to the Noradrenaline Transporter Blocker Atomoxetine in Dogs." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102844.
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Since salivary chromogranin A (CgA) is one of the known sympathetic adrenomedullar system (SAM) stress markers in humans and pigs, this study aimed to investigate whether salivary CgA in dogs reflects SAM activation. Our hypothesis was that salivary CgA would increase when central noradrenaline was pharmacologically induced. A selective noradrenaline transporter blocker, atomoxetine, was orally administered without causing any aversive responses in nine laboratory dogs to see if it would increase salivary CgA. Three treatment groups (i.e., atomoxetine, placebo, and pre-administration of a selective alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist (dexmedetomidine) followed by atomoxetine) were prepared with a randomized crossover design. Saliva sample collection, heart rate measurement and behavior observation were performed at Time 0 (baseline) and at 30, 60, 90 and 150 min after each treatment administration. The results demonstrated that salivary CgA significantly increased at 90 min in the atomoxetine treatment (p < 0.05), whereas it was not observed in the other two treatments. The present study showed that salivary CgA was increased by atomoxetine-induced SAM activation. However, this increase was blocked if dexmedetomidine was pre-administered. Overall, the results indicate that salivary CgA is a potential candidate for SAM-mediated stress markers in dogs. Further study to determine the dynamics of salivary CgA will be helpful in its practical use.
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Angelova, S., and B. Galunska. "DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIALS OF SALIVARY MARKERS." Biological Markers in Fundamental and Clinical Medicine (collection of abstracts) 2, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29256/v.02.02.2018.escbm78.
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Fathi, Shima, Shiva Borzouei, Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi, Jalal Poorolajal, and Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel. "Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 4 (May 18, 2020): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666191016103222.
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Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antioxidant and oxidative stress markers in the saliva of patients with type 2 DM and a healthy control group. Methods: In this study, 20 patients with diabetes and 20 healthy individuals were evaluated. Salivary antioxidants markers consisted of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), uric acid (UA), peroxidase and catalase. Oxidative stress markers included total oxidant status (TOS), malondealdehyde (MDA) and total thiol (SH). Sialochemical analysis was performed with spectrophotometric assay. All the statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software. Results: TAC decreased significantly in patients with diabetes. Although salivary UA and peroxidase were lower in patients with diabetes compared to the control group, the difference was not significant. Salivary catalase in patients with diabetes was significantly lower than that in the control group. MDA and TOS exhibited significantly higher levels in type 2 DM. SH levels were slightly higher in DM. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, there were some changes in the salivary levels of some antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 DM and could be measured as an indicator of serum changes..
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M, Lavanya. "Role of Immunohistochemical Markers in Salivary Gland Neoplasms." Recent Advances in Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.8642.201920.
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Kamodyová, Natália, L’ubomíra Tóthová, and Peter Celec. "Salivary Markers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status: Influence of External Factors." Disease Markers 34, no. 5 (2013): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/341302.
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BACKGROUND: Salivary markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status represent promising tool for the research of oral diseases. One of the criteria is the validation of these biomarkers from the perspective of the confounding and modifying factors.AIM: To examine the effect of circadian rhythm, tooth-brushing and ascorbic acid treatment on selected salivary markers of oxidative and carbonyl stress, and antioxidant status.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 19 healthy participants three times during a day, before and after tooth-brushing, and before and after the administration of vitamin C (250 mg). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured.RESULTS: Salivary AGEs levels varied significantly during the day (p< 0.05) with the highest concentrations in the morning. FRAP levels varied during the day (p< 0.01) with the highest concentrations in the afternoon. Tooth-brushing decreased AGEs (p< 0.05) and TBARS levels (p< 0.01) and increased FRAP levels (p< 0.05). Single intake of vitamin C significantly decreased AGEs (p< 0.001) and increased both FRAP (p< 0.01) and TAC (p< 0.01) concentrations.CONCLUSION: Significant daily variations were observed in salivary AGEs and FRAP levels. Tooth-brushing and treatment with vitamin C decreased carbonyl stress and increased the antioxidant status. These results are important from the perspective of using saliva for the research of oral diseases.
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Patil, Shankargouda, and Luca Testarelli. "Assessment of Growth Factors, Cytokines, and Cellular Markers in Saliva of Patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia." Molecules 26, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102964.
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We proposed to perform a comparative analysis of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokine receptors on the salivary cells in the saliva obtained from trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and normal subjects. Saliva was collected from TN and healthy subjects. Salivary cells were isolated by centrifugation. The expression of the cell surface marker was analyzed by flow cytometry. A cytometric bead array was done to measure the levels of cytokines and growth factors on the flow cytometer. Saliva from TN subjects showed lower growth factor levels of Angiopoietin-2, bFGF, HGF, SCF, TGF-α, and VEGF and higher cytokine levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, IL-17A, IL-6, and CXCL8, as well as higher expression levels of chemokine receptors CCR1 (CD191), CR3 (CD11b), CCR2 (CD192), CXCR5 (CD185), and CCR5 (CD196) in the cells from TN saliva. A certain set of cytokines and growth factors in the saliva, as well as chemokine receptors on salivary cells, could be a useful tool in the diagnostics and prognostics of trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is one of the significant pathological conditions in the class of chronic diseases around the world. Many targeted approaches are being tried by various research groups to utilize the information of the inflammatory microenvironment to resolve the pathology of chronic TN.
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Hartman, Mor-Li, J. Max Goodson, Ping Shi, Jorel Vargas, Tina Yaskell, Danielle Stephens, Maryann Cugini, et al. "Unhealthy Phenotype as Indicated by Salivary Biomarkers: Glucose, Insulin, VEGF-A, and IL-12p70 in Obese Kuwaiti Adolescents." Journal of Obesity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6860240.
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Objective. Here, we investigated the relationships between obesity and the salivary concentrations of insulin, glucose, and 20 metabolic biomarkers in Kuwaiti adolescents. Previously, we have shown that certain salivary metabolic markers can act as surrogates for blood concentrations.Methods. Salivary samples of whole saliva were collected from 8,317 adolescents. Salivary glucose concentration was measured by a high-sensitivity glucose oxidase method implemented on a robotic chemical analyzer. The concentration of salivary insulin and 20 other metabolic biomarkers was assayed in 744 randomly selected saliva samples by multiplexed bead-based immunoassay.Results. Obesity was seen in 26.5% of the adolescents. Salivary insulin predicting hyperinsulinemia occurred in 4.3% of normal-weight adolescents, 8.3% of overweight adolescents, and 25.7% of obese adolescents (p<0.0001). Salivary glucose predicting hyperglycemia was found in only 3% of obese children and was not predictive (p=0.89). Elevated salivary glucose and insulin occurring together was associated with elevated vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced salivary interleukin-12.Conclusion.Considering the surrogate nature of salivary insulin and glucose, this study suggests that elevated insulin may be a dominant sign of metabolic disease in adolescent populations. It also appears that a proangiogenic environment may accompany elevated glucose in obese adolescents.
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Gohel, Vishal, Judith A. Jones, and Carolyn J. Wehler. "Salivary biomarkers and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2017-1018.
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Abstract Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the literature examining associations between salivary biomarkers and cardiovascular disease (CVD) status. Contents: An advanced search was conducted using MeSH terms related to salivary biomarkers and CVD, and entered into the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar search databases. Four hundred and thirty-three records were narrowed to 22 accepted articles. Included titles were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and ranked into categories of low, moderate, or high. Summary: A total of 40 salivary biomarkers were analyzed among accepted articles. The most studied markers were salivary creatine kinase isoform MB, C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase-9, troponin I, myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, and brain natriuretic peptide. Salivary CRP provided the most consistent trends. Statistically significant increases of salivary CRP were present with CVD in every study that analyzed it. The remaining six markers demonstrated varying patterns. Outlook: Existing studies provide insufficient data to draw definitive conclusions. Current research shows that there is an association between some salivary biomarkers and CVD, but the details of existing studies are conflicting. Despite inconclusive results, the diagnostic potential of saliva shows promise as a non-invasive means of cardiovascular risk assessment.
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Ahmadi-Motamayel, Fatemeh, Parisa Falsafi, Hamidreza Abolsamadi, Mohammad T. Goodarzi, and Jalal Poorolajal. "Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Male Smokers." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 22, no. 7 (December 3, 2019): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207322666190806123616.
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Background: Cigarette smoke free radicals can cause cellular damage and different diseases. All the body fluids have antioxidants which protect against free radicals. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary total antioxidant capacity and peroxidase, uric acid and malondialdehyde levels in smokers and a nonsmoking control group. Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected from 510 males. A total of 259 subjects were current smokers and 251 were non-smokers. The levels of salivary total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with t test and ANOVA. Results: The smokers were younger and dental hygiene index was higher than healthy nonsmoking controls. The mean total antioxidant capacity in smokers and nonsmokers was 0.13±0.07 and 0.21±011, respectively (P=0.001). Smokers had significantly lower peroxidase and uric acid levels than healthy controls. In addition, the mean malondialdehyde levels in the smokers and nonsmokers were 4.55 ±2.61 and 2.79 ±2.21, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusion: Cigarette smoke produces free radical and oxidative stress, causing many side effects. Salivary antioxidant levels decreased and malondialdehyde levels increased in smokers, indicating the high oxidative stress among smokers compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke had deleterious effects on main salivary antioxidants levels.
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Ahmadi-Motamayel, Fatemeh, Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi, Ali Mahdavinezhad, Zohreh Jamshidi, and Mohammad Darvishi. "Salivary and Serum Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Markers in Dental Caries." Caries Research 52, no. 6 (2018): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488213.
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Dental caries is the most common, chronic, noncommunicable, preventable oral disease worldwide. Oxidation may play an important role in dental caries initiation and progression. Antioxidants in body fluids protect cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in dental caries. A total of 118 healthy caries-free and caries-active male and female students participated. Caries was detected clinically. Unstimulated whole-saliva samples and blood samples were obtained. Sialochemical analysis was carried out by spectrophotometric assay. Data were analyzed with the Student t test using STATA 11. Salivary and serum TAC levels in the case and control groups did not show any significant differences. Mean salivary MDA levels in the case and control groups were 0.71 ± 0.1 and 0.35 ± 0.06 nmol/mL, respectively. The results showed significantly higher levels of salivary and serum MDA in the case group compared to the healthy control group. The oxidative stress marker was significantly higher in the caries group compared to the healthy control group. Antioxidants were not significantly different between the two groups. MDA can be produced by dental caries, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant levels, causing disease progression. Further studies are necessary to determine whether MDA is the cause or effect of the disease.
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Mummolo, Stefano, Alessandro Nota, Silvia Caruso, Vincenzo Quinzi, Enrico Marchetti, and Giuseppe Marzo. "Salivary Markers and Microbial Flora in Mouth Breathing Late Adolescents." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8687608.
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Objective. This is a 6-month observational case-control study that aims to estimate plaque index (PI), salivary flow, buffering capacity of saliva, and specific Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus rates in a mouth breathing late adolescents sample, after a professional oral hygiene procedure and home oral hygiene instructions. Subjects and Methods. A sample of 20 mouth breathing late adolescents/young adults (average: 19.2±2.5; range: 18–23 years) and a matched control group of nose breathing subjects (average: 18.3±3.2; range 18–23 years) were included in the study. All the participants were subjected to a professional oral hygiene procedure and appropriate home oral hygiene instructions (t0). After three months (t1) and six months (t2), the PI, salivary flow, buffering capacity of saliva, and S. mutans and Lactobacilli rates were recorded. Results. The mean buffering capacity of saliva and the salivary flow rate showed no significant difference between the two groups, all over the observational period. For PI, a significantly higher mode (score 1 of PI) was observed in the study group at t1 (score 0 = 35% of subjects; score 1 = 60%; score 2 = 5%) and t2 (score 1 = 65% of subjects, score 2 = 35%), with respect to control group. Furthermore, mouth breathing subjects show a significant 4 times higher risk to develop S. mutans CFU > 105 (CI lower limit: 0.95; CI upper limit: 9.48; chi-square: 4.28; p=0.03), with respect to the control subjects. Conclusions. Mouth breathing late adolescents show a significantly higher risk to develop S. mutans CFU > 105 and an increased level of PI. Interceptive orthodontic treatments in growing subjects, like palatal expansion, are encouraged to improve the nasal air flow. In older subjects, orthodontic treatments should be performed with removable appliances like clear aligners, in order to allow a better oral hygiene level.
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Pezelj-Ribaric, Sonja, Ivana Brekalo Prso, Maja Abram, Irena Glazar, Gordana Brumini, and Marica Simunovic-Soskic. "Salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in oral lichen planus." Mediators of Inflammation 13, no. 2 (2004): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350410001688530.
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OBJECTIVE: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, presenting in various clinical forms. The etiology of OLP is still unknown but mounting evidence points to the immunologic basis of this disorder.Aim: Our study was undertaken to quantify the salivary levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the reticular and the erosive/atrophic forms of OLP, compared with age-matched healthy control volunteers.Subjects and methods: Whole saliva from 40 patients with active lesions of OLP, as well as from 20 healthy persons, was investigated for the presence of TNF-α by enzyme immunoassay.Results: Salivary TNF-α levels were significantlly increased in patients with OLP in comparison with healthy subjects. The presence of TNF-α showed positive correlation to clinical forms of OLP, being significantly higher in the erosive/atrophic type than in the reticular type of disease.Conclusion: Saliva provides an ideal medium for the detection of pro-inflammatory markers of the oral cavity. In patients with OLP, TNF-α levels in saliva are elevated, correlating with the severity of illness. Salivary TNF-α analysis may be a useful diagnostic tool and a potential prognostic marker in OLP.
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Palomar-Bonet, Miriam, Mercedes Atienza, Blanca Hernández-Ledesma, and Jose L. Cantero. "Associations of Salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity With Cortical Amyloid-Beta Burden, Cortical Glucose Uptake, and Cognitive Function in Normal Aging." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76, no. 10 (February 1, 2021): 1839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab034.
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Abstract Background Determining susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in asymptomatic individuals requires from noninvasive, simple, and inexpensive markers that can be easily obtained in primary care settings. While saliva meets all these requirements, there is a lack of evidence linking salivary constituents to in vivo AD pathology in aging. Methods We examined the potential of salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) for identifying global cortical amyloid-beta (Aβ) burden, deficits in regional glucose uptake, and poorer cognition in 71 cognitively normal older adults. We further assessed whether salivary TAC-related cognitive performance was associated with higher Aβ load and lower cortical glucose consumption. Results Linear regression analyses adjusted by age, sex, years of education, and ApoE4 status showed that salivary TAC was associated with slower processing speed and poorer sustained attention, as well as with higher Aβ load and lower glucose metabolism in cortical regions vulnerable to cognitive aging and AD. Results also revealed that lower scores in processing speed and sustained attention were associated with greater Aβ burden and lower regional glucose consumption, respectively. Conclusions Together, these findings support the use of salivary TAC for preventive screening and detection of cerebral vulnerability to AD. Further research is needed to evaluate the utility of salivary TAC as a clinical marker.
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Thiemann, Renee F., Scott Varney, Nicholas Moskwa, John Lamar, Melinda Larsen, and Susan E. LaFlamme. "Regulation of myoepithelial differentiation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): e0268668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268668.
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The salivary gland can be permanently impaired by radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Efforts at tissue regeneration have focused on saliva-producing acinar cells. However, myoepithelial cells are also critical to gland function, but mechanisms that regulate their differentiation are poorly defined. To study myoepithelial differentiation, we employed mSG-PAC1 murine salivary gland epithelial cells. We demonstrate that mSG-PAC1 spheroids exhibit phenotypic plasticity between pro-acinar and myoepithelial cell fates. Increased expression of pro-acinar/acinar or myoepithelial RNAs was identified from spheroids cultured under different media conditions by microarray followed by gene-set enrichment analysis. Spheroids cultured with different medium components expressed proteins typical of either acinar or myoepithelial cells, as detected by immunocytochemistry. We demonstrate that the pattern of TAZ expression in the epithelial compartment of the differentiating murine salivary gland correlates with the expression of the myoepithelial marker alpha-SMA, as is the case for TAZ expression in mSG-PAC1 spheroids. Our analysis also indicates that YAP/TAZ target genes are upregulated together with myoepithelial markers. Importantly, siRNA targeting of TAZ expression in mSG-PAC1 spheroids diminished the expression of myoepithelial markers. Our results in this in vitro cell model implicate TAZ signaling in myoepithelial differentiation.
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Rao, Nivedita L., Sukanya Shetty, Krishnaraj Upadhyaya, Prasad R. M, Eric C. Lobo, H. P. Kedilaya, and Ganesh Prasad. "Salivary C-Reactive Protein in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Subacute Thyroiditis." International Journal of Inflammation 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/514659.
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C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase reactant, has been identified as a saliva-based biomarker of inflammation. The objective of the study was to estimate and compare salivary CRP levels in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Subacute thyroiditis (SAT). The study included 30 HT patients who presented with clinical features of hypothyroidism, 15 SAT patients who presented with clinical features of hyperthyroidism, and 20 healthy age- and sex-matched euthyroid controls. CRP levels in saliva were estimated using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method with enhanced sensitivity. In HT, the mean salivary CRP levels did not differ significantly from controls. SAT patients had significantly elevated salivary CRP levels compared to HT patients and controls. The rise in salivary CRP levels in SAT patients conceivably reflects the presence of an inflammatory process. Saliva CRP levels appear to serve as inflammatory markers in SAT patients and may aid their clinical evaluation.
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Kovalčíková, Alexandra Gaál, Bohuslav Novák, Oksana Roshko, Eva Kovaľová, Michal Pastorek, Barbora Vlková, and Peter Celec. "Extracellular DNA and Markers of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Saliva from Patients with Periodontitis—A Case–Control Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2024): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020468.
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Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease. We have previously shown that salivary DNA is higher in patients with periodontitis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. The objective of this case–control study was to compare patients with periodontitis and healthy controls regarding the salivary concentrations of extracellular DNA and NET components. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 49 patients with periodontitis and 71 controls before an oral examination. Salivary extracellular DNA was isolated and quantified fluorometrically and using PCR. NET-associated markers were assessed using ELISA. We have found significantly higher concentrations of salivary extracellular DNA in samples from periodontitis patients (five-times higher for supernatant and three times for pellet). Our results show that patients also have three-times-higher salivary nucleosomes and NET-associated enzymes—myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase (both two-times higher). Neutrophil elastase and salivary DNA in the pellet correlated positively with the pocket depth/clinical attachment level in periodontitis patients (r = 0.31—weak correlation; p = 0.03 and r = 0.41—moderate correlation, p = 0.004). Correlations between salivary extracellular DNA and NET enzymes were positive and significant. Based on our results, the higher salivary extracellular DNA in periodontitis seems to be related to components of NETs, albeit with weak to moderate correlations indicating that NETs are produced in periodontitis and can play a role in its pathogenesis similarly to other inflammatory diseases. Further studies should prove this assumption with potential diagnostic and therapeutic consequences.
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Ra, Song-Gyu, Seiji Maeda, Ryota Higashino, Tomoko Imai, and Shumpei Miyakawa. "Metabolomics of salivary fatigue markers in soccer players after consecutive games." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 10 (October 2014): 1120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0546.
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Strenuous and consecutive exercise leads to fatigue symptoms in athletes. Metabolomics is a comprehensive method to assess metabolites that involves the measurements of the overall metabolic signature of biological samples. Using metabolomic analysis, we investigated the identification of salivary fatigue markers in soccer players after 3 consecutive days of a game program. One hundred twenty-two male soccer players participated in 3 consecutive days of a game program. To detect fatigued athletes, we measured indices of traditional fatigue symptoms, i.e., heart rate, body mass and mood, before and after the program. We detected 37 fatigued players throughout the program. Before and after the program, the saliva in these players was analyzed using capillary electrophoresis and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) and a multivariate statistical technique, principal component analysis, was used to process the data. CE-TOFMS was used to identify 144 metabolites in the saliva of fatigued players. A significant metabolomic difference was observed before and after 3 consecutive days of a soccer game program. Interestingly, metabolites were all increased after the program (P < 0.001). The identified metabolites, including 3-methylhistidine, glucose 1- and 6-phosphate, taurine, and some amino acids, were involved in skeletal muscle catabolism, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. Our work demonstrated some salivary metabolites were significantly increased in the fatigued players after consecutive days of short soccer matches. We propose that the detected salivary metabolites may be new fatigue markers in athletes.